Writing resistance: revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906
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Contents List offigures List of tables Series editors’preface Editor’s preface Note on transliteration ix xi xiii XV xix 1 Introduction: surviving Shlissel’burg, writing resistance 2 Liudmila Volkenshtein, Thirteen years in Shlisselburg Fortress 36 3 Mikhail Ashenbrenner, 7Wo decades in Shlisselburg Prison 82 4 Vasilii Pankratov, Life in Shlisselburg Fortress 133 Appendix: Shlisseľburg’s inmates, 1884-1906 215 Glossary Bibliography Index 1 239 241 246 CONTENTS vii
Bibliography Works by Populist prisoners, 1884-1906 Works included in the corpus analysed in the Introduction are marked * Antonov, P. L. ‘Avtobiografija P. L. Antonova (s predisi. V. N. Figner)’. Golos minuvskego 11, no. 2 (1923): 77-96. ‘Ashenbrenner, M. Iu. ‘Shlisseľburgskaia tiur’ma za 20 let, ot 1884 po 1904 gg: vospominaniia’. Byloe 1, no. 1 (1906): 54-93. Ashenbrenner, M.Iu. Voermaia organizatsiia ‘Narodnoi voli’ ì drugie vospominaniia, 1860-1904 gg. Edited by N. S. Tiutchev. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politkatorzhan, 1924. ‘Figner, V. N. ‘Shlisseľburgskaia uznitsa Liudmila Aleksandrovna Volkenshtein’. Byloe 1, no. З (1906): 253-75. ‘Figner, V. N. ‘Mikhail Nikolaevich Trigoni’. Golos minuvskego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 198-211. Figner, V. N. ‘Sanovniki v Shlisseľburgskoi kreposti: vospominaniia’. Byloe 14 (1919): 3-18. ‘Figner, V. N. Zapechatlennyi trud: vospominaniia. Moscow: Mysl’, 1964. Figner, V. N. Memoirs ofaRevolutionist. Authorized translation. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991. ‘Frolenko, M. F. ‘Mikhail RodionovichPopoV. Golosminuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 171-9. ‘Frolenko, M. F. Zaphki semidesiatnika. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politkatorzhan, 1927. ‘Gershuni, G. A. iz nedavnego proshiogo. Izdanie tsentral’nogo komiteta partii sotsialistovrevoliutsionerov. Paris: Tribune Russe, 1908. Gershuni, G. A. From My Recent Past: Memoirs of a revolutionary terrorüt. Translated by K. Vladimirov. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. ‘lanovích, L. F. (Liudvikas Janavičius). Shlisselhurzhets L. F. lanovích. St Petersburg: Obshchestvennaia pol’za, 1907. Iurkovskii, F. N.
Buigakov. Moscow: Akademiia, 1933. ‘Iuvachev, I. P. Shlisseľburgskaia krepost’. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Posrednik’, 1907. Iuvachev, I. P. (I. P. Youvatshev) The Russian Bastille, or the SchluesseWurg Foffîess. Translated by A. S. Rappoport. London: Chatto Windus, 1909. ‘Ivanov, S. A. ‘Liudmila Aleksandrovna Volkenshtein’. In Gaüereia Shlisseľburgskikh umikov. Edited by N. F. Annenskii et al., 1: 222-33. St Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. ‘Ivanov, S. A. ‘Vera Nikolaevna Figner’. In GaUereia Shlisselburgskikh uznikov. Edited by N. F. Annenskii et al., 1: 250-97. St Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. Ivanov, S. A, ‘Iz narodnovol’cheskikh vospominanii S. A. Ivanova’. In Narodnovol’sty 80-kh і 90-kh godov: sborník statei і materialov, sostavlennyi uchastnikami narodnovol’cheskago dvizheniia. Edited by В. N-skii and A. V. Iakimova-Dikovskaia, 24-65. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznogo obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1929. ‘Lopatin, G. A. German Aleksandrovich Lopatin, 1845-1918: avtobiografiia, pokazaniia ipis'ma, stat'i і stikhotvoreniia, bibliografiia. Edited by A. A. Shilov. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1922. ‘Manucharov, I. L. ‘Epizod iz zhizni Shlisseľburgskoi kreposti’. Byloe 1, no. 8 (1906): 81-2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 241
Manucharov, I. L. Ίζ Shlisseľburga na Sakhalin’. Byloe 2, no. 8 (1907): 31-42. Morozov, N. A. Ίζ Shlisseľburgskikh motívov: neizdannye stikhotvoreniia N. A. Morozova, posviashchennye tovarishchampo zakliucheniiu’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 121-3. ‘Morozov, N. A. Iz sten nevoli: Shlisseľburgskie i drugie sükhotvoreniia. Rostov-na-Donu: Donskaia rech’, 1906. Morozov, N. A. Otkrovenie v groze i bure. Іstoma vozniknovenüa Apokalipsisa. St Petersburg: Byloe, 1907. ‘Morozov, N. A. Pis’ma iz Shlissel’burgskoi kreposti. St Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo M. Averianova, 1910. ■’Morozov, N. К. Povesti moei zhizni. Edited by S. Ia. Shtraikh. 3 vols. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1947. Novorusskii, M. V. ‘Kak i za ehto ia popal v Shlisselburg’. Byloe 1, no. 4 (1906): 43-64. Novorusskii, M. V. Ό Shlissel’burgskom arkhive’. Golos minuvshego 1, no. 10 (1913): 140-8. ‘Novorusskii, M. V. Zapiski shlisselburzhtsa: 1887-1905 gg. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1920. Novorusskii, M.V. ‘ZhenshchinyvShlissel’burge’. Golos minuvshego 10, no. 2 (1922): 157-64. Novorusskii, M. V. Tiuremnye robinzony. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1924. ‘Pankratov, V. S. Zhizn’ v Shlissel’burgskoi kreposti, 1884-1898. Moscow: Knigoizdatel’stvo ‘Molodaia Rossiia’, 1906. ‘Pankratov, V. S. ‘Pamiati L. A. Volkenshtein’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906) : 280-2. Pankratov, V. S. Ίζ deiatel’nosti sredi rabochikh v 1880-1884 gg.’ Byloe 1, no. 3 (1906): 230-52. ‘Pankratov, V. S. ‘Vozvrat к zhizni’. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 287-315. Pankratov, V. S. VospominanUa: kak prikhodilos’ rabotat’ sredi rabochikh v
1880-1884 godakh. Moscow: Krasnaia nov", 1923. Pankratov, V. S. S tsarem v Tobol’ske: iz vospominanii. Leningrad: Kooperativnoe izdatel’stvo tovarishchestvo ‘Byloe’, 1925. ‘Polivanov, P. S. Otryvki iz pisem byvshego shlissel’burzhtsa’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 272-7. ‘Polivanov, P. S. ‘Koshmar (sdkhotvorenie)’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 278-9. ‘Popov, M. R. ‘K biografii Ippolita Nikiticha Myshkina’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906) : 250-68. ‘Popov, M. R. ‘Mechti o svobode: iz Shlisseľburgskikh vospominanii’. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 257-86. Popov, M. R. ‘L. A. Volkenshtein’. Golos minuvshego 6, no. 4-6 (1918): 71-9. Shebalin, M. P. Klochki vospominanü. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznogo obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1935. Sozonov, E. S. Ί. P. Kaliaev1. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 316-32. Sozonov, E. S. (E. Sazonov). ‘Vospominaniia, pis’ma, materiały dlia biografii. S predisi. S. P. Mel’gunova’. Golos minuvshego 6, no. 10-12 (1918): 5-100. Trigoni, M. N. ‘Posle Shlisseľburga’. Byloe 1, no. 9 (1906): 45-62. ‘Volkenshtein, L. A. 13 let v Shlhsenurgskoi kreposti: Zapiski. Edited by V. L. Burtsev. Purleigh: A. Tchertkoff, Izdanie Svobodnogo slova, 1900. Other sources on Shlisseľburg Fortress and its prisoners Annenskii, N. F., V. Ia. Iakovlev, V. I. Semevskii, and V. Ia. Bogucharskii, eds. Gallereia Shlisselburgskikh uznikov: ehast’pervaia. St Petersburg: Tipografía M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. Davydov, Iu. V. Dvesviazki pisem: Povesť о Germane Lopatine. Moscow: Politizdat, 1983. Dobrinskaia, Լ. Ց., ed. Užniki Shlissenurgskoikreposti. Leningrad: Lenizdat,
1978. Frumkin, S. ‘Evrei - užniki Shlisseľburga’. Leningradskú evreiskii aľmanakh, no. 27 (1984): 54-60. Gernet, M. N. Istorila tsarskoi tiur’my. 5 vols. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo iuridicheskoi literatury, 1960. Gladilin, A. T. Sny Shlisselburgskoi kreposti: Povesť ob Ippolite Uyshkine. Moscow: Politizdat, 1974. Goncharov, V. F. ‘Shlissel’burgskaia katorga: iz vospominanii’. Byloe, nos. 25, 26, 27-28, 29, 30 (1924-5): 157-94,104-38,183-224,119-55,124-45. 242 WRITING RESISTANCE
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Index acoustics, new prison’s 21,47,92,144, 146-9 activities, communal 26,30 celebrations 67, 70,116,180, 206 lectures and study 12,14, 22, 66-7, 70-1, 104-5,115-17,119,125,202-3 singing 67,180-1, 205-6 administration, Shlisselburg prison 7,55-6, 71-2,93,94, 98-9,108,123-4,144-5, 182 changes to 55,63-4, 71,167-8 conditions for 56, 96-7,140-1,186,200 transferred from the Peter and Paul Fortress 42, 56,136,141 Alexander II, Tsar attempted assassination of 77, 78 assassination of 6,81 Alexander III, Tsar 67, 86 allotments 12,17-18, 58, 61-2,89,106-7, 122,164-5 congregation of inmates on 70-1,99-100, 116,125,155,181-2,202,206 construction of 42,88,154 horticulture on 90,106-8,118,154-5, 172,175-6,181-3 removal of barriers between 18, 20,66,99, 100,112,116 self-governance of 62,94 amnesty reduction in sentences due to 37,40, 72, 75,119,129,133, 203-4 rumours regarding 186,207 Andreiushkin, Pakhomii Ivanovich 67, 77, 213,215 animals, raised by inmates 105-6,120, 183-4 Antonov, Petr Leont’evich 133,215 activities in Shlisselburg of 108,123,135, 180 Antonovich, Ioann (Emperor Ivan VI) 3,42, 110,123 Aronchik, Aizik Borisovich 35,212, 215-16 illness and death of 42,50,52, 61, 80,142 arrival at Shlisselburg Prison, inmates’ 25, 43H-, 68-9, 79,81,95,120-3,147,164, 213 Ashenbrenner, Mikhail Iul’evich 35,37,81, 82-4,135, 212, 216 memoirs of 2,13-24,27,29-30 246 WRITING RESISTANCE Balmashev, Stefan Valerianovich 81,123, 128,216 bathing 145,151-2 Bezrodnov, Nikolai Sergeevich, Dr 91,99, 114,117,118,125 Bogdanovich, Iurii Nikolaevich 35,142,151, 216 activities in Shlisselburg of 102,162
illness and death of 58-9,61, 79, 129, 163,212 books 12,60, 69,99,103-5,113,119,125, 189 absence of 47,85,148-9,153 access to inmates’own 87-8,160 accessed via bookbinding workshop 65, 113 as reward for good behaviour 9,16,139 deprivation of as punishment 92,139,146, 158 fundsfor 111-12,114-15,177,208 mismanagement of provision of 64,87, 187 new 57,59, 63-4,87,162,167,187 poor quality of existing 47,53,85,151 promised by inspectors 62,178 protests to improve provision of 48,59,86, 89 translations of by inmates 12,103 withdrawn by inspectors 59, 71,88,123, 125,165,190 burial, inmates’ 67, 75,80 Burtsev, Vladimir Lvovich 34,38, 39, 77 Butsevich, Aleksandr Vikent’evich 83,212, 217 illness and death of 50-1,142,151 Butsinskii, Dmitrii Timofeevich 35,102, 217 illness and death of 61, 72,142,170 transfer to Shlisselburg of 25,136-7,212 cells 5, 7,11,46,89,138-9,146,160 comers blocked off 52,109,163 damp and cold in 9,33, 111 darkness of 7,21,93,181 lightsin 111,130,189 glass in windows of 42,46,93,98,138, 154,181-2 plumbing in 7,46 use of plumbing to communicate 58-60, 163,166 ventilation of 95,137,160
Chepegin, Nikita Koz’mich 217 Chemyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich 82,127 Chertkov, Vladimir Grigor’evich 38,40 collective 10,13-16,26-7,29,54,161 decision-making 14,59,71,162,191,197, 208 protest 52, 57,156,161 voice in memoirs 24-5,28,103 commune 31,33, 73,88,90,97,104 communication 17-19,53-4,92,99, 111, 144 absence of, with outside world 6, 7, 9-10, 14,71 as resistance 10-11,22-3,92 attempts to prevent 9,11,46-7,92 by tapping. See wall alphabet difficulty of 85,97,141,162 no longer punished 11-12, 52,159 removal of obstacles to 18, 20,99-100 confinement, solitary 2,5, 7,12,31, 66, 70, 136 psychological effects of 20,46,50-1, 53-4, 126,160 conflict between inmates 30,167,173-5,201, 208 with administration 72,85-6,156,158, 176,192-4,197-8 correspondence with families 141,150, 207-8 censorship of 65-6,112,122-5,177-8 demands for 76,86,98,112,142-3,178, 200 crazes, inmates’ 29,100-8,120,155,158, 160-1,172,175,181-3, 202 death 24-5,27-8,45,49-54, 57,59,61-2, 64, 72, 74-5,86,128-9,147-8,155-6, 170,203 psychological effects of 9,51,151,155, 163-4,167,170 death sentences carried out at Shlisselburg Fortress 1, 37, 41-2,67-8, 77,123,146,160, 212 commuted to hard labour 1,37,81,84, 128,133 for infractions of prison regulations 48-50, 54,142-3 debates, inmates’ 22,115-17, 202 Decembrists 4,10,12, 32 departure from Shlisselburg Prison, inmates’ 45, 52, 74-5,78-9,119-20,126, 129,164,188-9,198-201, 204-6, 209-10 Dolgushin, Aleksandr Vasil’evich 35, 212,217 illness and death of 51,142 Dostoevskii, Fedor Mikhailovich 23-4,32,33, 80,120,212 Durnovo, Petr Nikolaevich 60,87,98,165, 178
exercise 42,58, 73,145,160 individual 9,121,141,145 deprivation of, as punishment 60,125, 159,185 inmates organizing own schedule for 65, 76,88 pairs assigned for 12,50-1, 58, 70,88,99, 150-1,176 salutary effects of 86,89,168 exile-settlement transfer to 37-8,45,75,84,119-20,126, 133-4,188, 205-6 psychological effects of 207, 210 faith 27, 52 devotional books provided 5,9, 65,85 inmates rejecting 27,67, 74, 99 feast days religious 56, 90, 111, 148-9,153 Figner, Vera Nikolaevna 83,126, 217-18 activities in Shlisselburg of 114,122, 183-4,202, 207 communal activities of 19,111,155, 174-5,180,204-6 intellectual work in Shlisselburg of 102-4, 161,175 moral leadership of 29, 38,119,126-7, 156 physical work in Shlisselburg of 110,169 protests by 124-5,156,160,167,180, 187,193, 210 trial of 37,84,125-6,146,211-12 writings of 5,18,22-3, 26,27-8,30,33, 35,102,104,174 food 5,9,42,90,141,152-3, 212 absence of invalid rations 49,61,143-4 alcohol and tobacco production 73, 117-19,178-9, 200 improvements to 12,58,64-5,91-2,162, 177 increase in allowance for 64,91-2 inmates controlling budget and menus for 65,91,177 inmates cooking their own 17,61-2,67, 70,107-8,117,180, 206 inmates growing their own 12,65,90, 106-7,120 on religious feast days 149,152 religious fasts 90-1,109 freedom desire for 46,69, 74,108,138 psychological effects of 76,126-7, 207, 210 Frolenko, Mikhail Fedorovich 35,43, 78,83, 116,102,142,218-19 activities in Shlisselburg of 88,90,102, 106-7,151,180 writings of 14,19, 24, 26,34,102 Gellis, Meier Iankelevich 212,219 illness and death of 51,142,147 Generalov, Vasilii
Denisovich 67, 77,213, 219 Gershkovich, Girsh A. 81,219 Gershuni, Grigoril Andreevich 34,128,220 memoirs of 14,25, 26, 33 Ginsburg, Sofia Mikhailovna 81,220 transfer and suicide of 68,95,120 Ginzburg, Evgeniia Semenovna 24, 78 Goremykin, Ivan Logginovich 81, 74,98,112, 199-200 Gor’kii, Maksim 119,126 INDEX 247
Grachevskii, Mikhail Fedorovich 35, 77,142, 151,212, 220 suicide of 21-2, 55, 57, 86, 95-6,107 128, 130,159,161-2 Gulag 31 narratives of 10,23—4-, 27, 34 hard labour 1,4,24, 32,43, 50, 77-8,136, 201 attempted escapes from 75,104 inmates sentenced to 37,84,98,112,133 Shlisselburg as hard labour prison 8,80 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 82,117,131 Herod. See Sokolov, Matvei lanovích, Liudvig. See Janavičius, Liudvikas illness mental 9,17,28,42-3,49-50, 52, 62-3, 69, 73-4, 76,86,142,147,153—4,162, 167-9,183-6,194-5 psychological effect on other inmates of 73, 101,120,187,199 recovery from 63, 76,128,142,176 removal of inmates to psychiatric hospital 45, 73-4,112,198-200,213 illness physical 9,42,49,53-4, 61-2, 72,141, 147-8, 203 care for sick inmates 61-4, 74-5,99 deterioration of vision 21,93-4,98,126, 157-8 malnutrition 5,9,42,49-50, 61,107 pulmonary disease 9,49-51, 54, 58,60-1, 72,101,139,141, 147,151,164 recovery from 12, 72,115-16,169 removal of sick inmates to old prison 41, 54,163-4,194 incarceration, psychological effects of 53,60, 69-70, 85-6, 94-5,116,126-7,138, 146-8,150-1,153,155,158-9,170-1 inspections 52, 71, 98-9,108,143,199-200, 210 complaints made during 48,87,150,164 privileges hidden during 18, 66,101,118, 178,189-90 regime becoming harsher after 59,88,165 regime improving after 57-8,87,200 requests made during 74,98,112,164, 187,199 instructions, prison 5, 7,48,93, 95-6,124, 139,146,177-8 See abo regime, prison, introspection 41, 59, 76,85-6,126-7,143, 146,151 Isaev, Grigoril Prokofevich 35, 78,212,221 illness and death of 54,142,147,151 isolation 7,
9-13,18-21, 39,46-7,49, 54,85, 139 from outside world 29, 85,108,122 of women inmates 60, 62 lurkovskii, Fedor Nikolaevich 142, 221 activities in Shlissel’burg of 88,99,103-4 illness and death of 70, 74, 203 Iuvachev, Ivan Pavlovich 77,212,222 memoirs of 8,19-20, 34 mental illness of 52,128,154 248 WRITING RESISTANCE transfer to exile-settlement of 52, 79, 214 Ivanov, Ignatii Kirillovich 212, 222 mental illness and death of 50,54,128, 142,152 Ivanov, Sergei Andreevich 77,126,129, 205, 213,223 activities in Shlissel’burg of 22,97,106-8, 161 confrontations in Shlissel’burg involving 124,165,169,196-7,208 health of 19, 61,115 writings of 104,115-16,173 Ivanov, Vasilii Grigorovich 77,212,223 activities in Shlissel’burg of 114,150, 178-9 Janavičius, Liudvikas (Liudvig lanovích) 126, 213,223-4 amnesty and exile-settlement of 75,119, 204 memoirs of 21, 26 journals 63-4,103,112-15,122,125,174-5, 201-2, 208 binding volumes of 64-5,102,113-14 inmates producing their own 23,105, 172-5 Kachura, Foma Korneevich 123,224 Kaliaev, Ivan Platonovich 34,81,224 Karaulov, Vasilii Andreevich 133,164,212, 224-5 Karpovich, Petr Vladimirovich 78,120-2, 225 Klimenko, Mikhail Filimonovich 142,212, 225 suicide of 48,57,153,150 Kobylianskii, Liudvig Aleksandrovich 51-2, 142, 212, 213, 226 Konashevich, Vasilii Petrovich (Konoshevich) 213, 226 mental illness of 62-3, 73,167,185, 194-6,199-200 transfer to psychiatric hospital of 74, 200-1 Konopliannikova, Zinaida Vasil'evna 81,226 Lagovskii, Mikhail Fedorovich (Logovskii, Logovskoi) 226-7 activities in Shlissel’burg of 105,187-8 administrative sentence of
61,98,170-2, 213 lectures, inmates’ 12,14,22, 73,115,125, 168, 202 by Łukaszewicz 104-5,116-17,119 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ych (Ul’ianov) 35,135 library, inmates’ 80, 85,115,160,165,190 Lopatin, German Aleksandrovich 1, 35, 77, 129,213, 227 intellectual work in Shlissel’burg of 102-3, 105,174 life in Shlissel’burg of 88,126,180 Łukaszewicz, Jyzef (Iosif Dementievich Lukashevich) 77,213, 227 activities in Shlissel’burg of 104-5,106, 114,116-19
Malavskii, Vladimir Evgenievich 34, 212, 227-8 illness and death of 50,139,142,147,151 Manucharov, Ivan Lvovich (Ovanes Ashotovich Manuchariants) 119,188-9, 213,228 Martynov, Kalinnik Fedulovich 93,119, 133, 126, 213, 228 activities in Shlissel’burg of 102,180, 192-3 Marx, Karl 88,120 Marxism 104,127-8,131 medical care 53,61, 74,148,164 absence of 9,47,49,51,53, 59,61,156, 164 doctors failing to provide 47,49,61, 74, 99,142-3,144,164 doctors clashing with administration over 157-8,179 doctors providing 63, 73,114,125,147-8, 176,181,183,194,198,203 inmates providing 64, 70, 72, 74,170,194, 203 meetings, inmates’ 50-4, 60,64, 70, 71, 73, 116-17,125,154,155-6,164-5,168, 172 deprivation of 39,85,98,142 in exercise pens 66-7,88,150 protests to obtain 48, 50,86,121 Mel’nikov, Mikhail Mikhailovich 228 memoirs, inmates’ 1-2,5,13-30 as carcerai writing 23-4, 26-7, 29,30 collective emphasized in 13,16,23-5, 26-30, 54 genre conventions of 25-8 identity in 14-15,25-6,28 in revolutionary mythology 1-2,25,35 memorialization in 2,24, 27,41,80,103 trauma in 15,27-8,41,126-7 memory 25, 74,85,155,182, 209 of freedom 46,148-9,153 revolutionary 29,34-5 Mikhailovskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich 100, 119 Minakov, Egor Ivanovich 86-7,212,229 execution of 48,50,143 protest by 48,86,142,189 Morozov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 34, 35, 77, 212,229-30 health of 61,115-16,142 intellectual work in Shlissel’burg by 102, 104-5,117,119,182 life in Shlissel’burg of 78,151,154 writings of 19,26,56,80,102,104,161 museum, inmates’ 108,114-15,202 Myshkin, Ippolit Nikitich 35, 77,212, 230 execution of 50,55,87,128
protestoi 48-9,86,142,149,159 Narodnichestvo, Narodniki. See Populism, Russian Nemolovskii, Appolon Irineevich 77, 212-13, 230 illness and death of 50,51,147 Nicholas I, Tsar 5, 6 Nicholas II, Tsar 37, 71,135 noise 20-1,47,126,149 as resistance 20,92,156,161-2 guards creating 21,49,92,157-9,192 Novorusskii, Mikhail Vasil’evich 34,114,130, 230-1 transfer to Shlissel’burg of 79,81,213 Orzhevskii, Petr Vasil’evich 7,42,48, 52,98, 143,150,204 Orzhikh, Boris Dmitrievich 78, 79,164,186, 231 application for pardon by 209-10 Osipanov, Vasilit Stepanovich 67, 77,213, 232 Pankratov, Vasilit Semenovich 35,103,133-5, 213,232 amnesty and exile-settlement of 78, 119-20,205 memoirs of 2,14-16,19-21,23, 25,30 People’s Will, The (Narodnaia volia) 1, 6,37, 40, 77-8,81,83,127-8,133 Peter and Paul Fortress (St Petersburg) 6, 7, 26, 37,63, 77-8,84,212 Shlissel’burg Fortress as replacement for 42-4,46,48, 56,106,136 Peter the Great, Tsar 2-3 petitions, inmates’ 48, 63-4, 73-4,112,143, 150,178,199, 209-10 Petrov, General Nikolai Ivanovich 55-9,87, 213 Populism, Russian (Narodnichestvo) 31,104, 127 Russian Populists 1,9,33,129 privileges 12,25,60, 62,70,86,98,117,168, 180-1 rejected when not applied to all inmates 54, 63-4,155-6 reversed 9,12, 70-1, 87-8,122,124-5, 181,190 sacrifices made to gain 86,166-7,169 Plehve, Viacheslav Konstantinovich von 7,87, 96,125 Pokhitonov, Nikolai Danilovich 77,103,128, 212, 232 mental illness of 73,95,186-7,192-4 transfer to hospital of 194,198-9 transfer to Shlissel’burg of 25,136-7 Polivanov, Petr Sergeevich 142,119-20, 212, 232-3 activities in Shlissel’burg of
105-7,161 suicide of 126,129 writings of 34,102-4,161 Popov, Mikhail Rodionovich 106,129,142, 207, 212,233 activities in Shlissel’burg of 22,97,106-7, 123-5,142,180 writings of 34,173 priest rejected by inmates 67, 74 visits from 16,99,139,146 punishment 8,9,16,33,53,62,92,93,95-6, 125.190.194 beating 20,47-8,93,124,150,192-3 deprivation of books 47,156,158,190 deprivation of physical activity 9,60,159, 185.190.194 INDEX 249
Shevyrev, Petr Iakovlevich 67, 77, 213,234 Shlisselburg Fortress, institution of, comparison with other prisons 7,13-14, 207 earlier inmates in 3-5,10,42,110,123 history of 2-6,41 place of in Russia’s criminal justice system 6-7,48, 75-6,112 Shlisselburg Fortress, physical spaces of, allotments 99,116,154 topography 8,11,19,41-2, 55,68,88, reading 12,69,89,93^1,113-15,125,165 123,138,182 group 58,66-7, 70-1, 111, 113,115-16, workshops 70,89,110-11,190 119, 202 Shlisselburg old prison 3-5, 7,41-2 salutary effects of 12,90,93-4 removal of sick to 17, 50-1, 63, 74,167 regime, Shlisselburg Prison 5, 7-10, 25,46-7, 52-4, 70-1,94-5,141,190 used as accommodation for prisoners before execution 67-8,123 improvements to 12, 27,57, 63-7,109, used as punishment block 7,41,47,49-50, 162,164-5,177 54-5, 92-3,150,153,156-7,161-2 unsustainability of 9, 21-2, 62, 72, 76,86, workshops in 41,68,89,110-11,122 95-6,101,168 Shtromberg, Aleksandr Pavlovich 68, 77,146, See ako instructions, prison, 212-13, 234-5 resistance 2,13,14,17-18, 20, 22,47,158-9, Sikorskii, Shimel’-Leiba Vul’fovich 235 161,163,189 silence 5, 6,11-12, 20, 23,48, 55,86,137, collective 10, 23, 34-5,49, 54, 57,59-60, 156-7,165-7 146-7,149,161,164 complicity of administration in 18, 62, ofguards 23,138-9,140-1 Sipiagin, Dmitrii Sergeevich 87, 96,123 71-2,98,101,165 Socialist Revolutionary Party 32,58,84, conflict between inmates about 167,171, 127-8, 131,133-5, 212 197 Sokolov, Matvei, Superintendent (‘Herod’) 7, conflict with administration over 60-2, 16-17, 55-7,96,139-40,142,151-62 71-2,85-6,97,189-92,196-8 strictness of
regime under 56,87,139, hunger strikes as 14,48, 50, 59-60,88, 144-5, 151-2,156 121,142,165-7 treatment of gendarmes by 56,140-1,145 individual acts of 48, 50,121,124,141-2, 149-50 treatment of inmates by 52-3,93,143,148 Sozonov, Egor Sergeevich (Sazonov) 32, 34, writing as 25-7, 30 Rogachev, Nikolai Mikhailovich 68, 77,146, 123, 235 Starodvorskii, Nikolai Petrovich 79,119,205 212-13,233 213,235-6 activities in Shlisselburg of 104,173 Sazonov. See Sozonov, Egor Sergeevich study, by inmates 12, 29, 63,70-1,87,103-5, searches 62 151,153, 203 of cells 71,96,138,144-5,189 Sudeikin, Georgii Porfir’evich 127,140 personal 15, 52-3,57, 210 suicide 9,48,55,64,68, 77,95,120,128, self-governance, inmates’ 65,71,88,91, 150,162, 213 176-7,190 after release 35,126,129 clubs organized by inmates 58-60,66-7, 70,88-9,116,121 attempts 68, 73,95,143,150,167 changes following 57,79,86,96,107,150, control of funds by inmates 65,89,90-2, 162 168,176, 208 execution as a form of 9,48,143 elder 90,92,97,115,118,176,191-2, 196-8 thoughts of 86,88,101,147 librarian 97,115,208 Surovtsev, Dmitrii Iakovlevich 75,77,119, sentences 53-4 212,236 administrative 4,61,98,170-1, 213 surveillance 7-9, 22,71,109-10,138,145, Shchedrin, Nikolai Pavlovich 50,212, 234 146 mental illness of 17, 50, 73,76,142,147, on allotments 62, 67,94 152,184-5 during exercise 100,109,141,154 transfer to psychiatric hospital of 74, psychological effects of 50, 52,94-5 200-1 survival 70, 76,158-9 Shebalin, Mikhail Petrovich 75, 78,119,128, 133,213,234 Tikhanovich, Aleksandr Pakhomovich 49, 77, activities in Shlisselburg of
88,102,103, 128,150, 212-13,236 180 translation 30,131 protests in prison by 50,156 work by inmates on 12,128,103 Shebeko, Nikolai Ignat’evich 22, 58-60, 79, ‘Trial of the 50’ (1877) 77 98,160,161-3 ‘Trial of the 193’ (1877-8) 36, 77,78 execution 48-9,50,54, 86 fortapping Π, 92,124,139,147,156 instructions defining 46,48,93,95-6,124, 146 old prison, used as isolation block for 7,41, 47,49-50,54-5, 92-3,150,153,156-7, 161-2 straiţjacket used as 20,47,93,95,124,195 waived for sick inmates 55, 72, 74 250 WRITING RESISTANCE
‘Trial of the 20’ (1882) 42-3,78 ‘Trial of the 14’ (1884) 15, 37,43,68, 77, 84, 128,146,212 Trial of 1 March (1887) 67,213 ‘Trial of the 21’ (Lopatin case) (1887) 213 Trigoni, Mikhail Nikolaevich 35,78,120,126, 142,236 activities in Shlisseľburg of 22,114,180 Ul’ianov, Aleksandr Il’ich 35,67, 77, 213, 237 uniform, guards’ 106,145,149,186,199, 203 uniform, inmates’ 61,79,98,107, 111, 212 allocation of new underwear 56,138,145 change of, for transfer 205-6, 208 unsuitability for the climate 49,160 Vasil’ev, Aleksandr 81,237 Vasil’ev-Finkel’shtein, Iakov Borisovich 81, 237 violence of guards against inmates 20,47, 93, 96, 123И·, 150 of inmates against administration 48, 73, 93,142,149,161,194 Volkenshtein, Liudmila Aleksandrovich 29, 36-8,119,205-6, 212,237 activities in Shlisseľburg of 95,106-7, 111,115,155,163,180 memoirs of 2,13-15,17,19-22,24, 27, 28-9, 30, 39-40 wall alphabet attempts to prevent use of 46-7,49,53-4, 61,92,95,139-41,157,159,168 communication via 19-21,47,49-54,56, 61,86,144,147,149,153-7,168,175, 204, 207 difficulty of using 85,92,120,141 leniency regarding use of 12, 52, 54, 159-60 punishment for using 11,124,156,161 resistance via 10-11, 22-3,59, 61,149 Waryński, Ludwik Tadeusz 79,213,237-8 illness and death of 58,61-2,164 women, activities of 61-2,110,155,169, 182-3,203 conditions for 49,53 treatment of 52-3,58,60-2,81,180, 212 relations with male inmates 74, 111, 116, 180, 204, 206 work 88-90,121,168-9,176 absence of 5,8,46, 53,146 allotments used for 58,62,65,106-7,116, 164-5,183 as reward for good behaviour 9,16,139 liberties increased as a result of
111, 181, 190-1 salutary effects of 12, 21,85,90,115-17, 169 workshops 12,41,64, 70-1,110-11,122, 164,168-9,176 commissions for fortress administration undertaken in 65,114-15,177,182 conflict over 168,190-1,196-7 congregation of inmates around 72, 111, 180-2,190,204-6 closed to accommodate new inmates 41, 68,122 writing, inmates’ 23-4,53, 58,102-5,119, 160-1,172-5 notebooks provided for 58,87,167, 199-200 Zlatopol’skii, Savelii Solomonovich 51,142, 212, 238 Zvolianskii, Sergei Erastovich 98,187-8,199 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München V„ ■■-֊------ ' INDEX |
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Contents List offigures List of tables Series editors’preface Editor’s preface Note on transliteration ix xi xiii XV xix 1 Introduction: surviving Shlissel’burg, writing resistance 2 Liudmila Volkenshtein, Thirteen years in Shlisselburg Fortress 36 3 Mikhail Ashenbrenner, 7Wo decades in Shlisselburg Prison 82 4 Vasilii Pankratov, Life in Shlisselburg Fortress 133 Appendix: Shlisseľburg’s inmates, 1884-1906 215 Glossary Bibliography Index 1 239 241 246 CONTENTS vii
Bibliography Works by Populist prisoners, 1884-1906 Works included in the corpus analysed in the Introduction are marked * Antonov, P. L. ‘Avtobiografija P. L. Antonova (s predisi. V. N. Figner)’. Golos minuvskego 11, no. 2 (1923): 77-96. ‘Ashenbrenner, M. Iu. ‘Shlisseľburgskaia tiur’ma za 20 let, ot 1884 po 1904 gg: vospominaniia’. Byloe 1, no. 1 (1906): 54-93. Ashenbrenner, M.Iu. Voermaia organizatsiia ‘Narodnoi voli’ ì drugie vospominaniia, 1860-1904 gg. Edited by N. S. Tiutchev. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politkatorzhan, 1924. ‘Figner, V. N. ‘Shlisseľburgskaia uznitsa Liudmila Aleksandrovna Volkenshtein’. Byloe 1, no. З (1906): 253-75. ‘Figner, V. N. ‘Mikhail Nikolaevich Trigoni’. Golos minuvskego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 198-211. Figner, V. N. ‘Sanovniki v Shlisseľburgskoi kreposti: vospominaniia’. Byloe 14 (1919): 3-18. ‘Figner, V. N. Zapechatlennyi trud: vospominaniia. Moscow: Mysl’, 1964. Figner, V. N. Memoirs ofaRevolutionist. Authorized translation. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991. ‘Frolenko, M. F. ‘Mikhail RodionovichPopoV. Golosminuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 171-9. ‘Frolenko, M. F. Zaphki semidesiatnika. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politkatorzhan, 1927. ‘Gershuni, G. A. iz nedavnego proshiogo. Izdanie tsentral’nogo komiteta partii sotsialistovrevoliutsionerov. Paris: Tribune Russe, 1908. Gershuni, G. A. From My Recent Past: Memoirs of a revolutionary terrorüt. Translated by K. Vladimirov. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. ‘lanovích, L. F. (Liudvikas Janavičius). Shlisselhurzhets L. F. lanovích. St Petersburg: Obshchestvennaia pol’za, 1907. Iurkovskii, F. N.
Buigakov. Moscow: Akademiia, 1933. ‘Iuvachev, I. P. Shlisseľburgskaia krepost’. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Posrednik’, 1907. Iuvachev, I. P. (I. P. Youvatshev) The Russian Bastille, or the SchluesseWurg Foffîess. Translated by A. S. Rappoport. London: Chatto Windus, 1909. ‘Ivanov, S. A. ‘Liudmila Aleksandrovna Volkenshtein’. In Gaüereia Shlisseľburgskikh umikov. Edited by N. F. Annenskii et al., 1: 222-33. St Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. ‘Ivanov, S. A. ‘Vera Nikolaevna Figner’. In GaUereia Shlisselburgskikh uznikov. Edited by N. F. Annenskii et al., 1: 250-97. St Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. Ivanov, S. A, ‘Iz narodnovol’cheskikh vospominanii S. A. Ivanova’. In Narodnovol’sty 80-kh і 90-kh godov: sborník statei і materialov, sostavlennyi uchastnikami narodnovol’cheskago dvizheniia. Edited by В. N-skii and A. V. Iakimova-Dikovskaia, 24-65. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznogo obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1929. ‘Lopatin, G. A. German Aleksandrovich Lopatin, 1845-1918: avtobiografiia, pokazaniia ipis'ma, stat'i і stikhotvoreniia, bibliografiia. Edited by A. A. Shilov. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1922. ‘Manucharov, I. L. ‘Epizod iz zhizni Shlisseľburgskoi kreposti’. Byloe 1, no. 8 (1906): 81-2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 241
Manucharov, I. L. Ίζ Shlisseľburga na Sakhalin’. Byloe 2, no. 8 (1907): 31-42. Morozov, N. A. Ίζ Shlisseľburgskikh motívov: neizdannye stikhotvoreniia N. A. Morozova, posviashchennye tovarishchampo zakliucheniiu’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 121-3. ‘Morozov, N. A. Iz sten nevoli: Shlisseľburgskie i drugie sükhotvoreniia. Rostov-na-Donu: Donskaia rech’, 1906. Morozov, N. A. Otkrovenie v groze i bure. Іstoma vozniknovenüa Apokalipsisa. St Petersburg: Byloe, 1907. ‘Morozov, N. A. Pis’ma iz Shlissel’burgskoi kreposti. St Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo M. Averianova, 1910. ■’Morozov, N. К. Povesti moei zhizni. Edited by S. Ia. Shtraikh. 3 vols. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1947. Novorusskii, M. V. ‘Kak i za ehto ia popal v Shlisselburg’. Byloe 1, no. 4 (1906): 43-64. Novorusskii, M. V. Ό Shlissel’burgskom arkhive’. Golos minuvshego 1, no. 10 (1913): 140-8. ‘Novorusskii, M. V. Zapiski shlisselburzhtsa: 1887-1905 gg. Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1920. Novorusskii, M.V. ‘ZhenshchinyvShlissel’burge’. Golos minuvshego 10, no. 2 (1922): 157-64. Novorusskii, M. V. Tiuremnye robinzony. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1924. ‘Pankratov, V. S. Zhizn’ v Shlissel’burgskoi kreposti, 1884-1898. Moscow: Knigoizdatel’stvo ‘Molodaia Rossiia’, 1906. ‘Pankratov, V. S. ‘Pamiati L. A. Volkenshtein’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906) : 280-2. Pankratov, V. S. Ίζ deiatel’nosti sredi rabochikh v 1880-1884 gg.’ Byloe 1, no. 3 (1906): 230-52. ‘Pankratov, V. S. ‘Vozvrat к zhizni’. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 287-315. Pankratov, V. S. VospominanUa: kak prikhodilos’ rabotat’ sredi rabochikh v
1880-1884 godakh. Moscow: Krasnaia nov", 1923. Pankratov, V. S. S tsarem v Tobol’ske: iz vospominanii. Leningrad: Kooperativnoe izdatel’stvo tovarishchestvo ‘Byloe’, 1925. ‘Polivanov, P. S. Otryvki iz pisem byvshego shlissel’burzhtsa’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 272-7. ‘Polivanov, P. S. ‘Koshmar (sdkhotvorenie)’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906): 278-9. ‘Popov, M. R. ‘K biografii Ippolita Nikiticha Myshkina’. Byloe 1, no. 2 (1906) : 250-68. ‘Popov, M. R. ‘Mechti o svobode: iz Shlisseľburgskikh vospominanii’. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 257-86. Popov, M. R. ‘L. A. Volkenshtein’. Golos minuvshego 6, no. 4-6 (1918): 71-9. Shebalin, M. P. Klochki vospominanü. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznogo obshchestva politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1935. Sozonov, E. S. Ί. P. Kaliaev1. Golos minuvshego 5, no. 7-8 (1917): 316-32. Sozonov, E. S. (E. Sazonov). ‘Vospominaniia, pis’ma, materiały dlia biografii. S predisi. S. P. Mel’gunova’. Golos minuvshego 6, no. 10-12 (1918): 5-100. Trigoni, M. N. ‘Posle Shlisseľburga’. Byloe 1, no. 9 (1906): 45-62. ‘Volkenshtein, L. A. 13 let v Shlhsenurgskoi kreposti: Zapiski. Edited by V. L. Burtsev. Purleigh: A. Tchertkoff, Izdanie Svobodnogo slova, 1900. Other sources on Shlisseľburg Fortress and its prisoners Annenskii, N. F., V. Ia. Iakovlev, V. I. Semevskii, and V. Ia. Bogucharskii, eds. Gallereia Shlisselburgskikh uznikov: ehast’pervaia. St Petersburg: Tipografía M. M. Stasiulevicha, 1907. Davydov, Iu. V. Dvesviazki pisem: Povesť о Germane Lopatine. Moscow: Politizdat, 1983. Dobrinskaia, Լ. Ց., ed. Užniki Shlissenurgskoikreposti. Leningrad: Lenizdat,
1978. Frumkin, S. ‘Evrei - užniki Shlisseľburga’. Leningradskú evreiskii aľmanakh, no. 27 (1984): 54-60. Gernet, M. N. Istorila tsarskoi tiur’my. 5 vols. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo iuridicheskoi literatury, 1960. Gladilin, A. T. Sny Shlisselburgskoi kreposti: Povesť ob Ippolite Uyshkine. Moscow: Politizdat, 1974. Goncharov, V. F. ‘Shlissel’burgskaia katorga: iz vospominanii’. Byloe, nos. 25, 26, 27-28, 29, 30 (1924-5): 157-94,104-38,183-224,119-55,124-45. 242 WRITING RESISTANCE
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Index acoustics, new prison’s 21,47,92,144, 146-9 activities, communal 26,30 celebrations 67, 70,116,180, 206 lectures and study 12,14, 22, 66-7, 70-1, 104-5,115-17,119,125,202-3 singing 67,180-1, 205-6 administration, Shlisselburg prison 7,55-6, 71-2,93,94, 98-9,108,123-4,144-5, 182 changes to 55,63-4, 71,167-8 conditions for 56, 96-7,140-1,186,200 transferred from the Peter and Paul Fortress 42, 56,136,141 Alexander II, Tsar attempted assassination of 77, 78 assassination of 6,81 Alexander III, Tsar 67, 86 allotments 12,17-18, 58, 61-2,89,106-7, 122,164-5 congregation of inmates on 70-1,99-100, 116,125,155,181-2,202,206 construction of 42,88,154 horticulture on 90,106-8,118,154-5, 172,175-6,181-3 removal of barriers between 18, 20,66,99, 100,112,116 self-governance of 62,94 amnesty reduction in sentences due to 37,40, 72, 75,119,129,133, 203-4 rumours regarding 186,207 Andreiushkin, Pakhomii Ivanovich 67, 77, 213,215 animals, raised by inmates 105-6,120, 183-4 Antonov, Petr Leont’evich 133,215 activities in Shlisselburg of 108,123,135, 180 Antonovich, Ioann (Emperor Ivan VI) 3,42, 110,123 Aronchik, Aizik Borisovich 35,212, 215-16 illness and death of 42,50,52, 61, 80,142 arrival at Shlisselburg Prison, inmates’ 25, 43H-, 68-9, 79,81,95,120-3,147,164, 213 Ashenbrenner, Mikhail Iul’evich 35,37,81, 82-4,135, 212, 216 memoirs of 2,13-24,27,29-30 246 WRITING RESISTANCE Balmashev, Stefan Valerianovich 81,123, 128,216 bathing 145,151-2 Bezrodnov, Nikolai Sergeevich, Dr 91,99, 114,117,118,125 Bogdanovich, Iurii Nikolaevich 35,142,151, 216 activities in Shlisselburg of 102,162
illness and death of 58-9,61, 79, 129, 163,212 books 12,60, 69,99,103-5,113,119,125, 189 absence of 47,85,148-9,153 access to inmates’own 87-8,160 accessed via bookbinding workshop 65, 113 as reward for good behaviour 9,16,139 deprivation of as punishment 92,139,146, 158 fundsfor 111-12,114-15,177,208 mismanagement of provision of 64,87, 187 new 57,59, 63-4,87,162,167,187 poor quality of existing 47,53,85,151 promised by inspectors 62,178 protests to improve provision of 48,59,86, 89 translations of by inmates 12,103 withdrawn by inspectors 59, 71,88,123, 125,165,190 burial, inmates’ 67, 75,80 Burtsev, Vladimir Lvovich 34,38, 39, 77 Butsevich, Aleksandr Vikent’evich 83,212, 217 illness and death of 50-1,142,151 Butsinskii, Dmitrii Timofeevich 35,102, 217 illness and death of 61, 72,142,170 transfer to Shlisselburg of 25,136-7,212 cells 5, 7,11,46,89,138-9,146,160 comers blocked off 52,109,163 damp and cold in 9,33, 111 darkness of 7,21,93,181 lightsin 111,130,189 glass in windows of 42,46,93,98,138, 154,181-2 plumbing in 7,46 use of plumbing to communicate 58-60, 163,166 ventilation of 95,137,160
Chepegin, Nikita Koz’mich 217 Chemyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich 82,127 Chertkov, Vladimir Grigor’evich 38,40 collective 10,13-16,26-7,29,54,161 decision-making 14,59,71,162,191,197, 208 protest 52, 57,156,161 voice in memoirs 24-5,28,103 commune 31,33, 73,88,90,97,104 communication 17-19,53-4,92,99, 111, 144 absence of, with outside world 6, 7, 9-10, 14,71 as resistance 10-11,22-3,92 attempts to prevent 9,11,46-7,92 by tapping. See wall alphabet difficulty of 85,97,141,162 no longer punished 11-12, 52,159 removal of obstacles to 18, 20,99-100 confinement, solitary 2,5, 7,12,31, 66, 70, 136 psychological effects of 20,46,50-1, 53-4, 126,160 conflict between inmates 30,167,173-5,201, 208 with administration 72,85-6,156,158, 176,192-4,197-8 correspondence with families 141,150, 207-8 censorship of 65-6,112,122-5,177-8 demands for 76,86,98,112,142-3,178, 200 crazes, inmates’ 29,100-8,120,155,158, 160-1,172,175,181-3, 202 death 24-5,27-8,45,49-54, 57,59,61-2, 64, 72, 74-5,86,128-9,147-8,155-6, 170,203 psychological effects of 9,51,151,155, 163-4,167,170 death sentences carried out at Shlisselburg Fortress 1, 37, 41-2,67-8, 77,123,146,160, 212 commuted to hard labour 1,37,81,84, 128,133 for infractions of prison regulations 48-50, 54,142-3 debates, inmates’ 22,115-17, 202 Decembrists 4,10,12, 32 departure from Shlisselburg Prison, inmates’ 45, 52, 74-5,78-9,119-20,126, 129,164,188-9,198-201, 204-6, 209-10 Dolgushin, Aleksandr Vasil’evich 35, 212,217 illness and death of 51,142 Dostoevskii, Fedor Mikhailovich 23-4,32,33, 80,120,212 Durnovo, Petr Nikolaevich 60,87,98,165, 178
exercise 42,58, 73,145,160 individual 9,121,141,145 deprivation of, as punishment 60,125, 159,185 inmates organizing own schedule for 65, 76,88 pairs assigned for 12,50-1, 58, 70,88,99, 150-1,176 salutary effects of 86,89,168 exile-settlement transfer to 37-8,45,75,84,119-20,126, 133-4,188, 205-6 psychological effects of 207, 210 faith 27, 52 devotional books provided 5,9, 65,85 inmates rejecting 27,67, 74, 99 feast days religious 56, 90, 111, 148-9,153 Figner, Vera Nikolaevna 83,126, 217-18 activities in Shlisselburg of 114,122, 183-4,202, 207 communal activities of 19,111,155, 174-5,180,204-6 intellectual work in Shlisselburg of 102-4, 161,175 moral leadership of 29, 38,119,126-7, 156 physical work in Shlisselburg of 110,169 protests by 124-5,156,160,167,180, 187,193, 210 trial of 37,84,125-6,146,211-12 writings of 5,18,22-3, 26,27-8,30,33, 35,102,104,174 food 5,9,42,90,141,152-3, 212 absence of invalid rations 49,61,143-4 alcohol and tobacco production 73, 117-19,178-9, 200 improvements to 12,58,64-5,91-2,162, 177 increase in allowance for 64,91-2 inmates controlling budget and menus for 65,91,177 inmates cooking their own 17,61-2,67, 70,107-8,117,180, 206 inmates growing their own 12,65,90, 106-7,120 on religious feast days 149,152 religious fasts 90-1,109 freedom desire for 46,69, 74,108,138 psychological effects of 76,126-7, 207, 210 Frolenko, Mikhail Fedorovich 35,43, 78,83, 116,102,142,218-19 activities in Shlisselburg of 88,90,102, 106-7,151,180 writings of 14,19, 24, 26,34,102 Gellis, Meier Iankelevich 212,219 illness and death of 51,142,147 Generalov, Vasilii
Denisovich 67, 77,213, 219 Gershkovich, Girsh A. 81,219 Gershuni, Grigoril Andreevich 34,128,220 memoirs of 14,25, 26, 33 Ginsburg, Sofia Mikhailovna 81,220 transfer and suicide of 68,95,120 Ginzburg, Evgeniia Semenovna 24, 78 Goremykin, Ivan Logginovich 81, 74,98,112, 199-200 Gor’kii, Maksim 119,126 INDEX 247
Grachevskii, Mikhail Fedorovich 35, 77,142, 151,212, 220 suicide of 21-2, 55, 57, 86, 95-6,107 128, 130,159,161-2 Gulag 31 narratives of 10,23—4-, 27, 34 hard labour 1,4,24, 32,43, 50, 77-8,136, 201 attempted escapes from 75,104 inmates sentenced to 37,84,98,112,133 Shlisselburg as hard labour prison 8,80 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 82,117,131 Herod. See Sokolov, Matvei lanovích, Liudvig. See Janavičius, Liudvikas illness mental 9,17,28,42-3,49-50, 52, 62-3, 69, 73-4, 76,86,142,147,153—4,162, 167-9,183-6,194-5 psychological effect on other inmates of 73, 101,120,187,199 recovery from 63, 76,128,142,176 removal of inmates to psychiatric hospital 45, 73-4,112,198-200,213 illness physical 9,42,49,53-4, 61-2, 72,141, 147-8, 203 care for sick inmates 61-4, 74-5,99 deterioration of vision 21,93-4,98,126, 157-8 malnutrition 5,9,42,49-50, 61,107 pulmonary disease 9,49-51, 54, 58,60-1, 72,101,139,141, 147,151,164 recovery from 12, 72,115-16,169 removal of sick inmates to old prison 41, 54,163-4,194 incarceration, psychological effects of 53,60, 69-70, 85-6, 94-5,116,126-7,138, 146-8,150-1,153,155,158-9,170-1 inspections 52, 71, 98-9,108,143,199-200, 210 complaints made during 48,87,150,164 privileges hidden during 18, 66,101,118, 178,189-90 regime becoming harsher after 59,88,165 regime improving after 57-8,87,200 requests made during 74,98,112,164, 187,199 instructions, prison 5, 7,48,93, 95-6,124, 139,146,177-8 See abo regime, prison, introspection 41, 59, 76,85-6,126-7,143, 146,151 Isaev, Grigoril Prokofevich 35, 78,212,221 illness and death of 54,142,147,151 isolation 7,
9-13,18-21, 39,46-7,49, 54,85, 139 from outside world 29, 85,108,122 of women inmates 60, 62 lurkovskii, Fedor Nikolaevich 142, 221 activities in Shlissel’burg of 88,99,103-4 illness and death of 70, 74, 203 Iuvachev, Ivan Pavlovich 77,212,222 memoirs of 8,19-20, 34 mental illness of 52,128,154 248 WRITING RESISTANCE transfer to exile-settlement of 52, 79, 214 Ivanov, Ignatii Kirillovich 212, 222 mental illness and death of 50,54,128, 142,152 Ivanov, Sergei Andreevich 77,126,129, 205, 213,223 activities in Shlissel’burg of 22,97,106-8, 161 confrontations in Shlissel’burg involving 124,165,169,196-7,208 health of 19, 61,115 writings of 104,115-16,173 Ivanov, Vasilii Grigorovich 77,212,223 activities in Shlissel’burg of 114,150, 178-9 Janavičius, Liudvikas (Liudvig lanovích) 126, 213,223-4 amnesty and exile-settlement of 75,119, 204 memoirs of 21, 26 journals 63-4,103,112-15,122,125,174-5, 201-2, 208 binding volumes of 64-5,102,113-14 inmates producing their own 23,105, 172-5 Kachura, Foma Korneevich 123,224 Kaliaev, Ivan Platonovich 34,81,224 Karaulov, Vasilii Andreevich 133,164,212, 224-5 Karpovich, Petr Vladimirovich 78,120-2, 225 Klimenko, Mikhail Filimonovich 142,212, 225 suicide of 48,57,153,150 Kobylianskii, Liudvig Aleksandrovich 51-2, 142, 212, 213, 226 Konashevich, Vasilii Petrovich (Konoshevich) 213, 226 mental illness of 62-3, 73,167,185, 194-6,199-200 transfer to psychiatric hospital of 74, 200-1 Konopliannikova, Zinaida Vasil'evna 81,226 Lagovskii, Mikhail Fedorovich (Logovskii, Logovskoi) 226-7 activities in Shlissel’burg of 105,187-8 administrative sentence of
61,98,170-2, 213 lectures, inmates’ 12,14,22, 73,115,125, 168, 202 by Łukaszewicz 104-5,116-17,119 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ych (Ul’ianov) 35,135 library, inmates’ 80, 85,115,160,165,190 Lopatin, German Aleksandrovich 1, 35, 77, 129,213, 227 intellectual work in Shlissel’burg of 102-3, 105,174 life in Shlissel’burg of 88,126,180 Łukaszewicz, Jyzef (Iosif Dementievich Lukashevich) 77,213, 227 activities in Shlissel’burg of 104-5,106, 114,116-19
Malavskii, Vladimir Evgenievich 34, 212, 227-8 illness and death of 50,139,142,147,151 Manucharov, Ivan Lvovich (Ovanes Ashotovich Manuchariants) 119,188-9, 213,228 Martynov, Kalinnik Fedulovich 93,119, 133, 126, 213, 228 activities in Shlissel’burg of 102,180, 192-3 Marx, Karl 88,120 Marxism 104,127-8,131 medical care 53,61, 74,148,164 absence of 9,47,49,51,53, 59,61,156, 164 doctors failing to provide 47,49,61, 74, 99,142-3,144,164 doctors clashing with administration over 157-8,179 doctors providing 63, 73,114,125,147-8, 176,181,183,194,198,203 inmates providing 64, 70, 72, 74,170,194, 203 meetings, inmates’ 50-4, 60,64, 70, 71, 73, 116-17,125,154,155-6,164-5,168, 172 deprivation of 39,85,98,142 in exercise pens 66-7,88,150 protests to obtain 48, 50,86,121 Mel’nikov, Mikhail Mikhailovich 228 memoirs, inmates’ 1-2,5,13-30 as carcerai writing 23-4, 26-7, 29,30 collective emphasized in 13,16,23-5, 26-30, 54 genre conventions of 25-8 identity in 14-15,25-6,28 in revolutionary mythology 1-2,25,35 memorialization in 2,24, 27,41,80,103 trauma in 15,27-8,41,126-7 memory 25, 74,85,155,182, 209 of freedom 46,148-9,153 revolutionary 29,34-5 Mikhailovskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich 100, 119 Minakov, Egor Ivanovich 86-7,212,229 execution of 48,50,143 protest by 48,86,142,189 Morozov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 34, 35, 77, 212,229-30 health of 61,115-16,142 intellectual work in Shlissel’burg by 102, 104-5,117,119,182 life in Shlissel’burg of 78,151,154 writings of 19,26,56,80,102,104,161 museum, inmates’ 108,114-15,202 Myshkin, Ippolit Nikitich 35, 77,212, 230 execution of 50,55,87,128
protestoi 48-9,86,142,149,159 Narodnichestvo, Narodniki. See Populism, Russian Nemolovskii, Appolon Irineevich 77, 212-13, 230 illness and death of 50,51,147 Nicholas I, Tsar 5, 6 Nicholas II, Tsar 37, 71,135 noise 20-1,47,126,149 as resistance 20,92,156,161-2 guards creating 21,49,92,157-9,192 Novorusskii, Mikhail Vasil’evich 34,114,130, 230-1 transfer to Shlissel’burg of 79,81,213 Orzhevskii, Petr Vasil’evich 7,42,48, 52,98, 143,150,204 Orzhikh, Boris Dmitrievich 78, 79,164,186, 231 application for pardon by 209-10 Osipanov, Vasilit Stepanovich 67, 77,213, 232 Pankratov, Vasilit Semenovich 35,103,133-5, 213,232 amnesty and exile-settlement of 78, 119-20,205 memoirs of 2,14-16,19-21,23, 25,30 People’s Will, The (Narodnaia volia) 1, 6,37, 40, 77-8,81,83,127-8,133 Peter and Paul Fortress (St Petersburg) 6, 7, 26, 37,63, 77-8,84,212 Shlissel’burg Fortress as replacement for 42-4,46,48, 56,106,136 Peter the Great, Tsar 2-3 petitions, inmates’ 48, 63-4, 73-4,112,143, 150,178,199, 209-10 Petrov, General Nikolai Ivanovich 55-9,87, 213 Populism, Russian (Narodnichestvo) 31,104, 127 Russian Populists 1,9,33,129 privileges 12,25,60, 62,70,86,98,117,168, 180-1 rejected when not applied to all inmates 54, 63-4,155-6 reversed 9,12, 70-1, 87-8,122,124-5, 181,190 sacrifices made to gain 86,166-7,169 Plehve, Viacheslav Konstantinovich von 7,87, 96,125 Pokhitonov, Nikolai Danilovich 77,103,128, 212, 232 mental illness of 73,95,186-7,192-4 transfer to hospital of 194,198-9 transfer to Shlissel’burg of 25,136-7 Polivanov, Petr Sergeevich 142,119-20, 212, 232-3 activities in Shlissel’burg of
105-7,161 suicide of 126,129 writings of 34,102-4,161 Popov, Mikhail Rodionovich 106,129,142, 207, 212,233 activities in Shlissel’burg of 22,97,106-7, 123-5,142,180 writings of 34,173 priest rejected by inmates 67, 74 visits from 16,99,139,146 punishment 8,9,16,33,53,62,92,93,95-6, 125.190.194 beating 20,47-8,93,124,150,192-3 deprivation of books 47,156,158,190 deprivation of physical activity 9,60,159, 185.190.194 INDEX 249
Shevyrev, Petr Iakovlevich 67, 77, 213,234 Shlisselburg Fortress, institution of, comparison with other prisons 7,13-14, 207 earlier inmates in 3-5,10,42,110,123 history of 2-6,41 place of in Russia’s criminal justice system 6-7,48, 75-6,112 Shlisselburg Fortress, physical spaces of, allotments 99,116,154 topography 8,11,19,41-2, 55,68,88, reading 12,69,89,93^1,113-15,125,165 123,138,182 group 58,66-7, 70-1, 111, 113,115-16, workshops 70,89,110-11,190 119, 202 Shlisselburg old prison 3-5, 7,41-2 salutary effects of 12,90,93-4 removal of sick to 17, 50-1, 63, 74,167 regime, Shlisselburg Prison 5, 7-10, 25,46-7, 52-4, 70-1,94-5,141,190 used as accommodation for prisoners before execution 67-8,123 improvements to 12, 27,57, 63-7,109, used as punishment block 7,41,47,49-50, 162,164-5,177 54-5, 92-3,150,153,156-7,161-2 unsustainability of 9, 21-2, 62, 72, 76,86, workshops in 41,68,89,110-11,122 95-6,101,168 Shtromberg, Aleksandr Pavlovich 68, 77,146, See ako instructions, prison, 212-13, 234-5 resistance 2,13,14,17-18, 20, 22,47,158-9, Sikorskii, Shimel’-Leiba Vul’fovich 235 161,163,189 silence 5, 6,11-12, 20, 23,48, 55,86,137, collective 10, 23, 34-5,49, 54, 57,59-60, 156-7,165-7 146-7,149,161,164 complicity of administration in 18, 62, ofguards 23,138-9,140-1 Sipiagin, Dmitrii Sergeevich 87, 96,123 71-2,98,101,165 Socialist Revolutionary Party 32,58,84, conflict between inmates about 167,171, 127-8, 131,133-5, 212 197 Sokolov, Matvei, Superintendent (‘Herod’) 7, conflict with administration over 60-2, 16-17, 55-7,96,139-40,142,151-62 71-2,85-6,97,189-92,196-8 strictness of
regime under 56,87,139, hunger strikes as 14,48, 50, 59-60,88, 144-5, 151-2,156 121,142,165-7 treatment of gendarmes by 56,140-1,145 individual acts of 48, 50,121,124,141-2, 149-50 treatment of inmates by 52-3,93,143,148 Sozonov, Egor Sergeevich (Sazonov) 32, 34, writing as 25-7, 30 Rogachev, Nikolai Mikhailovich 68, 77,146, 123, 235 Starodvorskii, Nikolai Petrovich 79,119,205 212-13,233 213,235-6 activities in Shlisselburg of 104,173 Sazonov. See Sozonov, Egor Sergeevich study, by inmates 12, 29, 63,70-1,87,103-5, searches 62 151,153, 203 of cells 71,96,138,144-5,189 Sudeikin, Georgii Porfir’evich 127,140 personal 15, 52-3,57, 210 suicide 9,48,55,64,68, 77,95,120,128, self-governance, inmates’ 65,71,88,91, 150,162, 213 176-7,190 after release 35,126,129 clubs organized by inmates 58-60,66-7, 70,88-9,116,121 attempts 68, 73,95,143,150,167 changes following 57,79,86,96,107,150, control of funds by inmates 65,89,90-2, 162 168,176, 208 execution as a form of 9,48,143 elder 90,92,97,115,118,176,191-2, 196-8 thoughts of 86,88,101,147 librarian 97,115,208 Surovtsev, Dmitrii Iakovlevich 75,77,119, sentences 53-4 212,236 administrative 4,61,98,170-1, 213 surveillance 7-9, 22,71,109-10,138,145, Shchedrin, Nikolai Pavlovich 50,212, 234 146 mental illness of 17, 50, 73,76,142,147, on allotments 62, 67,94 152,184-5 during exercise 100,109,141,154 transfer to psychiatric hospital of 74, psychological effects of 50, 52,94-5 200-1 survival 70, 76,158-9 Shebalin, Mikhail Petrovich 75, 78,119,128, 133,213,234 Tikhanovich, Aleksandr Pakhomovich 49, 77, activities in Shlisselburg of
88,102,103, 128,150, 212-13,236 180 translation 30,131 protests in prison by 50,156 work by inmates on 12,128,103 Shebeko, Nikolai Ignat’evich 22, 58-60, 79, ‘Trial of the 50’ (1877) 77 98,160,161-3 ‘Trial of the 193’ (1877-8) 36, 77,78 execution 48-9,50,54, 86 fortapping Π, 92,124,139,147,156 instructions defining 46,48,93,95-6,124, 146 old prison, used as isolation block for 7,41, 47,49-50,54-5, 92-3,150,153,156-7, 161-2 straiţjacket used as 20,47,93,95,124,195 waived for sick inmates 55, 72, 74 250 WRITING RESISTANCE
‘Trial of the 20’ (1882) 42-3,78 ‘Trial of the 14’ (1884) 15, 37,43,68, 77, 84, 128,146,212 Trial of 1 March (1887) 67,213 ‘Trial of the 21’ (Lopatin case) (1887) 213 Trigoni, Mikhail Nikolaevich 35,78,120,126, 142,236 activities in Shlisseľburg of 22,114,180 Ul’ianov, Aleksandr Il’ich 35,67, 77, 213, 237 uniform, guards’ 106,145,149,186,199, 203 uniform, inmates’ 61,79,98,107, 111, 212 allocation of new underwear 56,138,145 change of, for transfer 205-6, 208 unsuitability for the climate 49,160 Vasil’ev, Aleksandr 81,237 Vasil’ev-Finkel’shtein, Iakov Borisovich 81, 237 violence of guards against inmates 20,47, 93, 96, 123И·, 150 of inmates against administration 48, 73, 93,142,149,161,194 Volkenshtein, Liudmila Aleksandrovich 29, 36-8,119,205-6, 212,237 activities in Shlisseľburg of 95,106-7, 111,115,155,163,180 memoirs of 2,13-15,17,19-22,24, 27, 28-9, 30, 39-40 wall alphabet attempts to prevent use of 46-7,49,53-4, 61,92,95,139-41,157,159,168 communication via 19-21,47,49-54,56, 61,86,144,147,149,153-7,168,175, 204, 207 difficulty of using 85,92,120,141 leniency regarding use of 12, 52, 54, 159-60 punishment for using 11,124,156,161 resistance via 10-11, 22-3,59, 61,149 Waryński, Ludwik Tadeusz 79,213,237-8 illness and death of 58,61-2,164 women, activities of 61-2,110,155,169, 182-3,203 conditions for 49,53 treatment of 52-3,58,60-2,81,180, 212 relations with male inmates 74, 111, 116, 180, 204, 206 work 88-90,121,168-9,176 absence of 5,8,46, 53,146 allotments used for 58,62,65,106-7,116, 164-5,183 as reward for good behaviour 9,16,139 liberties increased as a result of
111, 181, 190-1 salutary effects of 12, 21,85,90,115-17, 169 workshops 12,41,64, 70-1,110-11,122, 164,168-9,176 commissions for fortress administration undertaken in 65,114-15,177,182 conflict over 168,190-1,196-7 congregation of inmates around 72, 111, 180-2,190,204-6 closed to accommodate new inmates 41, 68,122 writing, inmates’ 23-4,53, 58,102-5,119, 160-1,172-5 notebooks provided for 58,87,167, 199-200 Zlatopol’skii, Savelii Solomonovich 51,142, 212, 238 Zvolianskii, Sergei Erastovich 98,187-8,199 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München V„ ■■-֊------ ' INDEX |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Young, Sarah J. Young, Sarah J. |
| author2_role | edt trl |
| author2_variant | s j y sj sjy s j y sj sjy |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1236955587 |
| author_facet | Young, Sarah J. Young, Sarah J. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047368701 |
| collection | ZDB-94-OAB |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1302319147 (DE-599)BVBBV047368701 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.14324/111.9781787359918 |
| era | Geschichte 1884-1906 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1884-1906 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Erlebnisbericht |
| geographic | Festung Schlüsselburg Šlisselʹburg (DE-588)1176657364 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Festung Schlüsselburg Šlisselʹburg |
| id | DE-604.BV047368701 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:44:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-19T04:02:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781787359932 9781787359925 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032770533 |
| oclc_num | 1302319147 |
| open_access_boolean | 1 |
| owner | DE-12 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739 |
| physical | xix, 251 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | ZDB-94-OAB BSB_NED_20220325 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | UCL Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Fringe |
| spellingShingle | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 Gefängnis (DE-588)4071628-4 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071628-4 (DE-588)4177943-5 (DE-588)1176657364 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 |
| title_auth | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 |
| title_exact_search | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 |
| title_full | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 edited and translated by Sarah J. Young |
| title_fullStr | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 edited and translated by Sarah J. Young |
| title_full_unstemmed | Writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 edited and translated by Sarah J. Young |
| title_short | Writing resistance |
| title_sort | writing resistance revolutionary memoirs of shlissel burg prison 1884 1906 |
| title_sub | revolutionary memoirs of Shlissel'burg Prison, 1884-1906 |
| topic | Gefängnis (DE-588)4071628-4 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gefängnis Revolutionär Festung Schlüsselburg Šlisselʹburg Erlebnisbericht |
| url | https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/74792 https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787359918 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032770533&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032770533&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032770533&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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