Utopia's discontents: Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s
"In the years before the 1917 revolution, exiles who had fled the Russian empire created large and boisterous "Russian colonies" across Western and Central Europe. Centers of radical activity in the heart of bourgeois cities, these émigré settlements evolved into revolutionary social...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "In the years before the 1917 revolution, exiles who had fled the Russian empire created large and boisterous "Russian colonies" across Western and Central Europe. Centers of radical activity in the heart of bourgeois cities, these émigré settlements evolved into revolutionary social experiments in their own right. Feminists, nationalist activists, and Jewish intellectuals seeking to liberate and uplift populations oppressed by the tsarist regime treated the colonies as utopian communities, creating new networks, institutions, and cultural practices that reflected their values. Prefiguring the ideal world of freedom and universal fraternity of which radicals dreamed, émigré communities played a crucial role in defining the Russian revolutionary tradition and transforming it into praxis. The dreams born in the colonies also influenced their European host societies, informing international debates about the meaning of freedom on both the left and the right. But if the utopian visions forged in exile inspired populations far and wide, they developed a tendency to evolve in unexpected directions. Colony residents' efforts to transform the world unwittingly produced explosive discontents that proved no less consequential than their revolutionary dreams"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 343 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780190066338 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: From the Café Landolt -- The other communards -- Living the revolution -- Jewish workers meet the Russian Revolution -- Entangled emancipations -- Émigré dystopias -- "The Party of Extreme Opposition" -- Ou-topos? -- Revolution from abroad -- Epilogue: Émigré clans | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "In the years before the 1917 revolution, exiles who had fled the Russian empire created large and boisterous "Russian colonies" across Western and Central Europe. Centers of radical activity in the heart of bourgeois cities, these émigré settlements evolved into revolutionary social experiments in their own right. Feminists, nationalist activists, and Jewish intellectuals seeking to liberate and uplift populations oppressed by the tsarist regime treated the colonies as utopian communities, creating new networks, institutions, and cultural practices that reflected their values. Prefiguring the ideal world of freedom and universal fraternity of which radicals dreamed, émigré communities played a crucial role in defining the Russian revolutionary tradition and transforming it into praxis. The dreams born in the colonies also influenced their European host societies, informing international debates about the meaning of freedom on both the left and the right. But if the utopian visions forged in exile inspired populations far and wide, they developed a tendency to evolve in unexpected directions. Colony residents' efforts to transform the world unwittingly produced explosive discontents that proved no less consequential than their revolutionary dreams"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Radicalism / Russia / History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments и Abbreviations π Explanatory Note хш Introduction: From the Caté Landolt i PART I MAKING UTOPIA CONCRETE 1. The Other Communards із 2. Living the Revolution 37 3. Jewish Workers Meet the Russian Revolution 6s PART II EUROPE’S RUSSIAN MOMENT 4. Entangled Emancipations 5. Émigré Dystopias PART III 97 124 REVOLUTIONARY REPERCUSSIONS 6. “The Party ofExtreme Opposition” í ss 7. Ou-tOVOSl 183 vii
viii CONTENTS 8. Revolution from Abroad Epilogue: Émigré Clans Notes 249 Selected Bibliography Index 32s 297 239 209
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Figures are indicated by an italicƒ following the page number. Action Française, 132 Adam, Juliette, 127-28,132; andDrumont, 131, 132; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and Rachkovskii, 129-30 Adler, Hermann (ChiefRabbi), 75,121-22 Adler, Victor, 91ƒ agents provocateurs. See double agents Akselrod, Nadezhda, 48 Akselrod, Pavel: as artisanal kefir maker, 46; on Bolshevism, 217-18,228,230; on Bund, 93,94,157-58; conversion to Marxism, 61; vs. Drahomanov, 56; on European labor movement, 54; in Geneva, 38-40; in bkra group, 170-71; on Jewish question, 50,63; and Kautsky, 61,186; on Lenin, 176-77; Lepeshinskii on, 176; and Martov, 233-34; and Mensheviks, 184,188; outbreak of World War I and, 203; solidarity ofcolony life and, 54; and Vil’na radical circle, 87; wife of, 48 Aleksinskii, G. A., 206 Alexander II (tsar of Russia): assassination of, 38, 79-80,113,119; reforms under, 25,28; and Zurich colony, 34-35 Alexander III (tsar of Russia), 59 Alexopolous, Golfo, 246 Aliens Act of 1905, Britain, 145,197 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 67,75,122 anarchism/anarchists: Bakunin and, 17-18,25, 26,31-32; bomb plots and public concerns about, 133,135,136; expropriation tactic adopted by, 190-91; internationalism of, 2-3; Jack the Ripper portrayed as, 143; Jewish, in London, 92; Kropotkin and, 63-64,104-5,113; Lenin borrowing from, 213; vs. Marxists, 135,157; mass media used to discredit, 126; packaging for bourgeois citizens, 104-5; party
superstructures created by, 190; Proudhon and, 15; Rocker and, 73; Rome Conference on threat of (1898), 149-50; Russian colonies and, 1-2; Russian Jews and, 75-76,76/; schisms in early 20th century, 195; spread to Zurich colony, 3132; St. Petersburg Conference on threat of (1904), ISO, 151; terrorist attacks in early 1890s, 124; women, 114; World War I and demise of, 205; vs. Zionism, 93 Anarchy and Nihilism (pamphlet), 131 Andrieux, Louis, 118,119,126,128-29,138 Angel ofRevolution, The, 108,112 Annenkov, Pavel, 15,20-21,23 Ansky, S., 50 anti-colonialism/anti-imperialism: Bolshevism and, 7,200-1; Lenin and, 199-200,222; Russian colonies and, 5-6,54-55, 111, 199200; Second International and, 199 antisemitism: and assault on refhgee rights, 139, 144-45; Bakunin and, 49; and blame for bomb plots of 1889-90,135-36,137/; Bolsheviks and, 225; and conspiracy theories, 130-31,132,227-28,240֊41; European, 121, 131-32; Jewish particularism blamed for, 50; Lenin on, 167-68,223; Okhrana and, 14142,158; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159; pro-tsarist agitators and, 130-32,135-36,141-44; radicals and, 49, 50; rise in 1880s, and WesternJews anxieties, 121; Russian-Jewish migrants and, 67; Russian Marxists and, 157-58. See also pogroms 325
326 INDEX Arbeterfraynd (newspaper), 73-76; demise of, 205; Lavrov on, 115; motto of, 224; on Paris Commune, 79; and revolutionary culture, 78, 81; Russian revolutionary classics in, 80-81 Armand, Inessa, 175-76,201 Armenians, in émigré communities, 41,48-49; critique of imperialism, 199; expanding networks of, 190; factionalism of, 63,195; in Geneva, 48-49,61-62; Marxist circle of, 61-62; in Paris, 40 Aronson, Grigorii, 192-93 asylum regimes, in Europe, 20-21,98,1013; in 1830s, 19-20; in 1880s, 38-40; administrative expulsions as subversion of, 120; anxieties about radical refogees and, 119-20,139-40; European public’s support for, 132,138-39; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23; Russian efforts to undermine, 11819,139-44,149-51; self-serving aspects of, 102-3,103/ See ako specific countries Austria: and Polish émigrés, 23; Russian communities in, 41,160-61; Russian residents in, World War I and, 201-2; in World War 1,210-11,227. See ako Vienna Austro-Marxists: and Bund, 89-90,157; Lenin’s critiques of, 200. See ako Kautsky, Karl autocracy. See tsarist regime Azev, Evno, 60,191,192 Bakunin, Mikhail, 14-15; antisemitism of, 49; deported to Russia, 23; disillusionment with Western Europe, 23-24; European revolutions of 1848 and, 21-22,23; on failure of Paris Commune, 33-34; life in exile, 15-16,20-21,23,35; and Marx, 17, 24,25-26,114; and Nechaev, 26-27; Paris Commune and, 27; political program of, 1718,21,24,25; rivalry with Lavrov, 33-34,35; younger generation of émigrés and, 25,26; and Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34 Balabanova, Anzhelika, 46; and Bolshevik party, 228,237; and
Comintern, 231,233; and Italian socialist party, 115; on Lenin, 206; radicalization of, 53; return to Ufe in exile, 237; on RSDRP’s fifth congress (1907), 18586; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Basel, Switzerland: Russian émigrés in, 116,160; Second International in (1912), 198-99 Bebel, August, 91/, 200 Bedford Park experimental community, London, 108 Belarus: radical agitation in, 158-59. See ako Minsk Belgium: RSDRP’s second congress in, 169; Russian colony in, 41,44,195-96 Berlin, Germany: mass expulsion of Russian Jews from, 197; Russian colony in, 160,168,19697; Russian émigrés in, after Revolution of 1917,239; Russian students in, 41 Bern, Switzerland: Lenin in, 201-2; Russian colony in, 38-40,41-42,57-58; Second International in (1920), 230 Berner Street Club, Whitechapel, 73-74,75-76, 80,115; murder associated with, 143; Okhrana agents infiltrating, 139 Bernstein, Eduard, 61,116-17 Besant, Annie, 99,109-10 “Bible and the Bomb, The” (short story), 141-42 Bint, Henri, 242-43 Bismarck, Otto von, 116 Bloch, Ernst, 4 Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 172,194 Bolshevik regime (Soviet state): challenges facing, 215; Civil War and, 220,221; colonies as model for, 216-17,218,221; as concrete utopia, 8,228; conflicts within, 8,215-16, 243-44; contradictions of, 221,224,226, 231-32; efforts to export revolution, 9,226, 228,230,231; emancipation campaigns of, 222,232-33; emigration from, 237,239-41; émigré heritage and, 215,241-42; exclusion of non-Bolshevik parties from, 215-16; Kronstadt rebelhon and, 235; nationality poUcy of, 233; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214—15; official
histories of, 242; and one-party state, creation of, 235-37; radical critics of, 217-18,228-30,233-36,237; relations with outside world, 226,231, 242; repression of political rivals, 218-20, 233-34,235-36,237; show trials under, 235-36,246; use ofviolence by, 218-20, 228,235,236 Bolshevism/Bolsheviks: activists ofJewish origin and, 188,189,225,233; anti-colonial platform of, 7,200-1; assimilationist stance of, 188-89; cooptation ofJewish socialism by, 223-24; crisis of Russian colonies and, 184; dogmatic clarity of, 236-37; double agents in, 191,192; and emancipatory campaigns, 195,201,213,221-26; émigré heritage and, 7-8,155-56,209-10, 213,215-17,220-21,225-26,231-32, 241-42; expropriation used by, 187-88, 196-97; February Revolution of 1917 and, 211; growth in Russia, 181,214,232; internationalism of, 226; internment during World War 1,226-27; as Jewish conspiracy, theory of, 227-28,240-41; Jewish question and, 192-93,222-24,225; Krakow as new intellectual center of, 194-95,200,201-2, 204; Lenin and, 155-S6,170-71,172-74; Marxist ideology and, 155; membership among émigrés, 228; membership in Russia, 181,214; vs. Mensheviks, 174,177-78, 181-82,185-90,233-34; as millenarian cult, theory of, 155; national question and,
INDEX 188-89,192-93,200-1,224-25,233; non-Marxist parties emulating, 190-91; and October Revolution of 1917,214-15; original members of, 172,173/, 176,188; origins of, explanations for, 8-9; origins of term, 170-71; Paris as intellectual center of, 186; patriarchal culture of, 173/, 175-76, 217,224,232-33; in post-1905 period, 184; purges ofjewish members of, 233; rhetorical violence of, 189-90; Russian colonies and, 1-2,7,8-9,155-56; schisms within, 194-95,215-16; scholarship on, 7; severe discipline of, 186-87,216; surprising victory in Russia, 209-10; and Third International, 9,231; transformation in 1920s, 241; universalism of, 192-94,233; victory in Civil War, 231-32; women in, 175-76,217,224; and womens rights, 195,201,213. See abo Bolshevik regime; Old Bolsheviks Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 155-56,172,174-75, 178,216 Borochov, Ber, 77 Boulanger, Georges, 127,132 Brenner, Yosef Chaim, 193,196 Britain: Aliens Act of 1905 in, 145,197; asylum policies of, 19-20,25,40,101-2,119,139֊ 40; left in, revival in 1880s, 114-15; Okhrana activities in, 139,140-42; open borders by late 19th century, 44; police in, on Bolshevik success, 209; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18; Polish exiles in, after revolt of 1830,19-20,23; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, 102-3; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 137,141,14446,197; Red Scare in, 226-27; relocation of Russian émigrés to, 138-39,140; repatriation of Russian émigrés after February Revolution of 1917 and, 210; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; and Russia, cooperation between,
147-48,185; Russian colonies in, 3-4; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204-5; Russian government’s pressure on, 119; RussianJewish migrants in, 67,145; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, ISO. See aho London Brodetsky, Selig, 71-72 Brussels, Belgium: RSDRP’s second congress in, 169; Russian colony in, 44,195-96 Bukharin, Nikolai: and Bolshevik regime, 21516,221,228; on Bolshevism, 186-87; on nationalism, 204; radical insurgencies after World War I and, 228; and right opposition, 245; Stalins purges and, 245-46 Bulgaria, Russian colony in, 41 Bund (Jewish Labor Bund): Austro-Marxists and, 89-90,157; Bolshevik seizure ofpower and, 327 217-18; and cross-border smuggling networks, 88-89,90,159,164; disillusioned Bolsheviks joining, 192-93; double agents in, 191; in early Soviet state, 223,233,246; economist newspapers published by, 158-59; émigré heritage and, 88; February Revolution of 1917 and, 211-12; Foreign Committee of, 88-89; impact on non-Marxist parties, 92; infiltration by police, 88; vs. bkra group, 167-68,169; Lenin’s critiques of, 163-64,167-68,189,200; vs. Liberation ofLabor group, 93,94,157-58, 161,162; membership in Russia, 89,181; and Mensheviks, 195; nationalist turn in, 87-88, 89-90,94,157; origins of, 84-85,87-88; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204; Plekhanov’s critiques of, 93,94,157-58,167-68; poster of revolutionary heroes, 90,91/; after Revolution of1905,184-85; rifts within, 93-94,195; and RSDRP, 90,92,93,157,167-68,179, 185; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169; and Russian Marxism, 87,90,157-58; and worker mobilization,
161; vs. Zionists, 93,157 Burtsev, Vladimir: investigation of double agents by, 192; investigation of Okhrana by, 180; on Lenin as double agent, 192; Okhrana’s attempts to capture, 120,140-41; opposition to Bolshevik regime, 217-18,228,240-41; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3 By What Does Man Live? (Diksztajn), 61,80-81,85 Cama, Madame, 112 Canada, Trotsky in, 210 Caucasian activists: and Bolsheviks, 188; and Bund, 195; in Geneva colony, 49; Lenin on, 200-1; on national question, 169,188-89, 195; in Zurich colony, 30,31,36. See abo Georgians Caucasus: first Marxist publication in, 159; smuggling networks through, 164. See abo Caucasian activists central party structure: Bolsheviks and, 221,233; Lenin and, 155-56,161,213,232,233; Liberation ofLabor group and, 161; Marxists and, 62-64,195 Chaikovtsy, 33,36,38 Chartism, 20-21 Chatterjee, Choi, 102-3 Chavikchvili, Ivan, 227 Cheka (Soviet political police), 218; repression by, 218,220,234; successor to, 242-43 Chernov, Viktor, 189,194; in civil war, 220; and Constituent Assembly, 218; critique of Bolsheviks, 234; life in exile, 211,237; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203,204; and Provisional Government, 211-12; return to Russia after February Revolution ofl917,211-12; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205
328 INDEX Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 9 If; Siberian esule of, 25; What Is to Be Done?, 24-25,31-32 Chicago, Haymarket bombing in (1886), 135 Chopin, Frédéric, 16 Churchill, Winston, 191,197,227-28 Citroën, André, 71-72 Civil War, Russian, 220,221; end of, 231-32; and Soviet worldview, 226 colonial subjects: Russian émigrés’defense of, 111, 112; Russian émigrés distinguished from, 102-3. See also anti-colonialism colonies (kolonii), Russian, 1; in 1860s, 3-4, 29; in 1870s-1880s, 38-42; alternative lifestyles of, influence on host societies, 97; and anti-colonial activism, 5-6,54-55, 111, 199-200; and Bolshevism, 1-2,7, 8-9,155-56; communal infrastructure of, 5,53-54; complexity of, 4; as concrete utopias, 4-5,6,10,13-14,31,36,37, 247-48; conflicts in, 2,6-7,37,56-58, 63-64,94,157,158,159,189-90,194, 213,236-37; crisis in early 20th century, 155-58,161,183-84, 201; cross-border networks of, 5-6,41,55-56; cross-cultural exchanges in, 61; defining elements of, 29, 42; demographics of, 41-42,160; double agents infiltrating, 58-60,130,191-92; egalitarianism of, 29-30,46; emancipated women in, 5,13,46-48,47/, 99,109-10, 114; and emancipatory campaigns, 2, 5,6-7, 9,46-52, 53-54,78-79,86,107-12,157; European liberalism and, 5-6,9,32,36,98, 107-9,122-23; expansion in early 20th century, 159-61; experimental community modeled on, 108; and host societies, 94, 97-98,122; internationalism of, 5-6,54-55, 108,111-12; Jews in, 41-42,45-46,49-51; legacies of, 10,239; and Lenin’s thought, 164-65,166,230; liminality as source of empowerment of, 5; literary culture in, 5254,55-56; and Marxism,
1-2,8-9,61-62, 63; as model for Soviet Russia, 216-17, 218, 221; mutual aid associations in, 5,30, 44-45; and nationalist struggles, 48-49,54, 111-12; non-Russian ethnic minorities in, 48-51; October Revolution of 1917 and, 226; origins ofterm, 5; police surveillance of, European, 117-18,124,138,146,156; police surveillance of, tsarist, 7,58-60; and revolutionary activism, 1-2; and Revolution of 1917,13-14,209-10; Russian diplomatic campaign against, 118-19; Russophile activists’ campaign against, 124-32,133-35; secularism of, 44; and socialism, 1-2,113; and Society of Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; solidarities of, 5,6,29-30,32,44-46,5152,53-54; spatial elements and utopian potential of, 5-6; transformations in early 20th century, 151,194,195-96; tsarist regime and, 38; unification initiatives of, 160-61; university students and, 28-31, 38-40; use of term, 4; violent turn in early 20th century, 190-92; Western observers’ interest in, 97-98; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 65,66,72-84; World War I and, 201-3,204-5; and Zionism, 1,7, 51,196. See also specific colonies/cities Commissariat(s), Soviet: dysfhnction of, 232; émigré heritage and, 216-17,220; one-man management replacing, 232 communal life: in Bedford Park experimental community, 108; in Iskra group, 162-63; in Russian colonies, 5,53-54; in Soviet Russia, 216-17 Communist International (Comintern), 231; affiliates of, 231; creation of, 231. See ako Third International Communist Manifesto (Marx), 15,81,89 concrete utopia(s), 4; Paris Commune as, 27; Russian colonies as, 4-5,6,10,13-14,31, 36,37,247-48; Siberian exile
camps as, 6; Soviet state as, 8,228; working-class immigrants and, 66 Confession of a Nihilist, The (pamphlet), 129-30 conflicts (skloki): agents provocateurs and, 60; alternative lifestyles and, 22; within Bolshevik party/regime, 8,194-95, 215-16,243-44; between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 174,177-78,181-82, 185-90,233-34; within Bund, 93-94, 195; emancipatory campaigns and, 57-58, 157-58,192-94; between émigrés and host nations, 22-24,196-98; exile and, 2-3; Ukra group and, 167-71; among Jewish political activists, 83-84,93-94; Lenin and, 2,156; Marx and, 2-3,24; Marxists and, 63-64,155-56,157-58,161; within Menshevik party, 184,195,206,207f, 241; national question and, 56,206; within non-Marxist parties, 195; Paris Commune and, 27; among Polish émigrés, 63; among postrevolutionary émigrés, 241; among radical émigrés in Geneva, 26-27; in radical networks, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204, 206; and restoration of revolutionary potential, Lenin on, 204,206; after Revolution of 1905,180-81,182,184-85; after Revolution of 1917,8,215-16,24344; in RSDRP, 157,177-78,183-84, 204; Russian colonies and, 2,6-7,37,56-58,
INDEX 63-64,94,157,159,189-90,194,213, 236-37; within Second International, 19899; within SPD, 116-17; and Stalins rise to power, 243,247; in working-class Jewish immigrant neighborhoods, 83-84; in Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34,35 Congress of Soviets: Mensheviks expelled from, 21920; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15 Conrad, Joseph: Secret Agent, The, 144; Under Western Eyes, 98,144 conspiracy theories: exiles’ commitment to emancipation ofjews and, 7; on Jewish kahal, 130-31,132; on Jews and Bolshevism, 227-28,240-41 Constituent Assembly, 218 Corday, Charlotte, 106 courts: in Russian colonies, 5; in Soviet state, show trials by, 235-36,246 Cyon, Èlle de (H’ía Tsíon), 126-27,128,130,149; on anarchist terror, 135; on autocracy as ideal form of government, 131; on CatholicOrthodox reconciliation, 148-49; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and League of Patriots, 132 Czartoryski, Adam, 16 Dan, Fedor, 177; Bolshevik regime and, 218,220, 235-36; Mensheviks and, 177,184,188; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203; return to life in exile, 237 Dan, Lidiia, 49; Bolshevik regime and, 220; emigration to New York, 240; in Iskra group, 162-63,168; on Lenin, 164,168; on Mensheviks, 186; Revolution of 1905 and return to Russia, 179 Dashnak party, 63 Daudet, Alphonse, 105-6 Déroulède, Paul, 132 dialectical materialism, Marxism and, 4,63 dictatorship of proletariat: Kautsky on, 229; Lenin on, 230; Second International’s rejection of, 230; Trotsky on, 236 Diksztajn, Szymon, 61,80-81,85 Dimanshtein, Semen, 223,242,246 discussion circles (kruzhki), radical, 14-15,30,31 Dmitrieva, Elizaveta, 27
double agents (agents provocateurs): Bolshevik regimes treatment of, 218-19; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-36; in Russian colonies, 58-60,130,191-92 Drabkina, Feodosiia, 172,176 Drahomanov, Mykhailo: and emancipation of women, 48; and federalist schemes, 54; in Geneva, 38-40,48-49; Holy Brotherhood and, 59; on Jewish question, 57; polemics 329 against Lavrov, 56,57,58; on revolutionary terrorism, 113; visit to Zurich colony, 31 Drumont, Édouard, 131, 132,135-36 Dumas, Alexandre (fils), 127-28 Dzierżyński, Feliks, 218,220 East End (Whitechapel) neighborhood, London, 67-68; Anarcho-Communists in, 92; Berner Street Club in, 73-74,75-76,80,115; Bundists in, 89; close-knit community of, 69; efforts to reform, 121; emancipation dreams in, 69; ethnic economy of, 65,69; Jack the Ripper in, 67-68,143; Lenin’s agitation in, 163; libraries/reading rooms in, 78,80/, 90; media campaign targeting, 143,145-46; Okhrana agents infiltrating, 139; philanthropy in, 70,71,75; progressive European women and, 110-11; public opinion on, shift in, 144-45; resettlement of inhabitants to North America, 122; revolutionary agitation in, 82-83,163; Sidney Street Siege in, 191,196-97; socialists in, 75-76; strikes in, 73-74; Western observers on, 98,106; working-class Jewish immigrants in, 65-66,68-69 economism/economists, 86; growing strength of, 90; vs. Marxists, 93,116,157; Vilna radical circle and, 86,87 egalitarianism: of Russian colonies, 29-30,46; socialist ideas and, 72-73 Eisner, Clara, 114. See also Zetkin, Clara Eliot, George, 109 emancipation (emancipatory campaigns): Bolsheviks and,
195,201,209-10,213, 221-26; and doctrinal conflicts, 57-58; emigration and, 18,21-22,37,42-46; Marxist position on, 63; Paris Commune and, 27; Russian colonies and, 2,5-7,9, 46-52,78-79,86,107-12; Russian exiles of 1830s-1860s and, 20-22; Soviet state and, 222,232-33; vs. universalism, 6-7,63,93. See aho specific campaigns emancipation ofjews: in 18th-century Europe, 51, 130-31; Aksel’rod on, 50,63; Bolsheviks on, 192-93,222-24,22S; Bund’s position on, 87-88,89-90,94; diverse approaches to, 5051; doctrinal disputes regarding, 57,157-58, 192-94; exiles’ commitment to, and Jewish conspiracy theories, 7; Marxists on, 157-58; Russian colonies and, 5,49-51,53-54,157; Russian émigrés and struggle for, 20-22,9293; vs. universal emancipation, 93; workingclass immigrant neighborhoods and, 69-70. See яко Jewish nationalism emancipation of serfs, in Russia, 25; calls for, 16
330 INDEX emancipation of women: activism of 1860s and, 24-25; Bolsheviks and, 195,201, 213; Jewish proletarians and, 78-79, 110-11; Menshevik position on, 195; Paris Commune and, 27; personal cost of, 58; resistance to, 57-58; Russian colonies and, 5,13,46-48,47/, 53-54,99,109-10,114; Russian exiles of 1830s-1860s and, 17,22; Soviet state and, 222,232-33; in Zurich universities/colony, 13,28-29,30-31,3435. See also feminism emancipation ofworkers: Paris Commune and, 27; Polish Socialist Party (PPS) on, 63 emigration: emancipatory potential of, 18,21-22, 37,42-46; legacies of, 239. See ako émigré heritage émigré(s): German, in Switzerland, 61; political, in 19th-century Europe, 2-3; use of term, 4; and utopias, 3,4,247-48. See ako émigrés, Russian; Polish émigrés émigré heritage: and Bolsheviks, 7-8,155-56, 209-10,213,215-17,220-21,225-26,231֊ 32, 241-42; and Bund, 88; and Soviet state, 215,241-42 émigrés, Russian: asylum protections for, 20-21, 98,101-3; Bolshevik regime and, 237; bomb plots of 1889-1890 and attitudes toward, 136; and European hosts, relationship of, 2324, 94,196-98; European public s opinion of, shift in, 129-30,131,137-38,144-47, 151; European pubhc s support for, 44, 101-3,104-5,132; and European radicals, 17,107-8,112-17,132,197-98,200; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23-24; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,209,210, 226; first generation of (I830s-1860s), 3, 15-18,20-22,23-24,25-28; and Jewish emancipation, struggle for, 20-22,92-93; journeys westward, 42-43; Marx and, 20-21, 24,61; October Revolution of 1917 and, 226, 239; and Polish exiles,
alliances of, 16-17, 21; postrevolutionary, 183-84,237,239-41; Red Scare and, 226-28,231; repatriation after February Revolution of 1917,210-11; restrictions on rights of, 23-24,67,145,197; after Revolution of 1905,183-84; Russian diplomatic campaign against, 118-19; Russophile activists campaign to discredit, 124-32; second generation of (1860s1880s), 3,25,38; subaltern consciousness of, 201; Western liberal discourse on, 97-104, 105-6,107-9,114-15; World War I and, 201-3,204-5. See ako colonies Engels, Friedrich, 20-21,27-28,91/; on revolutionary terrorism, 113; Russian perspectives and evolution of theories of, 113-14 England. See Britain ethnic minorities. See non-Russian ethnic minorities Europe: asylum regimes in, 19-21,38-40,98, 101-3; defenders of tsarist regime in, 124-25,126-28; emancipation ofJews in, 51,130-31; illiberal turn in late 19th century, 122-23,124-25; political ideas from, influence on Russian intellectuals, 14-15,16; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 129-30,131,137-38, 144-47,151; radicals in, Russian émigrés and, 17,107-8,112-17,132,197-98,200; Red Scare in, 226-28; restrictive policies toward immigrants, 22-23,67,145,197; revolutionary terrorism in, alarm over, 13338,134/; revolutions of 1848 in, 8,21-22, 23; revolutions of 1918-19 in, 228-29; and Russia, anti-anarchist accords with, 149-50, 151,156; and Russia, entangled history of, 9,14-15; Russian émigrés’ disillusionment with, 23-24; support for Russian émigrés in, 44,101-3,104-5,132. See ako liberalism; specific countries Evkom, 223 Evsektsiia, 223,242,246 exile(s): conflict
associated with, 2-3; and opportunities for political organization, 239; use of term, 4. See ako émigré(s) expropriation tactic: Bolsheviks and, 187-88, 196-97; European hosts’ response to, 19697; non-Marxist parties adopting, 190-91; Soviet state and, 213 Ezhov, Sergei, 159,237,246 Fabian Society, 99, 111, 114—1S family: exiles’ attempts to reform, 17,22, 30-31,47-48,78-79; ties among Old Bolsheviks, 217 Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 99 February Revolution of 1917,207; émigré response to, 207-8,209,210,226; and Lenin’s return to Russia, 2,209,210-11 feminism: in early 1840s’ Europe, 15; Russian colonies and, 5-6,109-10,114; Russian revolutionaries and, 99,100,104,105-6 Figner, Vera, 29,30,31,35,47-18,58 First International, 25-26 Five Year Plan, first, 244 Flaubert, Gustave, 127-28 Ford, Ford Madox, 107-8 Ford, Isabella, 109-10,180 Foreign Committee of the Bund, 88-89 Fotieva, Lidiia, 172,176,178-79,216 France: arrests of Russian radicals in, 118,119-20, 125/; asylum policies of, 19-20,23,101-2, 119,120; bomb plots of 1889-1890 and, 124,
INDEX 133-36; emancipation ofJews in, 130-31; expulsion of Russian radicals from, 140; extreme right in, pro-tsarist agitators and, 132; July Monarchy in, 19,20; Okhrana activities in, 128-30,133-36,180; open borders by late 19th century, 44; police in, cooperation with Okhrana, 118,119-20, 138,150-51; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18,124,197,207; Polish cause championed in, 20; Polish exiles in, 19-20,22-23, 25; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 137; Red Scare in, 226,227,228; revolution of 1789 in, 14-15,130-31; revolution of 1830 in (July revolution), 18,19; rise of nationalism in, 128; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; and Russia, formal alliance of (1892), 147^-8; Russian colonies in, 3-4; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 205; Russian government’s pressure on, 119; Russian-Jewish migrants in, 67; Second Republic in, 21-22; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, 150. See ako Paris France, Anatole, 127-28 freedom. See emancipation Free Economic Society, St. Petersburg, 159 Free Russian Press Fund, London, 56 French revolution (1789), 130-31; impact on Russian empire, 14-15 Fritschi, the: Lavrov and, 34; in Paris, 40; in Zurich, 30-31,32,35,36 Gambetta, Léon, 127-28 Gandhi, Leela, 107 Garnett, Constance, 109 Garnett, Olive, 108,109,110-11 Gaulois, Le (newspaper), 127,130 Gekkeľman, Abram (Landesen), 130; and British secret service, 140; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-35,180; and Zurich bomb incident of 1889,135 Gel’fand, Izrail’. See Parvus
Gel’finan, Gessia, 9 If Geneva, Switzerland: as bastion of free thought, 38-40; Bund leaders in, 88-89; Communards exiled to, 54-55; Lenin’s circle in, 172,173/, 176,216; nationalist activists in, 48-49; Russian Marxists in, 25-27; Russian students in, 39/, 137-38,159-60 Geneva colony, 1,38^10; Bolsheviks in, 172-76; Café Landolt in, 1-2, 7; conflicts between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in, 177-78; expansion in early 20th century, 160; library in, 53,174-75; newspapers published by, 52; women in, 47/, 47—48 331 Geneva Liberation of Labor group. See Liberation of Labor group, Geneva Georgians, in emigré communities, 41; and Bolsheviks, 188; brand ofMarxism of, 159; factionalism of, 63; and Mensheviks, 188 German émigrés, in Switzerland, 61 German Idealism, 14-15 German Social Democrats. See SPD Germany: alarm about rise of, and Russian alliances with France and Britain, 147; anti socialist laws in, 112-13,116; Bolshevik regime’s negotiations with, 215-16; in Franco-Prussian war, 128; Lenin in, 162; and Lenin’s return to Russia (1917), 210-11; Marxists’ return to, 116; police harassment of émigré communities in, 197; Polish exiles in, after revolt of 1830,19; progressive Russian gentry in (I830s-1840s), 15; revolution of 1918-19 in, 228,229-30; Russian communities in, in late 19th century, 41,116; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239; RussianJewish migrants in, 67; Russian residents in, World War I and, 201-2; Russian students in, 28,41,136,197; smuggling rings through, 43; and tsarist regime, 41. See also specific cities Germinal (Zola), 98 Gide, Charles, 91ƒ Gladstone,
William, 127 Goldman, Emma, 78-79 Golovin, Ivan, 15,17-18,20-21,23 Gopelson, Emmanuel, 146-47 Gor’kii, Maksim, 224 Great Terror, 246-48 Gusev, S. I., 172,176 Ha’am, Ahad, 76-77 Halle, Germany, Russian students in, 41 Hansen, Jules, 128; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and Rachkovskii, 129,141 Harting, Arkadii, 133-35. See ako Gekkeľman, Abram Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), 135 Heidelberg, Germany, Russian students in, 28,41 Herwegh, Georg, 17,20-21,22 Herzen, Aleksandr, 14-15; death of, 31-32; disillusionment with Western Europe, 23-24, 166; European revolutionaries and, 17,24; European revolutions of 1848 and, 21-22, 23-24; family life of, 17,22; first impressions of France, 16,23; life in exile, 15-16,20-21, 23,25; and Nechaev, 26; political program of, 17-18,24; and Russian Free Press, 18,56; salon of, 16; on solidarity between Russians and Poles, 17; younger generation of émigrés and, 25 Herzen, Natalija, 17,22
332 INDEX Herzl, Theodor, 76-77 Hillel (Jewish sage), 81,224 Holy Brotherhood, 59-60 Hromada (journal), 48-49 Hueffer, Juhet, 107-8, ПО Hugo, Victor, 18,119-20 human trafficking, Jews accused of, 144-45 Hunchak party, 61-62,63 Hungary: Communist revolution in (1919), 228, 230; pogroms in, 143 hunger strike: Russian émigrés and, 112; suffragettes and, 109-10 Hyndman, Henry, 114,180 Idel’son, Rozaliia, 48 Indian activists, Russian revolutionaries and, 112,199 intellectuals, Russian: European political ideas of 1830s-1840s and, 14-15,16; and Jewish workers, 65,66,72-84; radicalism of, origins of, 8-9 internationalism: Bolsheviks and, 226; Paris Commune and, 27; political exile and development of 2-3; pro-Russian activists’ brand of, 148-49; Russian colonies and, 5-6, 54-55,108,111-12; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 79-80 International Socialist Conference, Amsterdam (1904), 171 International Socialist Conference, Paris (1900), 94 International Working Men’s Association (First International), 25-26 Irish nationalists: bombings by, 117-18; and Russian émigrés, 111-12 Iskra (newspaper), 162; criticism of Western socialists in, 164-65,166/; Lenin’s essays in, 164; Western radicals’ support for, 163 Iskra group, 162-63; Berlin circle of, 179; vs. Bund, 167-68,169; Bundist smuggjing networks and, 164; communal life of 16263; conflicts involving, 167-71; influence in Russia, 164; Lenin and, 162,163-64,171; Liberation of Labor group and, 162,163-64, 168; new revolutionary doctrines developed in, 164,165-66; self-destruction of 171; vs. Zionists, 167,168 Istpart, 242,244,245-46
Italy: Risorgimento in, 2-3,21-22,25; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898), 14950; Russian colony in, 41; socialist party in, Russian émigrés and, 115; SR headquarters in, 194; Vpered! group in, 194 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 93 Jack the Ripper, 67-68,143 Jewish Communists, distrust of, 225 Jewish France (Drumont), 131 Jewish Labor Bund. See Bund Jewish nationalism: Bolshevik opposition to, 19294,233; Bund and, 87-88,89-90,94,157; intensification in early 20th century, 157-58; Lenin on, 200-1; vs. universal emancipation, 93,192-93. See abo emancipation ofJews Jewish question. See emancipation ofJews Jewbh Russia (pamphlet), 130-31,132 Jewish Workers’ Society, Paris, 74-75,78,114,115 Jews, attacks on. See antisemitism; conspiracy theories; pogroms Jews, Russian: and anarchism, 75-76,76/; Bolshevik regime and, 222-24,225,234-35; British restrictions on, 145; in Chaikovtsy, 33; in colonies, 41-42,45-46,49-51, 193-94; diverse backgrounds of 68-69; doctrinal disputes among, 83-84,93-94; efforts to acculturate, 70-72,75; exodus from Soviet state, 234-35; February revolution of 1917 and, 226; German restrictions on, 67; integration into Russian society, 51; in leadership of radical parties, 92,188,19394; Lenin’s position on, 167-68,189; mass expulsion from Berlin, 197; mass migration of 1860s, 3; mass migration orlate 19thearly 20th century, 65-67; media campaign targeting, 143,144-46; in Menshevik leadership, 188,189; in New York, 74,23435; outbreak of World War I and, 202; purges under Stalin, 246; Red Scare and, 227; resettlement to North America, 122; and revolutionary
terrorism, blame for, 135-36, 137f 144-45,146,147; as students in foreign universities, 38,51; suffering endured by, European media on, 101; suffering endured by, Lavrov on, 82; universalist views of 50; in Vil’na radical circle, 49-50,55; Western Jews and, 70-72,75,76-77,106-7,121-22; work ethic of contradictory perceptions of, 120֊ 21. See abo Pale of Settlement; working-class Jewish immigrants Jews Free School, London, 70,71-72 Jogiches, Leon, 62,63,92 Judaism, socialist reimagining of, 81 kahal, conspiracy theories regarding, 130-31,132 Kamenev, Lev, 188; and Bolshevik regime, 21516; critiques of global imperialism, 199; February Revolution of 1917 and, 210,212; and Lenin, 172,194,210,214; outbreak of World War I and, 204; in power struggle after Lenin’s death, 243,245; prosecution in show trial, 246; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198-99; Stalin’s campaign against, 244,245-46; wife of 217,242
INDEX Kameneva, Olga, 217,242,246 Kapital, Das (Marx), 25-26,61 Kara penal colony tragedy (1888-89), 104,109-10 Katz, Jacob, 51 Kautsky, Karl, 91/; and Akselrod, 61,186; on Alexander Ils assassination, 113; on Bolshevik regime, 229,236; influence of, 89,158-59; and Lenin, 199-200,229-30; and Marxism, 116; on mass strikes, 117; and Parvus, 116; on Russian revolutionary movement, 117; and SPD, 164-65 Key, Ellen, 109 Khatsman (Weizmann), Vera, 47/, 51 Kiev, Ukraine: Jewish population of, 68-69, 171; pogrom of 1881 in, 101; Rachkovsii in, 59-60; Zurich communes influence in, 31,33 Kirov, Sergei, 245-46 Kishinev pogrom of 1903,92 Kollontai, Aleksandra, 195; and Bolsheviks, 204,215-16,222,224,235,237; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,212; and Lenin, 204,232-33; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 201-2,205; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198-99; and Shliapnikov, 212; Stalin’s purges and, 246; and women’s rights, 201; and Workers Opposition group, 235 Ko/oko/ (journal), 18 Kombund, 223-24 konspiratsiia, new revolutionary doctrine of, 161, 163,164-65,191 Kopel’zon, Timofei, 85,88-89 Kossuth, Lajos, 20-22 Kovalevskaia, Sofiia, 109 Koven, Seth, 107 Krakow, Poland, as new Bolshevik intellectual center, 194-95,200,201-2,204 Krantz, Philip, 74-75 Kravchinskii, Sergei (Stępniak): assassination by, 38; bestselling books of, 99, 100,114; death of, 52; life in exile, 38-41, 108, 118-19; and Plekhanov, 44; Western commentators on, 105,108,110,114-15; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 7981; on Zasulich, 104 Kremer, Arkadii, 85,196; On Agitation, 86-87; and Bund, 87;
emigration of, 88-89 Kronstadt rebellion, 235; suppression of, 235, 236,237 Kropotkin, Petr: and anarchism, 63-64,104-5, 113; arrest and trial in France, 118,119-20; bestselling books of, 99,114; in Chaikovtsy, 33; disciples of, 114; life in exile, 38-41,120, 211; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; on Paris Commune, 64; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; 333 visit to Zurich colony, 31,32-33; Western commentators on, 102-3,106,107-8,11011,114-15; wife of, 45-46,48; and workingclass Jewish immigrants, 79-81 Krupskaia, Nadezhda: and Bolsheviks, 176,217; on émigré struggles after 1905,183; February Revolution (1917) and, 207-8; and Iskra commune, 162-63; and Lenin, 171-72, 175-76; in London, 164-65; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; Siberian exile of, 162; vision for collective life in Soviet Russia, 216; and women s journal, 201; on Zasulich, 175-76 Krylenko, Nikolai, 218-19 Kuliabko-Koretskii, Nikolai, 32; escape from Russia, 43,55; in London, 65,66; in Zurich, 13,29,30 Kun, Béla, 228,230 Kvali (periodical), 159 labor movement: European, Russian émigrés and, 54,115; Russian, in 1880s, 84-85. See also strikes; trade unions Labor Zionism (Poale/Poalei Zion), 77, 184-85,223 Lachs, Vivi, 81 Lafayette, Marquis de, 20 Landesen. See Gekkeľman, Abram land expropriation: German communists’ calls for, 228; in Soviet state, 213 landslayt associations, 69 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 89,91ƒ Latvians: Bolsheviks and, 188,190; in émigré communities, 41; Lenin on, 200-1; in London, and Sidney Street Siege, 191; at
Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Lausanne, Switzerland: Bolshevik expropriation in, 187-88,196-97; Russian students in, 136,159-60 Lavrov, Petr (Piotr), 91/; and contraband network, 55; double agent infiltrating circle of, 130; expulsion from Paris, 118; on failure of Paris Commune, 33-34; and Idel’son, 48; influence in Russia, 33; and Jewish particularism, 90; and Jewish Workers’ Society, 74-75; and Liberman, 49-50; move to London, 35,40-41; move to Paris, 25, 40; Paris Commune and, 27; polemics with Drahomanov, 56,57, 58; provincial exile of, 25; rivalry with Bakunin, 33-34,35; at Second International, 115; on terrorist attacks, justifications for, 104; and Vpered! (newspaper), 40-41,65; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 65,82; and Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34 Lazare, Bernard, 121-22
334 INDEX League of Patriots, 132 League of the Rights of Man, 99 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 24 Left-Hegelians, 17 legal Marxism, 159 Leipzig, Germany: Russian émigrés in, 1,43; Russian students in, 41,114 Lemberg, Ukraine: Polish and Ukrainian activists in, 41; Russian bookstores in, 56; Zionist activism in, 196 Lenin, Vladimir: and anti-colonialism, 199-200, 222; on antisemitism, 167-68,223; arrival in Petrograd (2017), 209,210; and Bolshevik party expansion, 214; and Bolshevism, 155-56,170-71,172-74; and Bund, critiques of, 163-64,167-68,189,200; and centralized party organization, 155-56, 161,213, 232,233; challenges to leadership of, 194; collected writings of, omissions in, 242; colonies’ influence on thought of, 230; and Communist International, 231; concrete utopia created by, 156; conflicts catalyzed by, 2,156; dejection and rage of, 171-72,207; denunciation of radical critics, 235; dictatorial tendencies of, criticism of, 229-30,233; as double agent, suspicion of, 192; émigré heritage and, 213,215; émigré milieu and, 163,164-65; European revolutions and, 228; evolving thinking of, return to Russia and, 213; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,209; in Geneva, 1-2,7,172-73,175-76; Geneva circle of, 172,173/, 176,216; illness and death of, 243; inflammatory rhetoric of, 189,204; inner circle of, 216; introduction to Marxist texts, 62; and Iskra group, 162, 163-64,168,171; on Jewish Communists, 225; and Kautsky, 199-200,229-30; and kanspiratsiia doctrine, 161,163,164-65, 191; in Krakow, 194-95, 200,201-2; “Lessons of a Crisis, The,” 165-66,167; in London,
155,162,163,164-65; lover of, 175-76,201; and Malinowski, 191,192, 218-19,242; and Martov, 168,170,171-72, 220; vs. Martov, 177,181,206,219-20,233; on Mensheviks, 170-73,174,185,189-90, 230; in Munich, 162,163; national concerns and, 188-89,200-1,203-4,213,222, 224-25; and October Revolution of 1917, 214—15; “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back,” 170-71,177; open letter to Paris colony, 190; opportunism of, 187-88,205, 206,212,213-14; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2,203-4, 206; in Paris, 186; on Paris Commune, 172-73,181,203-4,206, 212,229-30; patriarchal power of, 173/, 175-77,217,232-33; personality of, 168, 170,172,186-87; and Plekhanov, 62-63, 161,162,163-64,171; populist appeal of, 212-13,214; power struggle after death of, 243; Provisional Government overthrown by, 209; radical youths devotion to, 164; return abroad in 1907,183; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,2,209, 210-11; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179,181; andRSDRP, conflicts with, 164,171; at RSDRP’s second congress, 168-69,170; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; Siberian exile of, 94,155,161-62; sister of, 217; on SPD, 199-200,231; and Stalin, 194-95,200; and Trotsky, 177,181,203,214-15; ultra radical tendencies of, 166,174,200,205-6, 212; universalist stance of, 192-93; utopian vision of, 204,206,209,212-14; and Vil’na radical circle, 86-87; and Vperedists, 194-95,204; Weizmann on, 193; What is to Be Donet, 164,165-66; and women’s rights, 201; on World War Is transformative potential, 203-4,20S-6,212-13,215-16; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205-6; in
Zurich, 201-2 Leo XIII, Pope, 148-49 Lepeshinskaia, Olga, 172,174-75,176 Lepeshinskii, Panteleimon, 172; anti-Menshevik cartoons by, 174,175/, 181; in Bolshevik regime, 216; Geneva canteen operated by, 174-75; on Lenin, 176 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 105 “Lessons of a Crisis, The” (Lenin), 165-66,167 Levitskii, Vladimir, 159,237,246 Liber, Mark, 169,218,220,237,246 liberalism/liberals, European, 98; anti-anarchist accords and, 151,156; class and racial hierarchies and, 102-3; destabilization in late 19th century, 122-23,124; failed revolutions of 1848 discrediting, 8; pro-tsarist agitators’ attacks on, 130-31,132; and Russian colonies, 5-6,9,32,36,98,107-9,122-23; Russian radicalism and, 9,98,106 Liberation of Labor group, Geneva, 61; vs. Bund, 93,94,157-58,161,162; and centralized party organization, 161; doctrinal ruptures in, 157; on economism, 90; and Iskra group, 162,163-64,168; and SPD, 116; vs. SRs, 161; and Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad, 61-62,90; and Vil’na radical circle, 87 Liberation of Labor group, St. Petersburg, 62-63, 86-87,161,220 Liberman, Aron, 49-50,55,72-73,90 libraries (reading rooms), in Russian colonies, 5, 53-54; in Brussels, 195-96; factional wars in, 57; in Geneva, 53,174-75; in Paris, 78,
INDEX 84; and radicalization of students, ЗО, 53; in Zurich, 30,31-32,34, S3 libraries (reading rooms), in working-class Jewish neighborhoods, 78,80/, 84,90 Liebknecht, Karl, 91/, 163; assassination of, 230; Communist party established by, 228; and Spartacus League, 203,206 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 115 Lih,Lars, 161 literary culture, of Russian colonies, 52-54,55-56. See ako libraries Lithuania: Jewish proletarians in, 85; national rights of, Bund on, 157,171; radical workers circles in, 84-85 Litvinov, Maksim, 172,179,188; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; and Tiflis bank robbery, 187-88 London, England: Bedford Park experimental community in, 108; Herzen’s salon in, 16; Isfcra group in, 162-63; Jewish anarchists in, 92; RSDRP’sfifth congress in ( 1907), 185, 198; RSDRP’s second congress in ( 1903), 169; Russian Free Press in, 18; tailors’ strike in ( 1889), 83-84; working-class Russian Jews in, 65-66,67-69,75. See ako East End (Whitechapel) neighborhood; London colony London colony, 40-41,65; expansion in early 20th century, 160; Free Russian Press Fund in, 56; Jews in, 49-50,196 Louis-Philippe (French “citizen-king”), 18, 20,21-22 Lozovskii, Solomon, 186,231 Lunacharskii, Anatolii: and Bolshevik regime, 215-16,217; onKrupskaia, 176; and Lenin, 172,194,204; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; on Russian Jews, 225 Luxemburg, Rosa: assassination of, 230; Communist party established by, 228; journey out of Russia, 43; PPS faction led by, 63; and SDKP, 92,195; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; and
Spartacus League, 203,206; and SPD, 116-17,166 L’viv, Ukraine. See Lemberg Maklakov, VasiUi, 43 Malia, Martin, 165-66 Malinowski, Roman: as double agent, 191,192; execution of, 218-19; Lenin and, 191,192, 218-19,242 Marais neighborhood, Paris: ethnic economy of, 69; working-class Russian Jews in, 68. See also Pletzl neighborhood Marat, assassin of, 106 335 Martov, Iulii (lulii Tsederbaum): Bolshevik regime and, 218,219-20,2 BB brothers of, 159,237,246; and Bund, 87-88,167; emigration of, 162; expulsion from Congress of Soviets, 219-20; introduction to Marxist texts, 62; in kkra group, 162,163,164, 168; on Jewish nationalism and socialism, 89-90; and Lenin, 168,170,171-72,220; vs. Lenin, 177,181,206,219-20,230,233; Lepeshinskii on, 176; and Mensheviks, 184, 188,206,207/, 234; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15; outbreak of World War I and, 203,204; return to foreign exile, 234-35; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; Siberian exile of, 161,162; and Vil’na radical circle, 86-87; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Marx, Karl, 91/; and Bakunin, 17,24,25-26,114; Bernstein’s critique of, 116; Communist Manifesto, 15,81,89; conflicts with revolutionary adversaries, 2-3,24; exile of, 2-3,15; and First International, 25-26; and Herzen, 27; on industrial proletariat, 16566; Kapital Das, 25-26,61; Lenin s revisions of theories of, 165-66; on Paris Commune, 112-13; Polish revolt of 1863 and, 25-26; on revolutionary terrorism,
113; and Russian exiles, 20-21,24,61; Russian perspectives and evolution of theories of, 113-14; Russian radicals’ theories contradicting, 24; works of, smuggled into Russia, 158-59; and Zasulich, 61 Marxism/Marxists: vs. anarchists, 135,157; and Bolshevism, 155; centralization of, 62-64, 195; and dialectical materialism, 4,63; vs. economists, 93,116,157; émigré, chronic infighting among, 155-56,157-58,161; global dissemination of, factors leading to, 114; internationalism of, 2-3; legal, 159; mass movement of, Jewish proletarians and, 88; and nationalism, debates on, 63, 188-89; origins of, explanations for, 8-9; vs. populism, 61-62,63-64; rival movements energized by, 63-64; Russian colonies and, 1-2,8-9,61-62,63; vs. Socialist Revolutionaries, 1S7; spread to Russia, 62-63,158-59; universalist orientation of, 63; vs. utopian thinking, 4; and Zionism, 77; Zurich colony’s hostility toward, 32. See ako Russian Marxists Maximalists (SR faction), 195 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 17,18,20-22,24 Mechnikov, Lev, 54-55
336 INDEX Medem, Vladimir: on Bern colony, 41-42,57-58; emigration to US, 234-35; journey out of Russia, 43; on solidarity of colony life, 54 media, European: campaign targeting workingclass Jewish immigrants, 143,144-46; critical of tsarist regime, 101; pro-tsarist, 126, 127,128-32; on radical Russian émigrés, 97, 99,105-6; on revolutionary terrorism, 133, 134/, 136 media campaigns: Okhrana and, 129-30,131; Soviet state and, 226 Melville, William, 140-41,150 Mendelson, Stanislaw, 48,50; expulsion from Switzerland, 133; and Jewish proletarians, mobilization of, 85; Marxism and, 61, 62; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133, 135-36; and Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 61-62; relocation to London, 138-39; and Seliverstov s assassination, 135-36 Menshevism/Mensheviks: Bolshevik official histories on, 242; vs. Bolsheviks, 174,17778,181-82,185-90,233-34; Bolshevik seizure ofpower and, 217-18,219-20; and Bund, 195; and European Social Democrats, 186; expulsion from Congress of Soviets, 219-20; expulsion from Soviet state, 237,239; Jews in leadership of, 188,189; Kronstadt rebels and, 235-36; Lenin on, 170-73,174,185,189-90, 230; Lepeshinskii’s cartoons of, 174,175/; membership in Russia, 181; and national question, 188-89; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15; origins ofterm, 170-71; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3; Paris headquarters of, 186; platform of, 185,186; and Provisional Government, support for, 211-12; repression by Bolshevik regime, 218,233-34,235-36,246; return to life in exile, 239,240; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; rifts within,
184,195,206,207/, 241; and RSDRP, 180-81,185; Stalin on, 189,206; in Switzerland, 187/; on womens rights, 195 Michel, Louise, 78-79,110-11 Mickiewicz, Adam, 16 Mikhailov, Aleksandr, 91ƒ Mill, John (Yosef Mil), 88-89 Millerand, Alexandre, 165 minorities. See non-Russian ethnic minorities Minsk, Belarus: Marxist conference outside of (1898), 87; Zionist conference in (1902), 158-59 Montagu, Samuel, 71 Morris, William, 114-15 Moscow, Russia: Bolshevik government in, 216; students from, 29; workers’ uprising in (1905), 183; Zurich commune’s influence in, 33 Most, Johann, 113 Munich, Germany: Ishra group in, 162-63; Lenin in, 162,163 mutual aid associations: in Russian colonies, 5, 30,44-45; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 69 Napoleon Bonaparte, Lenin compared to, 229-30 Napoleonic wars, reactionary lethargy following, 14 nationalism (national struggles): Bolsheviks and, 188-89,192-93,200-1,224-25,233; Bukharin on, 204; Bund and, 87-88,89-90, 94,157; Central Powers’ plan to support, 210-11; vs. federalism, 63; in France, rise of, 128; healthy vs. aggressive, Bolsheviks on, 224-25; Lenin on, 188-89,200-1,203-4, 213,222,224-25; Marxism and, debates on, 63,188-89; Plekhanov on, 195; Russian colonies and, 48-49,54,111-12; socialism and, debates on, 56; Stalin on, 200; Trotsky on, 206. See ako Jewish nationalism Nechaev, Sergei, 26-27,118-19 newspapers: Russian colonies and, 52; Yiddishlanguage, 73-76,78,80-81,84,92. See ako media; specific newspapers New York: Mensheviks in, 240; Russian Jews in, 74, 234-35; Trotsky exiled in, 207,210; Yiddish-language press in, 75 Nicholas I
(tsar of Russia), 14, IS Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 139-40,149 nihilists: arrests in 1890,125/; European observers on, 100,105-6,107-8; “frish,” 111-12; police surveillance of, 117-18; Russian radicals as, 99 non-Russian ethnic minorities: anti-imperialist campaign of, 199; Bolshevik support for, 213,222; doctrinal disputes among, 57; mass migration of 1860s and, 3; and revolutionary movements, 8-9; in Russian colonies, 4851; in “to the people” movement, 36. See also Jews North America: anarchists immigrating to, 133; Jewish immigrants in, 65,122; Russian colonies in, 3-4. See ako Canada; United States Nouvelle revue, La (journal), 127-28,129-30 Novikova, Olga, 126,127-28,130,131,141, 143-44; and Anglo-Russian alliance, 148; and campaign for international disarmament, 148-49 October Revolution of 1917,214—15; efforts to export, 9,226,228,230,231; emigration after, 239; émigré response to, 226; factional warfare following, 8,215-16,243-44; Kronstadt sailors and, 234-35; Russian
INDEX colonies and, 13-14,209-10; Western governments’ response to, 226,231 Ogarev, Nikolai, 17,25,31-32 Ogareva, Mariia, 17,22 OGPU, 242-43 Okhrana, 59-60; abolition of, 211; activities in Britain, 139,140-42; activities in France, 128-30,133-36,180; antisemític arguments used by, 141-42,158; Burtsev’s revelations regarding, 180; creation of, 38,59; double agents of, 130; and European police, collaboration of, 149-51,156; and French police, 118,119-20,138,150-51; infiltration ofJewish Labor Bund, 88; liberals’ resistance to, 120; media campaign of, 129-30,131; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-36; Rachkovskii and, 128-29; and revolutionary terrorism, 135-36; Soviet police compared to, 242-43; Swiss police and, 137-38 Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; family ties among, 217; purges of, 8,244; show trials of, 246; Society of, 241-42; Stalin and, 243-44,245 On Agitation (Kremer), 86-87 “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back” (Lenin), 170-71,177 Padlewski, Stanislaw, 133,135 Pale of Setdement: Jewish revolutionaries Łom, gathering of, 86; literature smuggled in, 70, 87,89,159; Marxists’ influence in, 159; Okhrana propaganda regarding, 141-42; songs circulating in, 80-81; Western media on, 101 PallMall Gazette, 105,126,127,144; antisemític reportage in, 135-36,142^t4 Pankhurst, Sylvia, 109-10 Paris, France: bomb plot of 1890 in, 124,133-36, 180; Herzen on, 16; Jewish Workers’ Society n, 74-75,78,114,115; Lenin’s move to, 186; Menshevik headquarters in, 186; Polish émigrés in, 16; Soviet activities in, 226, 242-43; Vpered! group in, 194; working-class Russian Jews in, 65,66,68-69,74-75. See aho
Paris colony;, Pletzl neighborhood Paris colony, 40; cooperative cafeteria in, 53-54; ethnic diversity of, 41; expansion in early 20th century, 160; Jewish residents in, 41-42; Lenin’s open letter to, 190; Okhrana operations and, 59-60; Paris Communards compared to, 64; police surveillance of, 124,156; after Revolution of 1917,210, 239; secularism of, 44; solidarity in, 5354; Turgenev library in, 53,57; Western observers on, 98,105; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 83 Paris Commune, 13,27; aftermath of, 40,112-13; demise of, 27,112-13; failure of, debates on 337 causes of, 33-34,112-13; fiftieth anniversary of, 235; former participants exiled to Geneva, 54-55; Kropotkin on, 64; Lenin on, 172-73, 181,203-4,206,212,229-30; Marxon, 112-13; Russian exiles and, 13,27; Soviet state modeled on, Lenin’s vision of, 212; Yiddish press on, 78,79f Zurich colony compared to, 13-14,31 Paris Émigré Committee, 202 parliamentary democracy: failure of, Russian radicals on, 201; Lenin’s opposition to, 164, 185,212; Marxist rejection of, 116-17; Menshevik support for, 185,186; and SPD, 116. See also liberalism Parti Communiste Français, 231 Parvus (Izraiľ Geľfand), 116; on Lenin, 176-77; and Mensheviks, 184; move to Istanbul, 196; and plan to cripple Russia’s war efforts, 21011; and SPD, 116-17,166 passports, false, 41-42,43 patriarchal culture: Bolsheviks and, 175-76,217, 224.232-33; Lenin and, 173/, 175-77, 217.232- 33 Pavlovich, M. P., 199 peasants, Russian, revolutionary potential of: Bakunin and Herzen on, 24,26; Dmitrieva on, 27; Lavrov on, 31-32,33-34; Lenin on, 16566,180-81;
Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party on, 63-64; “to the people” movement on, 35-36; Zurich colony s belief in, 32-33 Pease, Edward, 99 People’s Will: calendar published by, 44,45/; founding of, 38; in Geneva, 60; in Paris, 40; in Ukraine, 49 Peterss, Iakov, 218,219,246 Petit Parisien, Le (newspaper), 126,129 Petrograd: Bolshevik elites in, 215,216; émigrés arrival in, 210,211,215; February revolution in (1917), 207,212; Kronstadt rebellion and, 234-36; Lenin’s arrival in, 209,211,212. See also St. Petersburg Petrograd Soviet: and Lenin, 181; and Trotsky, 210 Petrovskaia, Soilia, 91/ philanthropy, European Jews and, 70,71,75, 106-7,121 Plekhanov, Georgii: and Balabanova, 53; conversion to Marxism, 61; critiques of Bolshevik regime, 217-18; critiques ofBund, 93,94,157-58, 167-68; expulsion from Switzerland, 120, 133; Kravchinskii’s support for, 44; and Lenin, 62-63,161,162,163-64,171; life in exile, 38-40,211; and Mensheviks, 184; on national struggles, 195; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; at Second International, 115; vanity of, 161; Weizmann on, 193; wife of, 48; vs. Zhitlovsky, 63-64
338 INDEX Pletzl neighborhood, Paris: Bundists in, 89; close-knit Community of, 69; and colony of political émigrés, 83; efforts to reform, 121; and labor movement, 115; libraries (reading rooms) in, 78,84; narrative of criminality regarding, 146-47; philanthropy in, 70,71; Social Democrats in, 75-76; Vperedists in, 194; Western observers on, 98,106; working-class Russian Jews in, 68-69; Zetkin in, 114 Poale/Poalei Zion. See Labor Zionism pogroms: of 1881-1882,38,101,102; of 1905, 184-85; of 1918-1919,223; European media on, 101; February Revolution of 1917 and fears of, 211; Kiev pogrom of 1881,101; Kishinev pogrom of 1903,92; People’s Will and, 49; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159 Poland: Bolsheviks in, 194-95,200,201-2, 204; Jewish proletarians in, 85; radical workers’ circles in, 84-85; revolt of 1830 in, 14,15-16,19; revolt of 1863 in, 24-26; revolutionary tradition in, 14; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239. See abo specific cities Poles: Bolsheviks and, 190,200-1; in Russian colonies, 41,48. see abo under Polish police, European: harassment of émigré communities, 197; Okhrana and, 149-51, 156,185; outbreak of World War I and, 2045; surveillance of Russian colonies, 117-18, 124,138,146,156 police, Soviet: Cheka, 218,220,234; prerevolutionary networks and, 242-43 police, tsarist: infiltration ofJewish Labor Bund, 88; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159; surveillance of Russian colonies, 7,34-35,58-60. See abo Okhrana Polish émigrés: asylum protections for, 19-20; conversion to Marxism, 61; as cult figures in struggle against
oppression, 19,20; factionalism of, 63; new restrictive policies toward, 22-23; revolt of 1830 and, 15-16, 19-20; revolt of 1863 and, 25,48; and Russian exiles, alliances of, 16-17,21 Polish Literary Society, 16 Polish Marxists, 63 Polish Socialist Party (PPS): creation of, 61-62; critique ofBund, 94; on emancipation of proletariat, 63; Jewish leaders in, 92; and Jewish proletarians, 85; Luxemburg’s faction of, 63,195; membership in Russia, 181; and smuggling operations, 88-89; Yiddishlanguage journal of, 92 populism: collapse of, 61; doctrinal disputes regarding, 56; Lenin and, 212-13,214; vs. Marxism, 61-62,63-64; Russian colonies and origins of, 8-9; “to the people” movement and, 35-36,38 Potresov, A. N., 62; in civil war, 220; in Iskra group, 162,164,170-71; and Mensheviks, 184; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3; Siberian exile of, 161,162 PPS. See Polish Socialist Party printing presses, Russian émigrés and: in Geneva, 60,88-89; in London, 18,56; in Zurich, 31-32,33 Profintern, 231 proletariat: Bolshevik position on, 200,201,212; dictatorship of, 180-81,229,230; industrial, Marx on, 165-66; industrial, Russia’s lack of, 24,62; Jewish, Bund as voice of, 87-88,157, 167,169; Lenin on, 165-66,230; Menshevik position on, 180-81,185; metaphysical, 165-66,200,201,204. See abo working-class Jewish immigrants Protocob of the Eiders ofZion, The, 132 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 15,17,20-21 Provisional Government, in Russia: and amnesty for political criminals, 210,211; Bolshevik calls for removal of, 212; Menshevik support for, 211-12; reforms under, 211; removal of, 209; and
Soviets, 210,211 purges: ofjewish members of Bolshevik party, 233; under Stalin (Great Terror), 246-48 Rachkovskii, Petr, 59-60,149; activities in Britain, 139-41; activities in France, 128-29,13336,138; activities in Switzerland, 137-38; and Adam, 129-30; antisemitism of, 130; on Catholic-Orthodox reconciliation, 14849; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; informants recruited by, 137-38; media campaign of, 128-30; and Nicholas II, 139-40,149; and Paris bomb plot of 1890, 133-36,180 Radek, Karl, 195; radical insurgencies after World War I and, 228; return to Russia after February Revolution, 211; and Trotsky conspiracy, 245; as victim ofStalin’s purges, 246; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 206 Rappoport, Charles: and Bolshevik party, 228; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2,205; and Parti Communiste Français, 231; and Socialist Revolutionary party, 63-64,92 reading rooms. See libraries Reclus, Elysée, S4—S5 Red Army: in Civil War, 220,231-32; Kronstadt rebellion and, 235; retreat from Poland, 230 Red Cross, 56 Red Scare, impact on émigrés, 226-28,231 religion: Jewish, socialist reimagining of, 81; replaced with revolutionary morality, 44
INDEX Renan, Ernest, 119-20 Revolution of 1905,178; failures of, 183; hardening of conflicts following, 180-81, 182,184-85; and renewed unity among exiles, 178-81; twelfth anniversary of, 207 Revolution of 1917. See February Revolution of 1917; October Revolution of 1917 revolutions, European; of 1848,8,21-22,23; of 1918-19,228-30. See aho specific countries Risorgimento, 2-3,21-22,25 Rochefort, Henri, 113 Rocker, Rudolph: critique of Bolshevik regime, 228; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203, 205; partner of, 73, 78-79,205; in Whitechapel, 73 Romania: pogroms in, 143; Russian colony in, 41 Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898), 149-50 Rossetti, Helen, 110-11 Rossetti, Obvia, 110-11 Rossetti, William Michael, 110 Rothschild family, 70,71-72,127 RSDRP (Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party): Bund and, 90,92,93,167-68,179; conflicts in, 157,177-78,183-84,204,double agents in, 191; fifth congress of (1907), 185-86,198; founding congress of (1898), 87-88,167; fourth congress of (1906), 183,185,188; Iskra and renewed hope in, 164; Jewish leaders in, 92; Lenin’s conflicts with, 164,171; Lenin’s efforts to consolidate power in, 168-69,171; reorganization on federalist principles, push for, 157; second congress of ( 1903), 168-70; third congress of (1905), 179, 180-81,183 Russia/Russian empire: backlash against pobtical radicalism in, 38; and Britain, formal alliance of (1907), 147-48; as colonial formation, Lenin on, 200; colonies’ communicative networks with, 55-56; and Europe, entangled history of, 9,14-15; and France, formal alhance of (1892), 147-48; illegal bterature
smuggled into, 158-59; impact of French revolution on, 14-15; pobtical ferment in early 20th century, 158-59; radical centers in, émigré colonies and, 159; revolutionary activism of 1860s in, 24-26; spread of Marxism to, 62-63; “to the people” movement in, 35-36,38; working-class Jews in, 66; in World War I, plan to cripple, 210-11; Zionist activism in, 158-59; Zurich colony s influence in, 32-33,35-36. See also Pale of Settlement; tsarist regime; specific cities Russian Free Press, London, 18,56 Russian language, use in colonies, 44-45 339 Russian Marxists: in 1870s, 25-27,61; in 1900s, 1,183-84; antisemitism of, 157-58; Bund and, 87,90,157-58; conflicts with Marx, 26; response to World War 1,198-99; and SPD, 197- 98; Vilna radical circle and, 84-87 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. See RSDRP Russo-Japanese war, 159-60 Saint-Simonianism, 14-15,17 Sahsbury, Lord, 139-40,144,145 Sand, George, 15,17,22,127-28 Savinkov, Boris, 192,220,228,234-35,240-41 scientific materiabsm, Marxism and, 4,63 SDKP (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland), 63,92,94 SDKPiL, 195,205 Second International: congress in Basel (1912), 198-99; congress in Bern (1920), 230; congress in Stuttgart (1907), 198,199; on imperialism, 199; inaugural meeting of (1889), 114,115; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 198-99,202 Secret Agent, The (Conrad), 144 Seliverstov, Mikhail, assassination of, 133, 135-36,137/ Serge, Victor, 44,202; anarchist activities of, 19091; and Bolsheviks, 228,231,234,237; on colony bfe, 44 sexuahty, exiles attempts to reform, 17,22, 30-31,47-48 SFRF. See Society of Friends of
Russian Freedom Shaw, George Bernard, 99,180,242 Shbapnikov, Aleksandr, 186,215; Bolshevik regime and, 215-16,224,235,237; February Revolution of 1917 and, 212; outbreak of World War I and, 204; as victim of Stalin’s purges, 246; and Workers’ Opposition group, 235 show trials, Soviet, 235-36,246 Siberian exile: camps in, as concrete utopias, 6; of Chernyshevskb, 25; European lectures on, 104; ofLenin, 94,155,161-62 Sidney Street Siege, London, 191,196-97,218 Singer, Paul, 91/ skloki. See conflicts Slavic federabsm, 17-18 Slezkine, Yuri, 155 Smith, Adam, 104-5 smuggling rings: Bund and, 88-89,90,159,164; and emigration, 43; and hterary culture, 55; Marxist émigrés and, 158-59; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; Russian colonies and, 5-6,41-42 Social Democracy ofthe Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), 63,92,94 Social Democratic Federation, Britain, 114
340 INDEX Social Democrats: and economism, 90; Lenin on, 199-200; Mensheviks and, 240; and Vil’na radical circle, 87; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 75-76; vs. Zionists, 93. See ako German Social Democrats socialism/socialists: French, in 1830s-1840s, 14-15; internationalism of, 2-3; Jewish, rise in Russia, 88; andJewish nationalism, 89-90; nationalism and, debates on, 56,89-90; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 198-99,202; Russian, emergence of, 17-18; Russian, vs. Western European, 198; Russian colonies and, 1-2,113; schism needed to restore revolutionary potential of, Lenin on, 204,206; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 72-73,75-76; Yiddish language and, 80-81; Zionism and, 77 Socialist League, 114-15 Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party: Bolshevik regime and, 217-18,235-36; vs. Bolsheviks, 189; double agents in, 191,192; expanded networks of, 190; expropriation tactic adopted by, 190-91; fracturing in early 20th century, 195,241; headquarters in Italy, 194; and land expropriation, calls for, 213; vs. Marxists, 157; origins of, 63-64, 92; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; terrorist attacks in Russia, 158-59; Yiddish language used by, 92 Society of Friends of Russian Freedom (SFRF), 99,107-8,139; attacks on, 113,139,141, 144; lectures hosted by, 104; and Soviet regime, 242; women in, 109,111 Society of Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; liquidation of, 246; purges of, 244; Stalin and, 243-44,245-46 solidarity: asylum regimes and, 102; ofJewish workers and Russian revolutionaries, 65,66, 72-84,115; of Russian and Polish exiles, 1617,21; of Russian colonies, 5,6,29-30,32,
44-46,51-52,53-54; of Russian émigrés, outbreak of World War I and, 202 Soviets (workers’ councils): February Revolution of 1917 and, 211; and Provisional Government, 210,211; Revolution of 1905 and, 179. See ako Congress of Soviets; Petrograd Soviet Soviet state. See Bolshevik regime Sovnarkom, 216-17,231-32 Spartacus League, 203,206 SPD (German Social Democrats): creation of, 116; doctrinal disputes in, 116-17; Kautsky s transformation of, 164-65; Lenin’s repudiation of, 199-200,231; and Mensheviks, 186; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202; political exile in 19th century, 2-3; relations with Russian exiles, 41,116-17, 200; return to homeland, 116; Revolution of 1905 and, 180; and Russian Marxists, 19798; and Spartacus League, 203; women’s bureaus in, 195 Spencer, Herbert, 119-20 spies. See double agents SR. See Socialist Revolutionary party Staal, E.E. de, 139-40 Stalin, Joseph: as arbiter of revolutionary history, 245; and Bolsheviks, 188,215; consolidation ofpower by, 244-46; criticism of émigré dysfunction, 194-95; February Revolution of 1917 and, 212; and first Five Year Plan, 244; vs. former émigrés, 243-44,245-48; as general secretary of Bolshevik party, 241; Great Terror under, 246-48; and Lenin, 194-95,200; on Mensheviks, 189,206; on national self-determination, 222; rise to power, 243,247; at RSDRP’s fifth congress (1907), 185; and Tiflis bank robbery, 18788; vs. Trotsky, 244,245-46 Stankevich, Nikolai, 14-15 Stasova, Elena, 224 Stead, W. X, 126,127,131,135,141; and AngloRussian alliance, 148; and campaign for international disarmament, 148-49; and campaign to
restrict immigration, 143-44; Pall Mall Gazette of, 126,135-36,142 Stępniak. See Kravchinskii, Sergei St. Petersburg, Russia: Free Economic Society in, 159; students from, 29; workers’ uprising in (1905), 178; Zurich commune’s influence in, 33. See ako Petrograd St. Petersburg Conference on threat of anarchism (1904), ISO, 151 St. Petersburg Liberation of Labor group, 62-63, 86-87,161,220 strikes: by Jewish immigrants, 73-75,79-80; Jewish Labor Bund and, 89; by Polish workers, 62 students, Russian, in foreign universities, 28; and bomb plots, 133,135-36; characteristics of, 29-30; and colonies, 28-31,38-40; female, 28-29,38-40,39/; in France, 40, 136; in Germany, 28,136; Jewish, 38,51; Jewish Labor Bund and, 89; mass migration of 1860s and, 3,28; mass migration of 1880s and, 38,39/; mass migration of 1900s and, 159-60; measures to reduce numbers of, 197; radicalization of, 8-9,30,53; restrictions on, in early 20th century, 13738; in Switzerland, 28-33,34-35,38-40,39f, 137-38,159-60,197; unification initiatives of, 160-61; and Zionism, 51 Stuttgart, Germany, Second International congress in (1907), 198,199 suffragettes, Russian colonies and, 109-10,114 Suslova, Nadezhda, 28,29
INDEX Switzerland: asylum policies of, 19-20,25,38-40, 44,101-2,103/118-19,120; crackdown on Russian radicals in, 120,133,137-38; federation of Slavic nations modeled on, idea of, 54; German émigrés in, 61; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18; Polish exiles in, after revolt of1830,19-20,23; public opinion ofRussian émigrés in, shift in, 137; Red Scare in, 226-27; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; Russian colonies in, 3-4,38-40; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 205; Russian government’s pressure on, 118-19,137-38; Russian students in, 28-33,34-35,39/, 13738,197; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, 150. See ako spedfic aties Syrkin, Nacham, 77,93 Tartarin in the Alps (Daudet), 105-6 terrorism, revolutionary, 38,40; anarchists and, 124; backlash against, 59,135-36; doctrinal disputes regarding, 56; European media on, 99, 100,105,106; European public’s alarm over, 133-38,134/, 144-46,196-97; European radicals’ response to, 113; growth in early 20th century, 190-91;Jews blamed for, 135-36, 137/) 144-45,146,147; justifications for, 104; Marx and Engels on, 113; Maximalists on, 195; Paris bomb plot of 1890,124,133-36; proRussian propagandists on, 133-36; Russians associated with, 98; Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party and, 158-59; Zurich bomb incident of1889,133,135,136 Third International: Bolsheviks and, 9,231; Lenin on, 205. See also Communist International Tikhomirov, Lev: double agent infiltrating circle of, 130; in Geneva, 37,38-40; in Paris, 40; and People’s Will, 38,49; return to Russia, 60; strains
of exile life and, 37 Tikhomirova, Katia, 37 Times, The (newspaper), pro-Russian contributions to, 126,142,144 “to the people” movement: in Geneva, 38-40; in Russia, 35-36,38 trade unions: Comintern’s effort to infiltrate, 231; Lenin’s repudiation of, 231; Mensheviks and, 180-81; Russian revolutionaries and, 115; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 69, 73-75,79-80,81,82,115 trials: mass, ofpopulists in late 19th-century Russia, 38; show, Soviet regime and, 235-36,246 Trotsky, Leon: assassination of, 246; and Bolshevik regime, 215; andBundists, 206; February Revolution of 1917 and, 209,210,211-12; imprisonment in 1906,235-36; in Iskra group, 164; on Jewish Communists, 225; on Kronstadt rebels, 235; and Lenin, 177,181, 341 203,214-15; as Lenin’s would-be successor, 243; Lepeshinskii on, 176; life in exile, 194, 201-2,207,210; and Mensheviks, 184; national question and, 206; and October Revolution of 1917,214-15; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 201-2,203-4,20S; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169,170; sister of, 217; vs. Stalin, 244,245-46; Weizmann on, 193; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 tsarist regime (autocracy): antisemitism in campaigns to support, 130-32,135-36, 141-44; European defenders of, 124-25, 126-28,132,147-49; European media campaigns in support of, 126,127,128-32, 141-44; European media on abuses of, 101; as ideal form of government, arguments for, 131; progressive gentry’s opposition to, 15; Russian colonies and, 38; Western reportage on (1830-1860), 19; and world peace, visions of, 148-49. See ako police, tsarist Tsederbaum, lulii,
62. See ako Martov Tsion, H’ia. See Cyon, Élie de Thrgenev, Ivan, 14-16; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23; Fathers and Sons, 99; Paris library founded by, 53,57; political program of, 17-18; sexual conventions challenged by, 17; younger generation of émigrés and, 25 Ukraine: Peoples Will in, 49; pogroms in, 92,101, 223; Zurich commune’s influence in, 31,33. See ako Kiev; Lemberg Ukrainians: doctrinal conflicts with Jews, 57; in émigré communities, 41,48-49; nationalist activists, Lenin on, 200-1 Ul’ianov, Vladimir, 62. See яко Lenin underground circles (kruzhki): Russian labor movement and, 84-85. See ako Viľna radical circle Under Western Eyes (Conrad), 98,144 Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad, 61-62,90 Union of Russian Workers, 74-7 5 United States: anarchists immigrating to, 133; Haymarket bombing in (1886), 135; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239,240. See ako New York universalism: Bolsheviks and, 192-94,233; vs. emancipatory politics, 6-7,93; Marxism and, 63; Russian émigrés and, 44; Russian Jews and, 50 utopia(s): abstract vs. concrete, 4; apocalyptic, of Zimmerwald left, 206; émigrés and, 3,4, 247-48; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8; Lenin and, 156,204,206,209,212֊ 14; powers of inspiration and destruction in, 10. See ako concrete utopia(s)
342 INDEX Velichkina, Vera, 172 “Vera, or the Nihilists” (Wilde), 108-9,111-12 Vienna, Austria: Balabanova in, 237; Russian colony in, 160; Russian students in, 41; Trotsky in, 194,201-2 Vilna radical circle, SS, 84-87; and economism, 86,87; Lavrov’s writings and, 33; and Liberman, 49-50,55; Marxism embraced by, 62; pilgrimages abroad, 62-63; and “to the people” movement, 36 violence: Bolshevik regime and, 218-20,228, 235,236; expropriation tactics and, 19091; Stalin’s use of (Great Terror), 246-48; utopian pursuits and use of, 10. See abo terrorism, revolutionary VOKS, 242 Voľno e slovo (newspaper), 59 Vperedí (newspaper), 40-41,49-50,55 Vpered! group (Vperedists), 194-95,204 War Communism, 221,224 Webb,Beatrice, 99,109-10, 111, 114-15, 120-21,242 Webb, Sidney, 111, 242 Weizmann, Chaim: alienation from Russian comrades, 157,193; on Bund, 93; dream for Zionist university, 196; escape narrative of, 43; in Geneva, 1-2,7,39/, 53; opposition to Zionist politics of, 2; on university students and Zionism, 51; wife of, 47/, 51 Weizmann, Vera, 47/, 51 What Is to Be Done? (Chernyshevskii), 24-25,31-32 What b to Be Done ? (Lenin), 164,165-66 White, Alfred, 144,145 Whitechapel neighborhood, London. See East End Wilde, Oscar, 107-9,111-12 Wilson, Charlotte, 114-15 Winchevsky, Morris, 73,75-76,78; and Jewish particularism, 90; poems of, 80-81 Witcop, Milly, 78-79,205 women, Russian: in Bolshevik party, 175-76,217; in Chaikovtsy, 33; in foreign universities, 28-29,38—40,39/; in Geneva colony, 47Jj 47—48; in Iskra group, 162-63; and literary culture, 55; in Menshevik party, 187f·, in
Paris Commune, 27; revolutionary, European fascination with, 99,100,104,105-6,108-9; sexual conventions challenged by, 17,22,3031,47—48; terrorist activities of, 38,99,104; in “to the people” movement, 36; in Zurich colony, 13,28-29,30-31,34-35 women, Western: in anarchist movement, 114; engagement with émigré communities, 10911; suffragettes, 109-10,114 women’s rights. See emancipation ofwomen workers. See emancipation of workers; proletariat Workers’ Opposition group, 235 working-class Jewish immigrants: characteristics of, 69; close-knit communities of, 69; communication networks among, 74; conflicts among, 83-84; diverse backgrounds of, 68-69; double agents among, 130, 139; efforts to acculturate, 70-72,78; emancipation dreams of, 69-70; and emancipation of women, 78-79,110-11; European public’s opinion of, shift in, 14447; in Germany, 67; and internationalism, 79-80; and Jewish Labor Bund, 88,89; in liberal imagination, 106; Libermans efforts to mobilize, 72-73; libraries/reading rooms of, 78,80/; in London, 65-66,67-69; media campaign targeting, 143,144 46; in Paris, 65,66,68-69,74-75; push factors for, 6667; radicals of Russian colonies and, 65,66, 72-84; and revolutionary culture, 77-78; and revolutionary terrorism, 135-36; in sweating industry, anxieties about, 120-21; and trade unions, 69,73-75,79-80,81,82; Western Jews and, 70-72,75,106-7,12122; Western observers on neighborhoods of, 98; and Zionism, 76-77 World War I: armistice ofNovember 1918, 228; Bolshevik regime’s negotiations with Germany in, 215-16; and conflicts within radical networks, 204,206; European
revolutions following, 228-29; impact on Russian colonies, 201-3,204-5; internment of Bolsheviks during, 226-27; outbreak of, 201-2,204-5; repatriation of Russian émigrés during, 210-11; Russian participation in, plan to cripple, 210-11; Second International’s response to, debates over, 198-99; transformative potential of, Lenin on, 203-4,205-6,212-13,215-16 Yanovsky, Shaul, 75-76 Yiddish language: Bolshevik publications in, 223; Communist Manifesto translated into, 81,89; Lenin on, 167-68; newspapers in, 73-76,78,80-81,84,92; and revolutionary agitation, 72-73,74,80-81,85-86,92; second generation ofJewish activists and, 233; and socialist ideas, 80-81; Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party and, 92; workingclass Russian Jews and, 66,69; Zionists on, 196 Young Europe, 20 Zangwill, Israel, 71-72 Zasulich, Vera, 91/; attempted assassination by, 38, 104; critiques of Bolshevik regime, 217-18; expulsion from Switzerland, 133; fame of, 97,99,106,108-9; in Geneva, 38-40; in
INDEX Iskra group, 162-63,164,170-71; Krupskaia on, 175-76; and Marx, 61; at RSDRPs second congress, 170; on terrorist attacks, justifications for, 104 Zetkin, Clara, 114,116,200,203 Zetkin, Osip, 74-75,114 Zheliabov, Andrei, 91/ Zhenotdel, 222 Zhitlovsky, Chaim, 50,51-52; on Jewish nationalism, 89-90; vs. Plekhanov, 63-64; and Socialist Revolutionary party, 63-64,92 Zhordania, Noe, 159 Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205-6 Zimmerwald left: apocalyptic utopia of, 206; and Comintern, 231 Zinoviev, Grigorii, 188; and Bolshevik regime, 215-16,228; and Comintern, 231,234; criticism of Mensheviks, 234; and Lenin, 172,194,203-4,214; in power struggle after Lenin’s death, 243,245; prosecution in show trial, 246; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; on Second International’s response to World War 1,19899; Stalin’s campaign against, 244,245—46; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205,206 Zionism/Zionists: vs. anarchists, 93; vs. Bund, 93,157; Bund’s influence on, 92; 343 conflicts in Russian colonies and, 157; vs. Iskra group, 167, 168; and Marxism, 77; opposition to, 2; in Russia, 158-59; Russian colonies and, 1,7, 51,196; vs. Russian radicals, 193-94; vs. Social Democrats, 93; and socialism, 77; university students and, 51; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 76-77 Zola, Emile, 98 Zundelevich, Aron, 91ƒ Zurich, Switzerland: bomb incident of 1889 in, 133,135,136; Lenin s move to, 201-2; Russian students in, 28-33,34-35,138 Zurich colony, 13,28-36,38-40; as concrete utopia, 13-14,31,36; conflicts in, 31-32, 33-34,35;
demise of, 35; egalitarianism of, 29-30; emancipated women in, 13,28-29, 30-31,34-35; fame of, 31; influence in Russia, 32-33,35-36; intimate space of, 32,36; library/reading room in, 30,31-32, 34, 53; mutual aid associations in, 30; Paris Commune compared to, 13-14,31; printing presses in, 31-32,33; radical émigrés joining, 31-32,33-34; revolutionary culture of 1860s and, 31; Swiss liberalism and, 32,36; and “to the people” movement, 35-36; tsarist persecution and, 34-35; university students and origins of, 28-31 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments и Abbreviations π Explanatory Note хш Introduction: From the Caté Landolt i PART I MAKING UTOPIA CONCRETE 1. The Other Communards із 2. Living the Revolution 37 3. Jewish Workers Meet the Russian Revolution 6s PART II EUROPE’S RUSSIAN MOMENT 4. Entangled Emancipations 5. Émigré Dystopias PART III 97 124 REVOLUTIONARY REPERCUSSIONS 6. “The Party ofExtreme Opposition” í ss 7. Ou-tOVOSl 183 vii
viii CONTENTS 8. Revolution from Abroad Epilogue: Émigré Clans Notes 249 Selected Bibliography Index 32s 297 239 209
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Figures are indicated by an italicƒ following the page number. Action Française, 132 Adam, Juliette, 127-28,132; andDrumont, 131, 132; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and Rachkovskii, 129-30 Adler, Hermann (ChiefRabbi), 75,121-22 Adler, Victor, 91ƒ agents provocateurs. See double agents Akselrod, Nadezhda, 48 Akselrod, Pavel: as artisanal kefir maker, 46; on Bolshevism, 217-18,228,230; on Bund, 93,94,157-58; conversion to Marxism, 61; vs. Drahomanov, 56; on European labor movement, 54; in Geneva, 38-40; in bkra group, 170-71; on Jewish question, 50,63; and Kautsky, 61,186; on Lenin, 176-77; Lepeshinskii on, 176; and Martov, 233-34; and Mensheviks, 184,188; outbreak of World War I and, 203; solidarity ofcolony life and, 54; and Vil’na radical circle, 87; wife of, 48 Aleksinskii, G. A., 206 Alexander II (tsar of Russia): assassination of, 38, 79-80,113,119; reforms under, 25,28; and Zurich colony, 34-35 Alexander III (tsar of Russia), 59 Alexopolous, Golfo, 246 Aliens Act of 1905, Britain, 145,197 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 67,75,122 anarchism/anarchists: Bakunin and, 17-18,25, 26,31-32; bomb plots and public concerns about, 133,135,136; expropriation tactic adopted by, 190-91; internationalism of, 2-3; Jack the Ripper portrayed as, 143; Jewish, in London, 92; Kropotkin and, 63-64,104-5,113; Lenin borrowing from, 213; vs. Marxists, 135,157; mass media used to discredit, 126; packaging for bourgeois citizens, 104-5; party
superstructures created by, 190; Proudhon and, 15; Rocker and, 73; Rome Conference on threat of (1898), 149-50; Russian colonies and, 1-2; Russian Jews and, 75-76,76/; schisms in early 20th century, 195; spread to Zurich colony, 3132; St. Petersburg Conference on threat of (1904), ISO, 151; terrorist attacks in early 1890s, 124; women, 114; World War I and demise of, 205; vs. Zionism, 93 Anarchy and Nihilism (pamphlet), 131 Andrieux, Louis, 118,119,126,128-29,138 Angel ofRevolution, The, 108,112 Annenkov, Pavel, 15,20-21,23 Ansky, S., 50 anti-colonialism/anti-imperialism: Bolshevism and, 7,200-1; Lenin and, 199-200,222; Russian colonies and, 5-6,54-55, 111, 199200; Second International and, 199 antisemitism: and assault on refhgee rights, 139, 144-45; Bakunin and, 49; and blame for bomb plots of 1889-90,135-36,137/; Bolsheviks and, 225; and conspiracy theories, 130-31,132,227-28,240֊41; European, 121, 131-32; Jewish particularism blamed for, 50; Lenin on, 167-68,223; Okhrana and, 14142,158; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159; pro-tsarist agitators and, 130-32,135-36,141-44; radicals and, 49, 50; rise in 1880s, and WesternJews' anxieties, 121; Russian-Jewish migrants and, 67; Russian Marxists and, 157-58. See also pogroms 325
326 INDEX Arbeterfraynd (newspaper), 73-76; demise of, 205; Lavrov on, 115; motto of, 224; on Paris Commune, 79; and revolutionary culture, 78, 81; Russian revolutionary classics in, 80-81 Armand, Inessa, 175-76,201 Armenians, in émigré communities, 41,48-49; critique of imperialism, 199; expanding networks of, 190; factionalism of, 63,195; in Geneva, 48-49,61-62; Marxist circle of, 61-62; in Paris, 40 Aronson, Grigorii, 192-93 asylum regimes, in Europe, 20-21,98,1013; in 1830s, 19-20; in 1880s, 38-40; administrative expulsions as subversion of, 120; anxieties about radical refogees and, 119-20,139-40; European public’s support for, 132,138-39; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23; Russian efforts to undermine, 11819,139-44,149-51; self-serving aspects of, 102-3,103/ See ako specific countries Austria: and Polish émigrés, 23; Russian communities in, 41,160-61; Russian residents in, World War I and, 201-2; in World War 1,210-11,227. See ako Vienna Austro-Marxists: and Bund, 89-90,157; Lenin’s critiques of, 200. See ako Kautsky, Karl autocracy. See tsarist regime Azev, Evno, 60,191,192 Bakunin, Mikhail, 14-15; antisemitism of, 49; deported to Russia, 23; disillusionment with Western Europe, 23-24; European revolutions of 1848 and, 21-22,23; on failure of Paris Commune, 33-34; life in exile, 15-16,20-21,23,35; and Marx, 17, 24,25-26,114; and Nechaev, 26-27; Paris Commune and, 27; political program of, 1718,21,24,25; rivalry with Lavrov, 33-34,35; younger generation of émigrés and, 25,26; and Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34 Balabanova, Anzhelika, 46; and Bolshevik party, 228,237; and
Comintern, 231,233; and Italian socialist party, 115; on Lenin, 206; radicalization of, 53; return to Ufe in exile, 237; on RSDRP’s fifth congress (1907), 18586; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Basel, Switzerland: Russian émigrés in, 116,160; Second International in (1912), 198-99 Bebel, August, 91/, 200 Bedford Park experimental community, London, 108 Belarus: radical agitation in, 158-59. See ako Minsk Belgium: RSDRP’s second congress in, 169; Russian colony in, 41,44,195-96 Berlin, Germany: mass expulsion of Russian Jews from, 197; Russian colony in, 160,168,19697; Russian émigrés in, after Revolution of 1917,239; Russian students in, 41 Bern, Switzerland: Lenin in, 201-2; Russian colony in, 38-40,41-42,57-58; Second International in (1920), 230 Berner Street Club, Whitechapel, 73-74,75-76, 80,115; murder associated with, 143; Okhrana agents infiltrating, 139 Bernstein, Eduard, 61,116-17 Besant, Annie, 99,109-10 “Bible and the Bomb, The” (short story), 141-42 Bint, Henri, 242-43 Bismarck, Otto von, 116 Bloch, Ernst, 4 Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 172,194 Bolshevik regime (Soviet state): challenges facing, 215; Civil War and, 220,221; colonies as model for, 216-17,218,221; as concrete utopia, 8,228; conflicts within, 8,215-16, 243-44; contradictions of, 221,224,226, 231-32; efforts to export revolution, 9,226, 228,230,231; emancipation campaigns of, 222,232-33; emigration from, 237,239-41; émigré heritage and, 215,241-42; exclusion of non-Bolshevik parties from, 215-16; Kronstadt rebelhon and, 235; nationality poUcy of, 233; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214—15; official
histories of, 242; and one-party state, creation of, 235-37; radical critics of, 217-18,228-30,233-36,237; relations with outside world, 226,231, 242; repression of political rivals, 218-20, 233-34,235-36,237; show trials under, 235-36,246; use ofviolence by, 218-20, 228,235,236 Bolshevism/Bolsheviks: activists ofJewish origin and, 188,189,225,233; anti-colonial platform of, 7,200-1; assimilationist stance of, 188-89; cooptation ofJewish socialism by, 223-24; crisis of Russian colonies and, 184; dogmatic clarity of, 236-37; double agents in, 191,192; and emancipatory campaigns, 195,201,213,221-26; émigré heritage and, 7-8,155-56,209-10, 213,215-17,220-21,225-26,231-32, 241-42; expropriation used by, 187-88, 196-97; February Revolution of 1917 and, 211; growth in Russia, 181,214,232; internationalism of, 226; internment during World War 1,226-27; as Jewish conspiracy, theory of, 227-28,240-41; Jewish question and, 192-93,222-24,225; Krakow as new intellectual center of, 194-95,200,201-2, 204; Lenin and, 155-S6,170-71,172-74; Marxist ideology and, 155; membership among émigrés, 228; membership in Russia, 181,214; vs. Mensheviks, 174,177-78, 181-82,185-90,233-34; as millenarian cult, theory of, 155; national question and,
INDEX 188-89,192-93,200-1,224-25,233; non-Marxist parties emulating, 190-91; and October Revolution of 1917,214-15; original members of, 172,173/, 176,188; origins of, explanations for, 8-9; origins of term, 170-71; Paris as intellectual center of, 186; patriarchal culture of, 173/, 175-76, 217,224,232-33; in post-1905 period, 184; purges ofjewish members of, 233; rhetorical violence of, 189-90; Russian colonies and, 1-2,7,8-9,155-56; schisms within, 194-95,215-16; scholarship on, 7; severe discipline of, 186-87,216; surprising victory in Russia, 209-10; and Third International, 9,231; transformation in 1920s, 241; universalism of, 192-94,233; victory in Civil War, 231-32; women in, 175-76,217,224; and womens rights, 195,201,213. See abo Bolshevik regime; Old Bolsheviks Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 155-56,172,174-75, 178,216 Borochov, Ber, 77 Boulanger, Georges, 127,132 Brenner, Yosef Chaim, 193,196 Britain: Aliens Act of 1905 in, 145,197; asylum policies of, 19-20,25,40,101-2,119,139֊ 40; left in, revival in 1880s, 114-15; Okhrana activities in, 139,140-42; open borders by late 19th century, 44; police in, on Bolshevik success, 209; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18; Polish exiles in, after revolt of 1830,19-20,23; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, 102-3; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 137,141,14446,197; Red Scare in, 226-27; relocation of Russian émigrés to, 138-39,140; repatriation of Russian émigrés after February Revolution of 1917 and, 210; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; and Russia, cooperation between,
147-48,185; Russian colonies in, 3-4; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204-5; Russian government’s pressure on, 119; RussianJewish migrants in, 67,145; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, ISO. See aho London Brodetsky, Selig, 71-72 Brussels, Belgium: RSDRP’s second congress in, 169; Russian colony in, 44,195-96 Bukharin, Nikolai: and Bolshevik regime, 21516,221,228; on Bolshevism, 186-87; on nationalism, 204; radical insurgencies after World War I and, 228; and right opposition, 245; Stalins purges and, 245-46 Bulgaria, Russian colony in, 41 Bund (Jewish Labor Bund): Austro-Marxists and, 89-90,157; Bolshevik seizure ofpower and, 327 217-18; and cross-border smuggling networks, 88-89,90,159,164; disillusioned Bolsheviks joining, 192-93; double agents in, 191; in early Soviet state, 223,233,246; economist newspapers published by, 158-59; émigré heritage and, 88; February Revolution of 1917 and, 211-12; Foreign Committee of, 88-89; impact on non-Marxist parties, 92; infiltration by police, 88; vs. bkra group, 167-68,169; Lenin’s critiques of, 163-64,167-68,189,200; vs. Liberation ofLabor group, 93,94,157-58, 161,162; membership in Russia, 89,181; and Mensheviks, 195; nationalist turn in, 87-88, 89-90,94,157; origins of, 84-85,87-88; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204; Plekhanov’s critiques of, 93,94,157-58,167-68; poster of revolutionary heroes, 90,91/; after Revolution of1905,184-85; rifts within, 93-94,195; and RSDRP, 90,92,93,157,167-68,179, 185; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169; and Russian Marxism, 87,90,157-58; and worker mobilization,
161; vs. Zionists, 93,157 Burtsev, Vladimir: investigation of double agents by, 192; investigation of Okhrana by, 180; on Lenin as double agent, 192; Okhrana’s attempts to capture, 120,140-41; opposition to Bolshevik regime, 217-18,228,240-41; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3 By What Does Man Live? (Diksztajn), 61,80-81,85 Cama, Madame, 112 Canada, Trotsky in, 210 Caucasian activists: and Bolsheviks, 188; and Bund, 195; in Geneva colony, 49; Lenin on, 200-1; on national question, 169,188-89, 195; in Zurich colony, 30,31,36. See abo Georgians Caucasus: first Marxist publication in, 159; smuggling networks through, 164. See abo Caucasian activists central party structure: Bolsheviks and, 221,233; Lenin and, 155-56,161,213,232,233; Liberation ofLabor group and, 161; Marxists and, 62-64,195 Chaikovtsy, 33,36,38 Chartism, 20-21 Chatterjee, Choi, 102-3 Chavikchvili, Ivan, 227 Cheka (Soviet political police), 218; repression by, 218,220,234; successor to, 242-43 Chernov, Viktor, 189,194; in civil war, 220; and Constituent Assembly, 218; critique of Bolsheviks, 234; life in exile, 211,237; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203,204; and Provisional Government, 211-12; return to Russia after February Revolution ofl917,211-12; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205
328 INDEX Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 9 If; Siberian esule of, 25; What Is to Be Done?, 24-25,31-32 Chicago, Haymarket bombing in (1886), 135 Chopin, Frédéric, 16 Churchill, Winston, 191,197,227-28 Citroën, André, 71-72 Civil War, Russian, 220,221; end of, 231-32; and Soviet worldview, 226 colonial subjects: Russian émigrés’defense of, 111, 112; Russian émigrés distinguished from, 102-3. See also anti-colonialism colonies (kolonii), Russian, 1; in 1860s, 3-4, 29; in 1870s-1880s, 38-42; alternative lifestyles of, influence on host societies, 97; and anti-colonial activism, 5-6,54-55, 111, 199-200; and Bolshevism, 1-2,7, 8-9,155-56; communal infrastructure of, 5,53-54; complexity of, 4; as concrete utopias, 4-5,6,10,13-14,31,36,37, 247-48; conflicts in, 2,6-7,37,56-58, 63-64,94,157,158,159,189-90,194, 213,236-37; crisis in early 20th century, 155-58,161,183-84, 201; cross-border networks of, 5-6,41,55-56; cross-cultural exchanges in, 61; defining elements of, 29, 42; demographics of, 41-42,160; double agents infiltrating, 58-60,130,191-92; egalitarianism of, 29-30,46; emancipated women in, 5,13,46-48,47/, 99,109-10, 114; and emancipatory campaigns, 2, 5,6-7, 9,46-52, 53-54,78-79,86,107-12,157; European liberalism and, 5-6,9,32,36,98, 107-9,122-23; expansion in early 20th century, 159-61; experimental community modeled on, 108; and host societies, 94, 97-98,122; internationalism of, 5-6,54-55, 108,111-12; Jews in, 41-42,45-46,49-51; legacies of, 10,239; and Lenin’s thought, 164-65,166,230; liminality as source of empowerment of, 5; literary culture in, 5254,55-56; and Marxism,
1-2,8-9,61-62, 63; as model for Soviet Russia, 216-17, 218, 221; mutual aid associations in, 5,30, 44-45; and nationalist struggles, 48-49,54, 111-12; non-Russian ethnic minorities in, 48-51; October Revolution of 1917 and, 226; origins ofterm, 5; police surveillance of, European, 117-18,124,138,146,156; police surveillance of, tsarist, 7,58-60; and revolutionary activism, 1-2; and Revolution of 1917,13-14,209-10; Russian diplomatic campaign against, 118-19; Russophile activists’ campaign against, 124-32,133-35; secularism of, 44; and socialism, 1-2,113; and Society of Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; solidarities of, 5,6,29-30,32,44-46,5152,53-54; spatial elements and utopian potential of, 5-6; transformations in early 20th century, 151,194,195-96; tsarist regime and, 38; unification initiatives of, 160-61; university students and, 28-31, 38-40; use of term, 4; violent turn in early 20th century, 190-92; Western observers’ interest in, 97-98; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 65,66,72-84; World War I and, 201-3,204-5; and Zionism, 1,7, 51,196. See also specific colonies/cities Commissariat(s), Soviet: dysfhnction of, 232; émigré heritage and, 216-17,220; one-man management replacing, 232 communal life: in Bedford Park experimental community, 108; in Iskra group, 162-63; in Russian colonies, 5,53-54; in Soviet Russia, 216-17 Communist International (Comintern), 231; affiliates of, 231; creation of, 231. See ako Third International Communist Manifesto (Marx), 15,81,89 concrete utopia(s), 4; Paris Commune as, 27; Russian colonies as, 4-5,6,10,13-14,31, 36,37,247-48; Siberian exile
camps as, 6; Soviet state as, 8,228; working-class immigrants and, 66 Confession of a Nihilist, The (pamphlet), 129-30 conflicts (skloki): agents provocateurs and, 60; alternative lifestyles and, 22; within Bolshevik party/regime, 8,194-95, 215-16,243-44; between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 174,177-78,181-82, 185-90,233-34; within Bund, 93-94, 195; emancipatory campaigns and, 57-58, 157-58,192-94; between émigrés and host nations, 22-24,196-98; exile and, 2-3; Ukra group and, 167-71; among Jewish political activists, 83-84,93-94; Lenin and, 2,156; Marx and, 2-3,24; Marxists and, 63-64,155-56,157-58,161; within Menshevik party, 184,195,206,207f, 241; national question and, 56,206; within non-Marxist parties, 195; Paris Commune and, 27; among Polish émigrés, 63; among postrevolutionary émigrés, 241; among radical émigrés in Geneva, 26-27; in radical networks, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 204, 206; and restoration of revolutionary potential, Lenin on, 204,206; after Revolution of 1905,180-81,182,184-85; after Revolution of 1917,8,215-16,24344; in RSDRP, 157,177-78,183-84, 204; Russian colonies and, 2,6-7,37,56-58,
INDEX 63-64,94,157,159,189-90,194,213, 236-37; within Second International, 19899; within SPD, 116-17; and Stalins rise to power, 243,247; in working-class Jewish immigrant neighborhoods, 83-84; in Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34,35 Congress of Soviets: Mensheviks expelled from, 21920; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15 Conrad, Joseph: Secret Agent, The, 144; Under Western Eyes, 98,144 conspiracy theories: exiles’ commitment to emancipation ofjews and, 7; on Jewish kahal, 130-31,132; on Jews and Bolshevism, 227-28,240-41 Constituent Assembly, 218 Corday, Charlotte, 106 courts: in Russian colonies, 5; in Soviet state, show trials by, 235-36,246 Cyon, Èlle de (H’ía Tsíon), 126-27,128,130,149; on anarchist terror, 135; on autocracy as ideal form of government, 131; on CatholicOrthodox reconciliation, 148-49; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and League of Patriots, 132 Czartoryski, Adam, 16 Dan, Fedor, 177; Bolshevik regime and, 218,220, 235-36; Mensheviks and, 177,184,188; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203; return to life in exile, 237 Dan, Lidiia, 49; Bolshevik regime and, 220; emigration to New York, 240; in Iskra group, 162-63,168; on Lenin, 164,168; on Mensheviks, 186; Revolution of 1905 and return to Russia, 179 Dashnak party, 63 Daudet, Alphonse, 105-6 Déroulède, Paul, 132 dialectical materialism, Marxism and, 4,63 dictatorship of proletariat: Kautsky on, 229; Lenin on, 230; Second International’s rejection of, 230; Trotsky on, 236 Diksztajn, Szymon, 61,80-81,85 Dimanshtein, Semen, 223,242,246 discussion circles (kruzhki), radical, 14-15,30,31 Dmitrieva, Elizaveta, 27
double agents (agents provocateurs): Bolshevik regimes treatment of, 218-19; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-36; in Russian colonies, 58-60,130,191-92 Drabkina, Feodosiia, 172,176 Drahomanov, Mykhailo: and emancipation of women, 48; and federalist schemes, 54; in Geneva, 38-40,48-49; Holy Brotherhood and, 59; on Jewish question, 57; polemics 329 against Lavrov, 56,57,58; on revolutionary terrorism, 113; visit to Zurich colony, 31 Drumont, Édouard, 131, 132,135-36 Dumas, Alexandre (fils), 127-28 Dzierżyński, Feliks, 218,220 East End (Whitechapel) neighborhood, London, 67-68; Anarcho-Communists in, 92; Berner Street Club in, 73-74,75-76,80,115; Bundists in, 89; close-knit community of, 69; efforts to reform, 121; emancipation dreams in, 69; ethnic economy of, 65,69; Jack the Ripper in, 67-68,143; Lenin’s agitation in, 163; libraries/reading rooms in, 78,80/, 90; media campaign targeting, 143,145-46; Okhrana agents infiltrating, 139; philanthropy in, 70,71,75; progressive European women and, 110-11; public opinion on, shift in, 144-45; resettlement of inhabitants to North America, 122; revolutionary agitation in, 82-83,163; Sidney Street Siege in, 191,196-97; socialists in, 75-76; strikes in, 73-74; Western observers on, 98,106; working-class Jewish immigrants in, 65-66,68-69 economism/economists, 86; growing strength of, 90; vs. Marxists, 93,116,157; Vilna radical circle and, 86,87 egalitarianism: of Russian colonies, 29-30,46; socialist ideas and, 72-73 Eisner, Clara, 114. See also Zetkin, Clara Eliot, George, 109 emancipation (emancipatory campaigns): Bolsheviks and,
195,201,209-10,213, 221-26; and doctrinal conflicts, 57-58; emigration and, 18,21-22,37,42-46; Marxist position on, 63; Paris Commune and, 27; Russian colonies and, 2,5-7,9, 46-52,78-79,86,107-12; Russian exiles of 1830s-1860s and, 20-22; Soviet state and, 222,232-33; vs. universalism, 6-7,63,93. See aho specific campaigns emancipation ofjews: in 18th-century Europe, 51, 130-31; Aksel’rod on, 50,63; Bolsheviks on, 192-93,222-24,22S; Bund’s position on, 87-88,89-90,94; diverse approaches to, 5051; doctrinal disputes regarding, 57,157-58, 192-94; exiles’ commitment to, and Jewish conspiracy theories, 7; Marxists on, 157-58; Russian colonies and, 5,49-51,53-54,157; Russian émigrés and struggle for, 20-22,9293; vs. universal emancipation, 93; workingclass immigrant neighborhoods and, 69-70. See яко Jewish nationalism emancipation of serfs, in Russia, 25; calls for, 16
330 INDEX emancipation of women: activism of 1860s and, 24-25; Bolsheviks and, 195,201, 213; Jewish proletarians and, 78-79, 110-11; Menshevik position on, 195; Paris Commune and, 27; personal cost of, 58; resistance to, 57-58; Russian colonies and, 5,13,46-48,47/, 53-54,99,109-10,114; Russian exiles of 1830s-1860s and, 17,22; Soviet state and, 222,232-33; in Zurich universities/colony, 13,28-29,30-31,3435. See also feminism emancipation ofworkers: Paris Commune and, 27; Polish Socialist Party (PPS) on, 63 emigration: emancipatory potential of, 18,21-22, 37,42-46; legacies of, 239. See ako émigré heritage émigré(s): German, in Switzerland, 61; political, in 19th-century Europe, 2-3; use of term, 4; and utopias, 3,4,247-48. See ako émigrés, Russian; Polish émigrés émigré heritage: and Bolsheviks, 7-8,155-56, 209-10,213,215-17,220-21,225-26,231֊ 32, 241-42; and Bund, 88; and Soviet state, 215,241-42 émigrés, Russian: asylum protections for, 20-21, 98,101-3; Bolshevik regime and, 237; bomb plots of 1889-1890 and attitudes toward, 136; and European hosts, relationship of, 2324, 94,196-98; European public s opinion of, shift in, 129-30,131,137-38,144-47, 151; European pubhc s support for, 44, 101-3,104-5,132; and European radicals, 17,107-8,112-17,132,197-98,200; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23-24; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,209,210, 226; first generation of (I830s-1860s), 3, 15-18,20-22,23-24,25-28; and Jewish emancipation, struggle for, 20-22,92-93; journeys westward, 42-43; Marx and, 20-21, 24,61; October Revolution of 1917 and, 226, 239; and Polish exiles,
alliances of, 16-17, 21; postrevolutionary, 183-84,237,239-41; Red Scare and, 226-28,231; repatriation after February Revolution of 1917,210-11; restrictions on rights of, 23-24,67,145,197; after Revolution of 1905,183-84; Russian diplomatic campaign against, 118-19; Russophile activists' campaign to discredit, 124-32; second generation of (1860s1880s), 3,25,38; subaltern consciousness of, 201; Western liberal discourse on, 97-104, 105-6,107-9,114-15; World War I and, 201-3,204-5. See ako colonies Engels, Friedrich, 20-21,27-28,91/; on revolutionary terrorism, 113; Russian perspectives and evolution of theories of, 113-14 England. See Britain ethnic minorities. See non-Russian ethnic minorities Europe: asylum regimes in, 19-21,38-40,98, 101-3; defenders of tsarist regime in, 124-25,126-28; emancipation ofJews in, 51,130-31; illiberal turn in late 19th century, 122-23,124-25; political ideas from, influence on Russian intellectuals, 14-15,16; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 129-30,131,137-38, 144-47,151; radicals in, Russian émigrés and, 17,107-8,112-17,132,197-98,200; Red Scare in, 226-28; restrictive policies toward immigrants, 22-23,67,145,197; revolutionary terrorism in, alarm over, 13338,134/; revolutions of 1848 in, 8,21-22, 23; revolutions of 1918-19 in, 228-29; and Russia, anti-anarchist accords with, 149-50, 151,156; and Russia, entangled history of, 9,14-15; Russian émigrés’ disillusionment with, 23-24; support for Russian émigrés in, 44,101-3,104-5,132. See ako liberalism; specific countries Evkom, 223 Evsektsiia, 223,242,246 exile(s): conflict
associated with, 2-3; and opportunities for political organization, 239; use of term, 4. See ako émigré(s) expropriation tactic: Bolsheviks and, 187-88, 196-97; European hosts’ response to, 19697; non-Marxist parties adopting, 190-91; Soviet state and, 213 Ezhov, Sergei, 159,237,246 Fabian Society, 99, 111, 114—1S family: exiles’ attempts to reform, 17,22, 30-31,47-48,78-79; ties among Old Bolsheviks, 217 Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 99 February Revolution of 1917,207; émigré response to, 207-8,209,210,226; and Lenin’s return to Russia, 2,209,210-11 feminism: in early 1840s’ Europe, 15; Russian colonies and, 5-6,109-10,114; Russian revolutionaries and, 99,100,104,105-6 Figner, Vera, 29,30,31,35,47-18,58 First International, 25-26 Five Year Plan, first, 244 Flaubert, Gustave, 127-28 Ford, Ford Madox, 107-8 Ford, Isabella, 109-10,180 Foreign Committee of the Bund, 88-89 Fotieva, Lidiia, 172,176,178-79,216 France: arrests of Russian radicals in, 118,119-20, 125/; asylum policies of, 19-20,23,101-2, 119,120; bomb plots of 1889-1890 and, 124,
INDEX 133-36; emancipation ofJews in, 130-31; expulsion of Russian radicals from, 140; extreme right in, pro-tsarist agitators and, 132; July Monarchy in, 19,20; Okhrana activities in, 128-30,133-36,180; open borders by late 19th century, 44; police in, cooperation with Okhrana, 118,119-20, 138,150-51; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18,124,197,207; Polish cause championed in, 20; Polish exiles in, 19-20,22-23, 25; public opinion of Russian émigrés in, shift in, 137; Red Scare in, 226,227,228; revolution of 1789 in, 14-15,130-31; revolution of 1830 in (July revolution), 18,19; rise of nationalism in, 128; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; and Russia, formal alliance of (1892), 147^-8; Russian colonies in, 3-4; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 205; Russian government’s pressure on, 119; Russian-Jewish migrants in, 67; Second Republic in, 21-22; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, 150. See ako Paris France, Anatole, 127-28 freedom. See emancipation Free Economic Society, St. Petersburg, 159 Free Russian Press Fund, London, 56 French revolution (1789), 130-31; impact on Russian empire, 14-15 Fritschi, the: Lavrov and, 34; in Paris, 40; in Zurich, 30-31,32,35,36 Gambetta, Léon, 127-28 Gandhi, Leela, 107 Garnett, Constance, 109 Garnett, Olive, 108,109,110-11 Gaulois, Le (newspaper), 127,130 Gekkeľman, Abram (Landesen), 130; and British secret service, 140; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-35,180; and Zurich bomb incident of 1889,135 Gel’fand, Izrail’. See Parvus
Gel’finan, Gessia, 9 If Geneva, Switzerland: as bastion of free thought, 38-40; Bund leaders in, 88-89; Communards exiled to, 54-55; Lenin’s circle in, 172,173/, 176,216; nationalist activists in, 48-49; Russian Marxists in, 25-27; Russian students in, 39/, 137-38,159-60 Geneva colony, 1,38^10; Bolsheviks in, 172-76; Café Landolt in, 1-2, 7; conflicts between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in, 177-78; expansion in early 20th century, 160; library in, 53,174-75; newspapers published by, 52; women in, 47/, 47—48 331 Geneva Liberation of Labor group. See Liberation of Labor group, Geneva Georgians, in emigré communities, 41; and Bolsheviks, 188; brand ofMarxism of, 159; factionalism of, 63; and Mensheviks, 188 German émigrés, in Switzerland, 61 German Idealism, 14-15 German Social Democrats. See SPD Germany: alarm about rise of, and Russian alliances with France and Britain, 147; anti socialist laws in, 112-13,116; Bolshevik regime’s negotiations with, 215-16; in Franco-Prussian war, 128; Lenin in, 162; and Lenin’s return to Russia (1917), 210-11; Marxists’ return to, 116; police harassment of émigré communities in, 197; Polish exiles in, after revolt of 1830,19; progressive Russian gentry in (I830s-1840s), 15; revolution of 1918-19 in, 228,229-30; Russian communities in, in late 19th century, 41,116; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239; RussianJewish migrants in, 67; Russian residents in, World War I and, 201-2; Russian students in, 28,41,136,197; smuggling rings through, 43; and tsarist regime, 41. See also specific cities Germinal (Zola), 98 Gide, Charles, 91ƒ Gladstone,
William, 127 Goldman, Emma, 78-79 Golovin, Ivan, 15,17-18,20-21,23 Gopelson, Emmanuel, 146-47 Gor’kii, Maksim, 224 Great Terror, 246-48 Gusev, S. I., 172,176 Ha’am, Ahad, 76-77 Halle, Germany, Russian students in, 41 Hansen, Jules, 128; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; and Rachkovskii, 129,141 Harting, Arkadii, 133-35. See ako Gekkeľman, Abram Haymarket bombing, Chicago (1886), 135 Heidelberg, Germany, Russian students in, 28,41 Herwegh, Georg, 17,20-21,22 Herzen, Aleksandr, 14-15; death of, 31-32; disillusionment with Western Europe, 23-24, 166; European revolutionaries and, 17,24; European revolutions of 1848 and, 21-22, 23-24; family life of, 17,22; first impressions of France, 16,23; life in exile, 15-16,20-21, 23,25; and Nechaev, 26; political program of, 17-18,24; and Russian Free Press, 18,56; salon of, 16; on solidarity between Russians and Poles, 17; younger generation of émigrés and, 25 Herzen, Natalija, 17,22
332 INDEX Herzl, Theodor, 76-77 Hillel (Jewish sage), 81,224 Holy Brotherhood, 59-60 Hromada (journal), 48-49 Hueffer, Juhet, 107-8, ПО Hugo, Victor, 18,119-20 human trafficking, Jews accused of, 144-45 Hunchak party, 61-62,63 Hungary: Communist revolution in (1919), 228, 230; pogroms in, 143 hunger strike: Russian émigrés and, 112; suffragettes and, 109-10 Hyndman, Henry, 114,180 Idel’son, Rozaliia, 48 Indian activists, Russian revolutionaries and, 112,199 intellectuals, Russian: European political ideas of 1830s-1840s and, 14-15,16; and Jewish workers, 65,66,72-84; radicalism of, origins of, 8-9 internationalism: Bolsheviks and, 226; Paris Commune and, 27; political exile and development of 2-3; pro-Russian activists’ brand of, 148-49; Russian colonies and, 5-6, 54-55,108,111-12; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 79-80 International Socialist Conference, Amsterdam (1904), 171 International Socialist Conference, Paris (1900), 94 International Working Men’s Association (First International), 25-26 Irish nationalists: bombings by, 117-18; and Russian émigrés, 111-12 Iskra (newspaper), 162; criticism of Western socialists in, 164-65,166/; Lenin’s essays in, 164; Western radicals’ support for, 163 Iskra group, 162-63; Berlin circle of, 179; vs. Bund, 167-68,169; Bundist smuggjing networks and, 164; communal life of 16263; conflicts involving, 167-71; influence in Russia, 164; Lenin and, 162,163-64,171; Liberation of Labor group and, 162,163-64, 168; new revolutionary doctrines developed in, 164,165-66; self-destruction of 171; vs. Zionists, 167,168 Istpart, 242,244,245-46
Italy: Risorgimento in, 2-3,21-22,25; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898), 14950; Russian colony in, 41; socialist party in, Russian émigrés and, 115; SR headquarters in, 194; Vpered! group in, 194 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 93 Jack the Ripper, 67-68,143 Jewish Communists, distrust of, 225 Jewish France (Drumont), 131 Jewish Labor Bund. See Bund Jewish nationalism: Bolshevik opposition to, 19294,233; Bund and, 87-88,89-90,94,157; intensification in early 20th century, 157-58; Lenin on, 200-1; vs. universal emancipation, 93,192-93. See abo emancipation ofJews Jewish question. See emancipation ofJews Jewbh Russia (pamphlet), 130-31,132 Jewish Workers’ Society, Paris, 74-75,78,114,115 Jews, attacks on. See antisemitism; conspiracy theories; pogroms Jews, Russian: and anarchism, 75-76,76/; Bolshevik regime and, 222-24,225,234-35; British restrictions on, 145; in Chaikovtsy, 33; in colonies, 41-42,45-46,49-51, 193-94; diverse backgrounds of 68-69; doctrinal disputes among, 83-84,93-94; efforts to acculturate, 70-72,75; exodus from Soviet state, 234-35; February revolution of 1917 and, 226; German restrictions on, 67; integration into Russian society, 51; in leadership of radical parties, 92,188,19394; Lenin’s position on, 167-68,189; mass expulsion from Berlin, 197; mass migration of 1860s, 3; mass migration orlate 19thearly 20th century, 65-67; media campaign targeting, 143,144-46; in Menshevik leadership, 188,189; in New York, 74,23435; outbreak of World War I and, 202; purges under Stalin, 246; Red Scare and, 227; resettlement to North America, 122; and revolutionary
terrorism, blame for, 135-36, 137f 144-45,146,147; as students in foreign universities, 38,51; suffering endured by, European media on, 101; suffering endured by, Lavrov on, 82; universalist views of 50; in Vil’na radical circle, 49-50,55; Western Jews and, 70-72,75,76-77,106-7,121-22; work ethic of contradictory perceptions of, 120֊ 21. See abo Pale of Settlement; working-class Jewish immigrants Jews' Free School, London, 70,71-72 Jogiches, Leon, 62,63,92 Judaism, socialist reimagining of, 81 kahal, conspiracy theories regarding, 130-31,132 Kamenev, Lev, 188; and Bolshevik regime, 21516; critiques of global imperialism, 199; February Revolution of 1917 and, 210,212; and Lenin, 172,194,210,214; outbreak of World War I and, 204; in power struggle after Lenin’s death, 243,245; prosecution in show trial, 246; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198-99; Stalin’s campaign against, 244,245-46; wife of 217,242
INDEX Kameneva, Olga, 217,242,246 Kapital, Das (Marx), 25-26,61 Kara penal colony tragedy (1888-89), 104,109-10 Katz, Jacob, 51 Kautsky, Karl, 91/; and Akselrod, 61,186; on Alexander Ils assassination, 113; on Bolshevik regime, 229,236; influence of, 89,158-59; and Lenin, 199-200,229-30; and Marxism, 116; on mass strikes, 117; and Parvus, 116; on Russian revolutionary movement, 117; and SPD, 164-65 Key, Ellen, 109 Khatsman (Weizmann), Vera, 47/, 51 Kiev, Ukraine: Jewish population of, 68-69, 171; pogrom of 1881 in, 101; Rachkovsii in, 59-60; Zurich communes influence in, 31,33 Kirov, Sergei, 245-46 Kishinev pogrom of 1903,92 Kollontai, Aleksandra, 195; and Bolsheviks, 204,215-16,222,224,235,237; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,212; and Lenin, 204,232-33; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 201-2,205; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198-99; and Shliapnikov, 212; Stalin’s purges and, 246; and women’s rights, 201; and Workers' Opposition group, 235 Ko/oko/ (journal), 18 Kombund, 223-24 konspiratsiia, new revolutionary doctrine of, 161, 163,164-65,191 Kopel’zon, Timofei, 85,88-89 Kossuth, Lajos, 20-22 Kovalevskaia, Sofiia, 109 Koven, Seth, 107 Krakow, Poland, as new Bolshevik intellectual center, 194-95,200,201-2,204 Krantz, Philip, 74-75 Kravchinskii, Sergei (Stępniak): assassination by, 38; bestselling books of, 99, 100,114; death of, 52; life in exile, 38-41, 108, 118-19; and Plekhanov, 44; Western commentators on, 105,108,110,114-15; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 7981; on Zasulich, 104 Kremer, Arkadii, 85,196; On Agitation, 86-87; and Bund, 87;
emigration of, 88-89 Kronstadt rebellion, 235; suppression of, 235, 236,237 Kropotkin, Petr: and anarchism, 63-64,104-5, 113; arrest and trial in France, 118,119-20; bestselling books of, 99,114; in Chaikovtsy, 33; disciples of, 114; life in exile, 38-41,120, 211; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; on Paris Commune, 64; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; 333 visit to Zurich colony, 31,32-33; Western commentators on, 102-3,106,107-8,11011,114-15; wife of, 45-46,48; and workingclass Jewish immigrants, 79-81 Krupskaia, Nadezhda: and Bolsheviks, 176,217; on émigré struggles after 1905,183; February Revolution (1917) and, 207-8; and Iskra commune, 162-63; and Lenin, 171-72, 175-76; in London, 164-65; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; Siberian exile of, 162; vision for collective life in Soviet Russia, 216; and women's journal, 201; on Zasulich, 175-76 Krylenko, Nikolai, 218-19 Kuliabko-Koretskii, Nikolai, 32; escape from Russia, 43,55; in London, 65,66; in Zurich, 13,29,30 Kun, Béla, 228,230 Kvali (periodical), 159 labor movement: European, Russian émigrés and, 54,115; Russian, in 1880s, 84-85. See also strikes; trade unions Labor Zionism (Poale/Poalei Zion), 77, 184-85,223 Lachs, Vivi, 81 Lafayette, Marquis de, 20 Landesen. See Gekkeľman, Abram land expropriation: German communists’ calls for, 228; in Soviet state, 213 landslayt associations, 69 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 89,91ƒ Latvians: Bolsheviks and, 188,190; in émigré communities, 41; Lenin on, 200-1; in London, and Sidney Street Siege, 191; at
Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Lausanne, Switzerland: Bolshevik expropriation in, 187-88,196-97; Russian students in, 136,159-60 Lavrov, Petr (Piotr), 91/; and contraband network, 55; double agent infiltrating circle of, 130; expulsion from Paris, 118; on failure of Paris Commune, 33-34; and Idel’son, 48; influence in Russia, 33; and Jewish particularism, 90; and Jewish Workers’ Society, 74-75; and Liberman, 49-50; move to London, 35,40-41; move to Paris, 25, 40; Paris Commune and, 27; polemics with Drahomanov, 56,57, 58; provincial exile of, 25; rivalry with Bakunin, 33-34,35; at Second International, 115; on terrorist attacks, justifications for, 104; and Vpered! (newspaper), 40-41,65; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 65,82; and Zurich colony, 31-32,33-34 Lazare, Bernard, 121-22
334 INDEX League of Patriots, 132 League of the Rights of Man, 99 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 24 Left-Hegelians, 17 legal Marxism, 159 Leipzig, Germany: Russian émigrés in, 1,43; Russian students in, 41,114 Lemberg, Ukraine: Polish and Ukrainian activists in, 41; Russian bookstores in, 56; Zionist activism in, 196 Lenin, Vladimir: and anti-colonialism, 199-200, 222; on antisemitism, 167-68,223; arrival in Petrograd (2017), 209,210; and Bolshevik party expansion, 214; and Bolshevism, 155-56,170-71,172-74; and Bund, critiques of, 163-64,167-68,189,200; and centralized party organization, 155-56, 161,213, 232,233; challenges to leadership of, 194; collected writings of, omissions in, 242; colonies’ influence on thought of, 230; and Communist International, 231; concrete utopia created by, 156; conflicts catalyzed by, 2,156; dejection and rage of, 171-72,207; denunciation of radical critics, 235; dictatorial tendencies of, criticism of, 229-30,233; as double agent, suspicion of, 192; émigré heritage and, 213,215; émigré milieu and, 163,164-65; European revolutions and, 228; evolving thinking of, return to Russia and, 213; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8,209; in Geneva, 1-2,7,172-73,175-76; Geneva circle of, 172,173/, 176,216; illness and death of, 243; inflammatory rhetoric of, 189,204; inner circle of, 216; introduction to Marxist texts, 62; and Iskra group, 162, 163-64,168,171; on Jewish Communists, 225; and Kautsky, 199-200,229-30; and kanspiratsiia doctrine, 161,163,164-65, 191; in Krakow, 194-95, 200,201-2; “Lessons of a Crisis, The,” 165-66,167; in London,
155,162,163,164-65; lover of, 175-76,201; and Malinowski, 191,192, 218-19,242; and Martov, 168,170,171-72, 220; vs. Martov, 177,181,206,219-20,233; on Mensheviks, 170-73,174,185,189-90, 230; in Munich, 162,163; national concerns and, 188-89,200-1,203-4,213,222, 224-25; and October Revolution of 1917, 214—15; “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back,” 170-71,177; open letter to Paris colony, 190; opportunism of, 187-88,205, 206,212,213-14; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2,203-4, 206; in Paris, 186; on Paris Commune, 172-73,181,203-4,206, 212,229-30; patriarchal power of, 173/, 175-77,217,232-33; personality of, 168, 170,172,186-87; and Plekhanov, 62-63, 161,162,163-64,171; populist appeal of, 212-13,214; power struggle after death of, 243; Provisional Government overthrown by, 209; radical youths devotion to, 164; return abroad in 1907,183; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,2,209, 210-11; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179,181; andRSDRP, conflicts with, 164,171; at RSDRP’s second congress, 168-69,170; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; Siberian exile of, 94,155,161-62; sister of, 217; on SPD, 199-200,231; and Stalin, 194-95,200; and Trotsky, 177,181,203,214-15; ultra radical tendencies of, 166,174,200,205-6, 212; universalist stance of, 192-93; utopian vision of, 204,206,209,212-14; and Vil’na radical circle, 86-87; and Vperedists, 194-95,204; Weizmann on, 193; What is to Be Donet, 164,165-66; and women’s rights, 201; on World War Is transformative potential, 203-4,20S-6,212-13,215-16; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205-6; in
Zurich, 201-2 Leo XIII, Pope, 148-49 Lepeshinskaia, Olga, 172,174-75,176 Lepeshinskii, Panteleimon, 172; anti-Menshevik cartoons by, 174,175/, 181; in Bolshevik regime, 216; Geneva canteen operated by, 174-75; on Lenin, 176 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, 105 “Lessons of a Crisis, The” (Lenin), 165-66,167 Levitskii, Vladimir, 159,237,246 Liber, Mark, 169,218,220,237,246 liberalism/liberals, European, 98; anti-anarchist accords and, 151,156; class and racial hierarchies and, 102-3; destabilization in late 19th century, 122-23,124; failed revolutions of 1848 discrediting, 8; pro-tsarist agitators’ attacks on, 130-31,132; and Russian colonies, 5-6,9,32,36,98,107-9,122-23; Russian radicalism and, 9,98,106 Liberation of Labor group, Geneva, 61; vs. Bund, 93,94,157-58,161,162; and centralized party organization, 161; doctrinal ruptures in, 157; on economism, 90; and Iskra group, 162,163-64,168; and SPD, 116; vs. SRs, 161; and Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad, 61-62,90; and Vil’na radical circle, 87 Liberation of Labor group, St. Petersburg, 62-63, 86-87,161,220 Liberman, Aron, 49-50,55,72-73,90 libraries (reading rooms), in Russian colonies, 5, 53-54; in Brussels, 195-96; factional wars in, 57; in Geneva, 53,174-75; in Paris, 78,
INDEX 84; and radicalization of students, ЗО, 53; in Zurich, 30,31-32,34, S3 libraries (reading rooms), in working-class Jewish neighborhoods, 78,80/, 84,90 Liebknecht, Karl, 91/, 163; assassination of, 230; Communist party established by, 228; and Spartacus League, 203,206 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 115 Lih,Lars, 161 literary culture, of Russian colonies, 52-54,55-56. See ako libraries Lithuania: Jewish proletarians in, 85; national rights of, Bund on, 157,171; radical workers' circles in, 84-85 Litvinov, Maksim, 172,179,188; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; and Tiflis bank robbery, 187-88 London, England: Bedford Park experimental community in, 108; Herzen’s salon in, 16; Isfcra group in, 162-63; Jewish anarchists in, 92; RSDRP’sfifth congress in ( 1907), 185, 198; RSDRP’s second congress in ( 1903), 169; Russian Free Press in, 18; tailors’ strike in ( 1889), 83-84; working-class Russian Jews in, 65-66,67-69,75. See ako East End (Whitechapel) neighborhood; London colony London colony, 40-41,65; expansion in early 20th century, 160; Free Russian Press Fund in, 56; Jews in, 49-50,196 Louis-Philippe (French “citizen-king”), 18, 20,21-22 Lozovskii, Solomon, 186,231 Lunacharskii, Anatolii: and Bolshevik regime, 215-16,217; onKrupskaia, 176; and Lenin, 172,194,204; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; on Russian Jews, 225 Luxemburg, Rosa: assassination of, 230; Communist party established by, 228; journey out of Russia, 43; PPS faction led by, 63; and SDKP, 92,195; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; and
Spartacus League, 203,206; and SPD, 116-17,166 L’viv, Ukraine. See Lemberg Maklakov, VasiUi, 43 Malia, Martin, 165-66 Malinowski, Roman: as double agent, 191,192; execution of, 218-19; Lenin and, 191,192, 218-19,242 Marais neighborhood, Paris: ethnic economy of, 69; working-class Russian Jews in, 68. See also Pletzl neighborhood Marat, assassin of, 106 335 Martov, Iulii (lulii Tsederbaum): Bolshevik regime and, 218,219-20,2 BB brothers of, 159,237,246; and Bund, 87-88,167; emigration of, 162; expulsion from Congress of Soviets, 219-20; introduction to Marxist texts, 62; in kkra group, 162,163,164, 168; on Jewish nationalism and socialism, 89-90; and Lenin, 168,170,171-72,220; vs. Lenin, 177,181,206,219-20,230,233; Lepeshinskii on, 176; and Mensheviks, 184, 188,206,207/, 234; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15; outbreak of World War I and, 203,204; return to foreign exile, 234-35; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169; on Second International’s response to World War 1,198; Siberian exile of, 161,162; and Vil’na radical circle, 86-87; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 Marx, Karl, 91/; and Bakunin, 17,24,25-26,114; Bernstein’s critique of, 116; Communist Manifesto, 15,81,89; conflicts with revolutionary adversaries, 2-3,24; exile of, 2-3,15; and First International, 25-26; and Herzen, 27; on industrial proletariat, 16566; Kapital Das, 25-26,61; Lenin's revisions of theories of, 165-66; on Paris Commune, 112-13; Polish revolt of 1863 and, 25-26; on revolutionary terrorism,
113; and Russian exiles, 20-21,24,61; Russian perspectives and evolution of theories of, 113-14; Russian radicals’ theories contradicting, 24; works of, smuggled into Russia, 158-59; and Zasulich, 61 Marxism/Marxists: vs. anarchists, 135,157; and Bolshevism, 155; centralization of, 62-64, 195; and dialectical materialism, 4,63; vs. economists, 93,116,157; émigré, chronic infighting among, 155-56,157-58,161; global dissemination of, factors leading to, 114; internationalism of, 2-3; legal, 159; mass movement of, Jewish proletarians and, 88; and nationalism, debates on, 63, 188-89; origins of, explanations for, 8-9; vs. populism, 61-62,63-64; rival movements energized by, 63-64; Russian colonies and, 1-2,8-9,61-62,63; vs. Socialist Revolutionaries, 1S7; spread to Russia, 62-63,158-59; universalist orientation of, 63; vs. utopian thinking, 4; and Zionism, 77; Zurich colony’s hostility toward, 32. See ako Russian Marxists Maximalists (SR faction), 195 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 17,18,20-22,24 Mechnikov, Lev, 54-55
336 INDEX Medem, Vladimir: on Bern colony, 41-42,57-58; emigration to US, 234-35; journey out of Russia, 43; on solidarity of colony life, 54 media, European: campaign targeting workingclass Jewish immigrants, 143,144-46; critical of tsarist regime, 101; pro-tsarist, 126, 127,128-32; on radical Russian émigrés, 97, 99,105-6; on revolutionary terrorism, 133, 134/, 136 media campaigns: Okhrana and, 129-30,131; Soviet state and, 226 Melville, William, 140-41,150 Mendelson, Stanislaw, 48,50; expulsion from Switzerland, 133; and Jewish proletarians, mobilization of, 85; Marxism and, 61, 62; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133, 135-36; and Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 61-62; relocation to London, 138-39; and Seliverstov s assassination, 135-36 Menshevism/Mensheviks: Bolshevik official histories on, 242; vs. Bolsheviks, 174,17778,181-82,185-90,233-34; Bolshevik seizure ofpower and, 217-18,219-20; and Bund, 195; and European Social Democrats, 186; expulsion from Congress of Soviets, 219-20; expulsion from Soviet state, 237,239; Jews in leadership of, 188,189; Kronstadt rebels and, 235-36; Lenin on, 170-73,174,185,189-90, 230; Lepeshinskii’s cartoons of, 174,175/; membership in Russia, 181; and national question, 188-89; October Revolution of 1917 and, 214-15; origins ofterm, 170-71; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3; Paris headquarters of, 186; platform of, 185,186; and Provisional Government, support for, 211-12; repression by Bolshevik regime, 218,233-34,235-36,246; return to life in exile, 239,240; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; rifts within,
184,195,206,207/, 241; and RSDRP, 180-81,185; Stalin on, 189,206; in Switzerland, 187/; on womens rights, 195 Michel, Louise, 78-79,110-11 Mickiewicz, Adam, 16 Mikhailov, Aleksandr, 91ƒ Mill, John (Yosef Mil), 88-89 Millerand, Alexandre, 165 minorities. See non-Russian ethnic minorities Minsk, Belarus: Marxist conference outside of (1898), 87; Zionist conference in (1902), 158-59 Montagu, Samuel, 71 Morris, William, 114-15 Moscow, Russia: Bolshevik government in, 216; students from, 29; workers’ uprising in (1905), 183; Zurich commune’s influence in, 33 Most, Johann, 113 Munich, Germany: Ishra group in, 162-63; Lenin in, 162,163 mutual aid associations: in Russian colonies, 5, 30,44-45; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 69 Napoleon Bonaparte, Lenin compared to, 229-30 Napoleonic wars, reactionary lethargy following, 14 nationalism (national struggles): Bolsheviks and, 188-89,192-93,200-1,224-25,233; Bukharin on, 204; Bund and, 87-88,89-90, 94,157; Central Powers’ plan to support, 210-11; vs. federalism, 63; in France, rise of, 128; healthy vs. aggressive, Bolsheviks on, 224-25; Lenin on, 188-89,200-1,203-4, 213,222,224-25; Marxism and, debates on, 63,188-89; Plekhanov on, 195; Russian colonies and, 48-49,54,111-12; socialism and, debates on, 56; Stalin on, 200; Trotsky on, 206. See ako Jewish nationalism Nechaev, Sergei, 26-27,118-19 newspapers: Russian colonies and, 52; Yiddishlanguage, 73-76,78,80-81,84,92. See ako media; specific newspapers New York: Mensheviks in, 240; Russian Jews in, 74, 234-35; Trotsky exiled in, 207,210; Yiddish-language press in, 75 Nicholas I
(tsar of Russia), 14, IS Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 139-40,149 nihilists: arrests in 1890,125/; European observers on, 100,105-6,107-8; “frish,” 111-12; police surveillance of, 117-18; Russian radicals as, 99 non-Russian ethnic minorities: anti-imperialist campaign of, 199; Bolshevik support for, 213,222; doctrinal disputes among, 57; mass migration of 1860s and, 3; and revolutionary movements, 8-9; in Russian colonies, 4851; in “to the people” movement, 36. See also Jews North America: anarchists immigrating to, 133; Jewish immigrants in, 65,122; Russian colonies in, 3-4. See ako Canada; United States Nouvelle revue, La (journal), 127-28,129-30 Novikova, Olga, 126,127-28,130,131,141, 143-44; and Anglo-Russian alliance, 148; and campaign for international disarmament, 148-49 October Revolution of 1917,214—15; efforts to export, 9,226,228,230,231; emigration after, 239; émigré response to, 226; factional warfare following, 8,215-16,243-44; Kronstadt sailors and, 234-35; Russian
INDEX colonies and, 13-14,209-10; Western governments’ response to, 226,231 Ogarev, Nikolai, 17,25,31-32 Ogareva, Mariia, 17,22 OGPU, 242-43 Okhrana, 59-60; abolition of, 211; activities in Britain, 139,140-42; activities in France, 128-30,133-36,180; antisemític arguments used by, 141-42,158; Burtsev’s revelations regarding, 180; creation of, 38,59; double agents of, 130; and European police, collaboration of, 149-51,156; and French police, 118,119-20,138,150-51; infiltration ofJewish Labor Bund, 88; liberals’ resistance to, 120; media campaign of, 129-30,131; and Paris bomb plot of 1890,133-36; Rachkovskii and, 128-29; and revolutionary terrorism, 135-36; Soviet police compared to, 242-43; Swiss police and, 137-38 Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; family ties among, 217; purges of, 8,244; show trials of, 246; Society of, 241-42; Stalin and, 243-44,245 On Agitation (Kremer), 86-87 “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back” (Lenin), 170-71,177 Padlewski, Stanislaw, 133,135 Pale of Setdement: Jewish revolutionaries Łom, gathering of, 86; literature smuggled in, 70, 87,89,159; Marxists’ influence in, 159; Okhrana propaganda regarding, 141-42; songs circulating in, 80-81; Western media on, 101 PallMall Gazette, 105,126,127,144; antisemític reportage in, 135-36,142^t4 Pankhurst, Sylvia, 109-10 Paris, France: bomb plot of 1890 in, 124,133-36, 180; Herzen on, 16; Jewish Workers’ Society n, 74-75,78,114,115; Lenin’s move to, 186; Menshevik headquarters in, 186; Polish émigrés in, 16; Soviet activities in, 226, 242-43; Vpered! group in, 194; working-class Russian Jews in, 65,66,68-69,74-75. See aho
Paris colony;, Pletzl neighborhood Paris colony, 40; cooperative cafeteria in, 53-54; ethnic diversity of, 41; expansion in early 20th century, 160; Jewish residents in, 41-42; Lenin’s open letter to, 190; Okhrana operations and, 59-60; Paris Communards compared to, 64; police surveillance of, 124,156; after Revolution of 1917,210, 239; secularism of, 44; solidarity in, 5354; Turgenev library in, 53,57; Western observers on, 98,105; and working-class Jewish immigrants, 83 Paris Commune, 13,27; aftermath of, 40,112-13; demise of, 27,112-13; failure of, debates on 337 causes of, 33-34,112-13; fiftieth anniversary of, 235; former participants exiled to Geneva, 54-55; Kropotkin on, 64; Lenin on, 172-73, 181,203-4,206,212,229-30; Marxon, 112-13; Russian exiles and, 13,27; Soviet state modeled on, Lenin’s vision of, 212; Yiddish press on, 78,79f Zurich colony compared to, 13-14,31 Paris Émigré Committee, 202 parliamentary democracy: failure of, Russian radicals on, 201; Lenin’s opposition to, 164, 185,212; Marxist rejection of, 116-17; Menshevik support for, 185,186; and SPD, 116. See also liberalism Parti Communiste Français, 231 Parvus (Izraiľ Geľfand), 116; on Lenin, 176-77; and Mensheviks, 184; move to Istanbul, 196; and plan to cripple Russia’s war efforts, 21011; and SPD, 116-17,166 passports, false, 41-42,43 patriarchal culture: Bolsheviks and, 175-76,217, 224.232-33; Lenin and, 173/, 175-77, 217.232- 33 Pavlovich, M. P., 199 peasants, Russian, revolutionary potential of: Bakunin and Herzen on, 24,26; Dmitrieva on, 27; Lavrov on, 31-32,33-34; Lenin on, 16566,180-81;
Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party on, 63-64; “to the people” movement on, 35-36; Zurich colony's belief in, 32-33 Pease, Edward, 99 People’s Will: calendar published by, 44,45/; founding of, 38; in Geneva, 60; in Paris, 40; in Ukraine, 49 Peterss, Iakov, 218,219,246 Petit Parisien, Le (newspaper), 126,129 Petrograd: Bolshevik elites in, 215,216; émigrés' arrival in, 210,211,215; February revolution in (1917), 207,212; Kronstadt rebellion and, 234-36; Lenin’s arrival in, 209,211,212. See also St. Petersburg Petrograd Soviet: and Lenin, 181; and Trotsky, 210 Petrovskaia, Soilia, 91/ philanthropy, European Jews and, 70,71,75, 106-7,121 Plekhanov, Georgii: and Balabanova, 53; conversion to Marxism, 61; critiques of Bolshevik regime, 217-18; critiques ofBund, 93,94,157-58, 167-68; expulsion from Switzerland, 120, 133; Kravchinskii’s support for, 44; and Lenin, 62-63,161,162,163-64,171; life in exile, 38-40,211; and Mensheviks, 184; on national struggles, 195; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211-12; at Second International, 115; vanity of, 161; Weizmann on, 193; wife of, 48; vs. Zhitlovsky, 63-64
338 INDEX Pletzl neighborhood, Paris: Bundists in, 89; close-knit Community of, 69; and colony of political émigrés, 83; efforts to reform, 121; and labor movement, 115; libraries (reading rooms) in, 78,84; narrative of criminality regarding, 146-47; philanthropy in, 70,71; Social Democrats in, 75-76; Vperedists in, 194; Western observers on, 98,106; working-class Russian Jews in, 68-69; Zetkin in, 114 Poale/Poalei Zion. See Labor Zionism pogroms: of 1881-1882,38,101,102; of 1905, 184-85; of 1918-1919,223; European media on, 101; February Revolution of 1917 and fears of, 211; Kiev pogrom of 1881,101; Kishinev pogrom of 1903,92; People’s Will and, 49; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159 Poland: Bolsheviks in, 194-95,200,201-2, 204; Jewish proletarians in, 85; radical workers’ circles in, 84-85; revolt of 1830 in, 14,15-16,19; revolt of 1863 in, 24-26; revolutionary tradition in, 14; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239. See abo specific cities Poles: Bolsheviks and, 190,200-1; in Russian colonies, 41,48. see abo under Polish police, European: harassment of émigré communities, 197; Okhrana and, 149-51, 156,185; outbreak of World War I and, 2045; surveillance of Russian colonies, 117-18, 124,138,146,156 police, Soviet: Cheka, 218,220,234; prerevolutionary networks and, 242-43 police, tsarist: infiltration ofJewish Labor Bund, 88; political mobilization in early 20th century and, 159; surveillance of Russian colonies, 7,34-35,58-60. See abo Okhrana Polish émigrés: asylum protections for, 19-20; conversion to Marxism, 61; as cult figures in struggle against
oppression, 19,20; factionalism of, 63; new restrictive policies toward, 22-23; revolt of 1830 and, 15-16, 19-20; revolt of 1863 and, 25,48; and Russian exiles, alliances of, 16-17,21 Polish Literary Society, 16 Polish Marxists, 63 Polish Socialist Party (PPS): creation of, 61-62; critique ofBund, 94; on emancipation of proletariat, 63; Jewish leaders in, 92; and Jewish proletarians, 85; Luxemburg’s faction of, 63,195; membership in Russia, 181; and smuggling operations, 88-89; Yiddishlanguage journal of, 92 populism: collapse of, 61; doctrinal disputes regarding, 56; Lenin and, 212-13,214; vs. Marxism, 61-62,63-64; Russian colonies and origins of, 8-9; “to the people” movement and, 35-36,38 Potresov, A. N., 62; in civil war, 220; in Iskra group, 162,164,170-71; and Mensheviks, 184; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202-3; Siberian exile of, 161,162 PPS. See Polish Socialist Party printing presses, Russian émigrés and: in Geneva, 60,88-89; in London, 18,56; in Zurich, 31-32,33 Profintern, 231 proletariat: Bolshevik position on, 200,201,212; dictatorship of, 180-81,229,230; industrial, Marx on, 165-66; industrial, Russia’s lack of, 24,62; Jewish, Bund as voice of, 87-88,157, 167,169; Lenin on, 165-66,230; Menshevik position on, 180-81,185; metaphysical, 165-66,200,201,204. See abo working-class Jewish immigrants Protocob of the Eiders ofZion, The, 132 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 15,17,20-21 Provisional Government, in Russia: and amnesty for political criminals, 210,211; Bolshevik calls for removal of, 212; Menshevik support for, 211-12; reforms under, 211; removal of, 209; and
Soviets, 210,211 purges: ofjewish members of Bolshevik party, 233; under Stalin (Great Terror), 246-48 Rachkovskii, Petr, 59-60,149; activities in Britain, 139-41; activities in France, 128-29,13336,138; activities in Switzerland, 137-38; and Adam, 129-30; antisemitism of, 130; on Catholic-Orthodox reconciliation, 14849; and Franco-Russian alliance, 147-48; informants recruited by, 137-38; media campaign of, 128-30; and Nicholas II, 139-40,149; and Paris bomb plot of 1890, 133-36,180 Radek, Karl, 195; radical insurgencies after World War I and, 228; return to Russia after February Revolution, 211; and Trotsky conspiracy, 245; as victim ofStalin’s purges, 246; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 206 Rappoport, Charles: and Bolshevik party, 228; outbreak of World War I and, 201-2,205; and Parti Communiste Français, 231; and Socialist Revolutionary party, 63-64,92 reading rooms. See libraries Reclus, Elysée, S4—S5 Red Army: in Civil War, 220,231-32; Kronstadt rebellion and, 235; retreat from Poland, 230 Red Cross, 56 Red Scare, impact on émigrés, 226-28,231 religion: Jewish, socialist reimagining of, 81; replaced with revolutionary morality, 44
INDEX Renan, Ernest, 119-20 Revolution of 1905,178; failures of, 183; hardening of conflicts following, 180-81, 182,184-85; and renewed unity among exiles, 178-81; twelfth anniversary of, 207 Revolution of 1917. See February Revolution of 1917; October Revolution of 1917 revolutions, European; of 1848,8,21-22,23; of 1918-19,228-30. See aho specific countries Risorgimento, 2-3,21-22,25 Rochefort, Henri, 113 Rocker, Rudolph: critique of Bolshevik regime, 228; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 203, 205; partner of, 73, 78-79,205; in Whitechapel, 73 Romania: pogroms in, 143; Russian colony in, 41 Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898), 149-50 Rossetti, Helen, 110-11 Rossetti, Obvia, 110-11 Rossetti, William Michael, 110 Rothschild family, 70,71-72,127 RSDRP (Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party): Bund and, 90,92,93,167-68,179; conflicts in, 157,177-78,183-84,204,double agents in, 191; fifth congress of (1907), 185-86,198; founding congress of (1898), 87-88,167; fourth congress of (1906), 183,185,188; Iskra and renewed hope in, 164; Jewish leaders in, 92; Lenin’s conflicts with, 164,171; Lenin’s efforts to consolidate power in, 168-69,171; reorganization on federalist principles, push for, 157; second congress of ( 1903), 168-70; third congress of (1905), 179, 180-81,183 Russia/Russian empire: backlash against pobtical radicalism in, 38; and Britain, formal alliance of (1907), 147-48; as colonial formation, Lenin on, 200; colonies’ communicative networks with, 55-56; and Europe, entangled history of, 9,14-15; and France, formal alhance of (1892), 147-48; illegal bterature
smuggled into, 158-59; impact of French revolution on, 14-15; pobtical ferment in early 20th century, 158-59; radical centers in, émigré colonies and, 159; revolutionary activism of 1860s in, 24-26; spread of Marxism to, 62-63; “to the people” movement in, 35-36,38; working-class Jews in, 66; in World War I, plan to cripple, 210-11; Zionist activism in, 158-59; Zurich colony s influence in, 32-33,35-36. See also Pale of Settlement; tsarist regime; specific cities Russian Free Press, London, 18,56 Russian language, use in colonies, 44-45 339 Russian Marxists: in 1870s, 25-27,61; in 1900s, 1,183-84; antisemitism of, 157-58; Bund and, 87,90,157-58; conflicts with Marx, 26; response to World War 1,198-99; and SPD, 197- 98; Vilna radical circle and, 84-87 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. See RSDRP Russo-Japanese war, 159-60 Saint-Simonianism, 14-15,17 Sahsbury, Lord, 139-40,144,145 Sand, George, 15,17,22,127-28 Savinkov, Boris, 192,220,228,234-35,240-41 scientific materiabsm, Marxism and, 4,63 SDKP (Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland), 63,92,94 SDKPiL, 195,205 Second International: congress in Basel (1912), 198-99; congress in Bern (1920), 230; congress in Stuttgart (1907), 198,199; on imperialism, 199; inaugural meeting of (1889), 114,115; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 198-99,202 Secret Agent, The (Conrad), 144 Seliverstov, Mikhail, assassination of, 133, 135-36,137/ Serge, Victor, 44,202; anarchist activities of, 19091; and Bolsheviks, 228,231,234,237; on colony bfe, 44 sexuahty, exiles' attempts to reform, 17,22, 30-31,47-48 SFRF. See Society of Friends of
Russian Freedom Shaw, George Bernard, 99,180,242 Shbapnikov, Aleksandr, 186,215; Bolshevik regime and, 215-16,224,235,237; February Revolution of 1917 and, 212; outbreak of World War I and, 204; as victim of Stalin’s purges, 246; and Workers’ Opposition group, 235 show trials, Soviet, 235-36,246 Siberian exile: camps in, as concrete utopias, 6; of Chernyshevskb, 25; European lectures on, 104; ofLenin, 94,155,161-62 Sidney Street Siege, London, 191,196-97,218 Singer, Paul, 91/ skloki. See conflicts Slavic federabsm, 17-18 Slezkine, Yuri, 155 Smith, Adam, 104-5 smuggling rings: Bund and, 88-89,90,159,164; and emigration, 43; and hterary culture, 55; Marxist émigrés and, 158-59; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; Russian colonies and, 5-6,41-42 Social Democracy ofthe Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), 63,92,94 Social Democratic Federation, Britain, 114
340 INDEX Social Democrats: and economism, 90; Lenin on, 199-200; Mensheviks and, 240; and Vil’na radical circle, 87; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 75-76; vs. Zionists, 93. See ako German Social Democrats socialism/socialists: French, in 1830s-1840s, 14-15; internationalism of, 2-3; Jewish, rise in Russia, 88; andJewish nationalism, 89-90; nationalism and, debates on, 56,89-90; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 198-99,202; Russian, emergence of, 17-18; Russian, vs. Western European, 198; Russian colonies and, 1-2,113; schism needed to restore revolutionary potential of, Lenin on, 204,206; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 72-73,75-76; Yiddish language and, 80-81; Zionism and, 77 Socialist League, 114-15 Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party: Bolshevik regime and, 217-18,235-36; vs. Bolsheviks, 189; double agents in, 191,192; expanded networks of, 190; expropriation tactic adopted by, 190-91; fracturing in early 20th century, 195,241; headquarters in Italy, 194; and land expropriation, calls for, 213; vs. Marxists, 157; origins of, 63-64, 92; outbreak of World War I and, 202-3; terrorist attacks in Russia, 158-59; Yiddish language used by, 92 Society of Friends of Russian Freedom (SFRF), 99,107-8,139; attacks on, 113,139,141, 144; lectures hosted by, 104; and Soviet regime, 242; women in, 109,111 Society of Old Bolsheviks, 241-42; liquidation of, 246; purges of, 244; Stalin and, 243-44,245-46 solidarity: asylum regimes and, 102; ofJewish workers and Russian revolutionaries, 65,66, 72-84,115; of Russian and Polish exiles, 1617,21; of Russian colonies, 5,6,29-30,32,
44-46,51-52,53-54; of Russian émigrés, outbreak of World War I and, 202 Soviets (workers’ councils): February Revolution of 1917 and, 211; and Provisional Government, 210,211; Revolution of 1905 and, 179. See ako Congress of Soviets; Petrograd Soviet Soviet state. See Bolshevik regime Sovnarkom, 216-17,231-32 Spartacus League, 203,206 SPD (German Social Democrats): creation of, 116; doctrinal disputes in, 116-17; Kautsky s transformation of, 164-65; Lenin’s repudiation of, 199-200,231; and Mensheviks, 186; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 202; political exile in 19th century, 2-3; relations with Russian exiles, 41,116-17, 200; return to homeland, 116; Revolution of 1905 and, 180; and Russian Marxists, 19798; and Spartacus League, 203; women’s bureaus in, 195 Spencer, Herbert, 119-20 spies. See double agents SR. See Socialist Revolutionary party Staal, E.E. de, 139-40 Stalin, Joseph: as arbiter of revolutionary history, 245; and Bolsheviks, 188,215; consolidation ofpower by, 244-46; criticism of émigré dysfunction, 194-95; February Revolution of 1917 and, 212; and first Five Year Plan, 244; vs. former émigrés, 243-44,245-48; as general secretary of Bolshevik party, 241; Great Terror under, 246-48; and Lenin, 194-95,200; on Mensheviks, 189,206; on national self-determination, 222; rise to power, 243,247; at RSDRP’s fifth congress (1907), 185; and Tiflis bank robbery, 18788; vs. Trotsky, 244,245-46 Stankevich, Nikolai, 14-15 Stasova, Elena, 224 Stead, W. X, 126,127,131,135,141; and AngloRussian alliance, 148; and campaign for international disarmament, 148-49; and campaign to
restrict immigration, 143-44; Pall Mall Gazette of, 126,135-36,142 Stępniak. See Kravchinskii, Sergei St. Petersburg, Russia: Free Economic Society in, 159; students from, 29; workers’ uprising in (1905), 178; Zurich commune’s influence in, 33. See ako Petrograd St. Petersburg Conference on threat of anarchism (1904), ISO, 151 St. Petersburg Liberation of Labor group, 62-63, 86-87,161,220 strikes: by Jewish immigrants, 73-75,79-80; Jewish Labor Bund and, 89; by Polish workers, 62 students, Russian, in foreign universities, 28; and bomb plots, 133,135-36; characteristics of, 29-30; and colonies, 28-31,38-40; female, 28-29,38-40,39/; in France, 40, 136; in Germany, 28,136; Jewish, 38,51; Jewish Labor Bund and, 89; mass migration of 1860s and, 3,28; mass migration of 1880s and, 38,39/; mass migration of 1900s and, 159-60; measures to reduce numbers of, 197; radicalization of, 8-9,30,53; restrictions on, in early 20th century, 13738; in Switzerland, 28-33,34-35,38-40,39f, 137-38,159-60,197; unification initiatives of, 160-61; and Zionism, 51 Stuttgart, Germany, Second International congress in (1907), 198,199 suffragettes, Russian colonies and, 109-10,114 Suslova, Nadezhda, 28,29
INDEX Switzerland: asylum policies of, 19-20,25,38-40, 44,101-2,103/118-19,120; crackdown on Russian radicals in, 120,133,137-38; federation of Slavic nations modeled on, idea of, 54; German émigrés in, 61; police surveillance of émigré communities in, 117-18; Polish exiles in, after revolt of1830,19-20,23; public opinion ofRussian émigrés in, shift in, 137; Red Scare in, 226-27; Rome Conference on anarchist threat (1898) and, 149-50; Russian colonies in, 3-4,38-40; Russian exiles in, outbreak ofWorld War I and, 205; Russian government’s pressure on, 118-19,137-38; Russian students in, 28-33,34-35,39/, 13738,197; St. Petersburg Conference on anarchist threat (1904) and, 150. See ako spedfic aties Syrkin, Nacham, 77,93 Tartarin in the Alps (Daudet), 105-6 terrorism, revolutionary, 38,40; anarchists and, 124; backlash against, 59,135-36; doctrinal disputes regarding, 56; European media on, 99, 100,105,106; European public’s alarm over, 133-38,134/, 144-46,196-97; European radicals’ response to, 113; growth in early 20th century, 190-91;Jews blamed for, 135-36, 137/) 144-45,146,147; justifications for, 104; Marx and Engels on, 113; Maximalists on, 195; Paris bomb plot of 1890,124,133-36; proRussian propagandists on, 133-36; Russians associated with, 98; Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party and, 158-59; Zurich bomb incident of1889,133,135,136 Third International: Bolsheviks and, 9,231; Lenin on, 205. See also Communist International Tikhomirov, Lev: double agent infiltrating circle of, 130; in Geneva, 37,38-40; in Paris, 40; and People’s Will, 38,49; return to Russia, 60; strains
of exile life and, 37 Tikhomirova, Katia, 37 Times, The (newspaper), pro-Russian contributions to, 126,142,144 “to the people” movement: in Geneva, 38-40; in Russia, 35-36,38 trade unions: Comintern’s effort to infiltrate, 231; Lenin’s repudiation of, 231; Mensheviks and, 180-81; Russian revolutionaries and, 115; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 69, 73-75,79-80,81,82,115 trials: mass, ofpopulists in late 19th-century Russia, 38; show, Soviet regime and, 235-36,246 Trotsky, Leon: assassination of, 246; and Bolshevik regime, 215; andBundists, 206; February Revolution of 1917 and, 209,210,211-12; imprisonment in 1906,235-36; in Iskra group, 164; on Jewish Communists, 225; on Kronstadt rebels, 235; and Lenin, 177,181, 341 203,214-15; as Lenin’s would-be successor, 243; Lepeshinskii on, 176; life in exile, 194, 201-2,207,210; and Mensheviks, 184; national question and, 206; and October Revolution of 1917,214-15; outbreak ofWorld War I and, 201-2,203-4,20S; Revolution of 1905 and, 179; at RSDRP’s second congress, 169,170; sister of, 217; vs. Stalin, 244,245-46; Weizmann on, 193; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205 tsarist regime (autocracy): antisemitism in campaigns to support, 130-32,135-36, 141-44; European defenders of, 124-25, 126-28,132,147-49; European media campaigns in support of, 126,127,128-32, 141-44; European media on abuses of, 101; as ideal form of government, arguments for, 131; progressive gentry’s opposition to, 15; Russian colonies and, 38; Western reportage on (1830-1860), 19; and world peace, visions of, 148-49. See ako police, tsarist Tsederbaum, lulii,
62. See ako Martov Tsion, H’ia. See Cyon, Élie de Thrgenev, Ivan, 14-16; failed revolutions of 1848 and, 23; Fathers and Sons, 99; Paris library founded by, 53,57; political program of, 17-18; sexual conventions challenged by, 17; younger generation of émigrés and, 25 Ukraine: Peoples Will in, 49; pogroms in, 92,101, 223; Zurich commune’s influence in, 31,33. See ako Kiev; Lemberg Ukrainians: doctrinal conflicts with Jews, 57; in émigré communities, 41,48-49; nationalist activists, Lenin on, 200-1 Ul’ianov, Vladimir, 62. See яко Lenin underground circles (kruzhki): Russian labor movement and, 84-85. See ako Viľna radical circle Under Western Eyes (Conrad), 98,144 Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad, 61-62,90 Union of Russian Workers, 74-7 5 United States: anarchists immigrating to, 133; Haymarket bombing in (1886), 135; Russian émigrés in, after 1917,239,240. See ako New York universalism: Bolsheviks and, 192-94,233; vs. emancipatory politics, 6-7,93; Marxism and, 63; Russian émigrés and, 44; Russian Jews and, 50 utopia(s): abstract vs. concrete, 4; apocalyptic, of Zimmerwald left, 206; émigrés and, 3,4, 247-48; February Revolution of 1917 and, 207-8; Lenin and, 156,204,206,209,212֊ 14; powers of inspiration and destruction in, 10. See ako concrete utopia(s)
342 INDEX Velichkina, Vera, 172 “Vera, or the Nihilists” (Wilde), 108-9,111-12 Vienna, Austria: Balabanova in, 237; Russian colony in, 160; Russian students in, 41; Trotsky in, 194,201-2 Vilna radical circle, SS, 84-87; and economism, 86,87; Lavrov’s writings and, 33; and Liberman, 49-50,55; Marxism embraced by, 62; pilgrimages abroad, 62-63; and “to the people” movement, 36 violence: Bolshevik regime and, 218-20,228, 235,236; expropriation tactics and, 19091; Stalin’s use of (Great Terror), 246-48; utopian pursuits and use of, 10. See abo terrorism, revolutionary VOKS, 242 Voľno e slovo (newspaper), 59 Vperedí (newspaper), 40-41,49-50,55 Vpered! group (Vperedists), 194-95,204 War Communism, 221,224 Webb,Beatrice, 99,109-10, 111, 114-15, 120-21,242 Webb, Sidney, 111, 242 Weizmann, Chaim: alienation from Russian comrades, 157,193; on Bund, 93; dream for Zionist university, 196; escape narrative of, 43; in Geneva, 1-2,7,39/, 53; opposition to Zionist politics of, 2; on university students and Zionism, 51; wife of, 47/, 51 Weizmann, Vera, 47/, 51 What Is to Be Done? (Chernyshevskii), 24-25,31-32 What b to Be Done ? (Lenin), 164,165-66 White, Alfred, 144,145 Whitechapel neighborhood, London. See East End Wilde, Oscar, 107-9,111-12 Wilson, Charlotte, 114-15 Winchevsky, Morris, 73,75-76,78; and Jewish particularism, 90; poems of, 80-81 Witcop, Milly, 78-79,205 women, Russian: in Bolshevik party, 175-76,217; in Chaikovtsy, 33; in foreign universities, 28-29,38—40,39/; in Geneva colony, 47Jj 47—48; in Iskra group, 162-63; and literary culture, 55; in Menshevik party, 187f·, in
Paris Commune, 27; revolutionary, European fascination with, 99,100,104,105-6,108-9; sexual conventions challenged by, 17,22,3031,47—48; terrorist activities of, 38,99,104; in “to the people” movement, 36; in Zurich colony, 13,28-29,30-31,34-35 women, Western: in anarchist movement, 114; engagement with émigré communities, 10911; suffragettes, 109-10,114 women’s rights. See emancipation ofwomen workers. See emancipation of workers; proletariat Workers’ Opposition group, 235 working-class Jewish immigrants: characteristics of, 69; close-knit communities of, 69; communication networks among, 74; conflicts among, 83-84; diverse backgrounds of, 68-69; double agents among, 130, 139; efforts to acculturate, 70-72,78; emancipation dreams of, 69-70; and emancipation of women, 78-79,110-11; European public’s opinion of, shift in, 14447; in Germany, 67; and internationalism, 79-80; and Jewish Labor Bund, 88,89; in liberal imagination, 106; Libermans efforts to mobilize, 72-73; libraries/reading rooms of, 78,80/; in London, 65-66,67-69; media campaign targeting, 143,144 46; in Paris, 65,66,68-69,74-75; push factors for, 6667; radicals of Russian colonies and, 65,66, 72-84; and revolutionary culture, 77-78; and revolutionary terrorism, 135-36; in sweating industry, anxieties about, 120-21; and trade unions, 69,73-75,79-80,81,82; Western Jews and, 70-72,75,106-7,12122; Western observers on neighborhoods of, 98; and Zionism, 76-77 World War I: armistice ofNovember 1918, 228; Bolshevik regime’s negotiations with Germany in, 215-16; and conflicts within radical networks, 204,206; European
revolutions following, 228-29; impact on Russian colonies, 201-3,204-5; internment of Bolsheviks during, 226-27; outbreak of, 201-2,204-5; repatriation of Russian émigrés during, 210-11; Russian participation in, plan to cripple, 210-11; Second International’s response to, debates over, 198-99; transformative potential of, Lenin on, 203-4,205-6,212-13,215-16 Yanovsky, Shaul, 75-76 Yiddish language: Bolshevik publications in, 223; Communist Manifesto translated into, 81,89; Lenin on, 167-68; newspapers in, 73-76,78,80-81,84,92; and revolutionary agitation, 72-73,74,80-81,85-86,92; second generation ofJewish activists and, 233; and socialist ideas, 80-81; Socialist Revolutionary (SR) party and, 92; workingclass Russian Jews and, 66,69; Zionists on, 196 Young Europe, 20 Zangwill, Israel, 71-72 Zasulich, Vera, 91/; attempted assassination by, 38, 104; critiques of Bolshevik regime, 217-18; expulsion from Switzerland, 133; fame of, 97,99,106,108-9; in Geneva, 38-40; in
INDEX Iskra group, 162-63,164,170-71; Krupskaia on, 175-76; and Marx, 61; at RSDRPs second congress, 170; on terrorist attacks, justifications for, 104 Zetkin, Clara, 114,116,200,203 Zetkin, Osip, 74-75,114 Zheliabov, Andrei, 91/ Zhenotdel, 222 Zhitlovsky, Chaim, 50,51-52; on Jewish nationalism, 89-90; vs. Plekhanov, 63-64; and Socialist Revolutionary party, 63-64,92 Zhordania, Noe, 159 Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205-6 Zimmerwald left: apocalyptic utopia of, 206; and Comintern, 231 Zinoviev, Grigorii, 188; and Bolshevik regime, 215-16,228; and Comintern, 231,234; criticism of Mensheviks, 234; and Lenin, 172,194,203-4,214; in power struggle after Lenin’s death, 243,245; prosecution in show trial, 246; return to Russia after February Revolution of 1917,211; return to Russia after Revolution of 1905,179; on Second International’s response to World War 1,19899; Stalin’s campaign against, 244,245—46; at Zimmerwald conference (1915), 205,206 Zionism/Zionists: vs. anarchists, 93; vs. Bund, 93,157; Bund’s influence on, 92; 343 conflicts in Russian colonies and, 157; vs. Iskra group, 167, 168; and Marxism, 77; opposition to, 2; in Russia, 158-59; Russian colonies and, 1,7, 51,196; vs. Russian radicals, 193-94; vs. Social Democrats, 93; and socialism, 77; university students and, 51; working-class Jewish immigrants and, 76-77 Zola, Emile, 98 Zundelevich, Aron, 91ƒ Zurich, Switzerland: bomb incident of 1889 in, 133,135,136; Lenin's move to, 201-2; Russian students in, 28-33,34-35,138 Zurich colony, 13,28-36,38-40; as concrete utopia, 13-14,31,36; conflicts in, 31-32, 33-34,35;
demise of, 35; egalitarianism of, 29-30; emancipated women in, 13,28-29, 30-31,34-35; fame of, 31; influence in Russia, 32-33,35-36; intimate space of, 32,36; library/reading room in, 30,31-32, 34, 53; mutual aid associations in, 30; Paris Commune compared to, 13-14,31; printing presses in, 31-32,33; radical émigrés joining, 31-32,33-34; revolutionary culture of 1860s and, 31; Swiss liberalism and, 32,36; and “to the people” movement, 35-36; tsarist persecution and, 34-35; university students and origins of, 28-31 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Hillis, Faith |
| author_GND | (DE-588)104769252X |
| author_facet | Hillis, Faith |
| author_role | aut |
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| bvnumber | BV047335055 |
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| contents | Introduction: From the Café Landolt -- The other communards -- Living the revolution -- Jewish workers meet the Russian Revolution -- Entangled emancipations -- Émigré dystopias -- "The Party of Extreme Opposition" -- Ou-topos? -- Revolution from abroad -- Epilogue: Émigré clans |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1271692924 (DE-599)BVBBV047335055 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1830-1930 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1830-1930 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:32:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:09:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190066338 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Hillis, Faith Verfasser (DE-588)104769252X aut Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s Faith Hillis New York, NY Oxford University Press [2021] © 2021 xiii, 343 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: From the Café Landolt -- The other communards -- Living the revolution -- Jewish workers meet the Russian Revolution -- Entangled emancipations -- Émigré dystopias -- "The Party of Extreme Opposition" -- Ou-topos? -- Revolution from abroad -- Epilogue: Émigré clans "In the years before the 1917 revolution, exiles who had fled the Russian empire created large and boisterous "Russian colonies" across Western and Central Europe. Centers of radical activity in the heart of bourgeois cities, these émigré settlements evolved into revolutionary social experiments in their own right. Feminists, nationalist activists, and Jewish intellectuals seeking to liberate and uplift populations oppressed by the tsarist regime treated the colonies as utopian communities, creating new networks, institutions, and cultural practices that reflected their values. Prefiguring the ideal world of freedom and universal fraternity of which radicals dreamed, émigré communities played a crucial role in defining the Russian revolutionary tradition and transforming it into praxis. The dreams born in the colonies also influenced their European host societies, informing international debates about the meaning of freedom on both the left and the right. But if the utopian visions forged in exile inspired populations far and wide, they developed a tendency to evolve in unexpected directions. Colony residents' efforts to transform the world unwittingly produced explosive discontents that proved no less consequential than their revolutionary dreams"-- Geschichte 1830-1930 gnd rswk-swf Utopie (DE-588)4041251-9 gnd rswk-swf Auswanderer (DE-588)4131725-7 gnd rswk-swf Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russians / Foreign countries / Politics and government Russians / Foreign countries / Intellectual life Russians / Foreign countries / Societies, etc Social change / Europe / History Radicalism / Russia / History Exiles / Russia / History Exiles Radicalism Social change Europe Russia History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Auswanderer (DE-588)4131725-7 s Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 s Utopie (DE-588)4041251-9 s Geschichte 1830-1930 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-006636-9 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032737608&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032737608&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hillis, Faith Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s Introduction: From the Café Landolt -- The other communards -- Living the revolution -- Jewish workers meet the Russian Revolution -- Entangled emancipations -- Émigré dystopias -- "The Party of Extreme Opposition" -- Ou-topos? -- Revolution from abroad -- Epilogue: Émigré clans Utopie (DE-588)4041251-9 gnd Auswanderer (DE-588)4131725-7 gnd Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041251-9 (DE-588)4131725-7 (DE-588)4115590-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s |
| title_auth | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s |
| title_exact_search | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s |
| title_full | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s Faith Hillis |
| title_fullStr | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s Faith Hillis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Utopia's discontents Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s Faith Hillis |
| title_short | Utopia's discontents |
| title_sort | utopia s discontents russian emigres and the quest for freedom 1830s 1930s |
| title_sub | Russian émigrés and the quest for freedom, 1830s-1930s |
| topic | Utopie (DE-588)4041251-9 gnd Auswanderer (DE-588)4131725-7 gnd Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Utopie Auswanderer Politisches Denken Russland |
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