Survival as victory: Ukrainian women in the Gulag
"Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian women were sentenced to the GULAG in the 1940s and 1950s. Only about half of them survived. In Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag, Oksana Kis has produced the first anthropological study of daily life in the Soviet forced labor camps as experie...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University
2020
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| Schriftenreihe: | Harvard series in Ukrainian studies
79 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian women were sentenced to the GULAG in the 1940s and 1950s. Only about half of them survived. In Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag, Oksana Kis has produced the first anthropological study of daily life in the Soviet forced labor camps as experienced by Ukrainian women prisoners. Based on the written memoirs, autobiographies, and oral histories of over 150 survivors, this book fills a lacuna in the scholarship regarding Ukrainian experience. It details the women's resistance to the brutality of camp conditions not only through the preservation of customs and traditions from everyday home life, but also through the frequent elision of regional and confessional differences. Following on from the groundbreaking work of Anne Applebaum's Gulag: A History (2003), this book is a must-read for anyone interested in gendered strategies of survival, accommodation, and resistance to the dehumanizing effects of the Gulag"-- Provided by publisher |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 640 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780674258327 9780674258280 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION, NAMES, AND CERTAIN TERMS Λ INTRODUCTION 36 CHAPTER 1. THE DAILY LIFE OF WOMEN IN THE GULAG IN RESEARCH AND PERSONAL MEMOIRS 100 CHAPTER 2. LIVING CONDITIONS IN PRISONS AND CAMPS IN THE 1940S AND 1950S 172 CHAPTER 3. NATIONAL IDENTITY AND CHRISTIAN FAITH DURING IMPRISONMENT 248 CHAPTER 4. CREATIVITY AND FREE TIME 324 CHAPTER 5. HUMANITY AND FEMININITY IN CAPTIVITY 404 CHAPTER 6. BODY, SEXUALITY, AND LOVE 452 CHAPTER 7. MOTHERHOOD BEHIND BARS: A CURSED BLESSING 501 CONCLUSIONS 511 APPENDICES 529 NOTES 593 BIBLIOGRAPHY 616 INDEX
BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Adamova-Sliozberg, Olga. My Journey: How One Woman Survived Stalin’s Gulag. Translated by Katharine Gratwick Baker. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011. Andrusiak, Ievheniia. Spohady. Lviv: LNU im. I. Franka, 2001. Benőni, Polina. Taka nasha hırka pravda: Spohady i rozdamy politv'iaznia. Chortkiv: n.p., 2003· Bezborodov, Aleksandr, and Vladimir Khrustalev, eds. Naseīenie Gulaga: Chislennosť і usloviia soderzhaniia. Vol. 4 of Istorila stalinskogo Gulaga. Konets 1920-kh-pervaia polovina 1950-kh godov: Sobrante dokumentov. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2004· Blavats'ka, Oleksandra. Khronika moho zhyttia. Lviv: Mizhnarodna ekonomichna fundatsiia, 2010. Datsiuk, Halyna, ed. Istorila odniieïfotohraflï: Sproba samoreprezentatsiï. Kyiv: Spadshchyna, 2007. ----- , ed. Usna zhinocha istorila. Povernennia. Kyiv: Spadshchyna, 2003· Didukh, Nadiia. Dva koliory тої (knyha-spomyn). Lviv: n.p., 2002. Dolzhanskaia, Liia, and Irina Osipova, eds. “Dorogaia Ekaterina Pavlovna. Pisma zhenshchin і detei. Pisma v ikh zashchitu. 1920-1936. Saint Petersburg: Zhurnal Zvezda, 2005. Drozd, Vira. Interview by Taras Cholii. 15 July 2009. Video excerpts. Oral History Archive, Territory of Terror Memorial Museum.
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INDEX The letter/following a page number denotes a figure. A my lyshylysia liud'my (MateshukHrytsyna, Iryna [Orysia]), 401 abortions, 416,468 Adamova-Sliozberg, Olga, 393 Adler, Nanei, 59, Յ69 agency as central concept, 91-92,95,509 as historical category, 93-94 during Holocaust, 94-95 role of in women’s his tory studies, 94 temporal dimensions of, 92-9Յ various forms of, 89-90 aktirovka, 158,519 alimentary dystrophy, 152-53 All-Ukrainian Association for Political Prisoners and Victims of Repression, 42,44,262 amateur performanc es and art, 270-80 amenorrhea, 408 Anderson, Benedict, 179-80 Andrusiak, Ievheniia, 52,67-68, 124,137,160,416,455-56,462 Andrusiak, Vasyl', 67,455 Andrusiv, Halyna, 245 Andrusyshyn, Kateryna, 128, 369,443-44 apathy, 355, 357 Applebaum, Anne, 11,46,55, 144,175,320,427,431,432 arrests memoirs on, 31-Յ2 theme of, 77 See also interrogations art and artwork, 287f, 301-8,3i5f, 318f, 321,486-87f, 494֊95f. See also drawings; embroi dery; expression, through art; individual prisoners Article 54, Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), 5
617 INDEX Article 58, Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR, 5 axiology, creativity as, 321 on plays, 270,276 on singing, 259 on temperature, 132 Bereza, Mariia, 69f bags, H4-i5f, I66f Beria, Lavrentii, 104,147 Baidak, Mariana, i25f, i66f, 296f, Beriant, Lauren, 93 382f, 390f, 454f, 47lf, 489f, 492f balanda, 143,146, 519 Baltic women, 214,221,222-23,226 Bezdyk-Poliashets'ka, Mariia, I02f Beztalanna (KarpenkoKaryi, Ivan), 276 Bandera, Stepan, 67 Bilevych, Vira, 25,70-71 Banderite, definition of, 519 Bilins'ka, Iryna, 46of Barabash-Bilyns'ka, Liuba, birth control, forced, 416 60-6lf, 233f, 253f, 264f Bardach, Janusz, 432 Barnes, Steven A., 144-45,185 barracks, 103-5,106,112,395-402. blankets, 117 blatnoi (common criminal; pi. blatnye), 27, 339-45,429,519 Blavats'ka, Oleksandra See also living conditions; on acts of kindness, 335 living spaces, arranging on arrest, 32 Barvins'ka, Nataliia, 393 on clothing and appear Basarab, Liubov, 301 ance, 372, 388, 392 bathhouses, 119-20,400,419-20 on correspondence, 198 bathrooms/toilets, communi on criminals, 340, 341, 343,345 cation using, 189. See also cultural activities and, 254-55 parasha (pi. parashi) daughter of, 456-57,488 Baumel, Judith T., 95, 355, 363, Յ65 discovery of memoir of, 25 Bekar, Teklia, 459,461,462 on disease, 163 Bell, Wilson T., 12 on ethnic groups in camps, 217 Belova, Anna, 91 on lesbianism, 427-28 Benőni, Polina on motivation for writing, 70-71 on deterioration of on plays, 276-77 femininity, 409 on shaving of prisoners, 421 on ethnic groups in camps, 221 blind spots, 86 on living conditions, 109 bodies on
motivation for writing, 64 destruction and pres on physical condition, 15Յ, 156 ervation of, 407-16
618 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY involuntary prostitution, 422-31 rape, 431-35 sexual abuse, 416-22 Bodnar, Iryna, 462 Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Martha, 97 boils, 158 Bondaruk, Larysa (Lesia Bondaruk), 41 Borys, Parasia, 304 Brodiuk-Dushenko, Oľha, 476 Bryhidky Remand Prison, inf, 257, 260,309, 316,411 Bryndzhei-Lekhyts'ka, Mariia, 138,363 Brys, Halyna and Oleksa, 446 Buca, Edward, 431 Buchach Memorial Museum of Political Prisoners collection camp albums from, 82-83f, 3iof embroidery from, 69f, 72f, I5if, 203f, 227f, 238-39f, 244f, 282f inscription from, io8f, 200f, 349f, 353f, 370f photographs from, i78f, 36if, 364f, 367f, 375C 387f, 406f, 445f Budnik-Kekish, Ievdokiia, 328-29, 346 Budzanovych, Iuliia, 444,446 bunk beds, 103,106 Burbela-Oleksiv, Anna, I59f, 295f burzhuika, 265,519 bushlat (pi. bushlaty), 377, 379-80, 381, 383, 389, 393, 519 bytovik, bytovichka (petty crim inal; pi. bytoviki, bytovich- ki), 27, 339-45, 429, 519. See also petty criminal Bzova-Fedoriv-Stakhiv, Teofiliia, 218-19 camp albums, 6o֊6if, 82-83f, 3iof camp mail, 185,187-92,211 camp shops, 136-38 camp strikes, 223 camp uprisings at Kengir, 119,129,223,435,441 as manifestation of solidarity, 505 at Norilsk, 49-50, 222, 223, 256 as separate from everyday life, 91 Ukrainian versus Russian women’s involvement in, 8i caroling, 283- See also sing ing; koliada (pi. koliady) cauldron (kotel), 139-40,519 cavity searches, 418. See also vaginal searches cellular prison, 3,281,475,520 censorship in camps, 8-9 of self, 48,407,433 Chaban-Haval', Stefaniia, 179,240-41, 281,283 chance, theme of, 79 Chekh, Zenia, 210
Cheplia, Irynka, 24Յ chicken blindness. See nyctalopia children birth of, 459,461-62 in camps, 469-77
INDEX 619 clothing for, 460f clubs, 273-74 death of, 477-81 collars, 297, 388, 391, 393 drawings for, 486-87f, 494-95f communication embroidery for, 294, in camps, 187-92,439-41. 297,478f, 483f, 499f See also bathrooms/toilets, facilities for, 458-59 communication using medical services for, 477-81 with home, 192-212. See number of in Gulag system, 458 also correspondence reunions with, 496-97 “community of memory,” 262 separation from, 482-98 “community of suffering,” 360 See also motherhood compassion, 335-39 Chortkiv Remand Prison, 109, 125f, 296f, 433, 492f Christmas, 66f, i94f, 206f, 237,243, 245, 259, 271-72, 280-81, 283, 284-86, 290, 297, 316, 416, 506 chronic illnesses, 148-49, 351-52 ChSIR (chleny semel izmen- nikov rodiny), 40 caring and, 345-55 confession, 236-37 confrontation, motif of, 8i consolidation, 175- See also solidarity art and, 321 Cormos, Gratian, 416 correctional labor camps (ITLs), 3 chuni, 379, 380, 519 correctional labor colonies (ITKs), 3 Chwat, Aleksander, 176-77,217 correspondence Chyz, Martha, 9,145,433 from home, 192-204 Cieślikowska, Anna, 420 secret, 187-92,439-41. Circular no. 258,126 See also bathrooms/toilets, clothing communication using for children, 460f for cold weather, 131 community and, 204 creativity and free time confiscation of, 372,376 artwork, 301-8 dampness of, 107 Christian feast days, 28O-91 numbers on, 332-34, Յ81 drawing, 301-8 repairing, sewing, and embroidery, 291-ЗОІ. See also decorating, 385-95 main entry embroidery sharing of, 355; by folk songs, 255-63 Auntie Pasha, 392 functions of, 321-22 uniforms, 376-85, 378f
nature, 314-22
620 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY overview of, 251-55 poetry, 263-70 prison songs, 255-63 reading, 308-13 retellings of liter ary works, 308-13 self-education, 308-13 singing, 255-63 theatrical performances, 270-80 Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR, 5 Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), 5 crosses, 236 cultural inventory, 112 culture crews, 255,273 Dai sertsiu voliu, zavede v nevoliu (Kropyvnyts'kyi, Marko), 276 daily life focus on, 90 patterns in stories of 76-77 routines in, 409-11,506 dampness, perpetual, 107 Dauge, Alida, 223 dehumanization of pris oners, 327-35,504 Deineha, Tetiana, 182 dekulakization, 520 depersonalization, 332-34 despair and depression, 355-59,506-7 Diakovs'ka, Ol'ha, 82-83f, 3iof, 367f Didukh, Nadiia, 257,314 dignity, theme of, 77 Dilai-Vodoviz, Ivanna, 177 disabled prisoners, camps for, 157 dishes, dearth of 113,116 Divine Liturgy, 237-46,283,289 dog, prisoners’ caring for, 317 Dovhoshyia, Teklia, 129,140-41 Dovzhuk, A., 445f drawings for children, 486-87f 494-95f as creative outlet, 301-8 See also creativity and free time; greeting cards/postcards Drohobych Remand Prison, 347 Drozd, Mykolą, 446 Drozd, Vira, 258,283,446 Duchymins'ka, Ol'ha, 264f 378f Dydyk, Halia, 400 dysentery, 150,414 dystrophy, 152,156,16O Dzendrovs 'ka-Berkut, Stefaniia, 389,447 Dziuban-Holovata, Sofiia, 122 Easter, 179, i97f 219,237,245, 258-59, 280, 281, 283, 284, 286, 288-89, 343, 506 eau de cologne, 393-94 embroidery on bags, H4-i5f i66f on brush case, H8f on camp albums and note books, 6o-6if, l8lf for children, 478f, 483f on clothing, 46of for greeting card,
87f
621 INDEX on mementos, 499f Mother of God, 69f, I02f, lllf, 125f, I34f, 15lf, 159f, 203f, 230f, 233f, 238f, 47lf, 492f on napkins, 250f, 253f, 296f, 299f, 300f religious, 72f, I74f, 227f, 239f, 242f, 244f, 282f, 292f, 29Sf, 454f by Senyk, Iryna, 252, 254 social functions of, 291-301 end-of-term fatigue, theme of, 80 epidemic typhus, 150 erysipelas, 158 escape, theme of, 78 ethic of care, 363,508 ethical issues, 2i֊30 ethnic communities, 175-80,507 ethnicity, as determination of “enemy” status, 5-6 exercise, 410-12 exhaustion, 146,156 exile after release, 366 Exile and Identity (Jolluck, Katherine R.), 14 expression, through art, 321 extraordinary ordinariness, 90 families after release, 443-50 ersatz, 435-39 See also children; mar riages; motherhood family-like relations, 362-66,401,505 Feast of Jordan, 281 feminism, pragmatic, 97 fish bones, needles from, 293,385 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 90 fleas, 121-22 flowers and plants, 399-400 folk songs, 255-63,274-75 folklorized narratives, 76 food exchanging for clothing, 391 for feast days, 281,283 for nursing mothers, 461,475-76 rations of, 139-47,157. See also cauldron (kotel) on religious holidays, 286,288 sharing of, 354,363 food poisoning, 150,152 footwear, 131-32,377,379 Fordon Women’s Prison, 313, 347,476 Frankl, Viktor E., 18, 320, 355 Franko, Ivan, 276, 309 Franko, Vira-Mariia, 121,167 free time. See creativi ty and free time friendship breaking up of, 184-85 with men, 439-43 theme of, 84 From Materials Prepared for the Report of Gulag Supervisor G. P. Dobrynin at a Meeting with the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs to
Verify the Conditions under Which
622 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Prisoners Are Being Held in Special Regimen Camps, 201 frostbite, 131 Gulag: A History (Applebaum, Anne), 11 Gulag Instruction no. 9/2-2/34285C on Stopping the Transmission Gagen-Torn, Nina, 221,290-91 of Illegal Correspondence gang rape, 431,432,433,434 gender by Prisoners, 201-2 Gulag system differences in daily life of, 90-91 contemporary studies differences in mutu and sources on, 8-11 al support and, 355 degradation in, 4 differences in narra demographics of, 3 tives and, 80-81 description of, 2-3 effects of starvation establishment of, 2 and, 412-1Յ, 414-16 endurance of prison gender composition terms and, 412-16 gender factor in, 12-17 erasure of, 408,507 gender isolation in, 6-7 during Holocaust, 95 reorganization of, 7-8 of prisoners in, 5 normative feminini share of “politicals” in, 5 ty and, 96,388-95 violence in, 4 study of Gulag system and, 12-17 gender separation measures, 6-7 women in, 4 Gullotta, Andrea, 269 general labor, 127,165 Ginzburg, Eugenia, 19-20,473-74 Glinka, Elena, 432 gnats, 131 Gogol, Nikolai (Mykolą Hohoľ), 276 goner, 129,158, 414, 520 Hai, Marta (Halyna Holoiad [Savyts'ka]), 237, 347 hair, 374,376,392 Halii, Mariia, 260 gonorrhea, 163 Halych, Olia, 241 Hamivka, Paraskeviia, 347 Grankina, Nadezhda, 418 happiness, changing nature of, 314 greeting cards/postcards, 56f, Hasiuk, Halyna and Iaroslav, 446 66f, 87f, 154֊55f, I86f, 19lf, 206f, 268f, 301, 302f, 303f, health, 147-63 heart diseases, 168 304, 305f, 307f, 356f heating, 105,106-7,116 Heleta, Nadiia (Anastasiia), inf
INDEX hepatitis, 152 Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw, 20,431 Himka, John-Paul, 25 Hladka-Kanii, Iryna, 150, 152,167,192 Hódiak, Oľha, 149,211,351 Hohoľ, Mykolą (Nikolai Gogol), 276 623 on torture, 329 housing, 103-17. See also bar racks; living conditions; living spaces, arranging Hrendysh, Mariia, 150,4ՅՅ Hrosberh-Nakonechna, 01'ha, 313,363,447 Holocaust, 94-95,257 Hrytsiv-Kozak, Melanija, 214 Holoiad (Savyts'ka), Halyna. Hrytsynina-Kysiľ, Mariia, 358 See Hai, Marta Holyns'ka (Oleshchuk), Stefaniia, 240,284, 337 homeland, links with correspondence from, 192-204 packages from, 204-12 Hulak-Artemovs'kyi, Semen, 279f humaneness, 335-39 hunger, 132,145-46,158 Husiak, Dariia, 188,336, 400,416,439 hygiene, 117-24,397-98,417-18 homosexual relations, 71, Hymon (Khom’iak), Ievheniia, 276 88,427-28,429-ՅՕ. hypothermia, 107,116,131,148-49 Honchar, Oles', 312 hypovitaminosis, 152 Honchar-Bakai, Uliana, 152,240,413-14 Horchyns'ka (Demchuk), Vanda, 245-46, 334, 410, 432 Iakovyshyn, Mariia, 179,289-90,447 icons, 236 Iliuk, Vasylyna, 47f, 3i5f Hoshiv Madonna, 520 incentives, work, 135-Յ8 Hoshko-Kit, Anna infant mortality, 477-81 on caring for child in infectious diseases, 148,150 prison, 461,474-75 informational isolation, 180-87,506 on children in camps, injuries, on-the-job, 160-63 479-80,484, 485 Inquiry from the Gulag on clothing and ap Organizational Department pearance, 384,393 into Shortfalls in the work correspondence and, 201 of Gulag Administrations on disease, 150,157 and Departments, 142 on ethnic groups in camps, 212 Institute of History of Ukraine, 40 on living conditions, 109
Inta River dam, 135 on patriotism, 68
624 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY interethnic relations, 212-26. See also national solidarity, ethnic communities and; solidarity, ethnic communities and interrogations, 327-30, 372-73,433 Intyns 'ki snihoviï (Zakydaľ s'ka, Anastasiia), 24-25 involuntary prostitution, 422-31 isolation informational, 18O-87 overcoming, 506 Iurchyk-Ivasenko, Hanna, 153 Iurchyts'ka, Olena, 129 Ivanova, Galina, 175 Ivanyts'ka (Bardyn), Hanna, 110,214-15,220,231 Jacobs, Janet L., 26-27 Jolluck, Katherine R., 12, 14,175,216-17 Kamins 'ka-Iurchuk, Oksana, 162,335 Karay, Felicja, 415 Karpenko-Karyi, Ivan, 276 Karwańska-Bajlak, Anna on clothing and appearance, 386 on defensive behavior, 335 on ethnic groups in camps, 217-18 on family-like relations, 363 on hair, 374 on harmony, 360 on holidays, 285 on humaneness/compassion, 352 on ingenuity, 116 on lice and fleas, 122 on living space, 396 on motherhood, 493 religious practices and, 241 on self-defensive behavior, 410 on self-education, 31Յ uniqueness of testi mony of, 74-75 voluminous nature of, 52 kasha, 520 Katamai, Nusia, 269 katorga, 3,6,273,520 Kavets'ka, Hanna, 227f Kengir camp uprising, 119, 129,223,435,441 keptar, 520 Kersnovskaya, Eufrosinia (Evfrosiniia Kersnovskaia) artwork of, 308 on child separation, 484-85 childbirth in prison and, 461 on living conditions, 110 on searches, 418-19 on sexual abuse, 421,423,426 on temperature, 131 visualized memories of, 20 Khobzei, Oleńka and Kuz'ma, 446 Khomiak, Anna, 38f, 292f, 478f Khomii-Kamins'ka, Ievheniia, 219-20, 373 Khrashchevs'ka, Oksana on clothing and ap pearance, 373, Յ81 on criminals,
344,345
625 INDEX on disease, 152-53 on hair, 376 on medical treatment, 164,169 on motivation for writing, 68,70 on lack of water, 417-18 on nature, 314,319 on living conditions, 107 on perfume, 394 on motivation for writing, 70 on physical condition, 410-11 nationalist underground and, 17 on prison shops, 137 on packages from home, 207 on release of foreigners, 224-25 on relations with men, 443 on sanobrabotka, 419 in remand prison, 334-35 on sexual abuse, 417,424 on sexual abuse, 417,426-27 on singing, 262 on storytelling, 309 on storytelling, 308-9 on urki, 28 as well-known memoirist, 24 kindness, acts of, 335-39 kirza, 520 knitting needles, 116 on work, 129,160-61 koliada (pi. koliady), 258,259, 271-72, 280-81, 283, 286, Kobryn-Senyk, Volodymyra, 420 288, 290, 369, 520. See Kocherhina, Svitlana, 293-94 also singing; caroling Kokhans'ka, Halyna on acts of kindness, 3Յ6 Kolomyia Prison, 282f Kolyma fellowship, 37Լ 450 on clothing and appearance, 391 Kolyma tram, 432,520 on communication with home, 196 komandirovka (pl. ko mandirovki), 520 on correspondence, 193,195 komisovka, 521 on daily rations, 140 Korchak, Dariia, 52,64-65,226, on disease, 158 262, 265-66, 271-272,351 on ethnic groups in kordy, 521 camps, 212,213,219 Koroliuk, Vira, 350 on exhaustion, 146 Korpán, Víra, 377 on family-like relations, 362 Koshak-Svy stel ' nyts ' ka, on friendships, 371,441 on holidays, 286 Kostenko, Nataliia, 112-13, later publication of memoirs of, 52 on life after release, 444 on living conditions, 110,119-20 Dariia, 124,311,346 132-ՅՅ, 298,462-63,470, 475,477, 488,491 Kostiuk (Protsak),
Stefaniia, 342, 345, 400
626 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Kot, Uusia, 142 Lavriv-Skrentovych, Kotelko (Kapko), Ievdokiia, 290,343 Kotliarevs'kyi, Ivan, 276 Lazda, Mara, 222 Kotsur, Anna (Hanna Kotsur), “left parcel room,” 207 Mariia, 161-62,336 66f, 194f, I97f, 206f, 229, 231, Lemekha, Vira, 278 257-58, 302f, 307f, 3l8f, 347 Lentin, Ronit, 21,95 Koval'chuk, Iryna and Iaroslav, 446 Koval'-Nadorozhniak, Stefaniia, 223,256,263, 339, 374 Kozlovs'ka, Anna, 241,243 krashanky, 283,521 Krem’ianets Remand Prison, 328-29 Kropyvnyts'kyi, Marko, 276 lesbianism. See homo sexual relations letters, 8,192-204,194f, 197f. See also correspondence; greeting cards/postcards; bathrooms/ toilets, communication using Levyts'ka, Olia, 267 Kruglov, Sergei, 123 Liads'ka, Ol'ha, 189-90,441-42 Krutiak (Rudnyk), Kateryna, 357 libraries, access to, 312 Kryshtal's'ka (Iemchyk), lice, 121-22,152,420 Lincewicz, Captain (camp Tamara, 434,465 Kryvuts'kyi, Ivan, 50 supervisor), 337 Kryzhanivs ' ka-Hasiuk, Linden, Ruth R., 401 Iaroslava, 251, 275,421-22 Kuibida, Stepan, 447 literary evenings, 308-9 Kuntsman, Adi, 428 Liudkevych, Slava, 31Յ Kurochka, Mariia, 497 living conditions kutia, 281, 283, 286, 288, 521 Lipper, Elinor, 113,414 health, 147-63 Kuziak, Oksana, 209 housing, 103-17 Kuzin, Vladimir, 431 hygiene, 117-24 Kvas, Stefaniia, 298,385,442 medical services, 163-70 KVCh (cultural and education nutritional norms, 139-47 production quotas, 126-30 al departments), 127, 254-55, 273,274-78, 306,322,392 Kyslytsia-Skavins'ka, Hanna, 106,126,297,354,442 rations, 139-47 sanitary conditions, 117-24 sickness, rates of, 147-63
stimulating prison lagpunkt (pi. lagpunkty), 521 ers to work, 135-Յ8 working conditions, 130-35
627 INDEX living spaces, arranging, 395-402, 504, 506,507. See also barracks Marmash, Iryna-Sofiia, 252,254 marriages logging, 132-33,161 after release, 443-44,446-50 Lontskyi Prison National camp, 437-39 See also families Memorial Museum, 298 Lontskyi Remand Prison, 272, 309,337,411,420,46of Luk’ianivska Prison (Kyiv), 475 Lutsk Remand Prison, 195, Յ08 Lviv Historical Museum, 293-94,301 Martyniuk, Anna, 169,336, 475-76,484,491 Marunchak, Anna, 147, 357, 395,490-91 Mashchak (Pshepiurs'ka), Ivanna Lviv Prison, 69f on artwork, 306 Lviv Transit Prison, 483f biographical sketches from, 86 on blankets, 117 MacKinnon, Elaine, 498 on camp correspondence, 440 Maiboroda, Platon, 278 Main Administration of Labor on camp mail, 190 Camps and Colonies (GULAG), 2 Main Prison Administration of the NKVD, 31 on clothing and appear ance, 384-85, 392, 393 on correspondence, 193,195 on criminals, 342, 344 makhorka, 521 on hair, 376 Makohon-Duzha, Mariia, 105, on holidays, 284 on humaneness/com 132-33,146-47,156, 377 Maksimova, Liubov', 463,498 Maksymovych, Kateryna, 309,424-25,497 Maksymyshyn, Mariia (Mariika Maksymyshyn), 348,376 passion, 346,348 on motherhood, 496 on sexual harassment, 423 mass rape, 432 mastyrky, 521 malaria, 148,149 matchsticks, needles from, 293 Malsagoff, Sozerko, 431 Mateshuk-Hrytsyna, Iryna (Orysia) Mandryk-Kuibida, Kateryna, on acts of kindness, 338 232,260,267, 357,447 Mani, Lata, 91 on artwork, 304 on camp correspondence, 439-40 Man's Search for Meaning on clothing and appearance, 388 (Frankl, Viktor E.), 18 Marchenko, Zoia, 272 on criminals, 342 on disease, 157
628 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY on ethnic groups in camps, 213 on family-like relations, 363 on hair, 374 on humaneness/compassion, 347-48, 350-51, 352, 354 on humanity, 401 husband of, 442-43 on mutual support, 84 poetry of, 267,269 religious practices and, 231 in remand prison, 328 on singing, 257 singing and, 260 song by, 260 Matkovs'ka, Marha, 238-39Í 244f Matseliukh-Horyn', Ol'ha, 304, 338, 383,429 Mazepa-Kuchma, Hanna, 223 medical services, 163-70,477-81 medications, lack of, 167-68,169-70 Melish (Meľ nyk), Kateryna, 371 Mel'nychuk, Pavlina, 496 Mel'nyts'ka, Kateryna, I34f memoirists overview of, 57-76 See also individual memoirists memoirs differences among, 53-54 finding, 24-25 as hybrid forms, 48 motivations for writing, 57-59, 62-65,67-68,70-71,73-76 reliability of, 22,23-24 as separate genre, 48 as sources, 45-57 on use of quotations from, 25-26 men after release, 443-50 emotional needs of, 436 ersatz families and, 435-39 friendship and ro mance with, 439-43 loss of identity for, 415 physical condition of, 412-14 Meni bulo 19 (Pozniak [Skrypiuk], Hanna), 63 menstruation, 120,408,417 Meshko, Oksana on abortions, 468 avoidance of mention ing son of, 464 on clothing and ap pearance, 372,386 on communication with home, 195 on creative endeavors, 251-52 on dehumanization of prisoners, 332 on depersonalization, 381 on depression, 358 on despair, 355 on deterioration of fem ininity, 408-9 as educated memoirist, 58 on emotional needs of men, 436 on humaneness/compas sion, 336, 352,354 on informational isola tion, 182,184, 187
INDEX later publication of memoirs of, 52 on living conditions, 121,131 on medical treatment, 164,168 on motivation for writing, 74 629 as protectress, 231-32 motherhood, 88-89,455-68, 482-98. See also children motivations for writing memoirs, 57-59, 62-65, 67֊68,70-71, 73֊76 nationalist underground and, 84 Mudra, Nadiia, 234f on poetry, 267 music, 254-55- See also singing on Polish prisoners, 216 mutual-support networks, on prayer, 240 on prison shops, 138 175-80, 355-62, 508 Muzyka, Iaroslava, 306 on prostitution, 425 on religious holidays, 285 N., Doma, 370f, 406f on searches, 385 N., Hanna, io8f, 364f uniqueness of testi N., Iryna, I9if, 268f mony of, 71,73-74 N., Mariia, I78f, 200f, 349f, 375f as well-known memoirist, 24 N., Valentyna, 288 on work, 130-31 N., Iuliia, 387f on work accidents, I62 Mets, Ivan, 254,456-57 Nakonechnyi, Petro, 447 Nam duzhe treba zhyty Ministry of State Security (MGB), 31 (Potykevych-Zabolotna, Mis'kiv, Ivanka, 477 Mariia), 65 Mochul's'ka, Orysia, 156,177 napkins, 250f, 253f, 299f, 300f Moda-Pokaliuk, Oľha, Nasedkin, Viktor, 104,126 135, 284, ՅՕ4, 354 mogar, 521 Moia doroha (Vahula, Mariia), 64 Nashe Zhyttia (Our Life), 20 Natalka Poltavka (Kotliarevs'kyi, Ivan), 276 Moisein, S., 445f nation, concept of, 179-80 moments of reprieve, theme of, 78 national memory politics, 42 monotypie narratives, 76-77 national solidarity moral communities, 366 camp mail and, 187-92 Morse code, 188 ethnic communities and, 175-80 Mother of God isolation and, i80֊87 embroidery portraying, inf, 125f, 134f, 15lf, 159f, 203f, 230f, 233f, 238f, 47lf, 492f See also
solidarity nationalist organizations, 97
630 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY nationalist underground, 81, 84, 217,455 nature, 314-22 Nazar Stodolia (Shevchenko, Taras), 276 needles, 293,385 Nepip, Natalia, I5if newspapers On Measures to Further Improve the Physical State of Prisoners Held in NKVD Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies, 104 On Measures to Improve the Work of the Forced Labor Camps, 423 On Preserving and Improving the Physical Condition of Prisoners camp, 274, ЗІЗ Being Held in NKVD Corrective restrictions on, 4,180, Labor Camps and Colonies, 147 182,192,196 night blindness. See nyctalopia Noch ' pered Rozhdestvom (Hohoľ, Mykolą [Nikolai Gogol]), 276 Norilsk camp uprisings, 49-50,222,223,256 normative femininity, 96-98 northern lights, 319 notebooks, i8if nudity, forced public, 419-22 numbering of prisoners, 332-34, 381, 389, 504 Nych-Strakhaniuk, Mariia, 221-22,447 nyctalopia, 156 On the Regimen for Holding Prisoners (1939), 6 On the Regimen for Keeping Prisoners in Forced Labor Camps and Colonies (1947), 6 One Hundred Heroines of the World, 254 on-the-job injuries (“indus trial” injuries), 160-63 open space, access to, 107,109, no, 112 oral history, 48,50-51,57 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 67, 70, 252, 286, 360, 447, 455. See also nationalist organizations; Obertyńska, Beata (Marta Rudzka), 160, 236 objectives and empha ses of study, 30-32 nationalist underground Orwellian Room 101, theme of, 79 Ostarbeiters, 5,521 overcrowding, 103-4, no, 123 Oi, ne khody, Hrytsiu, ta і па vechornytsi (Staryts'kyi, Mykhailo), 276 OLPs (otdel 'nye lagernye punkty), 184-85 Palahiichuk, Dartsia, 257
Pal'chevs'ka, Liubov, 301 parasha (pi. parashi), 109,184,521 paratyphoid fever, 150
INDEX parcels from home, 204-12,288,312 Pasichnyk, Milia, 362 631 demographics of, 96-97 families of, 40 paska, 283,284,521. See also Easter Pauchel, Sofa, 85 lack of focus on person pellagra, 148,149,152,153 lack of studies on, 39 perestroika, 10 “politicals” (political prison perfumes, 393-94 ers), 2,27,141,178f, 179-80, personal efFects, 2Յ· See also 215,222-23,277, ЗЗО, 364f, “left parcel room” al histories of, 39-42,44 Petkevych, Tamara, 434,467 367f, 375f, 387f, 399 renewed interest in expe Petrashchuk, Lina, 241,243 rience of women, 49-51 Petrov, Nikita, 422-2Յ, 458 during Stalin’s regime, 39 petty criminals, 27,124,141,254, See also individual prisoners 339· See also bytovik, bytovichka (pi. bytoviki, bytovichki) photographs, 36lf, 364f, 367f, 375f, 382f, 387f, 390f, 406f, 445f Poliuha (Masiuk), Dariia on acts of kindness, 337 after release, 446 on camp mail, 189 physical sexual abuse, 416 on clothing and ap physical space allotments, pearance, 389,393 юз-5,147-48. See also bar on criminals, 343 racks; living conditions on embroidery, 294 phytotherapy, 170,354 on hair, 392 plants and flowers, 399-400 husband of, 442 Plechii, Hanna, 336 on living space, 397, 399 pneumonia, 148,149,167,481 Pobachene і perezhyte on packages from home, 207 (Korchak, Dariia), 64-65 on shaving of prisoners, 421 on sharing food with men, 416 Pocheptsov, Vladislav, 59,192,371 on singing, 258,275 poetry, 252,263-70,264f, 268f on torture, 18 Polish Home Army, 217-18,219,521 Polish prisoners, 215-21, 222, 225-26, 352, 374 political indoctrination, 273-74 political prisoners criminals and,
141, ЗЗО, 339-45 Poliuha, Liubomyr, 446 Poltareva, Viktoriia, 299f Popových, Nataliia, 278, 378f, 411, 497 portrait galleries, 86 portraits, 306
632 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY positive moments, focus on, 26-29 postcards/greeting cards, 56f, 66f, 87Í 154֊55f, l86f, 19lf, 206f, 268f, 301, 302f, 303f, Յ04, 305f, 307f, 356f Potiuk, Hanna, 282f Potykevych-Zabolotna, Mariia childbirth in prison and, 462 criminals and, 141 on ethnic groups in camps, 2x7 in infirmary, 167 later publication of memoirs of, 52 on motherhood, 490 on motivation for writing, 65 on packages from home, 208 poetry of, 265,266-67 singing and, 259-60 Pozniak (Skrypiuk), Hanna on acts of kindness, 335-36 on attempted rape, 433-34 on children in camps, 477, 482, 484 on ciothing and appearance, 388 on communication with home, 193,198,211 on disease, 168 on food, 140,141,145 on freedom, 63 on holidays, 289 later publication of memoirs of, 52 on life after release, 448 on living conditions, 107,112 on motherhood, 469 on national solidarity, 179 on prayer, 232,235 on release, Յ68-69 on storytelling, 309 on torture, 327-28,329 pragmatic feminism, 97 Praporonostsi (Honchar, Oles'), 312 prayer books, 235,241 prayers joint, 237-46 private, 226-37 Predshakhtnaia camp, 20 pregnancy in camps, 7,434, 441-42,457-58,465-67. See also children; motherhood pridurki, 381,521 prison songs, 255-63 prisoners conflict among, 27-28 counterculture of, 504 dehumanization of, 327-35,504 hierarchy among, 112-13, 133,141,380-81 integration of after re lease, 369,371 numbering of, 332-34, 381,389,504 “reeducation” of, 503-4 shaving of, 419-21 See also individual prisoners prisons camps compared to, 109,110,112 descriptions of, 109-10 privileged positions, 112,120,133, 141,
205, 339, 343, 347-48
633 INDEX production quotas, 126֊ ЗО, 139-41, 352 religious practices Christian feast days, 280-91 prostitution, involuntary, 422-31 feast days and, 179 Protsak, Paraska, 447 joint prayers, 237-46 Protskiv-Liven', Hanna, national solidarity and, 179 I25f, I66f, 296f, 382f, 390f, 454Í 47lf, 489f, 492f Provisions on Forced Labor Camps (1930), 135 prozharka, 521 Pshepiurs'ka. See Mashchak (Pshepiurs'ka), Ivanna private prayer, 226-37 values and, 507 remand prisons communication in, 187-88 definition of, 522 descriptions of, 110 prayer in, 231 psychiatric hospital wards, 110 role of, in system, 31-32 psychological support, See also individual prisons mutual, 355-62 representation, through art, 321 psychotherapeutic effects of art, 321 research challenges, 21-30 Pushkareva, Nataliia, 90-91 resistance to camp regime, 8i Pyliavs'ka, Zonia, 433 retellings of literary works, 308-13 pyodrema, 16О Rivne Remand Prison, 288 Pyrih, Mariia, 342 rodents, 122 pysanky, 28i, 288,521 rosary beads, 234f, 235,236 quarry accidents, 161 Rudzka, Marta. See Obertyńska, radios, 273 Rules for Internal Routines Rudenko, Raisa, 16З, 334, 399 Beata (Marta Rudzka) rape, 88,431-35- See also sexual abuse/sexualized violence rations, 139-47,157 for Prisoners in Gulag Camps and Colonies, 117, 119,123,193,273,385 rats, 122 rural communities, 96-98 Ravensbrück, 121 Russian women, 215,217,219,397 Razgon, Lev, 431 Ruzhentseva, Tamara, 423-24 reading, 273,308-13 Rzeszów Prison, 476 “reforging” prisoners, 144-45 release, camp sister hood after, 366-71 Salamon, Vasylyna, 409,485,488 salo, 146-47,522
634 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY sanitary conditions, 117-24 sanobrabotka, 419-20,422,522 Savchuk, Kateryna, 215 Schliess, Walii on blankets, 116-17 on camp correspondence, 439 on camp mail, 185,187 on clothing and appearance, 393 commitment of to testify, 20 on correspondence, 195 on embroidery, 291 on ethnic groups in camps, 223 on packages from home, 208 on performances, 278,280 on plays, 276 on religious holidays, 284-85 religious practices and, 237,240 on sense of community, 176 Scott, Joan W., 91-92,93 scrub typhus, 150 scurvy, 148,152,153,156,170,414-15 searches, 418-19 “second department,” 276 self-censorship, 48,407,433 self-education, 308-13 self-financing, 137 Senkivs ' ka-Onuferko, Iaroslava, I54֊55f Senyk, Iryna on clothing and ap pearance, 381,383 on disease, 165 embroidery of, 252,297,499f on flower beds, 400 injury of, 161,162-63 poetry of, 252,265,267 on storytelling, 309 sewing shops, 127-28 sexual abuse/sexualized violence involuntary prostitution, 422-ЗІ overview of, 416-22 rape, 431-35 scant mention of, 86,88 sexual harassment, 423,426,427 sexuality, 86,435-39,505 Shalamov, Varlam, 20 Shandarak-Brovchenko, Halyna, 131, 263, 265, 312, 335,430, 433, 497 Shanhutova, Mariia, 1 Shapovalov, Veronica on cleanliness, 397 on family-like relations, 365 on gender distinctions, 80 grouping of memoirists by, 57-58 on motherhood, 467 on motivation for writing, 59 on rape, 432-ՅՅ references to amen orrhea and, 408 on self-affirmation, 89 shchedrivky, 281,522- See also religious practices shchi, 522 Sherbakova, Irina, 46,50, 57, 80-81, 86, 89,401 Shevchenko,
Taras, 276,278,287f Shiriaiev, Boris, 431 shmon, 522 shock worker, 112,522 Shubs'ka, Halyna, 289
INDEX 635 Shukhevych, Nataliia, 217,491,493 on Polish prisoners, 216 Shukhevych, Roman, 252 on prostitution, 427 Shuns'ka֊Shvediuk, Iryna, ii8f on psychology of pris Shuplat (Bodnar), Stefaniia, on environment, 29 277,288,424 on relations with men, 443 Shustakevych, Mariia, 143,421 on singing, 261 sickness, rates of, 147-63 on work, 127 sign language, 188 Skavins'kyi, Iaroslav, 442 singing, 223,231,255-63, skin diseases, 158 274-75,283,344. See also koliada (pi. koliady) sleep, allowances for, 123-24,138,147 sister prisoners, 84-86 sleep deprivation, 122-24 sisterhood, after release, 366-71 sleeping arrangements, 103,104 Skarga, Barbara Slipyj, Josyf, 238-39f on animals, 317 Slobodian-Kovaliuk, Oleksandra on apathy, 357 after release, 443 on art, 306 on attempted rape, 433 on basic necessities, 113 on communication on camp correspondence, 440-41 with home, 202 on camp families, 438-39 on depression, 357-58, Յ60, 362 on clothing and appear on ethnic groups in camps, 215 ance, 383-84, 389, 391 on food, 144 on communication with on informational iso home, 202,204 lation, 180,182 on criminals, 344 later publication of on disease, 163 memoirs of, 52 on ethnic communi on living space, 396 ties, 175-76,224 on medical treatment, 169 on ethnic groups in camps, 20 on patriotism, 65,67 on ingenuity, 116 on selective memory, 28 on lesbianism, 429-30 on sexual harassment, 423 on living space, 397 on medical treatment, 164,165 value of testimony of, 58 soap, 120-21 on mutual support, 359 socialist emulation, 274 on need for love, 467 sod houses, 105
636 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY solidarity in adversity, 508 after release, 366-71 camp mail and, 187-92 as common theme, 84 compassion and car ing and, 345-55 ethnic communities and, 175-80 family-like relations and, 362-66 interethnic relations and, 212-26 isolation and, 180-87 mutual psychological sup port and, 355-62 “politicals” and, 222-23 survival and, 505 writing about others as, 86 solitary confinement, 3 Solomon, Vasylyna, 483f Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 20, 408, 412,431,437,438 Sosiura, Volodymyr, 335 sotnyk, 67,522 special camps, 3,522 Spodaryk, Ol'ha, 161,213,240,274 Stadnyk, Mariia, 156 stages, theme of, 77-78 Stalin, Josef, 2, 3,7, 39,70 Starik-Palamarchuk, Valentyna, 426 Stark, Meinhard, 14 Staryts'kyi, Mykhailo, 276 stealing, 117,143-44 Stefanovich, Iuliia, 223 Stefanskaia, Militsa, 383 Stefanyshyn, Soffia, 161 Stepaniv, Olena, 362,389,411 Steplag, demographics of, 3,5-6 sterilization, involuntary, 416 Stets-Ivanchuk, Ol'ha, 149-50, 348,350 Storozhuk-Androzhyk, Katrusia, 267 strength, work assignments and, 129 structure, agency and, 91-92 suicidal thoughts, 357,491,507 Sunday Mass, 237-46. See also religious practices Surovtsova, Nadiia on camp families, 438 on camp mail system, 189 on camp mothers, 464-65 on children in camps, 467-68, 470,472,480-81,482 on clothing and ap pearance, 372-73 on communication with home, 208-9 daily routine of, 409-10 on dehumanization of prisoners, 332 on dishes and utensils, 113,116 on embroidery, 301 on humaneness/compas sion, 350,352, 355 on hygiene, 120 length of incarceration of, 15 on lice and fleas, 122,152 on
life after release, 448 as literary memoirist, 58 on living space, 398-99,400 as Marxist, 84 on medical treatment, 169
INDEX on motivation for writing, 71 on nature, 314, ЗІ6-17,320 on night blindness, 156 on other women prisoners, 85 on perfume, 394 on plays, 272 on rape, 434 on relations with men, 436,437 on sexual abuse, 417,421,430-31 on storytelling, 309,311 on trafficking in women, 425 uniqueness of testimo ny of, 12,51-52,73 on use of rags, 386 as well-known memoirist, 24 on will to survive, 334 Suzdal City Prison, 418 Syniuta, Lionia, 392 syphilis, 163 Sysyn, Frank, 24 Taka nasha hirka pravda (Benőni, Polina), 64 Tamarina, Ruf', 177,222 temperature requirements for, 148 work assignments and, 130-31,132 tents, 105-6 Terebovlia Local History Museum, 177 Teslia-Pavlyk, Mariia, 136,187-88, 196, 351, 363, 393, 396 theatrical performances, 270-80 thematic foci and lacunae, 76-90 637 themes, recurring, 77-80 Thomas, Lynn M., 94 thread, 291,293 Tiutiun, Natalka, 258 Tkachuk, Hania, 449 tobacco use, 413-14 Tofri, Asta, 223 toilets/bathrooms, commu nication using, 189 Toker, Leona, 77,86 torture, 327-30,346,416 trafficking in women, 425 traitors of the homeland, 40,58,522 transfers conditions during, 330 frequent, 184-85,187 transit prison (camp), 522 Treiman, Kateryna, 306 tuberculosis, 148,150,157,160,168 Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR, 7 Tykhan, Teklia, 161 Tykhovliz (Dzhulyns'ka), Lidiia-Oleksandra, 218 typhus, 150 Ukradene shchastia (Franko, Ivan), 276 Ukraina: Nauka i kuľtura (journal), 51 Ukraine, independence of, 18 Ukrainian Association for Research in Women’s History, 45 Ukrainian Helsinki Group, 73
638 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Ukrainian Insurgent Army on prayer, 231,232 (UPA), 67, 252, 286,427,455 Ukrainian National Women’s on reading, 312 League of America, 20 on storytelling, 309 value of testimony of, 58 Ukrainian resistance movement, 41 valianki, 380, З83,523 Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, vatnik, 378f 275,362,523 Ukraïns 'kyi Visnyk, 24-25 venereal diseases, 163,424 ventilation, lack of, 121 Ulanovskaia, Nadezhda, 428 verbal violence, 416 underwear, lack of, 386 Veres-Shtundak, Oleksandra, 141 uniforms, 376-85,378f. See also clothing Verkhneuralsk Prison, 475 untidy spots, theme of, 79 Upokorennia strakhom: Simeine zaruchnytstvo и karal՛nii prák- vertep, 271-72, 280, 369, 523See also religious practices Vilenskii, Semen, 51 Vintoniv, Oksana, 340 tytsi radians 'кої vlady (1917- Virchenko, Nina, 254,262,265, 269 1953 rr.) (Vrons'ka, Tamara), 40 Vislapuu (Hryb), Mariia, 420,434 urka (hardened criminal; pl. urki), 27-28, 339-45,52З Vitko-Stakh, Kateryna, 347,476 Vivcharyk, Iryna and Mykhailo, 446 uzvar, 286,52З Vladimir Central Prison, vaginal searches, 416,418. See voices of study, 17-21 also cavity searches Vahula, Mariia Voitolovskaia, Ada, 414 114֊l5f, I8lf, 399 on ethnic groups in Voitsekhovych-Rafal' s ' ka, Omeliana, 190,223 camps, 217,220-21 Volia v’iaznia (The Prisoner’s on family-like relations, 36З in infirmary, 167 Freedom), 313 Volians'kyi, Nadiia and Iaroslav, 446 later publication of Volodymyrs'ka, Irena, 169 memoirs of, 52 Volovich, Hava, 437,466-67,472 on life after release, 449 Vorobii, Lesia, 72f on living conditions, 110 Vorobii, Oksana, 362,389
on motivation for writing, 64 Vorobii-Bereza, Mariia, 203f on packages from home, 209 voyeurism, 416,417-18,419,421
INDEX 639 Vrons'ka, Tamara, 14,40 on gender distinctions, 412 Vuitsyk (Susol), Stefaniia, 496-97 later publication of Vykovych, Ivanna, 167-68 memoirs of, 52 Vynnyts'ka, Teodoziia, 411 on literacy, 312-13 on living space, 395,398 wandering plots, 76 on motivation for writing, 63 Wat. See Chwat, Aleksander on national solidarity, 177 weeping eczema, 158 on performances, 271,277 women’s bodies, 86, 88 on prayer, 243 women’s history, absence of as on singing, 255 subject in Ukraine, 44-45 work conditions for, 130-35 illness and, 156-57,16O value of testimony of, 58 on work, 153 on work accidents, 161 Zakydal's'ka, Anastasiia production quotas, 126-30 on clothing and ap protests about, 258-59 pearance, 377,388 remuneration for, 136-38 on communication stimulating prisoners to, 135-38 with home, 204-5 work sites, communica tion using, 189-90 World Federation of Ukrainian Women’s Organizations, 49,254 on dehumanization of prisoners, 333-34 on disease, 158,160,168 on educated prisoners, 313 efforts to find memoir of, 24-25 Z arkhiviv VUChK-GPUNKVD-KGB, 40 Za Ukrainu! Za її voliu (SlobodianKovaliuk, Oleksandra), 65,67 on ethnic groups in camps, 213,218 on family-like relations, 363 later publication of Zadorozhan, Larysa, 182,240,258 memoirs of, 52 Zaiachkivs'ka-Mykhaľchuk, Hanna on life after release, 446 on art, 306,308 on living conditions, 106,117 on blankets, 117 on motivation for writing, 62-63 on camp correspondence, 440 on mutual support, 358 on child separation, 488,490 on nature, 316 on ethnic groups in camps, 225 on poetry, 267 on friendships, 368 on release, 368
640 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY religious practices and, 231-Յ2 on storytelling, 309 value of testimony of, 58 on work accidents, 161 Zamarstyniv Remand Prison, 177,236 Zaporozhets', Nataliia, 461-62 Zaporozhets ' za Dunaiem (HulakArtemovs'kyi, Semen), 274,279f Zaruchnytsia im perii (Zaiachkivs 'kaMykhal'chuk, Hanna), 63 Zaryts'ka, Kateryna on access to open spaces, 107,109 embroidery of, H4-i5f, 499f on flower beds, 400 on holidays, 281,316 on living space, 399 on mutual support, 358 Í nationalist underground and, 17 notebook of, i8if reading and, 312 sharing food with men, 416 son of, 491,493 Zaverbna, Ol'ha, I74f Zelena (Abramchuk), Hanna, 4ՅՅ ZhIR (zheny izmennikov rodiny), 40,58 Zholdak, Iosyfa, 161,217, 337, 341,357,465 “Znovu tsvituť kashtany” (Maiboroda, Platon), 278 Zolochiv Remand Prison, 298 zona, 523 Zona (periodical), 44 zone within larger zone, theme of, 79-80 Bayertsehe München Λ і |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION, NAMES, AND CERTAIN TERMS Λ INTRODUCTION 36 CHAPTER 1. THE DAILY LIFE OF WOMEN IN THE GULAG IN RESEARCH AND PERSONAL MEMOIRS 100 CHAPTER 2. LIVING CONDITIONS IN PRISONS AND CAMPS IN THE 1940S AND 1950S 172 CHAPTER 3. NATIONAL IDENTITY AND CHRISTIAN FAITH DURING IMPRISONMENT 248 CHAPTER 4. CREATIVITY AND FREE TIME 324 CHAPTER 5. HUMANITY AND FEMININITY IN CAPTIVITY 404 CHAPTER 6. BODY, SEXUALITY, AND LOVE 452 CHAPTER 7. MOTHERHOOD BEHIND BARS: A CURSED BLESSING 501 CONCLUSIONS 511 APPENDICES 529 NOTES 593 BIBLIOGRAPHY 616 INDEX
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INDEX The letter/following a page number denotes a figure. A my lyshylysia liud'my (MateshukHrytsyna, Iryna [Orysia]), 401 abortions, 416,468 Adamova-Sliozberg, Olga, 393 Adler, Nanei, 59, Յ69 agency as central concept, 91-92,95,509 as historical category, 93-94 during Holocaust, 94-95 role of in women’s his tory studies, 94 temporal dimensions of, 92-9Յ various forms of, 89-90 aktirovka, 158,519 alimentary dystrophy, 152-53 All-Ukrainian Association for Political Prisoners and Victims of Repression, 42,44,262 amateur performanc es and art, 270-80 amenorrhea, 408 Anderson, Benedict, 179-80 Andrusiak, Ievheniia, 52,67-68, 124,137,160,416,455-56,462 Andrusiak, Vasyl', 67,455 Andrusiv, Halyna, 245 Andrusyshyn, Kateryna, 128, 369,443-44 apathy, 355, 357 Applebaum, Anne, 11,46,55, 144,175,320,427,431,432 arrests memoirs on, 31-Յ2 theme of, 77 See also interrogations art and artwork, 287f, 301-8,3i5f, 318f, 321,486-87f, 494֊95f. See also drawings; embroi dery; expression, through art; individual prisoners Article 54, Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), 5
617 INDEX Article 58, Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR, 5 axiology, creativity as, 321 on plays, 270,276 on singing, 259 on temperature, 132 Bereza, Mariia, 69f bags, H4-i5f, I66f Beria, Lavrentii, 104,147 Baidak, Mariana, i25f, i66f, 296f, Beriant, Lauren, 93 382f, 390f, 454f, 47lf, 489f, 492f balanda, 143,146, 519 Baltic women, 214,221,222-23,226 Bezdyk-Poliashets'ka, Mariia, I02f Beztalanna (KarpenkoKaryi, Ivan), 276 Bandera, Stepan, 67 Bilevych, Vira, 25,70-71 Banderite, definition of, 519 Bilins'ka, Iryna, 46of Barabash-Bilyns'ka, Liuba, birth control, forced, 416 60-6lf, 233f, 253f, 264f Bardach, Janusz, 432 Barnes, Steven A., 144-45,185 barracks, 103-5,106,112,395-402. blankets, 117 blatnoi (common criminal; pi. blatnye), 27, 339-45,429,519 Blavats'ka, Oleksandra See also living conditions; on acts of kindness, 335 living spaces, arranging on arrest, 32 Barvins'ka, Nataliia, 393 on clothing and appear Basarab, Liubov, 301 ance, 372, 388, 392 bathhouses, 119-20,400,419-20 on correspondence, 198 bathrooms/toilets, communi on criminals, 340, 341, 343,345 cation using, 189. See also cultural activities and, 254-55 parasha (pi. parashi) daughter of, 456-57,488 Baumel, Judith T., 95, 355, 363, Յ65 discovery of memoir of, 25 Bekar, Teklia, 459,461,462 on disease, 163 Bell, Wilson T., 12 on ethnic groups in camps, 217 Belova, Anna, 91 on lesbianism, 427-28 Benőni, Polina on motivation for writing, 70-71 on deterioration of on plays, 276-77 femininity, 409 on shaving of prisoners, 421 on ethnic groups in camps, 221 blind spots, 86 on living conditions, 109 bodies on
motivation for writing, 64 destruction and pres on physical condition, 15Յ, 156 ervation of, 407-16
618 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY involuntary prostitution, 422-31 rape, 431-35 sexual abuse, 416-22 Bodnar, Iryna, 462 Bohachevsky-Chomiak, Martha, 97 boils, 158 Bondaruk, Larysa (Lesia Bondaruk), 41 Borys, Parasia, 304 Brodiuk-Dushenko, Oľha, 476 Bryhidky Remand Prison, inf, 257, 260,309, 316,411 Bryndzhei-Lekhyts'ka, Mariia, 138,363 Brys, Halyna and Oleksa, 446 Buca, Edward, 431 Buchach Memorial Museum of Political Prisoners collection camp albums from, 82-83f, 3iof embroidery from, 69f, 72f, I5if, 203f, 227f, 238-39f, 244f, 282f inscription from, io8f, 200f, 349f, 353f, 370f photographs from, i78f, 36if, 364f, 367f, 375C 387f, 406f, 445f Budnik-Kekish, Ievdokiia, 328-29, 346 Budzanovych, Iuliia, 444,446 bunk beds, 103,106 Burbela-Oleksiv, Anna, I59f, 295f burzhuika, 265,519 bushlat (pi. bushlaty), 377, 379-80, 381, 383, 389, 393, 519 bytovik, bytovichka (petty crim inal; pi. bytoviki, bytovich- ki), 27, 339-45, 429, 519. See also petty criminal Bzova-Fedoriv-Stakhiv, Teofiliia, 218-19 camp albums, 6o֊6if, 82-83f, 3iof camp mail, 185,187-92,211 camp shops, 136-38 camp strikes, 223 camp uprisings at Kengir, 119,129,223,435,441 as manifestation of solidarity, 505 at Norilsk, 49-50, 222, 223, 256 as separate from everyday life, 91 Ukrainian versus Russian women’s involvement in, 8i caroling, 283- See also sing ing; koliada (pi. koliady) cauldron (kotel), 139-40,519 cavity searches, 418. See also vaginal searches cellular prison, 3,281,475,520 censorship in camps, 8-9 of self, 48,407,433 Chaban-Haval', Stefaniia, 179,240-41, 281,283 chance, theme of, 79 Chekh, Zenia, 210
Cheplia, Irynka, 24Յ chicken blindness. See nyctalopia children birth of, 459,461-62 in camps, 469-77
INDEX 619 clothing for, 460f clubs, 273-74 death of, 477-81 collars, 297, 388, 391, 393 drawings for, 486-87f, 494-95f communication embroidery for, 294, in camps, 187-92,439-41. 297,478f, 483f, 499f See also bathrooms/toilets, facilities for, 458-59 communication using medical services for, 477-81 with home, 192-212. See number of in Gulag system, 458 also correspondence reunions with, 496-97 “community of memory,” 262 separation from, 482-98 “community of suffering,” 360 See also motherhood compassion, 335-39 Chortkiv Remand Prison, 109, 125f, 296f, 433, 492f Christmas, 66f, i94f, 206f, 237,243, 245, 259, 271-72, 280-81, 283, 284-86, 290, 297, 316, 416, 506 chronic illnesses, 148-49, 351-52 ChSIR (chleny semel izmen- nikov rodiny), 40 caring and, 345-55 confession, 236-37 confrontation, motif of, 8i consolidation, 175- See also solidarity art and, 321 Cormos, Gratian, 416 correctional labor camps (ITLs), 3 chuni, 379, 380, 519 correctional labor colonies (ITKs), 3 Chwat, Aleksander, 176-77,217 correspondence Chyz, Martha, 9,145,433 from home, 192-204 Cieślikowska, Anna, 420 secret, 187-92,439-41. Circular no. 258,126 See also bathrooms/toilets, clothing communication using for children, 460f for cold weather, 131 community and, 204 creativity and free time confiscation of, 372,376 artwork, 301-8 dampness of, 107 Christian feast days, 28O-91 numbers on, 332-34, Յ81 drawing, 301-8 repairing, sewing, and embroidery, 291-ЗОІ. See also decorating, 385-95 main entry embroidery sharing of, 355; by folk songs, 255-63 Auntie Pasha, 392 functions of, 321-22 uniforms, 376-85, 378f
nature, 314-22
620 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY overview of, 251-55 poetry, 263-70 prison songs, 255-63 reading, 308-13 retellings of liter ary works, 308-13 self-education, 308-13 singing, 255-63 theatrical performances, 270-80 Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR, 5 Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1934), 5 crosses, 236 cultural inventory, 112 culture crews, 255,273 Dai sertsiu voliu, zavede v nevoliu (Kropyvnyts'kyi, Marko), 276 daily life focus on, 90 patterns in stories of 76-77 routines in, 409-11,506 dampness, perpetual, 107 Dauge, Alida, 223 dehumanization of pris oners, 327-35,504 Deineha, Tetiana, 182 dekulakization, 520 depersonalization, 332-34 despair and depression, 355-59,506-7 Diakovs'ka, Ol'ha, 82-83f, 3iof, 367f Didukh, Nadiia, 257,314 dignity, theme of, 77 Dilai-Vodoviz, Ivanna, 177 disabled prisoners, camps for, 157 dishes, dearth of 113,116 Divine Liturgy, 237-46,283,289 dog, prisoners’ caring for, 317 Dovhoshyia, Teklia, 129,140-41 Dovzhuk, A., 445f drawings for children, 486-87f 494-95f as creative outlet, 301-8 See also creativity and free time; greeting cards/postcards Drohobych Remand Prison, 347 Drozd, Mykolą, 446 Drozd, Vira, 258,283,446 Duchymins'ka, Ol'ha, 264f 378f Dydyk, Halia, 400 dysentery, 150,414 dystrophy, 152,156,16O Dzendrovs 'ka-Berkut, Stefaniia, 389,447 Dziuban-Holovata, Sofiia, 122 Easter, 179, i97f 219,237,245, 258-59, 280, 281, 283, 284, 286, 288-89, 343, 506 eau de cologne, 393-94 embroidery on bags, H4-i5f i66f on brush case, H8f on camp albums and note books, 6o-6if, l8lf for children, 478f, 483f on clothing, 46of for greeting card,
87f
621 INDEX on mementos, 499f Mother of God, 69f, I02f, lllf, 125f, I34f, 15lf, 159f, 203f, 230f, 233f, 238f, 47lf, 492f on napkins, 250f, 253f, 296f, 299f, 300f religious, 72f, I74f, 227f, 239f, 242f, 244f, 282f, 292f, 29Sf, 454f by Senyk, Iryna, 252, 254 social functions of, 291-301 end-of-term fatigue, theme of, 80 epidemic typhus, 150 erysipelas, 158 escape, theme of, 78 ethic of care, 363,508 ethical issues, 2i֊30 ethnic communities, 175-80,507 ethnicity, as determination of “enemy” status, 5-6 exercise, 410-12 exhaustion, 146,156 exile after release, 366 Exile and Identity (Jolluck, Katherine R.), 14 expression, through art, 321 extraordinary ordinariness, 90 families after release, 443-50 ersatz, 435-39 See also children; mar riages; motherhood family-like relations, 362-66,401,505 Feast of Jordan, 281 feminism, pragmatic, 97 fish bones, needles from, 293,385 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 90 fleas, 121-22 flowers and plants, 399-400 folk songs, 255-63,274-75 folklorized narratives, 76 food exchanging for clothing, 391 for feast days, 281,283 for nursing mothers, 461,475-76 rations of, 139-47,157. See also cauldron (kotel) on religious holidays, 286,288 sharing of, 354,363 food poisoning, 150,152 footwear, 131-32,377,379 Fordon Women’s Prison, 313, 347,476 Frankl, Viktor E., 18, 320, 355 Franko, Ivan, 276, 309 Franko, Vira-Mariia, 121,167 free time. See creativi ty and free time friendship breaking up of, 184-85 with men, 439-43 theme of, 84 From Materials Prepared for the Report of Gulag Supervisor G. P. Dobrynin at a Meeting with the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs to
Verify the Conditions under Which
622 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Prisoners Are Being Held in Special Regimen Camps, 201 frostbite, 131 Gulag: A History (Applebaum, Anne), 11 Gulag Instruction no. 9/2-2/34285C on Stopping the Transmission Gagen-Torn, Nina, 221,290-91 of Illegal Correspondence gang rape, 431,432,433,434 gender by Prisoners, 201-2 Gulag system differences in daily life of, 90-91 contemporary studies differences in mutu and sources on, 8-11 al support and, 355 degradation in, 4 differences in narra demographics of, 3 tives and, 80-81 description of, 2-3 effects of starvation establishment of, 2 and, 412-1Յ, 414-16 endurance of prison gender composition terms and, 412-16 gender factor in, 12-17 erasure of, 408,507 gender isolation in, 6-7 during Holocaust, 95 reorganization of, 7-8 of prisoners in, 5 normative feminini share of “politicals” in, 5 ty and, 96,388-95 violence in, 4 study of Gulag system and, 12-17 gender separation measures, 6-7 women in, 4 Gullotta, Andrea, 269 general labor, 127,165 Ginzburg, Eugenia, 19-20,473-74 Glinka, Elena, 432 gnats, 131 Gogol, Nikolai (Mykolą Hohoľ), 276 goner, 129,158, 414, 520 Hai, Marta (Halyna Holoiad [Savyts'ka]), 237, 347 hair, 374,376,392 Halii, Mariia, 260 gonorrhea, 163 Halych, Olia, 241 Hamivka, Paraskeviia, 347 Grankina, Nadezhda, 418 happiness, changing nature of, 314 greeting cards/postcards, 56f, Hasiuk, Halyna and Iaroslav, 446 66f, 87f, 154֊55f, I86f, 19lf, 206f, 268f, 301, 302f, 303f, health, 147-63 heart diseases, 168 304, 305f, 307f, 356f heating, 105,106-7,116 Heleta, Nadiia (Anastasiia), inf
INDEX hepatitis, 152 Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw, 20,431 Himka, John-Paul, 25 Hladka-Kanii, Iryna, 150, 152,167,192 Hódiak, Oľha, 149,211,351 Hohoľ, Mykolą (Nikolai Gogol), 276 623 on torture, 329 housing, 103-17. See also bar racks; living conditions; living spaces, arranging Hrendysh, Mariia, 150,4ՅՅ Hrosberh-Nakonechna, 01'ha, 313,363,447 Holocaust, 94-95,257 Hrytsiv-Kozak, Melanija, 214 Holoiad (Savyts'ka), Halyna. Hrytsynina-Kysiľ, Mariia, 358 See Hai, Marta Holyns'ka (Oleshchuk), Stefaniia, 240,284, 337 homeland, links with correspondence from, 192-204 packages from, 204-12 Hulak-Artemovs'kyi, Semen, 279f humaneness, 335-39 hunger, 132,145-46,158 Husiak, Dariia, 188,336, 400,416,439 hygiene, 117-24,397-98,417-18 homosexual relations, 71, Hymon (Khom’iak), Ievheniia, 276 88,427-28,429-ՅՕ. hypothermia, 107,116,131,148-49 Honchar, Oles', 312 hypovitaminosis, 152 Honchar-Bakai, Uliana, 152,240,413-14 Horchyns'ka (Demchuk), Vanda, 245-46, 334, 410, 432 Iakovyshyn, Mariia, 179,289-90,447 icons, 236 Iliuk, Vasylyna, 47f, 3i5f Hoshiv Madonna, 520 incentives, work, 135-Յ8 Hoshko-Kit, Anna infant mortality, 477-81 on caring for child in infectious diseases, 148,150 prison, 461,474-75 informational isolation, 180-87,506 on children in camps, injuries, on-the-job, 160-63 479-80,484, 485 Inquiry from the Gulag on clothing and ap Organizational Department pearance, 384,393 into Shortfalls in the work correspondence and, 201 of Gulag Administrations on disease, 150,157 and Departments, 142 on ethnic groups in camps, 212 Institute of History of Ukraine, 40 on living conditions, 109
Inta River dam, 135 on patriotism, 68
624 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY interethnic relations, 212-26. See also national solidarity, ethnic communities and; solidarity, ethnic communities and interrogations, 327-30, 372-73,433 Intyns 'ki snihoviï (Zakydaľ s'ka, Anastasiia), 24-25 involuntary prostitution, 422-31 isolation informational, 18O-87 overcoming, 506 Iurchyk-Ivasenko, Hanna, 153 Iurchyts'ka, Olena, 129 Ivanova, Galina, 175 Ivanyts'ka (Bardyn), Hanna, 110,214-15,220,231 Jacobs, Janet L., 26-27 Jolluck, Katherine R., 12, 14,175,216-17 Kamins 'ka-Iurchuk, Oksana, 162,335 Karay, Felicja, 415 Karpenko-Karyi, Ivan, 276 Karwańska-Bajlak, Anna on clothing and appearance, 386 on defensive behavior, 335 on ethnic groups in camps, 217-18 on family-like relations, 363 on hair, 374 on harmony, 360 on holidays, 285 on humaneness/compassion, 352 on ingenuity, 116 on lice and fleas, 122 on living space, 396 on motherhood, 493 religious practices and, 241 on self-defensive behavior, 410 on self-education, 31Յ uniqueness of testi mony of, 74-75 voluminous nature of, 52 kasha, 520 Katamai, Nusia, 269 katorga, 3,6,273,520 Kavets'ka, Hanna, 227f Kengir camp uprising, 119, 129,223,435,441 keptar, 520 Kersnovskaya, Eufrosinia (Evfrosiniia Kersnovskaia) artwork of, 308 on child separation, 484-85 childbirth in prison and, 461 on living conditions, 110 on searches, 418-19 on sexual abuse, 421,423,426 on temperature, 131 visualized memories of, 20 Khobzei, Oleńka and Kuz'ma, 446 Khomiak, Anna, 38f, 292f, 478f Khomii-Kamins'ka, Ievheniia, 219-20, 373 Khrashchevs'ka, Oksana on clothing and ap pearance, 373, Յ81 on criminals,
344,345
625 INDEX on disease, 152-53 on hair, 376 on medical treatment, 164,169 on motivation for writing, 68,70 on lack of water, 417-18 on nature, 314,319 on living conditions, 107 on perfume, 394 on motivation for writing, 70 on physical condition, 410-11 nationalist underground and, 17 on prison shops, 137 on packages from home, 207 on release of foreigners, 224-25 on relations with men, 443 on sanobrabotka, 419 in remand prison, 334-35 on sexual abuse, 417,424 on sexual abuse, 417,426-27 on singing, 262 on storytelling, 309 on storytelling, 308-9 on urki, 28 as well-known memoirist, 24 kindness, acts of, 335-39 kirza, 520 knitting needles, 116 on work, 129,160-61 koliada (pi. koliady), 258,259, 271-72, 280-81, 283, 286, Kobryn-Senyk, Volodymyra, 420 288, 290, 369, 520. See Kocherhina, Svitlana, 293-94 also singing; caroling Kokhans'ka, Halyna on acts of kindness, 3Յ6 Kolomyia Prison, 282f Kolyma fellowship, 37Լ 450 on clothing and appearance, 391 Kolyma tram, 432,520 on communication with home, 196 komandirovka (pl. ko mandirovki), 520 on correspondence, 193,195 komisovka, 521 on daily rations, 140 Korchak, Dariia, 52,64-65,226, on disease, 158 262, 265-66, 271-272,351 on ethnic groups in kordy, 521 camps, 212,213,219 Koroliuk, Vira, 350 on exhaustion, 146 Korpán, Víra, 377 on family-like relations, 362 Koshak-Svy stel ' nyts ' ka, on friendships, 371,441 on holidays, 286 Kostenko, Nataliia, 112-13, later publication of memoirs of, 52 on life after release, 444 on living conditions, 110,119-20 Dariia, 124,311,346 132-ՅՅ, 298,462-63,470, 475,477, 488,491 Kostiuk (Protsak),
Stefaniia, 342, 345, 400
626 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Kot, Uusia, 142 Lavriv-Skrentovych, Kotelko (Kapko), Ievdokiia, 290,343 Kotliarevs'kyi, Ivan, 276 Lazda, Mara, 222 Kotsur, Anna (Hanna Kotsur), “left parcel room,” 207 Mariia, 161-62,336 66f, 194f, I97f, 206f, 229, 231, Lemekha, Vira, 278 257-58, 302f, 307f, 3l8f, 347 Lentin, Ronit, 21,95 Koval'chuk, Iryna and Iaroslav, 446 Koval'-Nadorozhniak, Stefaniia, 223,256,263, 339, 374 Kozlovs'ka, Anna, 241,243 krashanky, 283,521 Krem’ianets Remand Prison, 328-29 Kropyvnyts'kyi, Marko, 276 lesbianism. See homo sexual relations letters, 8,192-204,194f, 197f. See also correspondence; greeting cards/postcards; bathrooms/ toilets, communication using Levyts'ka, Olia, 267 Kruglov, Sergei, 123 Liads'ka, Ol'ha, 189-90,441-42 Krutiak (Rudnyk), Kateryna, 357 libraries, access to, 312 Kryshtal's'ka (Iemchyk), lice, 121-22,152,420 Lincewicz, Captain (camp Tamara, 434,465 Kryvuts'kyi, Ivan, 50 supervisor), 337 Kryzhanivs ' ka-Hasiuk, Linden, Ruth R., 401 Iaroslava, 251, 275,421-22 Kuibida, Stepan, 447 literary evenings, 308-9 Kuntsman, Adi, 428 Liudkevych, Slava, 31Յ Kurochka, Mariia, 497 living conditions kutia, 281, 283, 286, 288, 521 Lipper, Elinor, 113,414 health, 147-63 Kuziak, Oksana, 209 housing, 103-17 Kuzin, Vladimir, 431 hygiene, 117-24 Kvas, Stefaniia, 298,385,442 medical services, 163-70 KVCh (cultural and education nutritional norms, 139-47 production quotas, 126-30 al departments), 127, 254-55, 273,274-78, 306,322,392 Kyslytsia-Skavins'ka, Hanna, 106,126,297,354,442 rations, 139-47 sanitary conditions, 117-24 sickness, rates of, 147-63
stimulating prison lagpunkt (pi. lagpunkty), 521 ers to work, 135-Յ8 working conditions, 130-35
627 INDEX living spaces, arranging, 395-402, 504, 506,507. See also barracks Marmash, Iryna-Sofiia, 252,254 marriages logging, 132-33,161 after release, 443-44,446-50 Lontskyi Prison National camp, 437-39 See also families Memorial Museum, 298 Lontskyi Remand Prison, 272, 309,337,411,420,46of Luk’ianivska Prison (Kyiv), 475 Lutsk Remand Prison, 195, Յ08 Lviv Historical Museum, 293-94,301 Martyniuk, Anna, 169,336, 475-76,484,491 Marunchak, Anna, 147, 357, 395,490-91 Mashchak (Pshepiurs'ka), Ivanna Lviv Prison, 69f on artwork, 306 Lviv Transit Prison, 483f biographical sketches from, 86 on blankets, 117 MacKinnon, Elaine, 498 on camp correspondence, 440 Maiboroda, Platon, 278 Main Administration of Labor on camp mail, 190 Camps and Colonies (GULAG), 2 Main Prison Administration of the NKVD, 31 on clothing and appear ance, 384-85, 392, 393 on correspondence, 193,195 on criminals, 342, 344 makhorka, 521 on hair, 376 Makohon-Duzha, Mariia, 105, on holidays, 284 on humaneness/com 132-33,146-47,156, 377 Maksimova, Liubov', 463,498 Maksymovych, Kateryna, 309,424-25,497 Maksymyshyn, Mariia (Mariika Maksymyshyn), 348,376 passion, 346,348 on motherhood, 496 on sexual harassment, 423 mass rape, 432 mastyrky, 521 malaria, 148,149 matchsticks, needles from, 293 Malsagoff, Sozerko, 431 Mateshuk-Hrytsyna, Iryna (Orysia) Mandryk-Kuibida, Kateryna, on acts of kindness, 338 232,260,267, 357,447 Mani, Lata, 91 on artwork, 304 on camp correspondence, 439-40 Man's Search for Meaning on clothing and appearance, 388 (Frankl, Viktor E.), 18 Marchenko, Zoia, 272 on criminals, 342 on disease, 157
628 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY on ethnic groups in camps, 213 on family-like relations, 363 on hair, 374 on humaneness/compassion, 347-48, 350-51, 352, 354 on humanity, 401 husband of, 442-43 on mutual support, 84 poetry of, 267,269 religious practices and, 231 in remand prison, 328 on singing, 257 singing and, 260 song by, 260 Matkovs'ka, Marha, 238-39Í 244f Matseliukh-Horyn', Ol'ha, 304, 338, 383,429 Mazepa-Kuchma, Hanna, 223 medical services, 163-70,477-81 medications, lack of, 167-68,169-70 Melish (Meľ nyk), Kateryna, 371 Mel'nychuk, Pavlina, 496 Mel'nyts'ka, Kateryna, I34f memoirists overview of, 57-76 See also individual memoirists memoirs differences among, 53-54 finding, 24-25 as hybrid forms, 48 motivations for writing, 57-59, 62-65,67-68,70-71,73-76 reliability of, 22,23-24 as separate genre, 48 as sources, 45-57 on use of quotations from, 25-26 men after release, 443-50 emotional needs of, 436 ersatz families and, 435-39 friendship and ro mance with, 439-43 loss of identity for, 415 physical condition of, 412-14 Meni bulo 19 (Pozniak [Skrypiuk], Hanna), 63 menstruation, 120,408,417 Meshko, Oksana on abortions, 468 avoidance of mention ing son of, 464 on clothing and ap pearance, 372,386 on communication with home, 195 on creative endeavors, 251-52 on dehumanization of prisoners, 332 on depersonalization, 381 on depression, 358 on despair, 355 on deterioration of fem ininity, 408-9 as educated memoirist, 58 on emotional needs of men, 436 on humaneness/compas sion, 336, 352,354 on informational isola tion, 182,184, 187
INDEX later publication of memoirs of, 52 on living conditions, 121,131 on medical treatment, 164,168 on motivation for writing, 74 629 as protectress, 231-32 motherhood, 88-89,455-68, 482-98. See also children motivations for writing memoirs, 57-59, 62-65, 67֊68,70-71, 73֊76 nationalist underground and, 84 Mudra, Nadiia, 234f on poetry, 267 music, 254-55- See also singing on Polish prisoners, 216 mutual-support networks, on prayer, 240 on prison shops, 138 175-80, 355-62, 508 Muzyka, Iaroslava, 306 on prostitution, 425 on religious holidays, 285 N., Doma, 370f, 406f on searches, 385 N., Hanna, io8f, 364f uniqueness of testi N., Iryna, I9if, 268f mony of, 71,73-74 N., Mariia, I78f, 200f, 349f, 375f as well-known memoirist, 24 N., Valentyna, 288 on work, 130-31 N., Iuliia, 387f on work accidents, I62 Mets, Ivan, 254,456-57 Nakonechnyi, Petro, 447 Nam duzhe treba zhyty Ministry of State Security (MGB), 31 (Potykevych-Zabolotna, Mis'kiv, Ivanka, 477 Mariia), 65 Mochul's'ka, Orysia, 156,177 napkins, 250f, 253f, 299f, 300f Moda-Pokaliuk, Oľha, Nasedkin, Viktor, 104,126 135, 284, ՅՕ4, 354 mogar, 521 Moia doroha (Vahula, Mariia), 64 Nashe Zhyttia (Our Life), 20 Natalka Poltavka (Kotliarevs'kyi, Ivan), 276 Moisein, S., 445f nation, concept of, 179-80 moments of reprieve, theme of, 78 national memory politics, 42 monotypie narratives, 76-77 national solidarity moral communities, 366 camp mail and, 187-92 Morse code, 188 ethnic communities and, 175-80 Mother of God isolation and, i80֊87 embroidery portraying, inf, 125f, 134f, 15lf, 159f, 203f, 230f, 233f, 238f, 47lf, 492f See also
solidarity nationalist organizations, 97
630 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY nationalist underground, 81, 84, 217,455 nature, 314-22 Nazar Stodolia (Shevchenko, Taras), 276 needles, 293,385 Nepip, Natalia, I5if newspapers On Measures to Further Improve the Physical State of Prisoners Held in NKVD Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies, 104 On Measures to Improve the Work of the Forced Labor Camps, 423 On Preserving and Improving the Physical Condition of Prisoners camp, 274, ЗІЗ Being Held in NKVD Corrective restrictions on, 4,180, Labor Camps and Colonies, 147 182,192,196 night blindness. See nyctalopia Noch ' pered Rozhdestvom (Hohoľ, Mykolą [Nikolai Gogol]), 276 Norilsk camp uprisings, 49-50,222,223,256 normative femininity, 96-98 northern lights, 319 notebooks, i8if nudity, forced public, 419-22 numbering of prisoners, 332-34, 381, 389, 504 Nych-Strakhaniuk, Mariia, 221-22,447 nyctalopia, 156 On the Regimen for Holding Prisoners (1939), 6 On the Regimen for Keeping Prisoners in Forced Labor Camps and Colonies (1947), 6 One Hundred Heroines of the World, 254 on-the-job injuries (“indus trial” injuries), 160-63 open space, access to, 107,109, no, 112 oral history, 48,50-51,57 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 67, 70, 252, 286, 360, 447, 455. See also nationalist organizations; Obertyńska, Beata (Marta Rudzka), 160, 236 objectives and empha ses of study, 30-32 nationalist underground Orwellian Room 101, theme of, 79 Ostarbeiters, 5,521 overcrowding, 103-4, no, 123 Oi, ne khody, Hrytsiu, ta і па vechornytsi (Staryts'kyi, Mykhailo), 276 OLPs (otdel 'nye lagernye punkty), 184-85 Palahiichuk, Dartsia, 257
Pal'chevs'ka, Liubov, 301 parasha (pi. parashi), 109,184,521 paratyphoid fever, 150
INDEX parcels from home, 204-12,288,312 Pasichnyk, Milia, 362 631 demographics of, 96-97 families of, 40 paska, 283,284,521. See also Easter Pauchel, Sofa, 85 lack of focus on person pellagra, 148,149,152,153 lack of studies on, 39 perestroika, 10 “politicals” (political prison perfumes, 393-94 ers), 2,27,141,178f, 179-80, personal efFects, 2Յ· See also 215,222-23,277, ЗЗО, 364f, “left parcel room” al histories of, 39-42,44 Petkevych, Tamara, 434,467 367f, 375f, 387f, 399 renewed interest in expe Petrashchuk, Lina, 241,243 rience of women, 49-51 Petrov, Nikita, 422-2Յ, 458 during Stalin’s regime, 39 petty criminals, 27,124,141,254, See also individual prisoners 339· See also bytovik, bytovichka (pi. bytoviki, bytovichki) photographs, 36lf, 364f, 367f, 375f, 382f, 387f, 390f, 406f, 445f Poliuha (Masiuk), Dariia on acts of kindness, 337 after release, 446 on camp mail, 189 physical sexual abuse, 416 on clothing and ap physical space allotments, pearance, 389,393 юз-5,147-48. See also bar on criminals, 343 racks; living conditions on embroidery, 294 phytotherapy, 170,354 on hair, 392 plants and flowers, 399-400 husband of, 442 Plechii, Hanna, 336 on living space, 397, 399 pneumonia, 148,149,167,481 Pobachene і perezhyte on packages from home, 207 (Korchak, Dariia), 64-65 on shaving of prisoners, 421 on sharing food with men, 416 Pocheptsov, Vladislav, 59,192,371 on singing, 258,275 poetry, 252,263-70,264f, 268f on torture, 18 Polish Home Army, 217-18,219,521 Polish prisoners, 215-21, 222, 225-26, 352, 374 political indoctrination, 273-74 political prisoners criminals and,
141, ЗЗО, 339-45 Poliuha, Liubomyr, 446 Poltareva, Viktoriia, 299f Popových, Nataliia, 278, 378f, 411, 497 portrait galleries, 86 portraits, 306
632 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY positive moments, focus on, 26-29 postcards/greeting cards, 56f, 66f, 87Í 154֊55f, l86f, 19lf, 206f, 268f, 301, 302f, 303f, Յ04, 305f, 307f, 356f Potiuk, Hanna, 282f Potykevych-Zabolotna, Mariia childbirth in prison and, 462 criminals and, 141 on ethnic groups in camps, 2x7 in infirmary, 167 later publication of memoirs of, 52 on motherhood, 490 on motivation for writing, 65 on packages from home, 208 poetry of, 265,266-67 singing and, 259-60 Pozniak (Skrypiuk), Hanna on acts of kindness, 335-36 on attempted rape, 433-34 on children in camps, 477, 482, 484 on ciothing and appearance, 388 on communication with home, 193,198,211 on disease, 168 on food, 140,141,145 on freedom, 63 on holidays, 289 later publication of memoirs of, 52 on life after release, 448 on living conditions, 107,112 on motherhood, 469 on national solidarity, 179 on prayer, 232,235 on release, Յ68-69 on storytelling, 309 on torture, 327-28,329 pragmatic feminism, 97 Praporonostsi (Honchar, Oles'), 312 prayer books, 235,241 prayers joint, 237-46 private, 226-37 Predshakhtnaia camp, 20 pregnancy in camps, 7,434, 441-42,457-58,465-67. See also children; motherhood pridurki, 381,521 prison songs, 255-63 prisoners conflict among, 27-28 counterculture of, 504 dehumanization of, 327-35,504 hierarchy among, 112-13, 133,141,380-81 integration of after re lease, 369,371 numbering of, 332-34, 381,389,504 “reeducation” of, 503-4 shaving of, 419-21 See also individual prisoners prisons camps compared to, 109,110,112 descriptions of, 109-10 privileged positions, 112,120,133, 141,
205, 339, 343, 347-48
633 INDEX production quotas, 126֊ ЗО, 139-41, 352 religious practices Christian feast days, 280-91 prostitution, involuntary, 422-31 feast days and, 179 Protsak, Paraska, 447 joint prayers, 237-46 Protskiv-Liven', Hanna, national solidarity and, 179 I25f, I66f, 296f, 382f, 390f, 454Í 47lf, 489f, 492f Provisions on Forced Labor Camps (1930), 135 prozharka, 521 Pshepiurs'ka. See Mashchak (Pshepiurs'ka), Ivanna private prayer, 226-37 values and, 507 remand prisons communication in, 187-88 definition of, 522 descriptions of, 110 prayer in, 231 psychiatric hospital wards, 110 role of, in system, 31-32 psychological support, See also individual prisons mutual, 355-62 representation, through art, 321 psychotherapeutic effects of art, 321 research challenges, 21-30 Pushkareva, Nataliia, 90-91 resistance to camp regime, 8i Pyliavs'ka, Zonia, 433 retellings of literary works, 308-13 pyodrema, 16О Rivne Remand Prison, 288 Pyrih, Mariia, 342 rodents, 122 pysanky, 28i, 288,521 rosary beads, 234f, 235,236 quarry accidents, 161 Rudzka, Marta. See Obertyńska, radios, 273 Rules for Internal Routines Rudenko, Raisa, 16З, 334, 399 Beata (Marta Rudzka) rape, 88,431-35- See also sexual abuse/sexualized violence rations, 139-47,157 for Prisoners in Gulag Camps and Colonies, 117, 119,123,193,273,385 rats, 122 rural communities, 96-98 Ravensbrück, 121 Russian women, 215,217,219,397 Razgon, Lev, 431 Ruzhentseva, Tamara, 423-24 reading, 273,308-13 Rzeszów Prison, 476 “reforging” prisoners, 144-45 release, camp sister hood after, 366-71 Salamon, Vasylyna, 409,485,488 salo, 146-47,522
634 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY sanitary conditions, 117-24 sanobrabotka, 419-20,422,522 Savchuk, Kateryna, 215 Schliess, Walii on blankets, 116-17 on camp correspondence, 439 on camp mail, 185,187 on clothing and appearance, 393 commitment of to testify, 20 on correspondence, 195 on embroidery, 291 on ethnic groups in camps, 223 on packages from home, 208 on performances, 278,280 on plays, 276 on religious holidays, 284-85 religious practices and, 237,240 on sense of community, 176 Scott, Joan W., 91-92,93 scrub typhus, 150 scurvy, 148,152,153,156,170,414-15 searches, 418-19 “second department,” 276 self-censorship, 48,407,433 self-education, 308-13 self-financing, 137 Senkivs ' ka-Onuferko, Iaroslava, I54֊55f Senyk, Iryna on clothing and ap pearance, 381,383 on disease, 165 embroidery of, 252,297,499f on flower beds, 400 injury of, 161,162-63 poetry of, 252,265,267 on storytelling, 309 sewing shops, 127-28 sexual abuse/sexualized violence involuntary prostitution, 422-ЗІ overview of, 416-22 rape, 431-35 scant mention of, 86,88 sexual harassment, 423,426,427 sexuality, 86,435-39,505 Shalamov, Varlam, 20 Shandarak-Brovchenko, Halyna, 131, 263, 265, 312, 335,430, 433, 497 Shanhutova, Mariia, 1 Shapovalov, Veronica on cleanliness, 397 on family-like relations, 365 on gender distinctions, 80 grouping of memoirists by, 57-58 on motherhood, 467 on motivation for writing, 59 on rape, 432-ՅՅ references to amen orrhea and, 408 on self-affirmation, 89 shchedrivky, 281,522- See also religious practices shchi, 522 Sherbakova, Irina, 46,50, 57, 80-81, 86, 89,401 Shevchenko,
Taras, 276,278,287f Shiriaiev, Boris, 431 shmon, 522 shock worker, 112,522 Shubs'ka, Halyna, 289
INDEX 635 Shukhevych, Nataliia, 217,491,493 on Polish prisoners, 216 Shukhevych, Roman, 252 on prostitution, 427 Shuns'ka֊Shvediuk, Iryna, ii8f on psychology of pris Shuplat (Bodnar), Stefaniia, on environment, 29 277,288,424 on relations with men, 443 Shustakevych, Mariia, 143,421 on singing, 261 sickness, rates of, 147-63 on work, 127 sign language, 188 Skavins'kyi, Iaroslav, 442 singing, 223,231,255-63, skin diseases, 158 274-75,283,344. See also koliada (pi. koliady) sleep, allowances for, 123-24,138,147 sister prisoners, 84-86 sleep deprivation, 122-24 sisterhood, after release, 366-71 sleeping arrangements, 103,104 Skarga, Barbara Slipyj, Josyf, 238-39f on animals, 317 Slobodian-Kovaliuk, Oleksandra on apathy, 357 after release, 443 on art, 306 on attempted rape, 433 on basic necessities, 113 on communication on camp correspondence, 440-41 with home, 202 on camp families, 438-39 on depression, 357-58, Յ60, 362 on clothing and appear on ethnic groups in camps, 215 ance, 383-84, 389, 391 on food, 144 on communication with on informational iso home, 202,204 lation, 180,182 on criminals, 344 later publication of on disease, 163 memoirs of, 52 on ethnic communi on living space, 396 ties, 175-76,224 on medical treatment, 169 on ethnic groups in camps, 20 on patriotism, 65,67 on ingenuity, 116 on selective memory, 28 on lesbianism, 429-30 on sexual harassment, 423 on living space, 397 on medical treatment, 164,165 value of testimony of, 58 soap, 120-21 on mutual support, 359 socialist emulation, 274 on need for love, 467 sod houses, 105
636 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY solidarity in adversity, 508 after release, 366-71 camp mail and, 187-92 as common theme, 84 compassion and car ing and, 345-55 ethnic communities and, 175-80 family-like relations and, 362-66 interethnic relations and, 212-26 isolation and, 180-87 mutual psychological sup port and, 355-62 “politicals” and, 222-23 survival and, 505 writing about others as, 86 solitary confinement, 3 Solomon, Vasylyna, 483f Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 20, 408, 412,431,437,438 Sosiura, Volodymyr, 335 sotnyk, 67,522 special camps, 3,522 Spodaryk, Ol'ha, 161,213,240,274 Stadnyk, Mariia, 156 stages, theme of, 77-78 Stalin, Josef, 2, 3,7, 39,70 Starik-Palamarchuk, Valentyna, 426 Stark, Meinhard, 14 Staryts'kyi, Mykhailo, 276 stealing, 117,143-44 Stefanovich, Iuliia, 223 Stefanskaia, Militsa, 383 Stefanyshyn, Soffia, 161 Stepaniv, Olena, 362,389,411 Steplag, demographics of, 3,5-6 sterilization, involuntary, 416 Stets-Ivanchuk, Ol'ha, 149-50, 348,350 Storozhuk-Androzhyk, Katrusia, 267 strength, work assignments and, 129 structure, agency and, 91-92 suicidal thoughts, 357,491,507 Sunday Mass, 237-46. See also religious practices Surovtsova, Nadiia on camp families, 438 on camp mail system, 189 on camp mothers, 464-65 on children in camps, 467-68, 470,472,480-81,482 on clothing and ap pearance, 372-73 on communication with home, 208-9 daily routine of, 409-10 on dehumanization of prisoners, 332 on dishes and utensils, 113,116 on embroidery, 301 on humaneness/compas sion, 350,352, 355 on hygiene, 120 length of incarceration of, 15 on lice and fleas, 122,152 on
life after release, 448 as literary memoirist, 58 on living space, 398-99,400 as Marxist, 84 on medical treatment, 169
INDEX on motivation for writing, 71 on nature, 314, ЗІ6-17,320 on night blindness, 156 on other women prisoners, 85 on perfume, 394 on plays, 272 on rape, 434 on relations with men, 436,437 on sexual abuse, 417,421,430-31 on storytelling, 309,311 on trafficking in women, 425 uniqueness of testimo ny of, 12,51-52,73 on use of rags, 386 as well-known memoirist, 24 on will to survive, 334 Suzdal City Prison, 418 Syniuta, Lionia, 392 syphilis, 163 Sysyn, Frank, 24 Taka nasha hirka pravda (Benőni, Polina), 64 Tamarina, Ruf', 177,222 temperature requirements for, 148 work assignments and, 130-31,132 tents, 105-6 Terebovlia Local History Museum, 177 Teslia-Pavlyk, Mariia, 136,187-88, 196, 351, 363, 393, 396 theatrical performances, 270-80 thematic foci and lacunae, 76-90 637 themes, recurring, 77-80 Thomas, Lynn M., 94 thread, 291,293 Tiutiun, Natalka, 258 Tkachuk, Hania, 449 tobacco use, 413-14 Tofri, Asta, 223 toilets/bathrooms, commu nication using, 189 Toker, Leona, 77,86 torture, 327-30,346,416 trafficking in women, 425 traitors of the homeland, 40,58,522 transfers conditions during, 330 frequent, 184-85,187 transit prison (camp), 522 Treiman, Kateryna, 306 tuberculosis, 148,150,157,160,168 Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR, 7 Tykhan, Teklia, 161 Tykhovliz (Dzhulyns'ka), Lidiia-Oleksandra, 218 typhus, 150 Ukradene shchastia (Franko, Ivan), 276 Ukraina: Nauka i kuľtura (journal), 51 Ukraine, independence of, 18 Ukrainian Association for Research in Women’s History, 45 Ukrainian Helsinki Group, 73
638 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY Ukrainian Insurgent Army on prayer, 231,232 (UPA), 67, 252, 286,427,455 Ukrainian National Women’s on reading, 312 League of America, 20 on storytelling, 309 value of testimony of, 58 Ukrainian resistance movement, 41 valianki, 380, З83,523 Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, vatnik, 378f 275,362,523 Ukraïns 'kyi Visnyk, 24-25 venereal diseases, 163,424 ventilation, lack of, 121 Ulanovskaia, Nadezhda, 428 verbal violence, 416 underwear, lack of, 386 Veres-Shtundak, Oleksandra, 141 uniforms, 376-85,378f. See also clothing Verkhneuralsk Prison, 475 untidy spots, theme of, 79 Upokorennia strakhom: Simeine zaruchnytstvo и karal՛nii prák- vertep, 271-72, 280, 369, 523See also religious practices Vilenskii, Semen, 51 Vintoniv, Oksana, 340 tytsi radians 'кої vlady (1917- Virchenko, Nina, 254,262,265, 269 1953 rr.) (Vrons'ka, Tamara), 40 Vislapuu (Hryb), Mariia, 420,434 urka (hardened criminal; pl. urki), 27-28, 339-45,52З Vitko-Stakh, Kateryna, 347,476 Vivcharyk, Iryna and Mykhailo, 446 uzvar, 286,52З Vladimir Central Prison, vaginal searches, 416,418. See voices of study, 17-21 also cavity searches Vahula, Mariia Voitolovskaia, Ada, 414 114֊l5f, I8lf, 399 on ethnic groups in Voitsekhovych-Rafal' s ' ka, Omeliana, 190,223 camps, 217,220-21 Volia v’iaznia (The Prisoner’s on family-like relations, 36З in infirmary, 167 Freedom), 313 Volians'kyi, Nadiia and Iaroslav, 446 later publication of Volodymyrs'ka, Irena, 169 memoirs of, 52 Volovich, Hava, 437,466-67,472 on life after release, 449 Vorobii, Lesia, 72f on living conditions, 110 Vorobii, Oksana, 362,389
on motivation for writing, 64 Vorobii-Bereza, Mariia, 203f on packages from home, 209 voyeurism, 416,417-18,419,421
INDEX 639 Vrons'ka, Tamara, 14,40 on gender distinctions, 412 Vuitsyk (Susol), Stefaniia, 496-97 later publication of Vykovych, Ivanna, 167-68 memoirs of, 52 Vynnyts'ka, Teodoziia, 411 on literacy, 312-13 on living space, 395,398 wandering plots, 76 on motivation for writing, 63 Wat. See Chwat, Aleksander on national solidarity, 177 weeping eczema, 158 on performances, 271,277 women’s bodies, 86, 88 on prayer, 243 women’s history, absence of as on singing, 255 subject in Ukraine, 44-45 work conditions for, 130-35 illness and, 156-57,16O value of testimony of, 58 on work, 153 on work accidents, 161 Zakydal's'ka, Anastasiia production quotas, 126-30 on clothing and ap protests about, 258-59 pearance, 377,388 remuneration for, 136-38 on communication stimulating prisoners to, 135-38 with home, 204-5 work sites, communica tion using, 189-90 World Federation of Ukrainian Women’s Organizations, 49,254 on dehumanization of prisoners, 333-34 on disease, 158,160,168 on educated prisoners, 313 efforts to find memoir of, 24-25 Z arkhiviv VUChK-GPUNKVD-KGB, 40 Za Ukrainu! Za її voliu (SlobodianKovaliuk, Oleksandra), 65,67 on ethnic groups in camps, 213,218 on family-like relations, 363 later publication of Zadorozhan, Larysa, 182,240,258 memoirs of, 52 Zaiachkivs'ka-Mykhaľchuk, Hanna on life after release, 446 on art, 306,308 on living conditions, 106,117 on blankets, 117 on motivation for writing, 62-63 on camp correspondence, 440 on mutual support, 358 on child separation, 488,490 on nature, 316 on ethnic groups in camps, 225 on poetry, 267 on friendships, 368 on release, 368
640 OKSANA KIS. SURVIVAL AS VICTORY religious practices and, 231-Յ2 on storytelling, 309 value of testimony of, 58 on work accidents, 161 Zamarstyniv Remand Prison, 177,236 Zaporozhets', Nataliia, 461-62 Zaporozhets ' za Dunaiem (HulakArtemovs'kyi, Semen), 274,279f Zaruchnytsia im perii (Zaiachkivs 'kaMykhal'chuk, Hanna), 63 Zaryts'ka, Kateryna on access to open spaces, 107,109 embroidery of, H4-i5f, 499f on flower beds, 400 on holidays, 281,316 on living space, 399 on mutual support, 358 Í nationalist underground and, 17 notebook of, i8if reading and, 312 sharing food with men, 416 son of, 491,493 Zaverbna, Ol'ha, I74f Zelena (Abramchuk), Hanna, 4ՅՅ ZhIR (zheny izmennikov rodiny), 40,58 Zholdak, Iosyfa, 161,217, 337, 341,357,465 “Znovu tsvituť kashtany” (Maiboroda, Platon), 278 Zolochiv Remand Prison, 298 zona, 523 Zona (periodical), 44 zone within larger zone, theme of, 79-80 Bayertsehe München Λ і |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kisʹ, Oksana Romanivna 1970- |
| author2 | Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | l w lw |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138705208 |
| author_facet | Kisʹ, Oksana Romanivna 1970- Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kisʹ, Oksana Romanivna 1970- |
| author_variant | o r k or ork |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047317979 |
| classification_rvk | MS 3250 MS 6380 MS 3200 |
| contents | The daily life of women in the Gulag in research and personal memoirs -- Living conditions in prisons and camps in the 1940s and 1950s -- National identity and Christian faith during imprisonment -- Creativity and free time -- Humanity and femininity in captivity -- Body, sexuality, and love -- Motherhood behind bars : a cursed blessing |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1263272666 (DE-599)BVBBV047317979 |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie |
| era | Geschichte 1939-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939-1956 |
| format | Book |
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Only about half of them survived. In Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag, Oksana Kis has produced the first anthropological study of daily life in the Soviet forced labor camps as experienced by Ukrainian women prisoners. Based on the written memoirs, autobiographies, and oral histories of over 150 survivors, this book fills a lacuna in the scholarship regarding Ukrainian experience. It details the women's resistance to the brutality of camp conditions not only through the preservation of customs and traditions from everyday home life, but also through the frequent elision of regional and confessional differences. Following on from the groundbreaking work of Anne Applebaum's Gulag: A History (2003), this book is a must-read for anyone interested in gendered strategies of survival, accommodation, and resistance to the dehumanizing effects of the Gulag"-- Provided by publisher</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">English; translated from the Ukrainian</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1939-1956</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Straflager</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4243878-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ukrainerin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4317790-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield 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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV047317979 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:28:02Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-10T11:18:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674258327 9780674258280 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032720788 |
| oclc_num | 1263272666 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | IX, 640 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210813 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Harvard series in Ukrainian studies |
| series2 | Harvard series in Ukrainian studies |
| spelling | Kisʹ, Oksana Romanivna 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)138705208 aut Ukraïnky v Hulahu : vyz͡hyty znachytʹ peremohty Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag Oksana Kis ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj Cambridge, Massachusetts Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University 2020 IX, 640 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Harvard series in Ukrainian studies 79 The daily life of women in the Gulag in research and personal memoirs -- Living conditions in prisons and camps in the 1940s and 1950s -- National identity and Christian faith during imprisonment -- Creativity and free time -- Humanity and femininity in captivity -- Body, sexuality, and love -- Motherhood behind bars : a cursed blessing "Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian women were sentenced to the GULAG in the 1940s and 1950s. Only about half of them survived. In Survival as Victory: Ukrainian Women in the Gulag, Oksana Kis has produced the first anthropological study of daily life in the Soviet forced labor camps as experienced by Ukrainian women prisoners. Based on the written memoirs, autobiographies, and oral histories of over 150 survivors, this book fills a lacuna in the scholarship regarding Ukrainian experience. It details the women's resistance to the brutality of camp conditions not only through the preservation of customs and traditions from everyday home life, but also through the frequent elision of regional and confessional differences. Following on from the groundbreaking work of Anne Applebaum's Gulag: A History (2003), this book is a must-read for anyone interested in gendered strategies of survival, accommodation, and resistance to the dehumanizing effects of the Gulag"-- Provided by publisher English; translated from the Ukrainian Geschichte 1939-1956 gnd rswk-swf Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd rswk-swf Ukrainerin (DE-588)4317790-6 gnd rswk-swf Weiblichkeit (DE-588)4079101-4 gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Weibliche Strafgefangene (DE-588)4135983-5 gnd rswk-swf Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd rswk-swf Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf GULag NKVD. Women concentration camp inmates / Soviet Union Women prisoners / Soviet Union Prisoners / Soviet Union Women, Ukrainian / Soviet Union Women concentration camp inmates / Ukraine Women prisoners / Ukraine Prisoners / Ukraine Internment camps / Soviet Union Prisons / Soviet Union Soviet Union / History / 1925-1953 Concentration camps Prisoners Prisons Women concentration camp inmates Women prisoners Women, Ukrainian Soviet Union Ukraine 1925-1953 History Ukrainerin (DE-588)4317790-6 s Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 s Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 s Weibliche Strafgefangene (DE-588)4135983-5 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 s Weiblichkeit (DE-588)4079101-4 s Geschichte 1939-1956 z DE-604 Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- trl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 978-0-674-25832-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, kindle 978-0-674-25833-4 Harvard series in Ukrainian studies 79 (DE-604)BV002789515 79 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kisʹ, Oksana Romanivna 1970- Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag Harvard series in Ukrainian studies The daily life of women in the Gulag in research and personal memoirs -- Living conditions in prisons and camps in the 1940s and 1950s -- National identity and Christian faith during imprisonment -- Creativity and free time -- Humanity and femininity in captivity -- Body, sexuality, and love -- Motherhood behind bars : a cursed blessing Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Ukrainerin (DE-588)4317790-6 gnd Weiblichkeit (DE-588)4079101-4 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Weibliche Strafgefangene (DE-588)4135983-5 gnd Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243878-0 (DE-588)4317790-6 (DE-588)4079101-4 (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4135983-5 (DE-588)4046565-2 (DE-588)4079262-6 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag |
| title_alt | Ukraïnky v Hulahu : vyz͡hyty znachytʹ peremohty |
| title_auth | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag |
| title_exact_search | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag |
| title_full | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag Oksana Kis ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj |
| title_fullStr | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag Oksana Kis ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj |
| title_full_unstemmed | Survival as victory Ukrainian women in the Gulag Oksana Kis ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj |
| title_short | Survival as victory |
| title_sort | survival as victory ukrainian women in the gulag |
| title_sub | Ukrainian women in the Gulag |
| topic | Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Ukrainerin (DE-588)4317790-6 gnd Weiblichkeit (DE-588)4079101-4 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Weibliche Strafgefangene (DE-588)4135983-5 gnd Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd Widerstand (DE-588)4079262-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Straflager Ukrainerin Weiblichkeit Alltag Weibliche Strafgefangene Politische Verfolgung Widerstand Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720788&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002789515 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kisʹoksanaromanivna ukrainkyvhulahuvyzhytyznachytʹperemohty AT wolanskyjlidia ukrainkyvhulahuvyzhytyznachytʹperemohty AT kisʹoksanaromanivna survivalasvictoryukrainianwomeninthegulag AT wolanskyjlidia survivalasvictoryukrainianwomeninthegulag |