Venizelos: the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914
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| Language: | English |
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2021]
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| Physical Description: | xv, 516 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780197586495 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Illustrations: A Note ix List of Illustrations xi xvii Maps Introduction 1 Part One The Cretan Years 1. Crete in the Nineteenth Century 11 2. Family and Early Years 21 3. Athens: The ‘National Centre’ 29 4. Fathers and Sons 39 S. Apprentice in Law and Journalism 49 6. Politics and Exile 55 7. Venizelos in Love 61 8. Marriage and Children 73 9. The Akrotiri Uprising 79 10. Cretan Autonomy 93 11. The Prince’s Regime and the First Clash 103 12. In the Wilderness 113 13. The Therisso Uprising 125
CONTENTS 14. The Propaganda Battle 139 IS. Managing the Insurgency 147 16. Ending the Insurgency 1SS 17. The Prince Departs 16S 18. Farewell to Crete 17S Part Two Revival and Reform 1. Coup d’Etat in Athens 18S 2. How to Resolve a Crisis 19S 3. Dragoumis Holds the Reins 207 4. The August 1910 Elections 211 S. A Wider Stage 217 6. Venizelos Prime Minister 22S 7. Getting to Grips with the Military 231 8. The N ovember Elections : Venizelism Triumphant 237 9. A New Constitution 243 10. The Language Question 2SS 11. A Threat from Crete 267 12. What Sort of Man? 279 13. Venizelos at Work 287 Part Three The Balkan Wars 1. The Crown Prince 297 2. Nationalism in the Balkans 30S 3. War in the Balkans 317 4. The Greeks Advance 32S S. Greek Salonika 335 6. Peacemaking in London 341 7. Helena 347 VI
CONTENTS 8. Lloyd George, Churchill andVenizelos 351 9. The War in Epirus 357 10. Death of the King 361 11. War against Bulgaria 369 12. What Next for Greece? 379 Epilogue 391 Notes 393 Short Biographies 459 Select Bibliography 489 Index 497 vu
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY The following books are important or have been useful in writing this book, or both. The selection is weighted towards the English language. Where a short form is used in the footnotes, this is given in parentheses on first use, e.g. Benaki Museum, Venizelos Archive (Benaki), and thereafter simply Benaki. ARCHIVAL SOURCES The Benaki Museum Venizelos Archive is the indispensable archive for Venizelos’s life and career. The originals can be read in the Benaki Archive at the former Delta house in Kifissia (38 Emm. Benaki St. Delta Street, 14561 Kifissia). The archive has been digitised and is published by the Benaki Museum and by the E. K. Venizelos National Research Foundation, Chania, for which see below. The Benaki Archive also includes the Klearchos Markantonakis Archive, and those of many other prominent figures of the period. The Chania Municipal Library holds a library of Venizelos’s books, which were sent to Chania after his death and are held in a large room there. They throw light on his reading, his approach to political history, and his interest in foreign languages. The library also contains some of his legal briefs. The E. K. Venizelos National Research Foundation, Elena Venizelou Square, Halepa, Chania 73133, Crete, across the road from the Venizelos house, is now a museum and has a collection of books, images and archival sources. It has published important books on aspects of Venizelos’s career and related subjects including the essential two volume biography ofVenizelos, in Greek, by the Director of the Archive, Nikolaos Emm. Papadakis. It
has digitised the contents of the Benaki Museum Venizelos Archive and 489
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY theVenizelos files of ELIA, which can be found through the foundation’s website, (www.venizelos-foundation.gr, accessed 16 September 2020). ELIA, Elliniko Logotechniko kai Istoriko Archeio [Greek Literary Historical Archive], now a division of MIET, the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank of Greece (Agiou Andreou 5, 10SS6 Plaka, Athens), contains a Venizelos filę, and correspondence between Venizelos and his first wife Maria. The Gennadius Library, Souidias 61, Athens 10676, holds the Stefanos Dragoumis Archive. The Historical Archive of Crete, Ioannou Sfakianaki 20, Chania 73134, Crete, contains copious material on Cretan history, including theTherisso uprising. Lily Makrakis’s book on Venizelos, for which see below, contains much material on archival sources, especially in Crete. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, diplomatic and historical archives. The National Archives, Kew (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 16 September 2020) for British Foreign Office papers. TheVenizelos National Research Foundation, Chania, has good collections of such papers, blue books, and so on. BOOKS, ARTICLES AND PAMPHLETS Alastos, Doros, Venizelos: Patriot, Statesman, Revolutionary, London: Percy Lund Humphries Co., 1942. Alexandris, Apostólos, Politikai Anamniseis [Political Memoirs], Patras, 1947. Aligizaki, Stella, Therisso 1905, Chania: Venizelos National Research Foundation, 2003. Alivizatos, Nikos К., Eisagogi stin Elliniki Syntagmatìki Istoria: Semeioseis panepistimiakon paradoseon [Introduction to Greek Constitutional History:
Notes of University Classes], Vol. 1: 1821—1941, Athens ; Komotini: Sakkoula, 1981. ---------- , To Syntagma kai oi Echthroi tou sti Neoellinikì Istoria 1800—2010 [The Constitution and its Enemies in Modem Greek History, 1800—2010], Athens: Polis, 2011. ---------- , Pragmatistes, Dimagogoi kai Oneiropoloi [Realists, Demagogues and Dreamers], Athens: Polis, 201 S. Anglo-Hellenic League. The London Library contains an almost complete series of the League’s pamphlets between its foundation in 1913 and 1928. These are collected in three volumes. 490
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Argyropoulos, Pericles, Apomnimonevmata [Memoirs], Athens: Antoniadis, 1970. Barchard, David, ‘The Fearless and Self-Reliant Servant: The Life and Career of Sir Alfred Biliotti (1833—1915), an Italian Levantine in British Service ’, Studi Miceni ed Egeo-Anatolid, vol. 48, no. 1, 2006, pp. 5—53. Beaton, Roderick and David Ricks, eds, The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797—1896), Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Bérard, Victor, Les Affaires de Crète, Paris: Caiman-Levy, 1898. Bien, Peter, ed., The Selected Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Campbell, John Kennedy, Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. Carnegie Endowment, The Other Balkan Wars: A 1913 Carnegie Endowment Inquiry in Retrospect with a New Introduction and Refections on the Present Conflict by George F. Kennan, Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 1993. Chalkiadakis, Emmanouel, Kriti, 1898—1913: Apo tin ‘Aftonomia’ stin Enosi me tin Ellada [Crete, 1898—1913: From ‘Autonomy’ to Union with Greece], Iraklion, 2013. Chester, S. B., Life of Veni zelos, New York: Doran, 1921. Clogg, Richard, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 2nd edn (a 3rd edn is also available). ---------- , Anglo-Greek Attitudes: Studies in History, Basingstoke: Paigrave Macmillan, 2000. Constantine, King of the Hellenes, A King’s Private Letters, with a Preface by Admiral Mark Kerr, London: Eveleigh Nash Grayson, 1925. Dafnis,
Grigorios, Ta Ellinika Politika Kommata 1821—1961 [The Greek Political Parties 1821—1961], Athens: Galaxia, 1961. ---------- , Sophoklis EleftheriouVenizelos 1894—1964, Athens: Ikaros, 1970. Dakin, Douglas, The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897—1913, Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1966. ---------- , The Unification of Greece, 1770—1923, London: Benn, 1972. Dalby, Andrew, EleftheriosVenizelos: Greece, London: Haus Histories, 2010. Danglis, P. G., Stratigou Dangli Anamniseis—Eggrapha—Allilografia: to Archeion tou [General Danglis’s Reminiscences, Documents, Correspondence: His Archive], ed. Xenophon Lefkoparides, Athens: Vivliopoleion E. G. Vagionake, 1965. Delta, P. S., Eleftherios K. Venizelos: Imerologio—Anamniseis—Martyries— Allilografia [Elftherios K. Venizelos: Diary, Recollections, Testimonies, Correspondence], ed. P. A. Zannas, Athens: Ermis, 1979. 491
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Detorakis, Theocharis, History of Crete, trans. John C. Davis, Iraklion, 1994. Detorakis, Theocharis and Alexis Kalokairinos, eds, I Teleftaia Phasi tou Kritikou Zitimatos [The Last Phase of the Cretan Question], Iraklion: Etairia Kritikon Istorikon Meleton, 2001. Eleftherotypia, Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1936: I Megali Poreia [Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1936: The Great Journey], Athens: Eleftherotypia, undated. ELIA (Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive), Symposio gia ton Eleftherio Venizelo: Praktika [Symposium on Eleftherios Venizelos: Proceedings], Athens: ELIA and Benaki Museum, 1988. Flora-Karavia, Thaleia, Entyposeis apo ton Polemo tou 1912—1913: Makedonia— Epirus [Impressions of the 1912—1913 War: Macedonia—Epirus], Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic Parliament , 2012. Fotakis, Zisis, Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910—1919, London: Routledge, 2005. Gardikas-Katsiadakis, Helen, Greece and the Balkan Imbroglio: Greek Foreign Policy, 1911—1913, Athens: Syllogos pros Diadosin Ophelimon Vivlion, 1995. George of Greece, Prince, The Cretan Drama:The Life and Memoirs of Prince George of Greece, ed. A. A. Pallis, New York: Robert Speller Sons, 1959. Gibbons, Herbert Adams, Venizelos, London: Fisher Unwin, 1921. Glasgow, George, Ronald Burrows:A Memoir, London: Nisbet Co., 1924. Graves, Robert, Storm Centres of the Near East: Personal Memories 1879—1929, London: Hutchinson, 1933. Greene, Molly, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Grogan, Ellinor, The Lfe ofJ. D.
Bourchier, London: Hurst Blackett, 1926. Gyparis, Pavlos, EleftheriosVenizelos o Megas Dimiourgos [EleftheriosVenizelos:The Great Creator], Athens, 1955. Hall, Richard C., The Balkan Wars 1912—1913: Prelude to the First World War, London: Routledge, 2000. Hardinge of Penshurst, Old Diplomacy: The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, London: John Murray, 1947. Harris, Admiral Sir Robert Hastings, From Naval Cadet to Admiral: Halfa-Century of Naval Service and Sport in Many Parts of the World, London: Cassell, 1913. Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis ed., Ores Eleftherios: Valkanikoi Polemoi 100 Chronią [Freedom’s Hours: Balkan Wars One HundredYears On], 3 vols, Kathimerini Society for Macedonian Studies, 2012. Helmreich, E. C., The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912—1913, London: Oxford University Press, 1938. 492
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Holland, Robert and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles Jor Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850—1960, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Howard of Penrith, Esme, Theatre of Life: Life Seenfrom the Stalls, voi. 2 of two vols, London: Hodder Stoughton, 1936. Joachim, Joachim G., loannis Metaxas: The Formative Years, 1871—1922, Mannheim Möhnesee: Bibliopolis, 2000. Kakouri, Athina, Ta Dyo Vita [The Two Is], Athens : Kapón, 2016. Karellis, Manolis, Istoriką Simeiomata gia tin Kriti apo tin Epanastasi tou 1866 os tin Katochi [Historical Notes on Crete from the 1866 Revolution to the Occupation], Iraklion: Panepistimiakes Ekdoseis Kritis, 2005. Kitromilides, Paschalis M., ed., Elftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. Kostis, Kostas, History’s Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State, London: Hurst Co., 2018. Llewellyn-Smith, Michael, The British Embassy, Athens, Athens: British Embassy, 1998. ---------- , Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor 1919—1922, 2nd edn, London: Hurst Co., 1998. ---------- , To Orama tis lonias: I Ellada sti Mikra Asia 1919—1922 [Ionian Vision: Greece inAsia Minor 1919—1922], Athens: MIET, 2002. ---------- , Athens:A Cultural and Literary History, Oxford: Signal Books, 2004. Lydaki, Eirini, ed., Kriti 1898—1899: Photographikes Martyries apo to prosopiko lefkoma tou prigkipa Georgiou [Crete 1898—1899: Photographic Testimonies from the Personal Album oJPrince George], Iraklion: Crete University Press, 2009. Mackridge, Peter, Language and
National Identity in Greece, 1766—1976, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Makrakis, Lily, Elftherios Venizelos 1864—1910: I Diaplasi enos ethnikou igeti [Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1910: The Formation of a National Leader], 2nd edn, Athens: MIET, 2001. ManolikakiSjYiannis, Eleftherios Venizelos: і agnosti zoi tou [The Unknown Life of Eleftherios Venizelos], Athens: Gnosi, 1985. Markesinis, B. S., The Theory and Practice of Dissolution of Parliament: A Comparative Study with Special Reference to the United Kingdom and Greek Experience, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. Martinière, Henri de la, La Marinefrançaise en Crète [The French Navy in Crete], Paris: R. Chapelot, 1911. Mavrogordatos, Giorgos Th., Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922—1936, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983. 493
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Mazower, Mark, ‘The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie: Venizelos and Politics in Greece, 1909—1912’, The Historical Journal, voi. 35, no. 4, 1992, pp. 885-904. ---------- , Salónica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430—1950, London: Harper Collins, 2004. Meligounakis, Evangelos, Venizelou Anavasis [The Rise of Venizelos], Athens, 1955. Metaxas, Ioannis, To Prosopiko tou Imerologio [Personal Diary], Athens: Govosti, 8 vols, 1975. Mitsotaki, Zoi, 0 Dimosiographos EleftheriosVenizelos sta chronia tis Kritis (1887— 1910) [EleftheriosVenizelos the Journalist in his Cretan Period (1887—1910)], Athens: Lousi Bratzioti, 1992. ---------- , Konstantinos К. Mitsotakis stin Argi tis Kritikis Eleftherias 1868—1898 [Konstantinos К. Mitsotakis at the Dawn of Cretan Freedom 1868—1898], Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi, 2004. ---------- , To Spiti tou Eleftheriou Venizelou sti Halepa Chanion: i Stegi tis zois tou [The House of EleftheriosVenizelos at Halepa, Chania: His Lifetime Home], 2nd edn, Chania: Venizelos National Research Foundation, 2006. ---------- , 1 Kyria Elena Venizelou: Poreia mias zois [Mrs Elena Venizelou: A Life’s Journey], Chania: Venizelos National Research Foundation, 2017. Mitsotakis, Kyriakos, О Epanastatis (to chroniko tou Therisianou agona) [The Revolutionary (Chronicle of the Therissos Struggle)], Athens, 1970. ---------- , Ta Mikra Chronia enos Megalou: I Mathitiki Zoi tou Eleftherious Venizelou [The Early Years of a Great Man:The School Life of Venizelos], Athens: Minos, 1972. Mourellos, I. D., Agapise pote; olokliri і prosopiki kai katharos
idiotiki zoe tou Venizelou [Did He Ever Love? The Whole Personal and Private Life of Venizelos], Iraklion: Eleutheras Skepseos, 1936. ---------- , Venizelos, oi agapes tou, oi hares tou, oi odynes tou [ Venizelos, His Loves, His Joys, His Pains], Athens: Difros, 1964. Nanakis, Andreas, I Ekklisia kai о EleftheriosVenizelos [EleftheriosVenizelos and the Church], Thessaloniki: Vania, 2008. Nicholas, Prince, Imerologio Prigkipos Nikolaou 1909-1912 [Diary of Prince Nicholas 1909-1912], ed. Kostas M. Stamatopoulos, Athens: Fereniki, 2011. Nikolakopoulos, Ilias and Nikos Oikonomou, ‘To Eklogiko Vaptisma tou Venizelismou: Ekloges 1910—1912’ [‘The Electoral Baptism of Venizelism: Elections 1910—1912’], in Symposia gia ton Eleftherio Vem zelo, Praktika [Symposium on EleftheriosVenizelos, Proceedings], Athens: ELIA and Benaki Museum, 1988, pp. 45—73. Papacosma, S. Victor, The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup d’Etat, Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1977. 494
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Papadakis, Nikolaos Emm., Eleftherios Venizelos, the Person, the Leader: Biography, 2 vols, 2nd edn, Chania: Venizelos National Foundation with Estia, 2017. Papantonakis, Giorgios, I Politiki Stadiodromia tou Eleftheriou Venizelou [The Political Career of EleftheriosVenizelos], Athens, 1928. Pashley, Robert, Travels in Crete, London: John Murray, 1837. Polychronopoulou-Klada, Nika, ‘To epanastatikon kinima tou Therissou, Martios—Noemvrios 1905’ [‘The Therisso Revolutionary Movement, March—November 1905’], in Venizelos National Research Foundation, Gia tin epeteio tou thanatou tou ElVenizelou [On the Anniversary of the Death of EleftheriosVenizelos], Athens, 2008. Prevelakis, Pantelis, The Cretan, trans. Rick Abbott and Peter Mackridge, Minneapolis: Nostos, 1991. Rankin, Reginald, The Inner History of the Balkan War, London: Constable Co., 1914. Rozos, Evangelos G., 0 Venizelos kai і Epochi tou: OVenizelikos Kosmos [Venizelos and his Times: TheVenizelistWorld], Athens: Drymos, 1996. Skliros, Georgios [Georgios Konstantinidis], To Koinoniko mas žitima [The Social Question in Greece], Athens, 1907. Skopetea, Elli, 7o ‘ProtypoVasileio’ kai I Megali ¡dea: opseis tou ethnìkou provlimatos stin Ellada (1830—1880) [The ‘Model Kingdom’ and the Great Idea: Aspects of the National Problem in Greece (1830—1880)], Athens: Polytypo, 1988. Stefanou, Stefanos, Eleftheriou Venizelou: PolitikaiYpothikai [ElftheriosVenizelos’s Political Legacy], Athens, 1969. ---------- , 0Venizelos opos ton ezisa apo konta [Venizelos as I Came to Know Him], 2 vols, Athens, 1974, 1975.
---------- , Eleftherios Venizelos, Plastourgos Istorias [Eleftherios Venizelos, Moulder of History], Athens: Messenger, 1977. ---------- , ed., Eleftheriou Venizelou:Ta Keimena 1909—1935 [EleftheriosVenizelos: The Texts 1909—1935], 4 vols, Athens: Lesche Fileleftheron, 1981. Steiner, Zara S., The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898—1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969. Streit, Georgios, Imerologio—Archeio [Diary—Archive], Athens, 1964. Svolopoulos, Konstantinos, Eleftherios Venizelos: 12 Meletimata [Elftherios Venizelos: 12 Studies], Athens, 1999. ---------- , 0 Eleftherios Venizelos kai і politiki krisis eis tin autonómon Kritin 1901— 1906 [EleftheriosVenizelos and the Political Crisis in Autonomous Crete, 1901 — 1906], Athens: Ikaros, 2nd edn, 2005. Svolos, Alexandras, Та Ellinika Syntagmata 1822—1975/1986: I syntagmatiki istoria tis Ellados [The Greek Constitutions ¡822—1975/1986: The 495
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Constitutional History of Greece], introduction by Evangelos Venizelos, Athens: Stochastis, 1998. Tomadakis, Nikolaos В., О Venizelos Ephivos: Genealogika, Allilografia, Keimena [The Young Venizelos: Genealogy, Correspondence, Texts], Athens: Kydonia, 1964. Tsichlis, Vasileios, To Kinima tou Goudi kai o Elefiherios Venizelos [The Goudi Movement and Elefiherios Venizelos], Athens: Polytropon, 2007. Veniselos, Helena,/! l’Ombre de Veniselos, Paris: Genin, 1955. Venizelos, Elefiherios K., I Kritiki Epanastasis tou 1889: ena agnosto idiographo keimeno tou ethnarchou [The Cretan Revolution of 1889: An Unknown Manuscript Text by Venizelos the Ethnarch], ed.Yiannis Manolikakis, Athens: Aptera, 1971. Venizelos National Research Foundation, Gia tin epeteio tou thanatou tou El Venizelou [On the Anniversary of the Death of Elefiherios Venizelos], Athens, 2008. Venizelou, Elena, Stі Skia tou Venizelou [In the Shadow of Venizelos], trans. Evi Mela, Athens: Okeanida, 2002. Ventiris, Georgios, I Ellas tou 1910—1920 [Greece 1910—1920], 2 vols, Athens: Pyrsos, 1931. Vėrėmis, Thanos, The Military in Greek Politics: From Independence to Democracy, London: Hurst Co., 1997. ---------- , Megaloi Eilines: Elefiherios Venizelos [Great Greeks: Eleftherios Venizelos], Athens: Skai Vivlio, 2009. Veremis, Thanos and Odysseus Dimitrakopoulos, eds, Meletimata gyro apo ton Venízelo kai tin epochi tou [Studies on Venizelos and his Times], Athens: Philippotis, 1980. Veremis, Thanos and Ioannis Koliopoulos, Ellas, 1 sygchroni synecheia: apo to 1821 mechri simera [Greece, the Modern
Continuation: From 1821 until Today], Athens: Kastanioti, 2006. Vėrėmis, Thanos and Ilias Nikolakopoulos, eds, 0 Eleftherios Venizelos kai і epochi tou [Eleftherios Venizelos and his Times], Athens: Ta Nea Ellinika Grammata, 2005. Yanoulopoulos, Yannis N., I Evgeni mas Typhlosis: Exoteriki Politiki kai ‘Ethnika Themata’ apo tin Itta tou 1897 eos ti Mikiasiatiki Katastrophi [Our Noble Blindness: Foreign Policy and ‘National Issues from the Defeat of 1897 to the Asia Minor Catastrophe], Athens: Bibliorama, 1999. Zorbas, Nikolaos, Apomnimonevmata: I Epanastasi tou Goudi (1909) [Memoirs: The Goudi Revolution (1909)J, 2nd edn, Athens: Metron, 2005. 496
INDEX Throughout the index Venizelos is referred to as V. An asterisk * against a name indicates that he or she is included in the section of short biographies. I have also included in the index references to the short bios themselves, with page number, e.g. ‘bio 459’ for Alexandrie. A admirals, council of, 86, 87,90, 95, 98, 99, 104 admiralty, 235, 353, 355 Adosides, pasha (governor of Crete), 34 Aegean islands, 179, 327, 328, 344, 345, 352, 353, 364, 381, 383, 384, 386, 389, 390 Aegean islands committee, 377 Aegean sea, 13, 235, 236, 315, 363, 372,375, Aggelakis, Emmanuel, 85 Agonakis (vice consul, Chania), 34, 35, 37 Akrotiri, 79, 83, 89, 90, 91,94, 102,131,144 A. peninsula, 82, 87 A. uprising, 84, 85, 86, 88, 96, 175 Alexander the great, 3 ”Alexander, King of the Hellenes, 358, bio 459 Alexandra, Queen, 137, 156, 201 Alexandria, 65,71,281,283 ’Alexandrie, Apostólos, 203, 226, 239, 240, 250, 276, bio 459 ’Andrew, Prince, 232, 236, 301, 302, 314, 358, bio 460 Anorthosis (revival), 191, 192, 197, 212,213,220, 221,240, 241, 269, 272, 292 Antoniades, Panagiotis (director of lycée Antoniades), 30, 32, 38, 380 Archanes, 95 A. affair, 94-96, 240, 280 ’Argyropoulos, Pericles, 192, 239, 336, bio 460 Aristotle ‘right’ regimes, 219 Asia Minor, 3, 4, 30, 45, 269, 298, 381,382, 383,390 A. M. catastrophe, 3, 4, 391 data on population, 269 exchange of populations, 389 497
INDEX Barchard, David, 80 expulsions, 1914, 338, 383, 385, Baud—Bovy, Daniel (Hellenist) 387,388 at V’s‘surgery’, 288 Asquith, H. H.(British prime Benakis, Antonios (Trellantonis), minister), 344, 352, 353, 355 Athens, 22, 23, 27, 181, 185, 321, 358, bio 460 ‘Benakis, Emmanuel, 2, 210, 212, 222-3, 240,243, 378, 380, 381 213,214, 277,281,282,321, anorthosis demo, 191 Athens at war, 321 380, bio 460 Cretan deputies, 236, 274—5 Benaki, Virginia, 73 Benaroya, Abraham, 221 Cretan emigres, 69, 70 Crete lobby, 88 Berlin, 204, 233, 387 military academy, 232, 288, 331 exile in Athens, 57, 62—3, 66, 71 Berlin, Congress of, 30, 31, 246 Markantonakis represents V. in Berovich pasha (governor of Crete), Athens, 148, 156 81,83 school in Athens, 31, 34, 37—8 ’Biliotti, Alfred (British consul Syngros moves to Athens, 63 general, Crete), 57, 59, 63, 80, Treaty of, 380 81,98,99, 100, bio 460 University, 19, 30, 42—5, 47, 49, advice to Salisbury, 84 51,52,257-8,260 distrusted by Greeks, 93 V’s future in Athens, 209—10, 215 transferred to Salonika, 104 Athos, Mount (Holy Mountain), 284 Bitola, 311, 327, 376 autonomy, 15, 40, 50, 85, 93, 94, see also Monastir 95,98,102,109, 110-11, 115, Boissonnas, Fred (photographer) 127,144,170,272.276 at V.’s ‘surgery’, 288 autonomy or union?, 90 bombardment definition, 97, 100—101 ofAkrotiri, 88, 89 enlarged, 168, 181 books, 120, 223, 285 ‘a great good’, 93 ‘Bourchier, James (The Times), 140, Howard autonomy regime, 172, 192, 222, 226, 305, 317, 161 limited a., 80 bio 461 visits Therisso, 143, 144 the Powers envisage, 87 links with Bulgaria, 309 Salisbury
sees as solution, 84 see also press V. opposes a., 95 ‘Brailsford, H. N., 323, 352, bio 461 V. accepts ‘full genuine’, 96 Carnegie Commission, 376 Bucharest, treaty of (10 August В 1913), 376 baptism Bulgaria, 30,45, 110, 171, 186, godfather/godchild relationship, 226, 271,273, 298, 302, 305122,179 12,318-9, 323,326-31,333, electoral b. ofVenizelism, 238 498
INDEX 341-5, 352, 360, 362-7, 369, 370—8, 382, 386 Eastern Rumelia, 45, 171 ‘Burrows, Professor Ronald, 322, 352, bio 461 Anglo—Hellenic League, 377 ‘Buxton, Noel Charles, bio 461 Balkan committee, 351—2 Byron, George Gordon death at Missolongi, 1824, 13, 25, 35 C Caclamanos, Dimitrios see Kaklamanos calendar Julian Gregorian, 7 Canevaro, Admiral Felice Napoleone, 94, 96 Capodistrias, loannis (1st president of Greece), 3 Carnegie Commission, 377 Carol, King of Romania, 302, 373, 375 Cavour, Count (Camille Benso), 77 Chamberlain, Joseph (British imperialist politician) 1886 visit to Athens, 45—6 charisma, 5 Chermside, Sir Herbert (і/c British troops in Iraklion zone), 87, 99, 104 Chios, 327, 328, 345 1822 massacre, 24 Schilizzis, 347—8 Christopher, Prince of Greece, 301, 358, 361 ‘Chrysostomos Kalafatı (Archbishop), bio 462 Churchill,Winston S., 351, 386, 387 1897 war, 94 talks withV. Lloyd George, 353-5 civil society growth in Crete, 12,18 commission, international, on Crete 158, 159, 161, 162, 166 168, 376 see also Law, Sir Edward ‘Constantine, Crown Prince, later King of the Hellenes, 94, 186, 233,303-4,316,325-6,335-6, bio 462 C. popular, 327 C. to replace Kin? George?, 190-1, 201 contempt for politicians, 302 crown council on Serbian treaty, 366-7 P. Delta, 281 differences withV., 314, 329—30, 331-3,338,372-5 Epirus command, 357—8 French mission, 301 Inspector of army, 188, 233, 302 the Kaiser, 387 on to Salonika, 330—3 shelled in observation post, 359-60 sworn in as king, 362 victor, 379 constitution, 105—9, 113, 116, 126-7,144-5, 157, 162, 167, 169,189-91 1st Cretan
c., 101, 105—6, 109, 112-3, 116 2nd Cretan c., 168, 169 Greek revision of c. 1911,244— 6, 251-2, 255, 259, 262--f, 267, 269, 272, 292, 361 V. admits responsibility for Cretan c., 108 V. constitutional expert, 51 499
INDEX constitution square V.’s speech, 217-8, 222, 227, 237 council of state, 253 Crete, 176, 190, 271,272, 274-6, 310,311,344 deputies crisis, 144, 172, 190, 263,271-2,274-6,310,311 landscape, 16, 26, 135 slavery in C19 Crete, 16 Cretan question, 12, 14, 15, 54, 63, 75, 80, 82, 88, 117, 121 Cretan question part of eastern question, 105 duel between prince andV., 162 international commission, 162 prince acting in interests of dynasty, 140 prince brooks no opposition, 112, 115 refusal of prince to listen, 116 Therisso and Cretan question, 131 only union will solve, 126, 162 V. hopes deal with Turkey will resolve, 319 crown, 114, 116, 190,229, 302 constitution and crown’s prerogatives, 199 crown political parties, 245 crown should serve the nation’s interests, 191 crowned democracy suits Greece, 220 V. critical of, 197 V. will not confront, 218 Cyprus, 19, 298, 336, 381,382, Churchill on Cyprus, 353 Cyprus/Argostoli proposal, 355, 386 500 D Danev, Stoyan Petrov (Bulgarian prime minister) claim to Salonika, 363—4 ‘Danglis, Panagiotis (General), 318, 345, bio 463 in Balkan wars, 326 in London, 343, 345 Dardanelles, 308, 327, 389 D. campaign, 477 ‘Deliyiannis, Theodores (prime minister), 82, 87, 94, 96, 119, 134, 139,230, 237, bio 463 D’s party, 189, 238 ‘old politician’, 280 ‘Delmouzos, Alexandres (demoticist), 258, 259, 265, bio 463 ’Delta, Penelope (author), 2, 74, 279, 283, 293, 307, 322, bio 464 onVenizelos, 265, 281 world of letters, 282 ‘Delta, Stefanos, 282, bio 464 despotism, 121, 126, 134, 140, 144,161 diaspora Greek d. in Egypt, Britain, 44, 281,351 western d., 347
Dillon, Emile Joseph, 343 ‘Dimitrakopoulos, Nikolaos (minister of justice), 226, 242, 269, 380, bio 464 dismissed over Cretan deputies, 276 law on sheepstealing, 268 ‘Diomedis, Alexandres, 192, 277, 464, bio 464-5 Dionysios, bishop of Rethymnon Avlopotamos, 113, 119, 131
INDEX dissolution, 200, 227 dissolution leads to opposition boycott, 229 V. asks the King for dissolution, 228 V on legality of dissolution, 229 Djevad pasha, 99 ‘Dousmanis, Victor (staff officer), 232,233,288,302,304,313, 319, 360, bio 465 Doxiades, Apostólos, 221 ‘Dragoumis, Ion (author, diplomat, politician), 281—3, 303, 307, 336, 342, bio 466 V. would have wished as collaborator, 293 Dragoumis, Philippos, 317, 320, 342 ‘Dragoumis, Stefanos (prime minister), 63, 66, 68, 172, 174, 233, 242, 269, bio 465 background, 207, 230 candidate prime minister, 202 constitution revision, 208, 245 D. V., 198-9 foreign missions, 236 resigns over Vlach issue, 381 sympathy forTherisso uprising, 133 E Eastern question, 14, 105, 125 Edward VII, King, 137, 155, 166, 201 education, 23, 25, 29, 41,43, 50, 53,252,256-7, 322,339, 372, 380 civil society in Crete, 18-19 constitution, 263 educational association, 258-9, 265-6 language, 264 nationalism, 306 Eftaliotis, Argyris (aka Michaelides, Kleanthis), 257, 264, 265, 282 ‘Eleftheriou—Katelouzou, Maria, bio 466 see Venizelou, Maria Elections, Cretan, 81, 112, 118, 129, 141-2, 156, 172 2 April 1889, 51 March 1903, 126 March 1910, 174 August 1910, 211 November 1910, 237 Elections, Greek, 190,199, 2023,208,210-13,215,228-30, 238-9, 241-2 8 August 1910, 208, 210-13, 215 Old vs New 28 November/11 December, 228 Boycott by opposition, 229-30, 238-9 party lists, 241 -2 11 /24 March, 272-3, 292-3, 288 ‘Elliot, Sir Francis (British minister, Athens), 234, 235,317, 318, 364, 365, 388, bio 466 enosis, see union Epirus, 297, 310, 311,322,338, 341, 357,386
E., Albania and Aegean islands linked, 345,383,384,385 land reform, 250 Mavilis killed in, 329 Ottoman forces thin, 326 war in Epirus, 344—5, 357—61, 366,379,381 epitaphios parody of, 75 ‘Evans, Arthur, 344, bio 466 501
INDEX Evanthia Saridakis, née Venizelos: see Saridakis F Ferbos, Dimitrios, 30, 32, 34, 37 ’Ferdinand, Prince then King of Bulgaria, 171, 302, 305, 309, 373, 374, bio 467 Fielding, Xan, 179 Filaretos, Georgios (Republican), 176,204 flag Cretan, 102 Greek, 89, 126, 129, 133, 335 Churchill on Greek flag-waving in Cyprus, 353 Flora—Karavia, Thaleia (artist), 322, 358,359 foreign missions, 234, 300, 301, 389 British naval mission, 235, 236, 300, 301,353, 387 Constantine disparages French mission, 301 French mission, 236, 301, 313 foreign troops withdrawal from Crete, 109, 114, 170, 171, 173, 179 Fotiades, Ioannis (governor of Crete), 50 ’Fournis, Kostas (Cretan politician), 25,51,57,63,76, 118, 140, 147, 152, 280, bio 467 Akrotiri, 82, 89, 95 Athens walks withV., 68 newspaper Avgi withV. and Kapsalis, 80 prince’s council, 110 Therisso triumvirate, 107, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 130, 135, 137, 140-1 visits to Athens, 118, 121 502 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 390 G Gabriel, Abbot of Arkadi monastery, 24 Gardika—Katsiadakis, Helen, 384 London talks 1912—13, 345 Serbian treaty, 366 Garibaldi, Giuseppi Ricciotti (father son), 94 Gavrielides, Vlasos (journalist), 144, 145 Gedeon, Manuel (scholar and teacher), 30 general interest, 49, 53, 185, 190, 215,219,250 see also political philosophy general staff, 232, 314, 326, 366, 373,391 see also Constantine, Dousmanis, Metaxas Généraux, Marie, 130 Gennadis, Nikolaos (Greek consul general, Crete), 82, 87 ’George I, King of Greece, 45, 82, 114, 118, bio 467 brother of Queen Alexandra, 137 considers abdication, 201 dines with Chamberlain, 45
Flora—Karavia picture of, 58 prince George the king’s mandatory, 114 receives Cretan delegation, 118 replace king by crown prince? 190 У briefs king on talks in London, 356-7 V.’s constitution square speech, 218 V.’s tribute to king, 362 visits Western Europe, 116 Zaimis appointed, 169
INDEX ‘George II, Prince later King of the Hellenes, bio 467 one of team of royal princes, 186-8,301, 358 incident near Bizani, 360 ‘George, Prince of Greece, 82, 98, 100-105, 118, 131, 134-5, 157, 161, 163, 165, 175, 189, 196, 200, 212, bio 468 clash with V., 112—3 constitutional committee, 104 prince’s errors, 169 European tour, 121 failure of prince’s regime, 167 gendarmerie, 136 Howard loses confidence in, 143, 165-6 Edward Law on his unfitness, 162 mandatory of the king, 114 military law, censorship, 142 prince’s aim‘national’, 103, 11 prince’s style of government, 123,132 Queen Alexandra prince’s aunt, 137 and Therisso, 131 Germany Constantine’s sympathy for, 304 G. invited to send military mission, 234 Kavalla, 375 military advice to Turkey, 300 military training, 186 postgraduate studies, 76 sociological society , 204 treaty of Bucharest, 375 Giuliano see San Giuliano Gladstone, W. E. (British prime minister), 2, 118, 290, 337 and rights of Christian peoples, 352 ‘Glinos, Dimitrios (Demoticist), 265, bio 468 Goudi movement, 185, 188, 200, 209, 210, 212, 218, 220, 268, 288,362 V.’s journalism on, 189, 190 ‘movement’ ‘uprising’ or ‘revolution’, 190 ‘Gounaris, Dimitrios (anti— Venizelist politician), 204, 214, 233, 273, bio 469 criticises V. in parliament, 384 exploits Constantine’s achievements, 338 head in clouds, 293 Granitsas, Stefanos (journalist), 144,203,209 Graves, Robert (British consul general, Crete), 100, 104,116, 118 Great Idea (Megali Idea), 19, 44, 45, 283,298,306 and unredeemed Greeks, 15 new conception after Young Turk revolution, 299 Great Powers,
13—14, 16, 52, 86, 87, 105, 114, 123, 125, 196,272, 317,318,319,366,383,388 and Balkan peacemaking, 344 Constantine’s negative view of Powers, 373 divided views on Balkans, 328 intercommunal relations a concern, 16 Ion Dragoumis sees V. as lackey of west, 283 Powers fire on insurgents, 89 Powers role in approach to union, 19 503
INDEX prince representative of Powers, 104 protection of Muslims, 83 V.’s Acropolis article, 111 V’s belief in role of Powers, 353 V.’s negotiating position, 91 *Gryparis, Ioannis (Greek consul general, Crete) 56, 63, 65, 269, 309, bio 469 in Venizelos government, 226 ‘Gueshov, Ivan Efstratief (prime minister of Bulgaria), 305, 309, 319, 341,344, 363, bio 469 ‘Gyparis, Pavlos (V.’s bodyguard), bio 469 from Asia Gonia, 178 and V.’s pistol, 179 H HadjimichalisYannaris, 126 Hadzidakis, Prof. Georgios (scholar of language), 260 Hadzidakis, Joseph, 50, 95, 96 H alepa, 31,39, 45, 49, 50, 51,59, 83,85,88, 104, 149 V.’s house at, 44, 49,73, 117, 147, 22 pact of H. (1878), 19, 31,41, 42,45,49, 50, S3, 56, 57, 58, 59,76,77, 79,80,83,85,88, 104, 117, 139, 147, 149, 193, 223 Hardinge, Sir Charles (Permanent Secretary, FCO), 166, 167 Harris, Admiral Sir Robert, 93, 149 Hasan Tahsin pasha, 329, 331, 332 Hatti Humayun (Ottoman reforms 1856), 23 *Hatzikyriakos, Alexandras, 197, bio 470 504 ’Howard, Esme (British consul general, Crete), 103, 126, 135, 137, 160, 163, 167, bio 470 H. Bourchier, 143—4 H. looks for way forward, 157—8 H.’s reflections onTherisso, 161 H.’s relations with the prince, 165-6 H. Sfakianakis, 159 prince favourite nephew of Edward Alexandra, 155 union with Greece the answer, 162 Hugo, Victor (author), 25 I Iliakis,Yangos, 76, 89, 204 implementation 252, 291,292 V.’s culture of, 244 insurgency 24, 91, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137, 148 administration, 147 Agia meeting, 165 balance of forces shifts, 132 Bourchier’s account, 144 clash with gendarmerie, 149 exploring compromise,
157 food supplies, 149 insurgency illegal, 134 a gamble, 131 see also revolution intercommunal relations, 104 ‘Ionescu, Take (Romanian politician), 343, bio 470 Iraklion (also Candía) advance of civil society, 18 British responsible for Iraklion zone, 136 massacre of Christians, 98, 99 museum, educational association, 50
INDEX as slave market, 17 support for V.’s insurgency, 150 irredentism, 15 see also Great Idea Italy, 77, 80, 100, 137 Cavour’s influence onV., 77 Churchill’s aim to bottle up Italian navy, 353 interest in Albania, 384 Italy sympathetic to Cretan insurgents, 137 procurement of the Averoff, 315 and Serbian treaty, 366—7 war against Ottomans, 274, 298, 308 Janissaries in Crete, 13 Japanese group, 203 see also Alexandris, Dragoumis S., Gounaris Jewish community Crete 16, Salonika, 337 John, Goscombe (artist) bust of Lloyd George, 2 journalism, 50, 51, 57, 76 Halepa pact creates opportunities, 50 journalism partisan, 51 see also press, Greek К Kaiser Wilhelm II on Corfu, 311, 313, 387 Kavalla, 375 V. calls‘brilliant’, 312 ‘Kafandaris, Georgios (Venizelist politician), 229, 230, bio 470 Kakouris, Andreas (beekeeper), 118-9 “Kaklamanos, Dimitrios (journalist, diplomat), 76, 387, bio 470 Kallergis, Dimitrios (minister of foreign affairs) data on Greeks in Asia Minor, 269 Kalogridakis, Ierotheos (monk) (sponsor ofVenizelos), 23 Kalokairinos, Lysimachos, 50 killed in Iraklion, 98 Kalomiris, Manolis (composer), 5, 282, bio 471 Kapsalis, Ioannis (Yangos), 34, 45 map of greater Greece, 80 Karamanlis, Konstantinos (prime minister), 4, 291,379 Karapanos, Alexandras (Venizelist politician), 192, 212, 229 Karatheodoris, Alexandras (governor of Crete), 50, 79, 80 Kastrinoyannakis, Dimitrios (bishop of Rethymnon), 131 Katelouzos, Sophocles (V.’s father in law), 52, 61, 62, 68 Katigo née Venizelou see Aikaterini Mitsotaki Kavalla, 327, 363, 371 key to Balkan war settlement, 375 treaty of
Bucharest, 376 assigned to Greece, 378 see also Kaiser Wilhelm ‘Kazantzakis, Nikos (author), 282, bio 472 critical ofVenizelos, 118 welcomes Therisso, 129 works in V.’s office, 321 Kerr, Admiral Mark (і/c British naval mission), 300, 387 Kiryx V.’s mouthpiece, 80, 111, 115, 118, 119, 120, 185, 189, 220 50S
INDEX on Goudi, 298 see also press, Greek Kitromilides, Professor Paschalis, 379 Kolokotronis, Theodoras, 4 Kolokythas, Stylianos, 153 Kondylakis, Ioannis, 85 Korais, Adamantios, 257, 260 ’Koromilas, Lambros (Venizelist minister and diplomat), 230, 277,291,310,318,328,337, 345, 358, 364—5, 389, bio 473 anchor position in Balkan wars, 329-30 favours agreement on territory with Bulgaria, 309 minister economy, 226 minister foreign affairs, 277, 316 returns to diplomatic service, 380 Serbian treaty discussions, 366, 367 Kotopouli, Marika (actress), 283 see also Dragoumis, Ion Kouloumvakis, Efstratios (antiVenizelist politician), 227, 259 ‘Koumoundouros, Alexandras (prime minister), bio 473 funeral in Athens (1883), 33, 44 Koundouros, Manousos (Cretan politician), 80, 95, 97, 107, 110, 135,279, 280, bio 473 ‘Kountouriotis, Admiral Pavlos (commands Greek navy), 315, 316, 327, 358, bio 474 Kountouriotis, Yannis Athens municipal elections, 380 Kriaras, Aristeidis (authority on demotic Greek), 56 Kythera, 17, 19,24, 40, 65 V.’s exile on, 25 506 L land reform, 207, 247, 248, 249, 251 land question, 239, 246, 250 see also Alexandrie, Thessaly language question, 252, 255, 256, 257,260,262-266, 282 katharevousa, 32, 41, 255—266 demotic, 255—266 see also education, constitution Lansdowne, Elenry, 5th Marquis (Foreign Secretary), 116, 135, 144,161 ‘Law, Sir Edward (chair of commission on Crete), 162, bio 474 see also commission, international League, Anglo—Hellenic object the ‘just claims and honour ‘ of Greece, 352, 377 League of Nations, 3 Lear, Edward (poet and artist) visits Crete
1864, 20 Legislation implementation, 291—2 labour law, 268 law on evasion of legal process, 268 law on money lending, profiteering, usury, 268 Leigh Fermor, Patrick, 178 Leopold, Prince of Saxe Coburg, 14 Liberal Party (philelefthero komma), 176, 237-8, 272-3, 287, 380 Cretan liberal p., 55 new party of revival, 220 Pop the party, 227 features of liberal government, 240-2 see also Venizelism
INDEX Lloyd George, David (chancellor of the exchequer), 2, 344, 351, 377, 386 dinner Downing street, 352 talks with Churchill V, 353—6 V. ‘a big man’, 351, 356 London treaty (17/30 May 1913), 364, 365 M Makrakis, Lily, 1, 26, 51,63, 74, 84 Manolikakis, Giannis, 47, 89, 101, 178 ‘Manos, Konstantinos (writer, fighter, politician), 121, 122, 126, 128, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 152, 160, bio 475 *Markantonakis, Klearchos (V.’s private secretary), 76, 117, 134, 148, 156, 157, 159, 163, 179, 195, 345, bio 475 Maurouard (Lrench consul general, Crete), 137, 156 Mavilis, Lorentzos (poet), 255, 260, 329 Mavrogordatos, GeorgeTh., 238, 239 ‘Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis (prime minister), 189, 192—3, 198—202, 208,210,212,214,234,237, 238, bio 475 liberal party, 223,228 party magnates, 230, 273 Mehmet Ali (governor of Crete), 14, 228 Melas, Pavios (hero of Macedonian struggle), 207, 283 ‘Melas, Spyros (journalist, writer, academician), 175—177, 195, 200, 203, 320, bio 476 Meligounakis, Evangelos (fixer for V.), 120, 122, 129, 150, 239 Melouna pass, 320, 327 Melville, Herman (author), 335—6 ‘Merkouris, Spyros (Mayor of Athens), 209, 210, 212, bio 476 ‘Metaxakis, Meletios (bishop of Kitium, later Archbishop of Athens), 336, 382, bio 476 ‘Metaxas, Ioannis (staff officer, V’s ADC), 2,224, 231,302,308, 318, 341 bio 477 assessment ofVenizelos, 262 Bulgarian—Greek convention, 319 character, 224 concessions, 284 devoted to crown prince, 233 diaries’ value as source, 232 election tour withV., 239 Lrench mission, 234, 236, 313^1 Janina falls, 360 London visit, 343, 345 patronage, 288 plans
attack on Dardanelles, 389 on politicians, 293 railway accident, 246 Salonika hinterland, 363 ֊4 Serbian military convention, 36 Sophia, princess, 312 talk withV. on territories, 311-12 V. a great man, 267 V. vacillates, 388 Metaxas, Anastasios (architect), 2 ‘Michalakopoulos, Andreas (Venizelist politician), 213, 214, 239, 277, 367, bio 477 ‘Michelidakis, Antonis (Cretan politician), 133, 171, 172, 280, bio 477 507
INDEX missions, military, 234, 236, 300, 301, 316, 389 British naval mission, 235, 300, 301,354, 387 French mission, 236, 301,313 Mistriotis, Professor Georgios (language‘defender’), 257—259, 262-264 Mitsotakis, Aikaterini (Katigo) née Venizelou, 23, 42, 43, 149, 152 “Mitsotakis, Kostis, 18, 23, 31,43, 47,50,51,62,63,67,76,82, bio 478 death, 101 helps Venizelos with journalism, law, politics, 51 Katigo engaged to, 42 Mitsotaki, Zoe, 47, 223 Moatsos, Iakovos (joint editor Lefka Ori), SI Moatsos, Spyros, 76 Monastir, 45, 311,327, 329, 331 see also Bitola N nationalism, 1, 13, 144, 219, 282, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 338 and language question, 266 nationality, 307, 339 Kyriakos Venizelos ‘victim of his nationality’, 22 national schism, 4, 391 schism, 6, 293, 371 national society (ethniki etai reia), 88, 93, 95, 186 Navarino battle of (1827), 13 navy, Greek, 234, 235, 291, 316, 356 Balkan wars success, 379 reorganisation, 236 508 role of, 355 Stratos minister, 269, 277, 301 Greece’s trump card, 315 V. foresees building strong navy, 351, 353 “Negrepontis, Miltiades (president refugee settlement committee), 337,383 New Men, 211-214, 226, 287 see also (by contrast) old politics (palaiokommatismos) “Nicholas, Prince, 217, 276, 301, bio 478 military governor Salonika, 358 talks with prince Alexander of Serbia, 365, 367 Nider, Konstantinos (chief of personnel, war ministry), 308, 318 “Nikola, King of Montenegro, 319, bio 478 nursing in Balkan Wars, 322, 359 Noel, Irene, 362 Nostrakis, Andreas, 33, 34, 38, 43, 91,101 Nostrakis, Eleni, née Venizelou, 23, 33, 34, 38,43, 91,101 О Ogle,
Charles murdered on Mt Pelion, 35 funeral in Athens, 35 organic statute (Crete), 19, 31,35, 56, 81 old politics, 211 see also palaiokommatismos Ottoman empire 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 84, 172,297, 308,345,370 Balkan wars vs. the empire, 328 expulsions of Greeks, 388
INDEX Italian war vs. the empire, 274, 307 plight of Greeks, 319-20 Thessaloniki 2nd city of the empire, 336 V. born in the empire, 225 V. on possible renaissance of the empire, 299 Ottoman governance of Crete, 12-13,23-24, 45,58,59,81, 84,91,272 palaiokommatismos (old parties, old politics), 196, 230, 237, 238, 242,259, 385 ‘Palamas, Kostis (poet), 4, 5, 257, 282, 307, bio 478 Pallis, Alexandras (senior) (trader demoti cist author), 255, 257, 258, 262, 265, bio 479 Pallis, A. A. (junior) (Venizelist diplomat), 382, 383 Pallis, Konstantinos (staff officer), 319 Panas, Dimitrios (Greek ambassador), 310, 311, 319, 329 Pángalos,Theodoras (Venizelist officer), 185, 187, 288, bio 479 Paola, princess of Saxe Weimar (royal mistress) and Constantine, 315, 333, 335 Papadakis, Nik. Emm. (Director, National Research Foundation “Eleftherios K. Venizelos”), 6 Papaderos, Emmanuel, 152 Papadiamantopoulos, Andreas (private secretary to prince George), 104, 108, 114, 118, 160 Papanastasiou, Alexandras (politician sociologist), 204, 214, bio 480 land question, 249—50 cooperates withVenizelists at election, 273 Papanikolaou, Dr Georgios (inventor of‘pap tesť), 4 Papayannakis, Ioannis (president, Therisso provisional government), 130 Paraskevopoulos Leonidas, Colonel, 359—60, bio 480 party politics, 50, 51, 103, 107, 126 see also, for old party politics, palaiokommatismos Pashley, Robert (author Oxford don), 11, 13, 16, 17 Pašie, Nikola (prime minister of Serbia), 344, 363, 366 peace conferences Bucharest (2013), 372, 278 The Hague (1899 and 1907), 377 London (1912-13), 342, 344, 345
Paris (1919-20), 3,5, 269, 391 see also Athens treaty, Bucharest treaty, London treaty Plato, 3 Ploumidaki, Styliani (mother of Venizelos), 21,22, 23, 31,40, 43, 73, 74 d. on Milos, 101 political philosophy, 215, 219 see also general interest Politis, Professor Nikolaos, 342, bio 481 Pologeorgis, Haralambos (also Pologeorgakis) 509
INDEX joint editor Lefia Ori, Sl, 63 constitutional reform, 133, 157 Pop, George (editor Athiaai), 209, 227 Popular Party, 238, 469 see also Gounaris, Royalists Press, Greek, S, 6, 46 Athinai, 209, 2IS, 227 Estia, 212 Chronos, 187, 209 Kiryx, Chania, 80, 111, 115, 118, 119, 120, 18S, 189,220, 298 Lefka Ori, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 79, 80 Patris, 176-7, 195, 203 foreign press, 129 see also Bourchier (The Times) Preveíalas, Pantelis (author), 102, 215 ‘Psilakis, Vassilis (historian and schoolmaster), 41,42, bio 481 Psvcharis, Yannis (author, demoticist), 257, 260, 263, 265, 266 Psychoundakis, George (runner for Patrick Leigh Fermor), 178 R ‘Raktivan, Konstantinos, 276, 337, bio 481 minister of justice, 291 ‘Rallis, Dimitri os (prime minister), 96,173,188,211-12,223,229, 230, 237-9, 273, 338, bio 482 attacks V. in parliament, 380—1, 384 boycotts 1910 elections, 229 crown council, 202 defeated in Attica, 273 deprives parliament of quorum, 228 510 leads one of two largest parties, 199-200 resigns as p.m., 189 refugees migration, 17, 100, 251,291, 307,336 to USA, 186, 218 ‘as weapon of war’, 374 exchange of populations (1914), 381 Reineck, Admiral, 88, 89 Renieris, Markos (governor National Bank of Greece) meets Joe Chamberlain, 46 Rethymnon 18, 24, 45, 87, 98, 113, 136, 150, 179 Rethymnon zone assigned to Russians, 87 ‘Repoulis, Emmanuel (Venizelist politician), 203, 244, 268, 269, 276, 291, 337, bio 482 comments on Serbian treaty discussion, 367 Revolution Young Turk r., 171,278,298, 299,305 see also insurgency rizitika (Cretan folk songs), 21,24 Romania, 371,373, 376
armistice with Bulgaria, 374 Balkan balance of power, 344 Bucharest negotiations, 374 Greece on her own, 388 Kaiser’s role, 387 Vlach rights conceded, 381 Romas, Alexandres (president of Greek parliament) attends crown council, 202 Roufos, Lõukas Kanakaris (governor of Crete), 215, 312 Royalists, 5, 232, 233
INDEX see also, Gounaris, Metaxas, Streit, popular party S Sakir pasha (military commander, Crete), 57, 64 Saklabanis, Mihail, ISO Salisbury, Lord: Robert Gascoyne— Cecil, 3rd Marquess (foreign secretary, prime minister), 59, 84, 94, 99 Saliveros, Nikolaos, 223 Salonika also Thessaloniki, 310, 326, 330, 332, 342, 34S, 357, 379 Flora—Karavia compares wartime S. with Epirus, 358 King George in S. symbol of Greek sovereignty, 361 negotiations with Danev, 363 Greek—Bulgarian friction, 365 Greek claim to S. irreducible, 342 Greek refugees from Asia Minor, 382-3 Greek—Serbian military convention treaty, 366—7 Hellénisation of S. difficult, 381 speedy occupation vital, 330, 333 S. the big prize of the war, 336 S. key to Balkan campaign, 327, 329,331 sovereignty over, 337—8 San Giuliano, Marquis, Antonino V. meets in Rome, 215 Sapountzakis, General Konstantinos, 234, 357 Saridakis, Evanthia néeVenizelou, 23, 25,43,46, 74, 152, 223 friendly with Maria Venizelou, 66 chief legatee ofV., 71 m. Vasilis Saridakis, 73 Saripolos, Nikolaos (constitutional lawyer), 208 Sartinski pasha (governor of Crete), 57 ‘Schilizzi, Helena (2nd wife of Venizelos), 2, 348 family, 348 Greek national idea, 349 health, 348—9 A ľ ombre deVeniselos, 2 and Venizelos, 347, 351 Schinas, Alexandras (assassin), 362 schism, see national schism Schliemann, Heinrich, 223 ‘Seferis, Giorgios (poet diplomat), 5, 266, 282, bio 482 Serbia, 298, 306-7, 308-9, 318, 328,371 armistice, 341 balance in Balkans, 372 Balkan wars, 319, 327—9 Bulgarian—Serb tensions, 365, 369 Greek—Serbian treaty, 366—7 London treaty, 365
parliamentary debate, 370 territorial carve up?, 326—7 ‘Sfakianakis, Dr Ioannis (‘The Nestor of Crete’), 31,50, 96, 101, 106, 107, 120, 121, 133, 139, bio, 482 analysis ofTherisso situation, 143,156 with Howard finds solution, 159 president Cretan executive, 98 president 1 st Cretan constitutional committee, 105 supportsTherisso uprising, 140, 151 Sifakas, Antonios, 82, 90 Sikelianos, Angelos (poet), 4, 5 511
INDEX Siteia, 87 Muslims killed, 99 progress ofVenizelist movement, ISO *Skoulas, Dr Vassilis, 74, 76, 126, 153, 154, 156, bio 483 visits Athens, 118 close friend ofV., 122 ’Skouloudis, Stefanos (Greek businessman, politician), 198, 284, bio 483 differs from V. over Salonika, 363 inV.’s London delegation, 342, 3S7 possible prime minister, 202, 364 Smyrna, also Izmir, 2, 3,4, 19, 40, 61,281 V. considers move to, 71 Chrysostomos letter on how to treat Ottomans, 338—9 voluntary exchange of populations, 388 Sfalda, 16, 166 Socrates, 3 Sophia, Princess then Queen (wife of Constantine, sister of the Kaiser), 387 speaks at length to V., 312 Souris, Georgios (versifier journalist), 133 ’Stavridi, Sir John (banker and diplomat), 351—56, 377, bio 484 Stefanou, Stefanos (V.’s private secretary), 2, 279, 287, 289 ’Stergiades, Aristeidis (public servant) , 75, 99, 150, bio 484 ’Stratos, Nikolaos (navy minister), 203, 236, 269, 277, 301,314, 318, bio 484 corruption, 314, 386 naval procurement, 315 512 resignation, 380 Serbian treaty, 367 ’Streit, Georgios (royalist foreign minister), 233, 309, 363, bio 485 in London, 342 on V.’s concessions, 284 Swinburne, Algernon Charles (poet), 25 Syngros, Andreas (businessman benefactor), 63 Syros, 19,23,25,34, 37, 38,91 V.’s schooling on Syros, 41,42 T territorial claims, 1, 3, 328, 344, 345, 363, 369 population statistics bearing on claims, 269 Balkan allies’ claims, 305—7 prior agreement on territory. with Bulgaria?, 310 Greece doubled, 381, 389—90 Tevfik Bedri Bey, 75 Theotokas, Giorgos (auuthor), 282 ’Theotokis, Georgios (prime minister), 166,
172, 177, 185, 186, 188, 199,200, 201,203, 280, 283, bio 485 boycotts elections, 229 common electoral lists, 211 confidence vote, supportsV., 228 crown council, 202 exploits Constantine, 338 foreign missions, 234, 303 lunch Kaiser, 313 party strength, 212,213, inheritsTrikoupis party, 238, 273 military reforms, 325 party magnate, 230, 234 on V.’s alleged weakness, 379, 384
INDEX Therisso, 21, 127, 128-33, 140-3, 147-154, 177, 209,274, administration, 147 balance of forces, 135 ending the insurgency, 155, 1603, 166 journalists visit, 143-5 oath for union, 129 uprising, 125 V.’s reputation, 175 see also insurgency, revolution Thessaly, 15, 30, 95, 192, 253, 292, 298,306 land reform 207, 246—51 rich lands, 379 Thessalian deputies, 213—4, 242 and war, 320, 330 see also land reform Triantafyllides, Manolis (academic grammarian), 265, bio 485 Titos, bishop of Petra, Crete, 131 ’Trikoupis, Harilaos (prime minister), 33, 44, 45, 52, 63, 172,230,231,235,243,280, 305, bio 485 and Britain, 353 foreign missions, 234 influence onV., 52 party development, 238 V. calls onTrikoupis, 69—70 Tufnell, Admiral Lionel (commander, British naval mission), 236, 300, 301,315 Turcocretan, 17, 87 ‘Cretan Muslims’ a better term, 7 U Union (enosis), 14—16, 19, 45-6, 59, 82, 84, 86, 89, 101, 103-4, 174, 180-1,275, 344, 377-8 Archanes, 94 autonomy, 95 declaration of union, 170—3 divisions inV.’s camp, 153, 155 genuine rather than dynastic union, 121 Howard pro union, 135, 143, 161-2 international commission, 159, 161-2 Koundouros approach, 80 Powers rule out, 87 Sfakianakis supports Therisso movement, 140 step towards union, 177, 180—1 V’s demonstrations in favour, 126-9, 132^1 V. explores compromise, 156—7 V on union or autonomy, 90 V.’s view of, 52, 114—5, 118 V.’s view of 1889 movement, 59 see also autonomy, Cretan deputies, enosis V Vamos siege of, 1896, 80 ’Vassos, ColonelTimoleon, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, bio 486 Venizelism, 237, 238, 242, 258, 273, 292, unbeatable
force, 230 Venizelism in Britain, 378 see also liberal party Venizelos, Eleftherios Aegean islands/N. Epirus, 383 4 Agia meeting, 160 Akrotiri uprising, 82 anorthosis (revival), 192 Archanes row, 95—6 school in Athens, 29 Athens university, 43 513
INDEX V. Fournis Manos to Athens, 121 autonomy, 90—1,96—98 birth at Mournies, 11—12 bombardment, 89 books, 26 talks with Bulgaria, 309—10 war with Bulgaria, 365 meets Chamberlain, 45 children, 73 Cretan executive committee, 90 new constitution, 169 constitution square speech, 218-21 corruption (lousfeti), 53 counsellor justice and foreign affairs, 107 Cretan constitution, 105 Cretan deputies issue, 271—6 crown council, 202 talks with Danev on Salonika, 363-4 dealing with Powers, 86—7 death of Maria, 73 -4 death of Kostis Mitsotakis, 101 death of mother and brother, 101 diplomacy, 83 dispute with prince, 108 dismissed by the prince, 112 dissolution, 227—9 divisive figure, 4—6 elections April 1889, 55 August 1910 elections, 213-4 electoral tour of mainland, 239-40 electoral lists/candidates, 241—2 enosis (union) proclamations, 82, 86 in Epirus, 359 exile to Kythera, 25 exile in Athens, 57 514 family, 23 father controlling, 31 father—son tensions, 40 final exams, 46 final schooling on Syros, 41 Greek flag issue, 173 foreign troops withdrawal, 170-1 friends, 7 tribute to King George, 361—2 meeting girls, 47 good pupil, 35—7 Goudi movement, 185 Graves salutes V., 116—7 Greek nationalism, 4 Gyparis, 178—80 house at Halepa, 39 head of family, 44, 45 health, 32, 38, 42 Howard/Sfakianakis proposals, 158-9 influence of Mitsotakis, 51 interest in politics, 33 international commission, 162 invitation to V from military league, 189 the Kaiser, 312 Kaklamanos on V., 76—7 law, journalism, politics, 49 Lefka Ori, 52 legal work, 79 letters to father, 31 letters to Maria, 61—71 talks with
Lloyd George and Churchill, 354—6 Lubanski talks, 140—2 marriage, 73 meets Spyros Melas, 176—7 member of Cretan executive, 90 moderate policies, 56 mourning Maria, 74
INDEX oath issue, 174 naval arms race, 386 optimism of message, 53 A pact of Halepa, 50 peace talks in London, 342 proposed exchange of populations, 389 Powers favour autonomy, 90—1 primary school, 25 clash with prince, 118—21 prince’s new regime, 101 refugee settlement in Salonika, 382 restoration of Constantine to army offices, 301—3 revolutionary assemblies, 94֊֊5 Salonika the key, 329 speedy occupation of Salonika, 332 Schilizzi, Helena, 347—9 security, gendarmerie, money, 150-1 Greek—Serbian treaty, 366—7 sons, 154 state of Crete, 46 Therisso themes union and/or reform, 127—9 et seq Therisso uprising, 128—9 Vlach rights in Pindus, 381 Vloum,Th. 8c Paraskevoula, 177-8 V. acknowledges error, 108 V. defends position in press, 115 V. architect of war preparations, 316 V.’s character traits, 279—80 V. as leader, manager, diplomat, 147 V.’s leadership questioned, 152—3 V. meets parliamentarians, 202—5 V prime minister, 223-4 V. proposes elected head of Cretan state, 110 V. ‘virtual union’, 172 V. 8c Metaxas, 231—3 V. 8c foreign missions, 234—6 V.’s press comment on Goudi, 190 V. meets military league, 196—9 V. meets Rallis,Theotokis, 199-200 V. meets King George, 200—202 V. as reader, 285 V.’s ‘surgery’, 288—9 V. supports Zaimis, 168 war aims, 326—7 war preparation, 299 will and testament, 71 working methods, 289, 328 Venizelos, Kyriakos (father ofV.), 11, 18, 24, 30, 39, 41, bio 486 Venizelos, Kyriakos (elder son of V), 73, 117, 149, 154, 168, 176, 177, bio 487 enlists for Balkan wars, 321 Venizelos, Sophocles (younger son ofV.), 73, 154, 168, 169, 176, 177, bio 487
enlists for Balkan wars, 321 Venizelou, Aikaterini (Katigo) see Mitsotakis, Aikaterini née Venizelou Venizelou, Eleni see Nostrakis, Eleni née Venizelou Venizelou, Evanthia see Saridakis, Evanthia née Venizelou Venizelou, Maria née Eleftheriou— Katelouzou (V.’s first wife), 1, 61-71,73,74, 78, bio 466 death of Maria, 73 V.’s grief, 74 Venizelou, Marigo see Yannoudakis, Marigo née Venizelou 515
INDEX Vikelas, Dimitrios, 187, 204, bio, 487 ‘Cretan autonomy a great good’, 93 ‘The Man’, 205 Vloum,Thanassis, Vloum, Paraskevoula, 117, 147, 149, 177 Th. Vloum dies., 178 war of 1897 (the ‘unfortunate’ war), 93, 162, 205, 232, 306, 316,343 will V.’s will, 71 Xiroudakis, Eumenios, 119 Y Yamalakis, Nikolaos (counsellor, education and religion), 110, 111, 118 *Yannopoulos, Pericles, 281, 307, bio 487 assessment ofV, 273 516 Yannoudakis, Marigo née Venizelou, 22,33,34, 38,43,62, 117 Yiannaras, Christos, 5 Z Zaimis, Alexandras (High Commissioner, Crete), 119, 165, 168, 169, 230, bio 488 leaves Crete, 172 at crown council, 202 Greek elections, 229, 273 ‘one of the best politicians of Greece’, 165 Zavitsianos, Konstantinos, 214 ’Zorbas, Colonel Nikolaos (leader of Goudi movement), 188, 192, 197, 198, 204, 234, 302, 303, bio 488 agrees to be war minister, 202 dissents over return of princes, 233 meeting with V. , 196 foreign missions, 300 military league disputes, 189 Zymvrakakis, Pamikos (Epaminondas) (Venizelist soldier), 197, 233 j Staaisbiblicthek ! München
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CONTENTS Illustrations: A Note ix List of Illustrations xi xvii Maps Introduction 1 Part One The Cretan Years 1. Crete in the Nineteenth Century 11 2. Family and Early Years 21 3. Athens: The ‘National Centre’ 29 4. Fathers and Sons 39 S. Apprentice in Law and Journalism 49 6. Politics and Exile 55 7. Venizelos in Love 61 8. Marriage and Children 73 9. The Akrotiri Uprising 79 10. Cretan Autonomy 93 11. The Prince’s Regime and the First Clash 103 12. In the Wilderness 113 13. The Therisso Uprising 125
CONTENTS 14. The Propaganda Battle 139 IS. Managing the Insurgency 147 16. Ending the Insurgency 1SS 17. The Prince Departs 16S 18. Farewell to Crete 17S Part Two Revival and Reform 1. Coup d’Etat in Athens 18S 2. How to Resolve a Crisis 19S 3. Dragoumis Holds the Reins 207 4. The August 1910 Elections 211 S. A Wider Stage 217 6. Venizelos Prime Minister 22S 7. Getting to Grips with the Military 231 8. The N ovember Elections : Venizelism Triumphant 237 9. A New Constitution 243 10. The Language Question 2SS 11. A Threat from Crete 267 12. What Sort of Man? 279 13. Venizelos at Work 287 Part Three The Balkan Wars 1. The Crown Prince 297 2. Nationalism in the Balkans 30S 3. War in the Balkans 317 4. The Greeks Advance 32S S. Greek Salonika 335 6. Peacemaking in London 341 7. Helena 347 VI
CONTENTS 8. Lloyd George, Churchill andVenizelos 351 9. The War in Epirus 357 10. Death of the King 361 11. War against Bulgaria 369 12. What Next for Greece? 379 Epilogue 391 Notes 393 Short Biographies 459 Select Bibliography 489 Index 497 vu
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY The following books are important or have been useful in writing this book, or both. The selection is weighted towards the English language. Where a short form is used in the footnotes, this is given in parentheses on first use, e.g. Benaki Museum, Venizelos Archive (Benaki), and thereafter simply Benaki. ARCHIVAL SOURCES The Benaki Museum Venizelos Archive is the indispensable archive for Venizelos’s life and career. The originals can be read in the Benaki Archive at the former Delta house in Kifissia (38 Emm. Benaki St. Delta Street, 14561 Kifissia). The archive has been digitised and is published by the Benaki Museum and by the E. K. Venizelos National Research Foundation, Chania, for which see below. The Benaki Archive also includes the Klearchos Markantonakis Archive, and those of many other prominent figures of the period. The Chania Municipal Library holds a library of Venizelos’s books, which were sent to Chania after his death and are held in a large room there. They throw light on his reading, his approach to political history, and his interest in foreign languages. The library also contains some of his legal briefs. The E. K. Venizelos National Research Foundation, Elena Venizelou Square, Halepa, Chania 73133, Crete, across the road from the Venizelos house, is now a museum and has a collection of books, images and archival sources. It has published important books on aspects of Venizelos’s career and related subjects including the essential two volume biography ofVenizelos, in Greek, by the Director of the Archive, Nikolaos Emm. Papadakis. It
has digitised the contents of the Benaki Museum Venizelos Archive and 489
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY theVenizelos files of ELIA, which can be found through the foundation’s website, (www.venizelos-foundation.gr, accessed 16 September 2020). ELIA, Elliniko Logotechniko kai Istoriko Archeio [Greek Literary Historical Archive], now a division of MIET, the Cultural Foundation of the National Bank of Greece (Agiou Andreou 5, 10SS6 Plaka, Athens), contains a Venizelos filę, and correspondence between Venizelos and his first wife Maria. The Gennadius Library, Souidias 61, Athens 10676, holds the Stefanos Dragoumis Archive. The Historical Archive of Crete, Ioannou Sfakianaki 20, Chania 73134, Crete, contains copious material on Cretan history, including theTherisso uprising. Lily Makrakis’s book on Venizelos, for which see below, contains much material on archival sources, especially in Crete. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, diplomatic and historical archives. The National Archives, Kew (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 16 September 2020) for British Foreign Office papers. TheVenizelos National Research Foundation, Chania, has good collections of such papers, blue books, and so on. BOOKS, ARTICLES AND PAMPHLETS Alastos, Doros, Venizelos: Patriot, Statesman, Revolutionary, London: Percy Lund Humphries Co., 1942. Alexandris, Apostólos, Politikai Anamniseis [Political Memoirs], Patras, 1947. Aligizaki, Stella, Therisso 1905, Chania: Venizelos National Research Foundation, 2003. Alivizatos, Nikos К., Eisagogi stin Elliniki Syntagmatìki Istoria: Semeioseis panepistimiakon paradoseon [Introduction to Greek Constitutional History:
Notes of University Classes], Vol. 1: 1821—1941, Athens ; Komotini: Sakkoula, 1981. ---------- , To Syntagma kai oi Echthroi tou sti Neoellinikì Istoria 1800—2010 [The Constitution and its Enemies in Modem Greek History, 1800—2010], Athens: Polis, 2011. ---------- , Pragmatistes, Dimagogoi kai Oneiropoloi [Realists, Demagogues and Dreamers], Athens: Polis, 201 S. Anglo-Hellenic League. The London Library contains an almost complete series of the League’s pamphlets between its foundation in 1913 and 1928. These are collected in three volumes. 490
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Argyropoulos, Pericles, Apomnimonevmata [Memoirs], Athens: Antoniadis, 1970. Barchard, David, ‘The Fearless and Self-Reliant Servant: The Life and Career of Sir Alfred Biliotti (1833—1915), an Italian Levantine in British Service ’, Studi Miceni ed Egeo-Anatolid, vol. 48, no. 1, 2006, pp. 5—53. Beaton, Roderick and David Ricks, eds, The Making of Modern Greece: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797—1896), Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Bérard, Victor, Les Affaires de Crète, Paris: Caiman-Levy, 1898. Bien, Peter, ed., The Selected Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Campbell, John Kennedy, Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. Carnegie Endowment, The Other Balkan Wars: A 1913 Carnegie Endowment Inquiry in Retrospect with a New Introduction and Refections on the Present Conflict by George F. Kennan, Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 1993. Chalkiadakis, Emmanouel, Kriti, 1898—1913: Apo tin ‘Aftonomia’ stin Enosi me tin Ellada [Crete, 1898—1913: From ‘Autonomy’ to Union with Greece], Iraklion, 2013. Chester, S. B., Life of Veni zelos, New York: Doran, 1921. Clogg, Richard, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 2nd edn (a 3rd edn is also available). ---------- , Anglo-Greek Attitudes: Studies in History, Basingstoke: Paigrave Macmillan, 2000. Constantine, King of the Hellenes, A King’s Private Letters, with a Preface by Admiral Mark Kerr, London: Eveleigh Nash Grayson, 1925. Dafnis,
Grigorios, Ta Ellinika Politika Kommata 1821—1961 [The Greek Political Parties 1821—1961], Athens: Galaxia, 1961. ---------- , Sophoklis EleftheriouVenizelos 1894—1964, Athens: Ikaros, 1970. Dakin, Douglas, The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897—1913, Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1966. ---------- , The Unification of Greece, 1770—1923, London: Benn, 1972. Dalby, Andrew, EleftheriosVenizelos: Greece, London: Haus Histories, 2010. Danglis, P. G., Stratigou Dangli Anamniseis—Eggrapha—Allilografia: to Archeion tou [General Danglis’s Reminiscences, Documents, Correspondence: His Archive], ed. Xenophon Lefkoparides, Athens: Vivliopoleion E. G. Vagionake, 1965. Delta, P. S., Eleftherios K. Venizelos: Imerologio—Anamniseis—Martyries— Allilografia [Elftherios K. Venizelos: Diary, Recollections, Testimonies, Correspondence], ed. P. A. Zannas, Athens: Ermis, 1979. 491
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Detorakis, Theocharis, History of Crete, trans. John C. Davis, Iraklion, 1994. Detorakis, Theocharis and Alexis Kalokairinos, eds, I Teleftaia Phasi tou Kritikou Zitimatos [The Last Phase of the Cretan Question], Iraklion: Etairia Kritikon Istorikon Meleton, 2001. Eleftherotypia, Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1936: I Megali Poreia [Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1936: The Great Journey], Athens: Eleftherotypia, undated. ELIA (Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive), Symposio gia ton Eleftherio Venizelo: Praktika [Symposium on Eleftherios Venizelos: Proceedings], Athens: ELIA and Benaki Museum, 1988. Flora-Karavia, Thaleia, Entyposeis apo ton Polemo tou 1912—1913: Makedonia— Epirus [Impressions of the 1912—1913 War: Macedonia—Epirus], Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic Parliament , 2012. Fotakis, Zisis, Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910—1919, London: Routledge, 2005. Gardikas-Katsiadakis, Helen, Greece and the Balkan Imbroglio: Greek Foreign Policy, 1911—1913, Athens: Syllogos pros Diadosin Ophelimon Vivlion, 1995. George of Greece, Prince, The Cretan Drama:The Life and Memoirs of Prince George of Greece, ed. A. A. Pallis, New York: Robert Speller Sons, 1959. Gibbons, Herbert Adams, Venizelos, London: Fisher Unwin, 1921. Glasgow, George, Ronald Burrows:A Memoir, London: Nisbet Co., 1924. Graves, Robert, Storm Centres of the Near East: Personal Memories 1879—1929, London: Hutchinson, 1933. Greene, Molly, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Grogan, Ellinor, The Lfe ofJ. D.
Bourchier, London: Hurst Blackett, 1926. Gyparis, Pavlos, EleftheriosVenizelos o Megas Dimiourgos [EleftheriosVenizelos:The Great Creator], Athens, 1955. Hall, Richard C., The Balkan Wars 1912—1913: Prelude to the First World War, London: Routledge, 2000. Hardinge of Penshurst, Old Diplomacy: The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, London: John Murray, 1947. Harris, Admiral Sir Robert Hastings, From Naval Cadet to Admiral: Halfa-Century of Naval Service and Sport in Many Parts of the World, London: Cassell, 1913. Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis ed., Ores Eleftherios: Valkanikoi Polemoi 100 Chronią [Freedom’s Hours: Balkan Wars One HundredYears On], 3 vols, Kathimerini Society for Macedonian Studies, 2012. Helmreich, E. C., The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912—1913, London: Oxford University Press, 1938. 492
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Holland, Robert and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles Jor Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850—1960, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Howard of Penrith, Esme, Theatre of Life: Life Seenfrom the Stalls, voi. 2 of two vols, London: Hodder Stoughton, 1936. Joachim, Joachim G., loannis Metaxas: The Formative Years, 1871—1922, Mannheim Möhnesee: Bibliopolis, 2000. Kakouri, Athina, Ta Dyo Vita [The Two Is], Athens : Kapón, 2016. Karellis, Manolis, Istoriką Simeiomata gia tin Kriti apo tin Epanastasi tou 1866 os tin Katochi [Historical Notes on Crete from the 1866 Revolution to the Occupation], Iraklion: Panepistimiakes Ekdoseis Kritis, 2005. Kitromilides, Paschalis M., ed., Elftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. Kostis, Kostas, History’s Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State, London: Hurst Co., 2018. Llewellyn-Smith, Michael, The British Embassy, Athens, Athens: British Embassy, 1998. ---------- , Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor 1919—1922, 2nd edn, London: Hurst Co., 1998. ---------- , To Orama tis lonias: I Ellada sti Mikra Asia 1919—1922 [Ionian Vision: Greece inAsia Minor 1919—1922], Athens: MIET, 2002. ---------- , Athens:A Cultural and Literary History, Oxford: Signal Books, 2004. Lydaki, Eirini, ed., Kriti 1898—1899: Photographikes Martyries apo to prosopiko lefkoma tou prigkipa Georgiou [Crete 1898—1899: Photographic Testimonies from the Personal Album oJPrince George], Iraklion: Crete University Press, 2009. Mackridge, Peter, Language and
National Identity in Greece, 1766—1976, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Makrakis, Lily, Elftherios Venizelos 1864—1910: I Diaplasi enos ethnikou igeti [Eleftherios Venizelos 1864—1910: The Formation of a National Leader], 2nd edn, Athens: MIET, 2001. ManolikakiSjYiannis, Eleftherios Venizelos: і agnosti zoi tou [The Unknown Life of Eleftherios Venizelos], Athens: Gnosi, 1985. Markesinis, B. S., The Theory and Practice of Dissolution of Parliament: A Comparative Study with Special Reference to the United Kingdom and Greek Experience, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. Martinière, Henri de la, La Marinefrançaise en Crète [The French Navy in Crete], Paris: R. Chapelot, 1911. Mavrogordatos, Giorgos Th., Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922—1936, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983. 493
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INDEX Throughout the index Venizelos is referred to as V. An asterisk * against a name indicates that he or she is included in the section of short biographies. I have also included in the index references to the short bios themselves, with page number, e.g. ‘bio 459’ for Alexandrie. A admirals, council of, 86, 87,90, 95, 98, 99, 104 admiralty, 235, 353, 355 Adosides, pasha (governor of Crete), 34 Aegean islands, 179, 327, 328, 344, 345, 352, 353, 364, 381, 383, 384, 386, 389, 390 Aegean islands committee, 377 Aegean sea, 13, 235, 236, 315, 363, 372,375, Aggelakis, Emmanuel, 85 Agonakis (vice consul, Chania), 34, 35, 37 Akrotiri, 79, 83, 89, 90, 91,94, 102,131,144 A. peninsula, 82, 87 A. uprising, 84, 85, 86, 88, 96, 175 Alexander the great, 3 ”Alexander, King of the Hellenes, 358, bio 459 Alexandra, Queen, 137, 156, 201 Alexandria, 65,71,281,283 ’Alexandrie, Apostólos, 203, 226, 239, 240, 250, 276, bio 459 ’Andrew, Prince, 232, 236, 301, 302, 314, 358, bio 460 Anorthosis (revival), 191, 192, 197, 212,213,220, 221,240, 241, 269, 272, 292 Antoniades, Panagiotis (director of lycée Antoniades), 30, 32, 38, 380 Archanes, 95 A. affair, 94-96, 240, 280 ’Argyropoulos, Pericles, 192, 239, 336, bio 460 Aristotle ‘right’ regimes, 219 Asia Minor, 3, 4, 30, 45, 269, 298, 381,382, 383,390 A. M. catastrophe, 3, 4, 391 data on population, 269 exchange of populations, 389 497
INDEX Barchard, David, 80 expulsions, 1914, 338, 383, 385, Baud—Bovy, Daniel (Hellenist) 387,388 at V’s‘surgery’, 288 Asquith, H. H.(British prime "Benakis, Antonios (Trellantonis), minister), 344, 352, 353, 355 Athens, 22, 23, 27, 181, 185, 321, 358, bio 460 ‘Benakis, Emmanuel, 2, 210, 212, 222-3, 240,243, 378, 380, 381 213,214, 277,281,282,321, anorthosis demo, 191 Athens at war, 321 380, bio 460 Cretan deputies, 236, 274—5 Benaki, Virginia, 73 Benaroya, Abraham, 221 Cretan emigres, 69, 70 Crete lobby, 88 Berlin, 204, 233, 387 military academy, 232, 288, 331 exile in Athens, 57, 62—3, 66, 71 Berlin, Congress of, 30, 31, 246 Markantonakis represents V. in Berovich pasha (governor of Crete), Athens, 148, 156 81,83 school in Athens, 31, 34, 37—8 ’Biliotti, Alfred (British consul Syngros moves to Athens, 63 general, Crete), 57, 59, 63, 80, Treaty of, 380 81,98,99, 100, bio 460 University, 19, 30, 42—5, 47, 49, advice to Salisbury, 84 51,52,257-8,260 distrusted by Greeks, 93 V’s future in Athens, 209—10, 215 transferred to Salonika, 104 Athos, Mount (Holy Mountain), 284 Bitola, 311, 327, 376 autonomy, 15, 40, 50, 85, 93, 94, see also Monastir 95,98,102,109, 110-11, 115, Boissonnas, Fred (photographer) 127,144,170,272.276 at V.’s ‘surgery’, 288 autonomy or union?, 90 bombardment definition, 97, 100—101 ofAkrotiri, 88, 89 enlarged, 168, 181 books, 120, 223, 285 ‘a great good’, 93 ‘Bourchier, James (The Times), 140, Howard autonomy regime, 172, 192, 222, 226, 305, 317, 161 limited a., 80 bio 461 visits Therisso, 143, 144 the Powers envisage, 87 links with Bulgaria, 309 Salisbury
sees as solution, 84 see also press V. opposes a., 95 ‘Brailsford, H. N., 323, 352, bio 461 V. accepts ‘full genuine’, 96 Carnegie Commission, 376 Bucharest, treaty of (10 August В 1913), 376 baptism Bulgaria, 30,45, 110, 171, 186, godfather/godchild relationship, 226, 271,273, 298, 302, 305122,179 12,318-9, 323,326-31,333, electoral b. ofVenizelism, 238 498
INDEX 341-5, 352, 360, 362-7, 369, 370—8, 382, 386 Eastern Rumelia, 45, 171 ‘Burrows, Professor Ronald, 322, 352, bio 461 Anglo—Hellenic League, 377 ‘Buxton, Noel Charles, bio 461 Balkan committee, 351—2 Byron, George Gordon death at Missolongi, 1824, 13, 25, 35 C Caclamanos, Dimitrios see Kaklamanos calendar Julian Gregorian, 7 Canevaro, Admiral Felice Napoleone, 94, 96 Capodistrias, loannis (1st president of Greece), 3 Carnegie Commission, 377 Carol, King of Romania, 302, 373, 375 Cavour, Count (Camille Benso), 77 Chamberlain, Joseph (British imperialist politician) 1886 visit to Athens, 45—6 charisma, 5 Chermside, Sir Herbert (і/c British troops in Iraklion zone), 87, 99, 104 Chios, 327, 328, 345 1822 massacre, 24 Schilizzis, 347—8 Christopher, Prince of Greece, 301, 358, 361 ‘Chrysostomos Kalafatı (Archbishop), bio 462 Churchill,Winston S., 351, 386, 387 1897 war, 94 talks withV. Lloyd George, 353-5 civil society growth in Crete, 12,18 commission, international, on Crete 158, 159, 161, 162, 166 168, 376 see also Law, Sir Edward ‘Constantine, Crown Prince, later King of the Hellenes, 94, 186, 233,303-4,316,325-6,335-6, bio 462 C. popular, 327 C. to replace Kin? George?, 190-1, 201 contempt for politicians, 302 crown council on Serbian treaty, 366-7 P. Delta, 281 differences withV., 314, 329—30, 331-3,338,372-5 Epirus command, 357—8 French mission, 301 Inspector of army, 188, 233, 302 the Kaiser, 387 on to Salonika, 330—3 shelled in observation post, 359-60 sworn in as king, 362 victor, 379 constitution, 105—9, 113, 116, 126-7,144-5, 157, 162, 167, 169,189-91 1st Cretan
c., 101, 105—6, 109, 112-3, 116 2nd Cretan c., 168, 169 Greek revision of c. 1911,244— 6, 251-2, 255, 259, 262--f, 267, 269, 272, 292, 361 V. admits responsibility for Cretan c., 108 V. constitutional expert, 51 499
INDEX constitution square V.’s speech, 217-8, 222, 227, 237 council of state, 253 Crete, 176, 190, 271,272, 274-6, 310,311,344 deputies crisis, 144, 172, 190, 263,271-2,274-6,310,311 landscape, 16, 26, 135 slavery in C19 Crete, 16 Cretan question, 12, 14, 15, 54, 63, 75, 80, 82, 88, 117, 121 Cretan question part of eastern question, 105 duel between prince andV., 162 international commission, 162 prince acting in interests of dynasty, 140 prince brooks no opposition, 112, 115 refusal of prince to listen, 116 Therisso and Cretan question, 131 only union will solve, 126, 162 V. hopes deal with Turkey will resolve, 319 crown, 114, 116, 190,229, 302 constitution and crown’s prerogatives, 199 crown political parties, 245 crown should serve the nation’s interests, 191 crowned democracy suits Greece, 220 V. critical of, 197 V. will not confront, 218 Cyprus, 19, 298, 336, 381,382, Churchill on Cyprus, 353 Cyprus/Argostoli proposal, 355, 386 500 D Danev, Stoyan Petrov (Bulgarian prime minister) claim to Salonika, 363—4 ‘Danglis, Panagiotis (General), 318, 345, bio 463 in Balkan wars, 326 in London, 343, 345 Dardanelles, 308, 327, 389 D. campaign, 477 ‘Deliyiannis, Theodores (prime minister), 82, 87, 94, 96, 119, 134, 139,230, 237, bio 463 D’s party, 189, 238 ‘old politician’, 280 ‘Delmouzos, Alexandres (demoticist), 258, 259, 265, bio 463 ’Delta, Penelope (author), 2, 74, 279, 283, 293, 307, 322, bio 464 onVenizelos, 265, 281 world of letters, 282 ‘Delta, Stefanos, 282, bio 464 despotism, 121, 126, 134, 140, 144,161 diaspora Greek d. in Egypt, Britain, 44, 281,351 western d., 347
Dillon, Emile Joseph, 343 ‘Dimitrakopoulos, Nikolaos (minister of justice), 226, 242, 269, 380, bio 464 dismissed over Cretan deputies, 276 law on sheepstealing, 268 ‘Diomedis, Alexandres, 192, 277, 464, bio 464-5 Dionysios, bishop of Rethymnon Avlopotamos, 113, 119, 131
INDEX dissolution, 200, 227 dissolution leads to opposition boycott, 229 V. asks the King for dissolution, 228 V on legality of dissolution, 229 Djevad pasha, 99 ‘Dousmanis, Victor (staff officer), 232,233,288,302,304,313, 319, 360, bio 465 Doxiades, Apostólos, 221 ‘Dragoumis, Ion (author, diplomat, politician), 281—3, 303, 307, 336, 342, bio 466 V. would have wished as collaborator, 293 Dragoumis, Philippos, 317, 320, 342 ‘Dragoumis, Stefanos (prime minister), 63, 66, 68, 172, 174, 233, 242, 269, bio 465 background, 207, 230 candidate prime minister, 202 constitution revision, 208, 245 D. V., 198-9 foreign missions, 236 resigns over Vlach issue, 381 sympathy forTherisso uprising, 133 E Eastern question, 14, 105, 125 Edward VII, King, 137, 155, 166, 201 education, 23, 25, 29, 41,43, 50, 53,252,256-7, 322,339, 372, 380 civil society in Crete, 18-19 constitution, 263 educational association, 258-9, 265-6 language, 264 nationalism, 306 Eftaliotis, Argyris (aka Michaelides, Kleanthis), 257, 264, 265, 282 ‘Eleftheriou—Katelouzou, Maria, bio 466 see Venizelou, Maria Elections, Cretan, 81, 112, 118, 129, 141-2, 156, 172 2 April 1889, 51 March 1903, 126 March 1910, 174 August 1910, 211 November 1910, 237 Elections, Greek, 190,199, 2023,208,210-13,215,228-30, 238-9, 241-2 8 August 1910, 208, 210-13, 215 Old vs New 28 November/11 December, 228 Boycott by opposition, 229-30, 238-9 party lists, 241 -2 11 /24 March, 272-3, 292-3, 288 ‘Elliot, Sir Francis (British minister, Athens), 234, 235,317, 318, 364, 365, 388, bio 466 enosis, see union Epirus, 297, 310, 311,322,338, 341, 357,386
E., Albania and Aegean islands linked, 345,383,384,385 land reform, 250 Mavilis killed in, 329 Ottoman forces thin, 326 war in Epirus, 344—5, 357—61, 366,379,381 epitaphios parody of, 75 ‘Evans, Arthur, 344, bio 466 501
INDEX Evanthia Saridakis, née Venizelos: see Saridakis F Ferbos, Dimitrios, 30, 32, 34, 37 ’Ferdinand, Prince then King of Bulgaria, 171, 302, 305, 309, 373, 374, bio 467 Fielding, Xan, 179 Filaretos, Georgios (Republican), 176,204 flag Cretan, 102 Greek, 89, 126, 129, 133, 335 Churchill on Greek flag-waving in Cyprus, 353 Flora—Karavia, Thaleia (artist), 322, 358,359 foreign missions, 234, 300, 301, 389 British naval mission, 235, 236, 300, 301,353, 387 Constantine disparages French mission, 301 French mission, 236, 301, 313 foreign troops withdrawal from Crete, 109, 114, 170, 171, 173, 179 Fotiades, Ioannis (governor of Crete), 50 ’Fournis, Kostas (Cretan politician), 25,51,57,63,76, 118, 140, 147, 152, 280, bio 467 Akrotiri, 82, 89, 95 Athens walks withV., 68 newspaper Avgi withV. and Kapsalis, 80 prince’s council, 110 Therisso triumvirate, 107, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 130, 135, 137, 140-1 visits to Athens, 118, 121 502 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 390 G Gabriel, Abbot of Arkadi monastery, 24 Gardika—Katsiadakis, Helen, 384 London talks 1912—13, 345 Serbian treaty, 366 Garibaldi, Giuseppi Ricciotti (father son), 94 Gavrielides, Vlasos (journalist), 144, 145 Gedeon, Manuel (scholar and teacher), 30 general interest, 49, 53, 185, 190, 215,219,250 see also political philosophy general staff, 232, 314, 326, 366, 373,391 see also Constantine, Dousmanis, Metaxas Généraux, Marie, 130 Gennadis, Nikolaos (Greek consul general, Crete), 82, 87 ’George I, King of Greece, 45, 82, 114, 118, bio 467 brother of Queen Alexandra, 137 considers abdication, 201 dines with Chamberlain, 45
Flora—Karavia picture of, 58 prince George the king’s mandatory, 114 receives Cretan delegation, 118 replace king by crown prince? 190 У briefs king on talks in London, 356-7 V.’s constitution square speech, 218 V.’s tribute to king, 362 visits Western Europe, 116 Zaimis appointed, 169
INDEX ‘George II, Prince later King of the Hellenes, bio 467 one of team of royal princes, 186-8,301, 358 incident near Bizani, 360 ‘George, Prince of Greece, 82, 98, 100-105, 118, 131, 134-5, 157, 161, 163, 165, 175, 189, 196, 200, 212, bio 468 clash with V., 112—3 constitutional committee, 104 prince’s errors, 169 European tour, 121 failure of prince’s regime, 167 gendarmerie, 136 Howard loses confidence in, 143, 165-6 Edward Law on his unfitness, 162 mandatory of the king, 114 military law, censorship, 142 prince’s aim‘national’, 103, 11 prince’s style of government, 123,132 Queen Alexandra prince’s aunt, 137 and Therisso, 131 Germany Constantine’s sympathy for, 304 G. invited to send military mission, 234 Kavalla, 375 military advice to Turkey, 300 military training, 186 postgraduate studies, 76 sociological society , 204 treaty of Bucharest, 375 Giuliano see San Giuliano Gladstone, W. E. (British prime minister), 2, 118, 290, 337 and rights of Christian peoples, 352 ‘Glinos, Dimitrios (Demoticist), 265, bio 468 Goudi movement, 185, 188, 200, 209, 210, 212, 218, 220, 268, 288,362 V.’s journalism on, 189, 190 ‘movement’ ‘uprising’ or ‘revolution’, 190 ‘Gounaris, Dimitrios (anti— Venizelist politician), 204, 214, 233, 273, bio 469 criticises V. in parliament, 384 exploits Constantine’s achievements, 338 head in clouds, 293 Granitsas, Stefanos (journalist), 144,203,209 Graves, Robert (British consul general, Crete), 100, 104,116, 118 Great Idea (Megali Idea), 19, 44, 45, 283,298,306 and unredeemed Greeks, 15 new conception after Young Turk revolution, 299 Great Powers,
13—14, 16, 52, 86, 87, 105, 114, 123, 125, 196,272, 317,318,319,366,383,388 and Balkan peacemaking, 344 Constantine’s negative view of Powers, 373 divided views on Balkans, 328 intercommunal relations a concern, 16 Ion Dragoumis sees V. as lackey of west, 283 Powers fire on insurgents, 89 Powers role in approach to union, 19 503
INDEX prince representative of Powers, 104 protection of Muslims, 83 V.’s Acropolis article, 111 V’s belief in role of Powers, 353 V.’s negotiating position, 91 *Gryparis, Ioannis (Greek consul general, Crete) 56, 63, 65, 269, 309, bio 469 in Venizelos government, 226 ‘Gueshov, Ivan Efstratief (prime minister of Bulgaria), 305, 309, 319, 341,344, 363, bio 469 ‘Gyparis, Pavlos (V.’s bodyguard), bio 469 from Asia Gonia, 178 and V.’s pistol, 179 H HadjimichalisYannaris, 126 Hadzidakis, Prof. Georgios (scholar of language), 260 Hadzidakis, Joseph, 50, 95, 96 H alepa, 31,39, 45, 49, 50, 51,59, 83,85,88, 104, 149 V.’s house at, 44, 49,73, 117, 147, 22 pact of H. (1878), 19, 31,41, 42,45,49, 50, S3, 56, 57, 58, 59,76,77, 79,80,83,85,88, 104, 117, 139, 147, 149, 193, 223 Hardinge, Sir Charles (Permanent Secretary, FCO), 166, 167 Harris, Admiral Sir Robert, 93, 149 Hasan Tahsin pasha, 329, 331, 332 Hatti Humayun (Ottoman reforms 1856), 23 *Hatzikyriakos, Alexandras, 197, bio 470 504 ’Howard, Esme (British consul general, Crete), 103, 126, 135, 137, 160, 163, 167, bio 470 H. Bourchier, 143—4 H. looks for way forward, 157—8 H.’s reflections onTherisso, 161 H.’s relations with the prince, 165-6 H. Sfakianakis, 159 prince favourite nephew of Edward Alexandra, 155 union with Greece the answer, 162 Hugo, Victor (author), 25 I Iliakis,Yangos, 76, 89, 204 implementation 252, 291,292 V.’s culture of, 244 insurgency 24, 91, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137, 148 administration, 147 Agia meeting, 165 balance of forces shifts, 132 Bourchier’s account, 144 clash with gendarmerie, 149 exploring compromise,
157 food supplies, 149 insurgency illegal, 134 a gamble, 131 see also revolution intercommunal relations, 104 ‘Ionescu, Take (Romanian politician), 343, bio 470 Iraklion (also Candía) advance of civil society, 18 British responsible for Iraklion zone, 136 massacre of Christians, 98, 99 museum, educational association, 50
INDEX as slave market, 17 support for V.’s insurgency, 150 irredentism, 15 see also Great Idea Italy, 77, 80, 100, 137 Cavour’s influence onV., 77 Churchill’s aim to bottle up Italian navy, 353 interest in Albania, 384 Italy sympathetic to Cretan insurgents, 137 procurement of the Averoff, 315 and Serbian treaty, 366—7 war against Ottomans, 274, 298, 308 Janissaries in Crete, 13 Japanese group, 203 see also Alexandris, Dragoumis S., Gounaris Jewish community Crete 16, Salonika, 337 John, Goscombe (artist) bust of Lloyd George, 2 journalism, 50, 51, 57, 76 Halepa pact creates opportunities, 50 journalism partisan, 51 see also press, Greek К Kaiser Wilhelm II on Corfu, 311, 313, 387 Kavalla, 375 V. calls‘brilliant’, 312 ‘Kafandaris, Georgios (Venizelist politician), 229, 230, bio 470 Kakouris, Andreas (beekeeper), 118-9 “Kaklamanos, Dimitrios (journalist, diplomat), 76, 387, bio 470 Kallergis, Dimitrios (minister of foreign affairs) data on Greeks in Asia Minor, 269 Kalogridakis, Ierotheos (monk) (sponsor ofVenizelos), 23 Kalokairinos, Lysimachos, 50 killed in Iraklion, 98 "Kalomiris, Manolis (composer), 5, 282, bio 471 Kapsalis, Ioannis (Yangos), 34, 45 map of greater Greece, 80 Karamanlis, Konstantinos (prime minister), 4, 291,379 "Karapanos, Alexandras (Venizelist politician), 192, 212, 229 Karatheodoris, Alexandras (governor of Crete), 50, 79, 80 Kastrinoyannakis, Dimitrios (bishop of Rethymnon), 131 Katelouzos, Sophocles (V.’s father in law), 52, 61, 62, 68 Katigo née Venizelou see Aikaterini Mitsotaki Kavalla, 327, 363, 371 key to Balkan war settlement, 375 treaty of
Bucharest, 376 assigned to Greece, 378 see also Kaiser Wilhelm ‘Kazantzakis, Nikos (author), 282, bio 472 critical ofVenizelos, 118 welcomes Therisso, 129 works in V.’s office, 321 Kerr, Admiral Mark (і/c British naval mission), 300, 387 Kiryx V.’s mouthpiece, 80, 111, 115, 118, 119, 120, 185, 189, 220 50S
INDEX on Goudi, 298 see also press, Greek Kitromilides, Professor Paschalis, 379 Kolokotronis, Theodoras, 4 Kolokythas, Stylianos, 153 Kondylakis, Ioannis, 85 Korais, Adamantios, 257, 260 ’Koromilas, Lambros (Venizelist minister and diplomat), 230, 277,291,310,318,328,337, 345, 358, 364—5, 389, bio 473 anchor position in Balkan wars, 329-30 favours agreement on territory with Bulgaria, 309 minister economy, 226 minister foreign affairs, 277, 316 returns to diplomatic service, 380 Serbian treaty discussions, 366, 367 Kotopouli, Marika (actress), 283 see also Dragoumis, Ion Kouloumvakis, Efstratios (antiVenizelist politician), 227, 259 ‘Koumoundouros, Alexandras (prime minister), bio 473 funeral in Athens (1883), 33, 44 "Koundouros, Manousos (Cretan politician), 80, 95, 97, 107, 110, 135,279, 280, bio 473 ‘Kountouriotis, Admiral Pavlos (commands Greek navy), 315, 316, 327, 358, bio 474 Kountouriotis, Yannis Athens municipal elections, 380 Kriaras, Aristeidis (authority on demotic Greek), 56 Kythera, 17, 19,24, 40, 65 V.’s exile on, 25 506 L land reform, 207, 247, 248, 249, 251 land question, 239, 246, 250 see also Alexandrie, Thessaly language question, 252, 255, 256, 257,260,262-266, 282 katharevousa, 32, 41, 255—266 demotic, 255—266 see also education, constitution Lansdowne, Elenry, 5th Marquis (Foreign Secretary), 116, 135, 144,161 ‘Law, Sir Edward (chair of commission on Crete), 162, bio 474 see also commission, international League, Anglo—Hellenic object the ‘just claims and honour ‘ of Greece, 352, 377 League of Nations, 3 Lear, Edward (poet and artist) visits Crete
1864, 20 Legislation implementation, 291—2 labour law, 268 law on evasion of legal process, 268 law on money lending, profiteering, usury, 268 Leigh Fermor, Patrick, 178 Leopold, Prince of Saxe Coburg, 14 Liberal Party (philelefthero komma), 176, 237-8, 272-3, 287, 380 Cretan liberal p., 55 new party of revival, 220 Pop the party, 227 features of liberal government, 240-2 see also Venizelism
INDEX Lloyd George, David (chancellor of the exchequer), 2, 344, 351, 377, 386 dinner Downing street, 352 talks with Churchill V, 353—6 V. ‘a big man’, 351, 356 London treaty (17/30 May 1913), 364, 365 M Makrakis, Lily, 1, 26, 51,63, 74, 84 Manolikakis, Giannis, 47, 89, 101, 178 ‘Manos, Konstantinos (writer, fighter, politician), 121, 122, 126, 128, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 152, 160, bio 475 *Markantonakis, Klearchos (V.’s private secretary), 76, 117, 134, 148, 156, 157, 159, 163, 179, 195, 345, bio 475 Maurouard (Lrench consul general, Crete), 137, 156 Mavilis, Lorentzos (poet), 255, 260, 329 Mavrogordatos, GeorgeTh., 238, 239 ‘Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis (prime minister), 189, 192—3, 198—202, 208,210,212,214,234,237, 238, bio 475 liberal party, 223,228 party magnates, 230, 273 Mehmet Ali (governor of Crete), 14, 228 Melas, Pavios (hero of Macedonian struggle), 207, 283 ‘Melas, Spyros (journalist, writer, academician), 175—177, 195, 200, 203, 320, bio 476 Meligounakis, Evangelos (fixer for V.), 120, 122, 129, 150, 239 Melouna pass, 320, 327 Melville, Herman (author), 335—6 ‘Merkouris, Spyros (Mayor of Athens), 209, 210, 212, bio 476 ‘Metaxakis, Meletios (bishop of Kitium, later Archbishop of Athens), 336, 382, bio 476 ‘Metaxas, Ioannis (staff officer, V’s ADC), 2,224, 231,302,308, 318, 341 bio 477 assessment ofVenizelos, 262 Bulgarian—Greek convention, 319 character, 224 concessions, 284 devoted to crown prince, 233 diaries’ value as source, 232 election tour withV., 239 Lrench mission, 234, 236, 313^1 Janina falls, 360 London visit, 343, 345 patronage, 288 plans
attack on Dardanelles, 389 on politicians, 293 railway accident, 246 Salonika hinterland, 363 ֊4 Serbian military convention, 36 Sophia, princess, 312 talk withV. on territories, 311-12 V. a great man, 267 V. vacillates, 388 Metaxas, Anastasios (architect), 2 ‘Michalakopoulos, Andreas (Venizelist politician), 213, 214, 239, 277, 367, bio 477 ‘Michelidakis, Antonis (Cretan politician), 133, 171, 172, 280, bio 477 507
INDEX missions, military, 234, 236, 300, 301, 316, 389 British naval mission, 235, 300, 301,354, 387 French mission, 236, 301,313 Mistriotis, Professor Georgios (language‘defender’), 257—259, 262-264 Mitsotakis, Aikaterini (Katigo) née Venizelou, 23, 42, 43, 149, 152 “Mitsotakis, Kostis, 18, 23, 31,43, 47,50,51,62,63,67,76,82, bio 478 death, 101 helps Venizelos with journalism, law, politics, 51 Katigo engaged to, 42 Mitsotaki, Zoe, 47, 223 Moatsos, Iakovos (joint editor Lefka Ori), SI Moatsos, Spyros, 76 Monastir, 45, 311,327, 329, 331 see also Bitola N nationalism, 1, 13, 144, 219, 282, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 338 and language question, 266 nationality, 307, 339 Kyriakos Venizelos ‘victim of his nationality’, 22 national schism, 4, 391 schism, 6, 293, 371 national society (ethniki etai reia), 88, 93, 95, 186 Navarino battle of (1827), 13 navy, Greek, 234, 235, 291, 316, 356 Balkan wars success, 379 reorganisation, 236 508 role of, 355 Stratos minister, 269, 277, 301 Greece’s trump card, 315 V. foresees building strong navy, 351, 353 “Negrepontis, Miltiades (president refugee settlement committee), 337,383 New Men, 211-214, 226, 287 see also (by contrast) old politics (palaiokommatismos) “Nicholas, Prince, 217, 276, 301, bio 478 military governor Salonika, 358 talks with prince Alexander of Serbia, 365, 367 Nider, Konstantinos (chief of personnel, war ministry), 308, 318 “Nikola, King of Montenegro, 319, bio 478 nursing in Balkan Wars, 322, 359 Noel, Irene, 362 Nostrakis, Andreas, 33, 34, 38, 43, 91,101 Nostrakis, Eleni, née Venizelou, 23, 33, 34, 38,43, 91,101 О Ogle,
Charles murdered on Mt Pelion, 35 funeral in Athens, 35 organic statute (Crete), 19, 31,35, 56, 81 old politics, 211 see also palaiokommatismos Ottoman empire 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 84, 172,297, 308,345,370 Balkan wars vs. the empire, 328 expulsions of Greeks, 388
INDEX Italian war vs. the empire, 274, 307 plight of Greeks, 319-20 Thessaloniki 2nd city of the empire, 336 V. born in the empire, 225 V. on possible renaissance of the empire, 299 Ottoman governance of Crete, 12-13,23-24, 45,58,59,81, 84,91,272 palaiokommatismos (old parties, old politics), 196, 230, 237, 238, 242,259, 385 ‘Palamas, Kostis (poet), 4, 5, 257, 282, 307, bio 478 "Pallis, Alexandras (senior) (trader demoti cist author), 255, 257, 258, 262, 265, bio 479 "Pallis, A. A. (junior) (Venizelist diplomat), 382, 383 Pallis, Konstantinos (staff officer), 319 Panas, Dimitrios (Greek ambassador), 310, 311, 319, 329 "Pángalos,Theodoras (Venizelist officer), 185, 187, 288, bio 479 Paola, princess of Saxe Weimar (royal mistress) and Constantine, 315, 333, 335 Papadakis, Nik. Emm. (Director, National Research Foundation “Eleftherios K. Venizelos”), 6 Papaderos, Emmanuel, 152 Papadiamantopoulos, Andreas (private secretary to prince George), 104, 108, 114, 118, 160 "Papanastasiou, Alexandras (politician sociologist), 204, 214, bio 480 land question, 249—50 cooperates withVenizelists at election, 273 Papanikolaou, Dr Georgios (inventor of‘pap tesť), 4 Papayannakis, Ioannis (president, Therisso provisional government), 130 "Paraskevopoulos Leonidas, Colonel, 359—60, bio 480 party politics, 50, 51, 103, 107, 126 see also, for old party politics, palaiokommatismos Pashley, Robert (author Oxford don), 11, 13, 16, 17 Pašie, Nikola (prime minister of Serbia), 344, 363, 366 peace conferences Bucharest (2013), 372, 278 The Hague (1899 and 1907), 377 London (1912-13), 342, 344, 345
Paris (1919-20), 3,5, 269, 391 see also Athens treaty, Bucharest treaty, London treaty Plato, 3 Ploumidaki, Styliani (mother of Venizelos), 21,22, 23, 31,40, 43, 73, 74 d. on Milos, 101 political philosophy, 215, 219 see also general interest "Politis, Professor Nikolaos, 342, bio 481 Pologeorgis, Haralambos (also Pologeorgakis) 509
INDEX joint editor Lefia Ori, Sl, 63 constitutional reform, 133, 157 Pop, George (editor Athiaai), 209, 227 Popular Party, 238, 469 see also Gounaris, Royalists Press, Greek, S, 6, 46 Athinai, 209, 2IS, 227 Estia, 212 Chronos, 187, 209 Kiryx, Chania, 80, 111, 115, 118, 119, 120, 18S, 189,220, 298 Lefka Ori, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 79, 80 Patris, 176-7, 195, 203 foreign press, 129 see also Bourchier (The Times) Preveíalas, Pantelis (author), 102, 215 ‘Psilakis, Vassilis (historian and schoolmaster), 41,42, bio 481 Psvcharis, Yannis (author, demoticist), 257, 260, 263, 265, 266 Psychoundakis, George (runner for Patrick Leigh Fermor), 178 R ‘Raktivan, Konstantinos, 276, 337, bio 481 minister of justice, 291 ‘Rallis, Dimitri os (prime minister), 96,173,188,211-12,223,229, 230, 237-9, 273, 338, bio 482 attacks V. in parliament, 380—1, 384 boycotts 1910 elections, 229 crown council, 202 defeated in Attica, 273 deprives parliament of quorum, 228 510 leads one of two largest parties, 199-200 resigns as p.m., 189 refugees migration, 17, 100, 251,291, 307,336 to USA, 186, 218 ‘as weapon of war’, 374 exchange of populations (1914), 381 Reineck, Admiral, 88, 89 Renieris, Markos (governor National Bank of Greece) meets Joe Chamberlain, 46 Rethymnon 18, 24, 45, 87, 98, 113, 136, 150, 179 Rethymnon zone assigned to Russians, 87 ‘Repoulis, Emmanuel (Venizelist politician), 203, 244, 268, 269, 276, 291, 337, bio 482 comments on Serbian treaty discussion, 367 Revolution Young Turk r., 171,278,298, 299,305 see also insurgency rizitika (Cretan folk songs), 21,24 Romania, 371,373, 376
armistice with Bulgaria, 374 Balkan balance of power, 344 Bucharest negotiations, 374 Greece on her own, 388 Kaiser’s role, 387 Vlach rights conceded, 381 Romas, Alexandres (president of Greek parliament) attends crown council, 202 Roufos, Lõukas Kanakaris (governor of Crete), 215, 312 Royalists, 5, 232, 233
INDEX see also, Gounaris, Metaxas, Streit, popular party S Sakir pasha (military commander, Crete), 57, 64 Saklabanis, Mihail, ISO Salisbury, Lord: Robert Gascoyne— Cecil, 3rd Marquess (foreign secretary, prime minister), 59, 84, 94, 99 Saliveros, Nikolaos, 223 Salonika also Thessaloniki, 310, 326, 330, 332, 342, 34S, 357, 379 Flora—Karavia compares wartime S. with Epirus, 358 King George in S. symbol of Greek sovereignty, 361 negotiations with Danev, 363 Greek—Bulgarian friction, 365 Greek claim to S. irreducible, 342 Greek refugees from Asia Minor, 382-3 Greek—Serbian military convention treaty, 366—7 Hellénisation of S. difficult, 381 speedy occupation vital, 330, 333 S. the big prize of the war, 336 S. key to Balkan campaign, 327, 329,331 sovereignty over, 337—8 San Giuliano, Marquis, Antonino V. meets in Rome, 215 Sapountzakis, General Konstantinos, 234, 357 Saridakis, Evanthia néeVenizelou, 23, 25,43,46, 74, 152, 223 friendly with Maria Venizelou, 66 chief legatee ofV., 71 m. Vasilis Saridakis, 73 Saripolos, Nikolaos (constitutional lawyer), 208 Sartinski pasha (governor of Crete), 57 ‘Schilizzi, Helena (2nd wife of Venizelos), 2, 348 family, 348 Greek national idea, 349 health, 348—9 A ľ ombre deVeniselos, 2 and Venizelos, 347, 351 Schinas, Alexandras (assassin), 362 schism, see national schism Schliemann, Heinrich, 223 ‘Seferis, Giorgios (poet diplomat), 5, 266, 282, bio 482 Serbia, 298, 306-7, 308-9, 318, 328,371 armistice, 341 balance in Balkans, 372 Balkan wars, 319, 327—9 Bulgarian—Serb tensions, 365, 369 Greek—Serbian treaty, 366—7 London treaty, 365
parliamentary debate, 370 territorial carve up?, 326—7 ‘Sfakianakis, Dr Ioannis (‘The Nestor of Crete’), 31,50, 96, 101, 106, 107, 120, 121, 133, 139, bio, 482 analysis ofTherisso situation, 143,156 with Howard finds solution, 159 president Cretan executive, 98 president 1 st Cretan constitutional committee, 105 supportsTherisso uprising, 140, 151 Sifakas, Antonios, 82, 90 Sikelianos, Angelos (poet), 4, 5 511
INDEX Siteia, 87 Muslims killed, 99 progress ofVenizelist movement, ISO *Skoulas, Dr Vassilis, 74, 76, 126, 153, 154, 156, bio 483 visits Athens, 118 close friend ofV., 122 ’Skouloudis, Stefanos (Greek businessman, politician), 198, 284, bio 483 differs from V. over Salonika, 363 inV.’s London delegation, 342, 3S7 possible prime minister, 202, 364 Smyrna, also Izmir, 2, 3,4, 19, 40, 61,281 V. considers move to, 71 Chrysostomos letter on how to treat Ottomans, 338—9 voluntary exchange of populations, 388 Sfalda, 16, 166 Socrates, 3 Sophia, Princess then Queen (wife of Constantine, sister of the Kaiser), 387 speaks at length to V., 312 Souris, Georgios (versifier journalist), 133 ’Stavridi, Sir John (banker and diplomat), 351—56, 377, bio 484 Stefanou, Stefanos (V.’s private secretary), 2, 279, 287, 289 ’Stergiades, Aristeidis (public servant) , 75, 99, 150, bio 484 ’Stratos, Nikolaos (navy minister), 203, 236, 269, 277, 301,314, 318, bio 484 corruption, 314, 386 naval procurement, 315 512 resignation, 380 Serbian treaty, 367 ’Streit, Georgios (royalist foreign minister), 233, 309, 363, bio 485 in London, 342 on V.’s concessions, 284 Swinburne, Algernon Charles (poet), 25 Syngros, Andreas (businessman benefactor), 63 Syros, 19,23,25,34, 37, 38,91 V.’s schooling on Syros, 41,42 T territorial claims, 1, 3, 328, 344, 345, 363, 369 population statistics bearing on claims, 269 Balkan allies’ claims, 305—7 prior agreement on territory. with Bulgaria?, 310 Greece doubled, 381, 389—90 Tevfik Bedri Bey, 75 Theotokas, Giorgos (auuthor), 282 ’Theotokis, Georgios (prime minister), 166,
172, 177, 185, 186, 188, 199,200, 201,203, 280, 283, bio 485 boycotts elections, 229 common electoral lists, 211 confidence vote, supportsV., 228 crown council, 202 exploits Constantine, 338 foreign missions, 234, 303 lunch Kaiser, 313 party strength, 212,213, inheritsTrikoupis party, 238, 273 military reforms, 325 party magnate, 230, 234 on V.’s alleged weakness, 379, 384
INDEX Therisso, 21, 127, 128-33, 140-3, 147-154, 177, 209,274, administration, 147 balance of forces, 135 ending the insurgency, 155, 1603, 166 journalists visit, 143-5 oath for union, 129 uprising, 125 V.’s reputation, 175 see also insurgency, revolution Thessaly, 15, 30, 95, 192, 253, 292, 298,306 land reform 207, 246—51 rich lands, 379 Thessalian deputies, 213—4, 242 and war, 320, 330 see also land reform Triantafyllides, Manolis (academic grammarian), 265, bio 485 Titos, bishop of Petra, Crete, 131 ’Trikoupis, Harilaos (prime minister), 33, 44, 45, 52, 63, 172,230,231,235,243,280, 305, bio 485 and Britain, 353 foreign missions, 234 influence onV., 52 party development, 238 V. calls onTrikoupis, 69—70 Tufnell, Admiral Lionel (commander, British naval mission), 236, 300, 301,315 Turcocretan, 17, 87 ‘Cretan Muslims’ a better term, 7 U Union (enosis), 14—16, 19, 45-6, 59, 82, 84, 86, 89, 101, 103-4, 174, 180-1,275, 344, 377-8 Archanes, 94 autonomy, 95 declaration of union, 170—3 divisions inV.’s camp, 153, 155 genuine rather than dynastic union, 121 Howard pro union, 135, 143, 161-2 international commission, 159, 161-2 Koundouros approach, 80 Powers rule out, 87 Sfakianakis supports Therisso movement, 140 step towards union, 177, 180—1 V’s demonstrations in favour, 126-9, 132^1 V. explores compromise, 156—7 V on union or autonomy, 90 V.’s view of, 52, 114—5, 118 V.’s view of 1889 movement, 59 see also autonomy, Cretan deputies, enosis V Vamos siege of, 1896, 80 ’Vassos, ColonelTimoleon, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, bio 486 Venizelism, 237, 238, 242, 258, 273, 292, unbeatable
force, 230 Venizelism in Britain, 378 see also liberal party Venizelos, Eleftherios Aegean islands/N. Epirus, 383 4 Agia meeting, 160 Akrotiri uprising, 82 anorthosis (revival), 192 Archanes row, 95—6 school in Athens, 29 Athens university, 43 513
INDEX V. Fournis Manos to Athens, 121 autonomy, 90—1,96—98 birth at Mournies, 11—12 bombardment, 89 books, 26 talks with Bulgaria, 309—10 war with Bulgaria, 365 meets Chamberlain, 45 children, 73 Cretan executive committee, 90 new constitution, 169 constitution square speech, 218-21 corruption (lousfeti), 53 counsellor justice and foreign affairs, 107 Cretan constitution, 105 Cretan deputies issue, 271—6 crown council, 202 talks with Danev on Salonika, 363-4 dealing with Powers, 86—7 death of Maria, 73 -4 death of Kostis Mitsotakis, 101 death of mother and brother, 101 diplomacy, 83 dispute with prince, 108 dismissed by the prince, 112 dissolution, 227—9 divisive figure, 4—6 elections April 1889, 55 August 1910 elections, 213-4 electoral tour of mainland, 239-40 electoral lists/candidates, 241—2 enosis (union) proclamations, 82, 86 in Epirus, 359 exile to Kythera, 25 exile in Athens, 57 514 family, 23 father controlling, 31 father—son tensions, 40 final exams, 46 final schooling on Syros, 41 Greek flag issue, 173 foreign troops withdrawal, 170-1 friends, 7 tribute to King George, 361—2 meeting girls, 47 good pupil, 35—7 Goudi movement, 185 Graves salutes V., 116—7 Greek nationalism, 4 Gyparis, 178—80 house at Halepa, 39 head of family, 44, 45 health, 32, 38, 42 Howard/Sfakianakis proposals, 158-9 influence of Mitsotakis, 51 interest in politics, 33 international commission, 162 invitation to V from military league, 189 the Kaiser, 312 Kaklamanos on V., 76—7 law, journalism, politics, 49 Lefka Ori, 52 legal work, 79 letters to father, 31 letters to Maria, 61—71 talks with
Lloyd George and Churchill, 354—6 Lubanski talks, 140—2 marriage, 73 meets Spyros Melas, 176—7 member of Cretan executive, 90 moderate policies, 56 mourning Maria, 74
INDEX oath issue, 174 naval arms race, 386 optimism of message, 53 A pact of Halepa, 50 peace talks in London, 342 proposed exchange of populations, 389 Powers favour autonomy, 90—1 primary school, 25 clash with prince, 118—21 prince’s new regime, 101 refugee settlement in Salonika, 382 restoration of Constantine to army offices, 301—3 revolutionary assemblies, 94֊֊5 Salonika the key, 329 speedy occupation of Salonika, 332 Schilizzi, Helena, 347—9 security, gendarmerie, money, 150-1 Greek—Serbian treaty, 366—7 sons, 154 state of Crete, 46 Therisso themes union and/or reform, 127—9 et seq Therisso uprising, 128—9 Vlach rights in Pindus, 381 Vloum,Th. 8c Paraskevoula, 177-8 V. acknowledges error, 108 V. defends position in press, 115 V. architect of war preparations, 316 V.’s character traits, 279—80 V. as leader, manager, diplomat, 147 V.’s leadership questioned, 152—3 V. meets parliamentarians, 202—5 V prime minister, 223-4 V. proposes elected head of Cretan state, 110 V. ‘virtual union’, 172 V. 8c Metaxas, 231—3 V. 8c foreign missions, 234—6 V.’s press comment on Goudi, 190 V. meets military league, 196—9 V. meets Rallis,Theotokis, 199-200 V. meets King George, 200—202 V. as reader, 285 V.’s ‘surgery’, 288—9 V. supports Zaimis, 168 war aims, 326—7 war preparation, 299 will and testament, 71 working methods, 289, 328 "Venizelos, Kyriakos (father ofV.), 11, 18, 24, 30, 39, 41, bio 486 "Venizelos, Kyriakos (elder son of V), 73, 117, 149, 154, 168, 176, 177, bio 487 enlists for Balkan wars, 321 "Venizelos, Sophocles (younger son ofV.), 73, 154, 168, 169, 176, 177, bio 487
enlists for Balkan wars, 321 Venizelou, Aikaterini (Katigo) see Mitsotakis, Aikaterini née Venizelou Venizelou, Eleni see Nostrakis, Eleni née Venizelou Venizelou, Evanthia see Saridakis, Evanthia née Venizelou "Venizelou, Maria née Eleftheriou— Katelouzou (V.’s first wife), 1, 61-71,73,74, 78, bio 466 death of Maria, 73 V.’s grief, 74 Venizelou, Marigo see Yannoudakis, Marigo née Venizelou 515
INDEX "Vikelas, Dimitrios, 187, 204, bio, 487 ‘Cretan autonomy a great good’, 93 ‘The Man’, 205 Vloum,Thanassis, Vloum, Paraskevoula, 117, 147, 149, 177 Th. Vloum dies., 178 war of 1897 (the ‘unfortunate’ war), 93, 162, 205, 232, 306, 316,343 will V.’s will, 71 Xiroudakis, Eumenios, 119 Y Yamalakis, Nikolaos (counsellor, education and religion), 110, 111, 118 *Yannopoulos, Pericles, 281, 307, bio 487 assessment ofV, 273 516 Yannoudakis, Marigo née Venizelou, 22,33,34, 38,43,62, 117 Yiannaras, Christos, 5 Z "Zaimis, Alexandras (High Commissioner, Crete), 119, 165, 168, 169, 230, bio 488 leaves Crete, 172 at crown council, 202 Greek elections, 229, 273 ‘one of the best politicians of Greece’, 165 Zavitsianos, Konstantinos, 214 ’Zorbas, Colonel Nikolaos (leader of Goudi movement), 188, 192, 197, 198, 204, 234, 302, 303, bio 488 agrees to be war minister, 202 dissents over return of princes, 233 meeting with V. , 196 foreign missions, 300 military league disputes, 189 Zymvrakakis, Pamikos (Epaminondas) (Venizelist soldier), 197, 233 j Staaisbiblicthek ! München |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137243006 |
| author_facet | Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- |
| author_variant | m l s ml mls |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047347261 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1268998446 (DE-599)BVBBV047347261 |
| era | Geschichte 1864-1914 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1864-1914 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV047347261 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:36:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:09:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197586495 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032749531 |
| oclc_num | 1268998446 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 516 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210928 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)137243006 aut Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 Michael Llewellyn-Smith New York, NY Oxford University Press [2021] © 2021 xv, 516 Seiten, 32 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Benizelos, Eleutherios 1864-1936 (DE-588)118804146 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1864-1914 gnd rswk-swf Venizelos, Eleutherios / 1864-1936 Prime ministers / Greece / Biography Greece / Politics and government / 20th century (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Benizelos, Eleutherios 1864-1936 (DE-588)118804146 p Geschichte 1864-1914 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 Benizelos, Eleutherios 1864-1936 (DE-588)118804146 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118804146 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 |
| title_auth | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 |
| title_exact_search | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 |
| title_full | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 Michael Llewellyn-Smith |
| title_fullStr | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 Michael Llewellyn-Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Venizelos the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 Michael Llewellyn-Smith |
| title_short | Venizelos |
| title_sort | venizelos the making of a greek statesman 1864 1914 |
| title_sub | the making of a Greek statesman 1864 -1914 |
| topic | Benizelos, Eleutherios 1864-1936 (DE-588)118804146 gnd |
| topic_facet | Benizelos, Eleutherios 1864-1936 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032749531&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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