Verfügbarkeit: Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual

Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual: A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Smith, Warwick A. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Aachen Elektor 2021
Ausgabe:	1. Main
Schlagworte:	Arduino Mega 2560 Arduino Mega Arduino Uno Mega 2560 Genuino Arduino
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	238 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 17 cm
ISBN:	9783895764455 3895764450

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual \|b A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware \|c Warwick A. Smith
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 15 WHY BUY THIS ARDUINO MEGA HARDWARE MANUAL?..................................................... 15 DIFFERENCE TO THE ARDUINO UNO HARDWARE MANUAL ..................................................... 17 TARGET AUDIENCE ............................................................................................................ 18 PREREQUISITES ................................................................................................................. 18 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................................. 18 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................... 19 WHAT IS COVERED AND WHAT S NOT COVERED ................................................................ 19 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK.................................................................................................. 19 ACCOMPANYING RESOURCES.......................................................................................... 20 DISCLAIMER, ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS ........................................................................... 20 A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR ................................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 OVERVIEW 23 1.1 ARDUINO MEGA DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONALITY ................................................. 24 1.1.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 BOARD............................................................................. 24 1.1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 VS. ARDUINO UNO ............................................................. 24 1.1.3 USES OF THE ARDUINO MEGA 2560 .................................................................... 26 1.1.4 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 MAIN PARTS ..................................................................... 27 1.1.4.1 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER ............................................................................... 27 1.1.4.2 USB CONNECTOR ....................................................................................... 27 1.1.4.3 EXTERNAL POWER IN .................................................................................... 27 1.1.4.4 RESET BUTTON ........................................................................................... 28 1.1.4.5 HEADER SOCKETS WITH ARDUINO PINS ......................................................... 29 1.1.4.6 ON LED ................................................................................................... 29 1.1.4.7 L LED....................................................................................................... 29 1.1.4.8 TX LED (TRANSMIT) .................................................................................. 29 1.1.4.9 RX LED (RECEIVE) ................................................................................... 29 1.1.4.10 ATMEGAL6U2 MICROCONTROLLER ............................................................... 29 1.1.4.11 ICSP HEADER .......................................................................................... 30 1.1.4.12 ICSP HEADER FOR ATMEGAL6U2 ............................................................. 31 1.1.4.13 MOUNTING HOLES ...................................................................................... 31 1.1.5 PROGRAMMING .................................................................................................... 31 1.1.6 EXTENDING THE HARDWARE .................................................................................. 33 1.1.6.1 ADD-ON BOARDS: SHIELDS ........................................................................... 33 STACKING SHIELDS ............................................................................................. 34 SHIELD REVERSE CONNECTION PROTECTION .......................................................... 35 1.1.6.2 PROTOTYPE SHIELDS .................................................................................... 35 1.1.6.3 STRIP-BOARD ............................................................................................... 36 1.1.6.4 ELECTRONIC BREADBOARD ............................................................................. 36 1.1.6.5 CUSTOM PCB............................................................................................ 37 1.1.7 OPEN-SOURCE AND LICENSING ............................................................................ 38 1.1.8 THIRD PARTY COMPATIBLE BOARDS ....................................................................... 38 1.1.9 BUILD QUALITY, WARRANTY AND SAFETY .................................................................. 39 1.1.10 ARDUINO AND GENUINO ..................................................................................... 40 1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 FIRMWARE .............................................................................. 40 1.2.1 USB BRIDGE FIRMWARE ...................................................................................... 40 1.2.2 BOOTLOADER ........................................................................................................ 41 1.3 PRECAUTIONS DURING HANDLING AND USAGE ............................................................ 41 1.3.1 STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................... 42 1.3.2 WORK SURFACE .................................................................................................... 43 1.3.3 POWER ............................................................................................................... 44 1.3.4 VOLTAGE ............................................................................................................. 44 1.3.5 HANDLING ........................................................................................................... 44 1.3.6 INTERFACING PRECAUTIONS .................................................................................... 45 1.4 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 HISTORY AND REVISIONS ........................................................ 46 1.5 FIRST TIME USE AND BASIC TESTING ......................................................................... 47 1.5.1 NEW ARDUINO MEGA 2560 DEFAULT BEHAVIOR ................................................. 47 1.5.1.1 COMPUTER DRIVERS .................................................................................... 47 1.5.1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 HARDWARE BEHAVIOR ............................................... 48 ON LED........................................................................................................... 48 RX LED AND L LED ON SOME SYSTEMS .......................................................... 49 FACTORY OR USER LOADED SKETCH RUNNING ...................................................... 49 1.5.2 LOADING A SKETCH TO AN ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ................................................. 49 1.5.2.1 SELECT BOARD, PROCESSOR AND PORT .......................................................... 49 1.5.2.2 LOADING A TEST SKETCH ............................................................................ 51 OPEN THE TEST SKETCH .................................................................................... 51 UPLOAD THE SKETCH ......................................................................................... 51 MODIFY THE SKETCH .......................................................................................... 51 1.5.2.3 SERIAL PORT DEMONSTRATION ...................................................................... 52 SERIAL PORT SKETCH EXAMPLE........................................................................... 52 SERIAL MONITOR WINDOW ................................................................................... 52 1.5.3 BASIC TESTING................................................................................................... 54 1.5.3.1 VISUALLY INSPECT THE BOARD ...................................................................... 54 1.5.3.2 POWER LED AND VOLTAGES ........................................................................ 54 1.5.3.3 CHECK EXPECTED DEFAULT BEHAVIOR .......................................................... 55 1.5.3.4 IS THE BOARD RECOGNIZED BY THE HOST COMPUTER? .................................. 55 1.5.3.5 LOAD A TEST SKETCH ................................................................................. 55 1.6 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 REFERENCES AND HELP .......................................................... 55 1.6.1 INSTALLING SOFTWARE ........................................................................................... 55 1.6.1.1 WINDOWS .................................................................................................. 55 1.6.1.2 MAC OS X ............................................................................................... 56 1.6.1.3 LINUX ........................................................................................................ 56 1.6.2 GETTING STARTED, EXAMPLES AND REFERENCE ..................................................... 56 1.6.2.1 GETTING STARTED GUIDES ........................................................................... 56 1.6.2.2 ARDUINO EXAMPLES AND TUTORIALS ............................................................. 56 1.6.2.3 BUILDING BREADBOARD CIRCUITS .................................................................. 56 1.6.2.4 ARDUINO SOFTWARE REFERENCE ................................................................... 56 1.6.3 GETTING HELP.................................................................................................... 56 1.6.4 RELATED OPEN-SOURCE PROJECTS ....................................................................... 57 1.6.4.1 FRITZING .................................................................................................... 57 1.6.4.2 WIRING ...................................................................................................... 57 1.6.4.3 PROCESSING .............................................................................................. 58 1.6.5 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ON THE WEB .................................................................... 58 1.7 ARDUINO MEGA 2560, DUE AND MEGA ADK......................................................... 58 1.7.1 ARDUINO DUE VS. ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ............................................................ 59 1.7.2 ARDUINO MEGA ADK VS. ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ................................................. 60 CHAPTER 2 YY HARDWARE TECHNICAL INFORMATION 61 2.1 MICROCONTROLLER ........................................................................................................ 62 2.2 ATMEL, MICROCHIP AND AVR ..................................................................................... 63 2.3 MEMORY..................................................................................................................... 63 2.3.1 FLASH MEMORY ................................................................................................... 64 2.3.1.1 FLASH MEMORY SIZE .................................................................................. 64 2.3.1.2 FLASH WEAR ............................................................................................... 64 2.3.1.3 DATA RETENTION ......................................................................................... 64 2.3.2 SRAM............................................................................................................... 64 2.3.2.1 VOLATILE MEMORY....................................................................................... 64 2.3.2.2 SRAM SIZE ............................................................................................... 65 2.3.3 EEPROM.......................................................................................................... 65 2.3.3.1 EEPROM PROGRAMMING ........................................................................... 65 2.3.3.2 EEPROM SIZE ......................................................................................... 65 2.3.3.3 EEPROM WEAR ........................................................................................ 65 2.3.4 ADDING EXTERNAL MEMORY.................................................................................. 65 2.3.4.1 SD CARDS (SPI INTERFACE) ........................................................................ 66 2.3.4.2 FLASH AND EEPROM CHIPS (SPI / TWI INTERFACE) ................................... 68 2.3.4.3 SPI DEVICES ............................................................................................. 68 2.3.4.4 TWI AND L 2 C DEVICES ............................................................................... 69 2.4 POWER AND USB ....................................................................................................... 69 2.4.1 USB POWER ....................................................................................................... 69 2.4.2 USB CONNECTION AND CABLE ............................................................................. 69 2.4.3 EXTERNAL POWER ................................................................................................. 70 2.4.4 BATTERY POWER ................................................................................................... 71 2.4.5 OPERATING VOLTAGE ............................................................................................ 73 2.5 OPERATING FREQUENCY .............................................................................................. 73 2.6 LED INDICATORS AND RESET BUTTON ......................................................................... 74 2.6.1 ON LED ............................................................................................................ 74 2.6.2 L LED ................................................................................................................ 75 2.6.3 TX LED ............................................................................................................ 75 2.6.4 RX LED ............................................................................................................ 75 2.6.5 RESET BUTTON ................................................................................................... 75 2.7 USER PIN HEADERS................................................................................................... 76 2.7.1 POWER PINS ...................................................................................................... 76 2.7.1.1 GND PINS ................................................................................................ 76 2.7.1.2 5V PINS .................................................................................................... 76 2.7.1.3 3.3V PIN .................................................................................................. 77 2.7.1.4 VIN PIN ..................................................................................................... 77 2.7.2 IOREF PIN AND UNCONNECTED PIN ................................................................... 77 2.7.3 RESET PIN ...................................................................................................... 78 2.7.4 DIGITAL, PWM AND COMMUNICATION PINS .......................................................... 78 2.7.4.1 OUTPUT PINS ............................................................................................. 78 2.7.4.2 PIN CURRENT RATING .................................................................................. 80 2.7.4.3 INPUT PINS ................................................................................................ 81 2.7.4.4 PWM PINS ............................................................................................... 82 PWM EXAMPLE SKETCH ................................................................................... 83 CALCULATING PWM DUTY CYCLE ........................................................................ 84 PWM FREQUENCY ............................................................................................ 84 PWM LED CONTROL EXAMPLE.......................................................................... 84 2.7.4.5 COMMUNICATION PINS ............................................................................... 84 SERIAL PORT / UART PINS TO USB .................................................................... 85 SERIAL PORT / USART PINS .............................................................................. 86 TWI OR L 2 C PINS.............................................................................................. 86 SPI PINS......................................................................................................... 87 2.7.5 ANALOG IN PINS ................................................................................................. 87 2.7.5.1 ANALOG IN EXAMPLE SKETCH ..................................................................... 87 2.7.5.2 FLOATING ANALOG INPUT PIN ....................................................................... 88 2.7.5.3 CALCULATING ANALOG IN VOLTAGE ................................................................ 88 2.7.5.4 ANALOG IN PINS USED AS DIGITAL I/O ......................................................... 88 2.7.6 AREF PIN AND INTERNAL ADC REFERENCE VOLTAGES ........................................... 89 2.8 PROGRAMMING HEADERS.......................................................................................... 90 2.8.1 MEGA 2560 WITH EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER ON ICSP .......................................... 90 2.8.2 RESTORE BOOTLOADER WITH IDE AND EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER .............................. 91 2.8.3 ATMEGAL6U2 ICSP HEADER ............................................................................. 91 2.8.4 ICSP PROGRAMMING RESOURCES ........................................................................ 92 2.8.5 USING AN ARDUINO AS AN IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMER ............................................. 93 2.9 SHARED PINS ........................................................................................................... 93 2.9.1 SERIAL PORT PINS ................................................................................................ 93 2.9.2 L LED PIN ......................................................................................................... 93 2.9.3 TWI OR L 2 C PINS ................................................................................................. 94 2.9.4 ICSP SPI PINS AND RESET ................................................................................ 94 2.9.5 JTAG PINS ......................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 3 PIN REFERENCE AND INTERFACING 97 3.1 PIN DEFAULT AND ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS .................................................................... 98 3.1.1 SHARED TWI PINS .............................................................................................. 98 3.1.2 SHARED SPI PINS ............................................................................................... 98 3.2 ATMEGA2560 TO ARDUINO MEGA 2560 PIN MAPPING ............................................. 99 3.2.1 ATMEGA2560 PORTS ......................................................................................... 101 3.2.2 ATMEGA2560 ALTERNATE PIN FUNCTIONS ........................................................... 102 3.3 PIN TYPES AND INTERFACING .................................................................................... 103 3.3.1 DIGITAL INPUT I OUTPUT PINS .............................................................................. 103 3.3.1.1 PINS AS OUTPUTS ..................................................................................... 103 WHY AN LED NEEDS A SERIES RESISTOR ......................................................... 104 HOW TO CALCULATE A LED CURRENT LIMITING SERIES RESISTOR .......................... 106 CURRENT SOURCING AND CURRENT SINKING ......................................................... 109 CURRENT SOURCING ........................................................................................... 109 CURRENT SINKING ............................................................................................. 110 CURRENT LIMITATION PER PIN ............................................................................ ILL I/O PORT CURRENT SOURCE AND SINK LIMITS ...................................................... ILL SWITCHING HEAVIER LOADS WITH TRANSISTORS AND RELAYS ................................ 115 3.3.1.2 PINS AS INPUTS ........................................................................................ 118 PULL-DOWN RESISTOR ........................................................................................ 119 PULL-UP RESISTOR ............................................................................................ 121 INTERNAL PULL-UP RESISTORS ............................................................................. 122 3.3.2 PWM PINS ....................................................................................................... 123 3.3.3 ANALOG PINS .................................................................................................... 124 3.3.4 TWI BUS PINS ................................................................................................. 125 3.3.4.1 TWI INTERFACING EXAMPLE...................................................................... 125 TWI PULL-UP RESISTORS .................................................................................. 126 3.3.4.2 ACCESSING TWI DEVICES IN SOFTWARE ..................................................... 127 3.3.5 SPI BUS PINS ................................................................................................. 128 3.3.5.1 SPI BUS INTERFACING EXAMPLE................................................................ 130 3.3.5.2 ACCESSING SPI DEVICES IN SOFTWARE ...................................................... 130 3.3.5.3 ACCESSING SD CARDS IN SOFTWARE .......................................................... 130 3.3.6 SERIAL / UART PINS ........................................................................................ 131 3.3.6.1 HARDWARE SERIAL PORTS.......................................................................... 131 USING THE USB PORT / SERIAL PORT 0 .............................................................. 132 USING SERIAL PORT 1, SERIAL PORT 2 AND SERIAL PORT 3 .................................... 132 SERIAL PORT REFERENCE.................................................................................. 135 3.3.6.2 SOFTWARE SERIAL PORT ............................................................................. 135 3.3.7 POWER PINS .................................................................................................... 136 3.3.7.1 GND PINS .............................................................................................. 136 3.3.7.2 5V PINS.................................................................................................. 136 USB 5V ........................................................................................................ 137 EXTERNAL POWER TO 5V REGULATOR .................................................................. 137 3.3.7.3 3.3V PIN ................................................................................................ 137 3.3.7.4 VIN PIN .................................................................................................. 137 3.3.8 RESET PIN ....................................................................................................... 138 3.3.9 IOREF PIN ..................................................................................................... 138 3.3.10 AREF PIN ..................................................................................................... 139 3.4 ICSP HEADER ON MAIN MICROCONTROLLER............................................................... 140 3.5 ICSP HEADER ON USB MICROCONTROLLER ................................................................ 141 3.6 JP5 HEADER ON USB MICROCONTROLLER .................................................................. 142 3.7 JTAG PINS ............................................................................................................. 143 3.8 FINDING THE DATASHEETS....................................................................................... 143 3.8.1 ATMEGA2560 DATASHEET ................................................................................ 144 3.8.2 ATMEGAL6U2 DATASHEET............................................................................... 144 3.8.3 DATASHEETS FOR OTHER COMPONENTS............................................................... 144 CHAPTER 4 * POWER REFERENCE 145 4.1 POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATION ................................................................................ 146 4.1.1 OPERATING VOLTAGE .......................................................................................... 146 4.1.2 USB POWER INPUT ............................................................................................ 147 4.1.3 EXTERNAL POWER JACK INPUT ............................................................................. 147 4.1.4 EXTERNAL POWER JACK PINOUT ........................................................................... 147 4.1.5 VIN PIN AS POWER INPUT .................................................................................. 148 4.2 POWER CIRCUIT ......................................................................................................... 148 4.2.1 EXTERNAL POWER IN AND 5V REGULATOR .............................................................. 148 4.2.2 POWER ON INDICATOR LED ................................................................................ 148 4.2.3 USB POWER IN ................................................................................................. 148 4.2.4 AUTOMATIC SWITCH ............................................................................................ 149 4.2.5 3.3V REGULATOR ............................................................................................... 150 4.2.6 POWER HEADER SOCKET .................................................................................... 150 4.2.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MEGA 2560 AND UNO POWER CIRCUITS ................... 150 4.2.7.1 EXTERNAL POWER IN AND 5V REGULATOR .................................................... 150 4.2.7.2 POWER ON INDICATOR LED ........................................................................ 150 4.2.7.3 USB POWER IN ........................................................................................ 151 4.2.7.4 AUTOMATIC SWITCH ................................................................................... 151 4.2.7.5 3.3V REGULATOR ....................................................................................... 151 4.3 POWER SUPPLY PROTECTION ..................................................................................... 151 4.3.1 REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTION ........................................................................... 152 4.3.2 5V REGULATOR PROTECTION FEATURES ................................................................. 152 4.3.3 3.3V REGULATOR PROTECTION FEATURES .............................................................. 152 4.3.4 USB OVERLOAD PROTECTION ............................................................................... 152 CHAPTER 5 * MEGA 2560 FIRMWARE AND BOOTLOADER 153 5.1 UPDATING THE USB TO SERIAL BRIDGE FIRMWARE USING DFU ................................ 154 5.2 MICROCHIP STUDIO ................................................................................................... 155 5.3 USB MICROCONTROLLER FIRMWARE ............................................................................ 157 5.3.1 BACKING UP THE ATMEGAL6U2 FIRMWARE WITH MICROCHIP STUDIO .................... 157 5.3.2 DFU BOOTLOADER FIRMWARE ............................................................................. 159 5.3.3 USB TO SERIAL BRIDGE FIRMWARE ..................................................................... 159 5.3.4 PROGRAMMING THE USB MICROCONTROLLER USING ICSP ...................................... 160 5.3.5. ATMEGAL6U2 FUSE SETTINGS ........................................................................ 161 5.4 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER BOOTLOADER....................................................................... 162 5.4.1 BACKING UP THE ATMEGA2560 FIRMWARE WITH MICROCHIP STUDIO .................... 162 5.4.2 BOOTLOADER FIRMWARE - STK500V2 .................................................................. 163 5.4.3 RESTORING THE BOOTLOADER .............................................................................. 163 5.4.4 ATMEGA2560 FUSE SETTINGS .......................................................................... 164 5.5 THE RESET-EN SOLDER JUMPER ........................................................................... 166 5.6 ALTERNATIVE FIRMWARE PROGRAMMING METHODS................................................... 168 CHAPTER 6 YY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS 169 6.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.................................................................................................... 170 6.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................... 170 6.1.2 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT .......................................................................... 171 6.1.3 USB MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT ........................................................................... 171 6.1.4 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT ..................................................................................... 174 6.2 COMPONENT LIST .................................................................................................... 174 6.3 COMPONENT POSITIONS ON THE BOARD .................................................................. 177 6.4 GETTING AN ELECTRONIC COPY OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM......................................... 179 CHAPTER 7 * FAULT FINDING AND MEASUREMENT 181 7.1 BASIC FAULT FINDING AND REPAIR ....................................................................... 182 7.2 REPLACING THE MAIN ARDUINO MEGA 2560 MICROCONTROLLER ............................... 182 7.2.1 REPLACEMENT PART ......................................................................................... 183 7.2.2 REMOVING THE OLD MICROCONTROLLER ................................................................ 183 7.2.3 SOLDERING THE NEW MICROCONTROLLER ................................................................ 184 7.2.4 LOADING THE BOOTLOADER ................................................................................. 185 7.3 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS........................................................................................ 185 7.3.1 POWERED FROM USB..................................................................................... 186 7.3.1.1 5V TEST POINTS ....................................................................................... 186 7.3.1.2 USB POWER AND 3.3V CIRCUIT TEST POINTS ............................................. 186 7.3.1.3 MEASURING VOLTAGE ON THE L AND ON LEDS .......................................... 188 7.3.2 POWERED FROM EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY ........................................................ 188 7.4 WAVEFORM PATTERNS AND MEASUREMENT ............................................................ 189 7.4.1 TESTING FOR PRESENCE OF MICROCONTROLLER CLOCKS ............................................ 190 7.4.2 TESTING FOR PWM WAVEFORMS ......................................................................... 191 7.4.3 TESTING UART OUTPUTS .................................................................................... 194 7.4.4 TWI SIGNALS .................................................................................................... 196 7.4.5 SPI SIGNALS ..................................................................................................... 198 CHAPTER 8 * MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS AND TEMPLATES 201 8.1 MEASUREMENTS, TOLERANCE AND SCALE ................................................................. 202 8.2 LENGTH, WIDTH AND MASS...................................................................................... 202 8.3 MOUNTING HOLE SPACING AND SIZE ........................................................................ 204 8.4 SHAPE DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................ 205 8.5 HEADER POSITIONS .................................................................................................. 206 8.6 SHIELD REVERSE CONNECTION PROTECTION .............................................................. 207 8.7 USING STRIP-BOARD AS A SHIELD ............................................................................. 208 8.8 DRILL TEMPLATE AND KICAD TEMPLATE .................................................................... 208 CHAPTER 9 YY ARDUINO SHIELD COMPATIBILITY 209 9.1 SHIELD COMPATIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................. 210 9.2 SHIELD COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN ARDUINO MODELS ................................................ 210 9.2.1 SHIELD SIZE ..................................................................................................... 210 9.2.2 SHIELD VOLTAGE ................................................................................................ 210 9.2.3 SPI PIN COMPATIBILITY ..................................................................................... 211 9.2.4 TWI PIN COMPATIBILITY ..................................................................................... 211 9.2.5 SHIELD STACKING ............................................................................................... 211 9.3 COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN FOUR ARDUINO MODELS ................................................... 211 9.3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ....................................................................................... 214 9.3.2 ARDUINO DUE .................................................................................................... 214 9.3.3 ARDUINO UNO .................................................................................................... 215 9.3.4 ARDUINO ZERO ................................................................................................... 216 9.3.5 5V PIN CURRENT ON MEGA AND UNO ................................................................ 216 9.4 ARDUINO SHIELD PIN COMPATIBILITY ...................................................................... 218 9.4.1 TWI PINS ........................................................................................................ 218 9.4.2 SPI PINS ......................................................................................................... 219 9.4.3 DIGITAL PINS .................................................................................................... 219 9.4.4 ANALOG PINS ................................................................................................... 219 9.4.5 POWER PINS .................................................................................................... 219 9.5 EXAMPLE OF SHIELD COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS...................................................... 220 9.5.1 DATA LOGGER SHIELD EXAMPLE........................................................................ 220 9.5.1.1 SHIELD POWER ......................................................................................... 221 9.5.1.2 ICSP CONNECTOR .................................................................................... 221 9.5.1.3 TWI PINS ............................................................................................... 222 9.5.2 ETHERNET SHIELD EXAMPLE.............................................................................. 223 9.5.2.1 SHIELD POWER ......................................................................................... 223 9.5.2.2 ICSP CONNECTOR AND STACKING .............................................................. 223 APPENDIX A YY SPECIFICATIONS QUICK REFERENCE 225 INDEX 229
adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 15 WHY BUY THIS ARDUINO MEGA HARDWARE MANUAL?. 15 DIFFERENCE TO THE ARDUINO UNO HARDWARE MANUAL . 17 TARGET AUDIENCE . 18 PREREQUISITES . 18 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS. 18 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS . 19 WHAT IS COVERED AND WHAT ' S NOT COVERED . 19 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. 19 ACCOMPANYING RESOURCES. 20 DISCLAIMER, ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS . 20 A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR . 20 CHAPTER 1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 OVERVIEW 23 1.1 ARDUINO MEGA DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONALITY . 24 1.1.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 BOARD. 24 1.1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 VS. ARDUINO UNO . 24 1.1.3 USES OF THE ARDUINO MEGA 2560 . 26 1.1.4 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 MAIN PARTS . 27 1.1.4.1 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER . 27 1.1.4.2 USB CONNECTOR . 27 1.1.4.3 EXTERNAL POWER IN . 27 1.1.4.4 RESET BUTTON . 28 1.1.4.5 HEADER SOCKETS WITH ARDUINO PINS . 29 1.1.4.6 ON LED . 29 1.1.4.7 L LED. 29 1.1.4.8 TX LED (TRANSMIT) . 29 1.1.4.9 RX LED (RECEIVE) . 29 1.1.4.10 ATMEGAL6U2 MICROCONTROLLER . 29 1.1.4.11 ICSP HEADER . 30 1.1.4.12 ICSP HEADER FOR ATMEGAL6U2 . 31 1.1.4.13 MOUNTING HOLES . 31 1.1.5 PROGRAMMING . 31 1.1.6 EXTENDING THE HARDWARE . 33 1.1.6.1 ADD-ON BOARDS: SHIELDS . 33 STACKING SHIELDS . 34 SHIELD REVERSE CONNECTION PROTECTION . 35 1.1.6.2 PROTOTYPE SHIELDS . 35 1.1.6.3 STRIP-BOARD . 36 1.1.6.4 ELECTRONIC BREADBOARD . 36 1.1.6.5 CUSTOM PCB. 37 1.1.7 OPEN-SOURCE AND LICENSING . 38 1.1.8 THIRD PARTY COMPATIBLE BOARDS . 38 1.1.9 BUILD QUALITY, WARRANTY AND SAFETY . 39 1.1.10 ARDUINO AND GENUINO . 40 1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 FIRMWARE . 40 1.2.1 USB BRIDGE FIRMWARE . 40 1.2.2 BOOTLOADER . 41 1.3 PRECAUTIONS DURING HANDLING AND USAGE . 41 1.3.1 STATIC ELECTRICITY . 42 1.3.2 WORK SURFACE . 43 1.3.3 POWER . 44 1.3.4 VOLTAGE . 44 1.3.5 HANDLING . 44 1.3.6 INTERFACING PRECAUTIONS . 45 1.4 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 HISTORY AND REVISIONS . 46 1.5 FIRST TIME USE AND BASIC TESTING . 47 1.5.1 NEW ARDUINO MEGA 2560 DEFAULT BEHAVIOR . 47 1.5.1.1 COMPUTER DRIVERS . 47 1.5.1.2 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 HARDWARE BEHAVIOR . 48 ON LED. 48 RX LED AND L LED ON SOME SYSTEMS . 49 FACTORY OR USER LOADED SKETCH RUNNING . 49 1.5.2 LOADING A SKETCH TO AN ARDUINO MEGA 2560 . 49 1.5.2.1 SELECT BOARD, PROCESSOR AND PORT . 49 1.5.2.2 LOADING A TEST SKETCH . 51 OPEN THE TEST SKETCH . 51 UPLOAD THE SKETCH . 51 MODIFY THE SKETCH . 51 1.5.2.3 SERIAL PORT DEMONSTRATION . 52 SERIAL PORT SKETCH EXAMPLE. 52 SERIAL MONITOR WINDOW . 52 1.5.3 BASIC TESTING. 54 1.5.3.1 VISUALLY INSPECT THE BOARD . 54 1.5.3.2 POWER LED AND VOLTAGES . 54 1.5.3.3 CHECK EXPECTED DEFAULT BEHAVIOR . 55 1.5.3.4 IS THE BOARD RECOGNIZED BY THE HOST COMPUTER? . 55 1.5.3.5 LOAD A TEST SKETCH . 55 1.6 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 REFERENCES AND HELP . 55 1.6.1 INSTALLING SOFTWARE . 55 1.6.1.1 WINDOWS . 55 1.6.1.2 MAC OS X . 56 1.6.1.3 LINUX . 56 1.6.2 GETTING STARTED, EXAMPLES AND REFERENCE . 56 1.6.2.1 GETTING STARTED GUIDES . 56 1.6.2.2 ARDUINO EXAMPLES AND TUTORIALS . 56 1.6.2.3 BUILDING BREADBOARD CIRCUITS . 56 1.6.2.4 ARDUINO SOFTWARE REFERENCE . 56 1.6.3 GETTING HELP. 56 1.6.4 RELATED OPEN-SOURCE PROJECTS . 57 1.6.4.1 FRITZING . 57 1.6.4.2 WIRING . 57 1.6.4.3 PROCESSING . 58 1.6.5 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 ON THE WEB . 58 1.7 ARDUINO MEGA 2560, DUE AND MEGA ADK. 58 1.7.1 ARDUINO DUE VS. ARDUINO MEGA 2560 . 59 1.7.2 ARDUINO MEGA ADK VS. ARDUINO MEGA 2560 . 60 CHAPTER 2 YY HARDWARE TECHNICAL INFORMATION 61 2.1 MICROCONTROLLER . 62 2.2 ATMEL, MICROCHIP AND AVR . 63 2.3 MEMORY. 63 2.3.1 FLASH MEMORY . 64 2.3.1.1 FLASH MEMORY SIZE . 64 2.3.1.2 FLASH WEAR . 64 2.3.1.3 DATA RETENTION . 64 2.3.2 SRAM. 64 2.3.2.1 VOLATILE MEMORY. 64 2.3.2.2 SRAM SIZE . 65 2.3.3 EEPROM. 65 2.3.3.1 EEPROM PROGRAMMING . 65 2.3.3.2 EEPROM SIZE . 65 2.3.3.3 EEPROM WEAR . 65 2.3.4 ADDING EXTERNAL MEMORY. 65 2.3.4.1 SD CARDS (SPI INTERFACE) . 66 2.3.4.2 FLASH AND EEPROM CHIPS (SPI / TWI INTERFACE) . 68 2.3.4.3 SPI DEVICES . 68 2.3.4.4 TWI AND L 2 C DEVICES . 69 2.4 POWER AND USB . 69 2.4.1 USB POWER . 69 2.4.2 USB CONNECTION AND CABLE . 69 2.4.3 EXTERNAL POWER . 70 2.4.4 BATTERY POWER . 71 2.4.5 OPERATING VOLTAGE . 73 2.5 OPERATING FREQUENCY . 73 2.6 LED INDICATORS AND RESET BUTTON . 74 2.6.1 ON LED . 74 2.6.2 L LED . 75 2.6.3 TX LED . 75 2.6.4 RX LED . 75 2.6.5 RESET BUTTON . 75 2.7 USER PIN HEADERS. 76 2.7.1 POWER PINS . 76 2.7.1.1 GND PINS . 76 2.7.1.2 5V PINS . 76 2.7.1.3 3.3V PIN . 77 2.7.1.4 VIN PIN . 77 2.7.2 IOREF PIN AND UNCONNECTED PIN . 77 2.7.3 RESET PIN . 78 2.7.4 DIGITAL, PWM AND COMMUNICATION PINS . 78 2.7.4.1 OUTPUT PINS . 78 2.7.4.2 PIN CURRENT RATING . 80 2.7.4.3 INPUT PINS . 81 2.7.4.4 PWM PINS . 82 PWM EXAMPLE SKETCH . 83 CALCULATING PWM DUTY CYCLE . 84 PWM FREQUENCY . 84 PWM LED CONTROL EXAMPLE. 84 2.7.4.5 COMMUNICATION PINS . 84 SERIAL PORT / UART PINS TO USB . 85 SERIAL PORT / USART PINS . 86 TWI OR L 2 C PINS. 86 SPI PINS. 87 2.7.5 ANALOG IN PINS . 87 2.7.5.1 ANALOG IN EXAMPLE SKETCH . 87 2.7.5.2 FLOATING ANALOG INPUT PIN . 88 2.7.5.3 CALCULATING ANALOG IN VOLTAGE . 88 2.7.5.4 ANALOG IN PINS USED AS DIGITAL I/O . 88 2.7.6 AREF PIN AND INTERNAL ADC REFERENCE VOLTAGES . 89 2.8 PROGRAMMING HEADERS. 90 2.8.1 MEGA 2560 WITH EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER ON ICSP . 90 2.8.2 RESTORE BOOTLOADER WITH IDE AND EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER . 91 2.8.3 ATMEGAL6U2 ICSP HEADER . 91 2.8.4 ICSP PROGRAMMING RESOURCES . 92 2.8.5 USING AN ARDUINO AS AN IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMER . 93 2.9 SHARED PINS . 93 2.9.1 SERIAL PORT PINS . 93 2.9.2 L LED PIN . 93 2.9.3 TWI OR L 2 C PINS . 94 2.9.4 ICSP SPI PINS AND RESET . 94 2.9.5 JTAG PINS . 95 CHAPTER 3 PIN REFERENCE AND INTERFACING 97 3.1 PIN DEFAULT AND ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS . 98 3.1.1 SHARED TWI PINS . 98 3.1.2 SHARED SPI PINS . 98 3.2 ATMEGA2560 TO ARDUINO MEGA 2560 PIN MAPPING . 99 3.2.1 ATMEGA2560 PORTS . 101 3.2.2 ATMEGA2560 ALTERNATE PIN FUNCTIONS . 102 3.3 PIN TYPES AND INTERFACING . 103 3.3.1 DIGITAL INPUT I OUTPUT PINS . 103 3.3.1.1 PINS AS OUTPUTS . 103 WHY AN LED NEEDS A SERIES RESISTOR . 104 HOW TO CALCULATE A LED CURRENT LIMITING SERIES RESISTOR . 106 CURRENT SOURCING AND CURRENT SINKING . 109 CURRENT SOURCING . 109 CURRENT SINKING . 110 CURRENT LIMITATION PER PIN . ILL I/O PORT CURRENT SOURCE AND SINK LIMITS . ILL SWITCHING HEAVIER LOADS WITH TRANSISTORS AND RELAYS . 115 3.3.1.2 PINS AS INPUTS . 118 PULL-DOWN RESISTOR . 119 PULL-UP RESISTOR . 121 INTERNAL PULL-UP RESISTORS . 122 3.3.2 PWM PINS . 123 3.3.3 ANALOG PINS . 124 3.3.4 TWI BUS PINS . 125 3.3.4.1 TWI INTERFACING EXAMPLE. 125 TWI PULL-UP RESISTORS . 126 3.3.4.2 ACCESSING TWI DEVICES IN SOFTWARE . 127 3.3.5 SPI BUS PINS . 128 3.3.5.1 SPI BUS INTERFACING EXAMPLE. 130 3.3.5.2 ACCESSING SPI DEVICES IN SOFTWARE . 130 3.3.5.3 ACCESSING SD CARDS IN SOFTWARE . 130 3.3.6 SERIAL / UART PINS . 131 3.3.6.1 HARDWARE SERIAL PORTS. 131 USING THE USB PORT / SERIAL PORT 0 . 132 USING SERIAL PORT 1, SERIAL PORT 2 AND SERIAL PORT 3 . 132 SERIAL PORT REFERENCE. 135 3.3.6.2 SOFTWARE SERIAL PORT . 135 3.3.7 POWER PINS . 136 3.3.7.1 GND PINS . 136 3.3.7.2 5V PINS. 136 USB 5V . 137 EXTERNAL POWER TO 5V REGULATOR . 137 3.3.7.3 3.3V PIN . 137 3.3.7.4 VIN PIN . 137 3.3.8 RESET PIN . 138 3.3.9 IOREF PIN . 138 3.3.10 AREF PIN . 139 3.4 ICSP HEADER ON MAIN MICROCONTROLLER. 140 3.5 ICSP HEADER ON USB MICROCONTROLLER . 141 3.6 JP5 HEADER ON USB MICROCONTROLLER . 142 3.7 JTAG PINS . 143 3.8 FINDING THE DATASHEETS. 143 3.8.1 ATMEGA2560 DATASHEET . 144 3.8.2 ATMEGAL6U2 DATASHEET. 144 3.8.3 DATASHEETS FOR OTHER COMPONENTS. 144 CHAPTER 4 * POWER REFERENCE 145 4.1 POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATION . 146 4.1.1 OPERATING VOLTAGE . 146 4.1.2 USB POWER INPUT . 147 4.1.3 EXTERNAL POWER JACK INPUT . 147 4.1.4 EXTERNAL POWER JACK PINOUT . 147 4.1.5 VIN PIN AS POWER INPUT . 148 4.2 POWER CIRCUIT . 148 4.2.1 EXTERNAL POWER IN AND 5V REGULATOR . 148 4.2.2 POWER ON INDICATOR LED . 148 4.2.3 USB POWER IN . 148 4.2.4 AUTOMATIC SWITCH . 149 4.2.5 3.3V REGULATOR . 150 4.2.6 POWER HEADER SOCKET . 150 4.2.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MEGA 2560 AND UNO POWER CIRCUITS . 150 4.2.7.1 EXTERNAL POWER IN AND 5V REGULATOR . 150 4.2.7.2 POWER ON INDICATOR LED . 150 4.2.7.3 USB POWER IN . 151 4.2.7.4 AUTOMATIC SWITCH . 151 4.2.7.5 3.3V REGULATOR . 151 4.3 POWER SUPPLY PROTECTION . 151 4.3.1 REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTION . 152 4.3.2 5V REGULATOR PROTECTION FEATURES . 152 4.3.3 3.3V REGULATOR PROTECTION FEATURES . 152 4.3.4 USB OVERLOAD PROTECTION . 152 CHAPTER 5 * MEGA 2560 FIRMWARE AND BOOTLOADER 153 5.1 UPDATING THE USB TO SERIAL BRIDGE FIRMWARE USING DFU . 154 5.2 MICROCHIP STUDIO . 155 5.3 USB MICROCONTROLLER FIRMWARE . 157 5.3.1 BACKING UP THE ATMEGAL6U2 FIRMWARE WITH MICROCHIP STUDIO . 157 5.3.2 DFU BOOTLOADER FIRMWARE . 159 5.3.3 USB TO SERIAL BRIDGE FIRMWARE . 159 5.3.4 PROGRAMMING THE USB MICROCONTROLLER USING ICSP . 160 5.3.5. ATMEGAL6U2 FUSE SETTINGS . 161 5.4 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER BOOTLOADER. 162 5.4.1 BACKING UP THE ATMEGA2560 FIRMWARE WITH MICROCHIP STUDIO . 162 5.4.2 BOOTLOADER FIRMWARE - STK500V2 . 163 5.4.3 RESTORING THE BOOTLOADER . 163 5.4.4 ATMEGA2560 FUSE SETTINGS . 164 5.5 THE RESET-EN SOLDER JUMPER . 166 5.6 ALTERNATIVE FIRMWARE PROGRAMMING METHODS. 168 CHAPTER 6 YY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND COMPONENTS 169 6.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. 170 6.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM . 170 6.1.2 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT . 171 6.1.3 USB MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT . 171 6.1.4 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT . 174 6.2 COMPONENT LIST . 174 6.3 COMPONENT POSITIONS ON THE BOARD . 177 6.4 GETTING AN ELECTRONIC COPY OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. 179 CHAPTER 7 * FAULT FINDING AND MEASUREMENT 181 7.1 BASIC FAULT FINDING AND REPAIR . 182 7.2 REPLACING THE MAIN ARDUINO MEGA 2560 MICROCONTROLLER . 182 7.2.1 REPLACEMENT PART . 183 7.2.2 REMOVING THE OLD MICROCONTROLLER . 183 7.2.3 SOLDERING THE NEW MICROCONTROLLER . 184 7.2.4 LOADING THE BOOTLOADER . 185 7.3 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS. 185 7.3.1 POWERED FROM USB. 186 7.3.1.1 5V TEST POINTS . 186 7.3.1.2 USB POWER AND 3.3V CIRCUIT TEST POINTS . 186 7.3.1.3 MEASURING VOLTAGE ON THE L AND ON LEDS . 188 7.3.2 POWERED FROM EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY . 188 7.4 WAVEFORM PATTERNS AND MEASUREMENT . 189 7.4.1 TESTING FOR PRESENCE OF MICROCONTROLLER CLOCKS . 190 7.4.2 TESTING FOR PWM WAVEFORMS . 191 7.4.3 TESTING UART OUTPUTS . 194 7.4.4 TWI SIGNALS . 196 7.4.5 SPI SIGNALS . 198 CHAPTER 8 * MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS AND TEMPLATES 201 8.1 MEASUREMENTS, TOLERANCE AND SCALE . 202 8.2 LENGTH, WIDTH AND MASS. 202 8.3 MOUNTING HOLE SPACING AND SIZE . 204 8.4 SHAPE DIMENSIONS . 205 8.5 HEADER POSITIONS . 206 8.6 SHIELD REVERSE CONNECTION PROTECTION . 207 8.7 USING STRIP-BOARD AS A SHIELD . 208 8.8 DRILL TEMPLATE AND KICAD TEMPLATE . 208 CHAPTER 9 YY ARDUINO SHIELD COMPATIBILITY 209 9.1 SHIELD COMPATIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS . 210 9.2 SHIELD COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN ARDUINO MODELS . 210 9.2.1 SHIELD SIZE . 210 9.2.2 SHIELD VOLTAGE . 210 9.2.3 SPI PIN COMPATIBILITY . 211 9.2.4 TWI PIN COMPATIBILITY . 211 9.2.5 SHIELD STACKING . 211 9.3 COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN FOUR ARDUINO MODELS . 211 9.3.1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 . 214 9.3.2 ARDUINO DUE . 214 9.3.3 ARDUINO UNO . 215 9.3.4 ARDUINO ZERO . 216 9.3.5 5V PIN CURRENT ON MEGA AND UNO . 216 9.4 ARDUINO SHIELD PIN COMPATIBILITY . 218 9.4.1 TWI PINS . 218 9.4.2 SPI PINS . 219 9.4.3 DIGITAL PINS . 219 9.4.4 ANALOG PINS . 219 9.4.5 POWER PINS . 219 9.5 EXAMPLE OF SHIELD COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS. 220 9.5.1 DATA LOGGER SHIELD EXAMPLE. 220 9.5.1.1 SHIELD POWER . 221 9.5.1.2 ICSP CONNECTOR . 221 9.5.1.3 TWI PINS . 222 9.5.2 ETHERNET SHIELD EXAMPLE. 223 9.5.2.1 SHIELD POWER . 223 9.5.2.2 ICSP CONNECTOR AND STACKING . 223 APPENDIX A YY SPECIFICATIONS QUICK REFERENCE 225 INDEX 229
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spelling	Smith, Warwick A. Verfasser (DE-588)1022275852 aut Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware Warwick A. Smith 1. Main 202106 Aachen Elektor 2021 238 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 17 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Arduino Mega 2560 (DE-588)104690227X gnd rswk-swf Arduino Mega Arduino Uno Mega 2560 Genuino Arduino Arduino Mega 2560 (DE-588)104690227X s DE-604 Elektor Verlag GmbH (DE-588)1065539746 pbl DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032767348&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20210618 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb
spellingShingle	Smith, Warwick A. Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware Arduino Mega 2560 (DE-588)104690227X gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)104690227X
title	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
title_auth	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
title_exact_search	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
title_exact_search_txtP	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
title_full	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware Warwick A. Smith
title_fullStr	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware Warwick A. Smith
title_full_unstemmed	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware Warwick A. Smith
title_short	Ultimate Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware Manual
title_sort	ultimate arduino mega 2560 hardware manual a reference and user guide for the arduino mega 2560 hardware and firmware
title_sub	A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware
topic	Arduino Mega 2560 (DE-588)104690227X gnd
topic_facet	Arduino Mega 2560
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032767348&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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