From ally to enemy: the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 274 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781569027523 9781569027516 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Legend xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction Data Sources The Cold War Outline of the Structure of the Book 8 11 13 Chapter One Moscow and the Horn of Africa in the Cold War Moscow’s Foreign Policy Toward Africa Ethio-Soviet Relationship in a Historical Perspective Soviet Strategic Interests in the Horn of Africa The Socialist Countries and the New Regime The Soviet Union and Mengistu’s Rise to Power 17 17 18 20 28 30 Chapter Two A New Era in Ethiopian-Soviet Relations Soviet relations with Mengistu The Ethio-Somali Conflict; Moscow sits on the Fence Soviet and Cuban Attempts to Head Off War in the Ogaden As Pressure Grows, Mengistu seeks Help Ratanov and Ochoa; Architects of the Derg’s Military, Foreign and Economic Policies Prelude to the Ogaden Invasion Invasion of the Ogaden Des and Denials The Defeat of the Somali Armed Forces vii 1 37 38 40 44 46 52 52 58 61
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa The Lessons of the Ogaden Conflict Chapter Three A Moving Target - Moscow’s Regional Treaties Somalia Expels Soviet Advisers Ethiopia and the Soviet Union Sign Friendship and Co-operation Treaty Chapter Four Crossing the Rubicon: why Moscow chose Ethiopia over Somalia Mistrust of Somalia’s Muslim sympathies Chapter Five Why Moscow chose Ethiopia over Eritrean Liberation Movements The Importance of the Red Sea Coastline Fears of Muslim and Imperialist Manipulation Moscow’s Preferred Outcome Chapter Six Soviet and East German Attempts at Peacemaking Soviet Union’s Dual Strategy on Eritrea Soviet Leadership Sympathetic to Mengistu Socialist Countries endorse Mengistu’s Nationalist Position The Meeting between the Derg and the EPLF The Soviet Committee for Solidarity Meets Ahmed Nasser 64 71 76 77 83 83 85 91 94 96 103 113 113 119 120 121 134 Chapter Seven Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The EPLF’s Dilemma Weaponising Semantics: Advocates of Greater Ethiopia attack Fissures within the EPLF over Soviet Intervention Independence: a Non-Negotiable Prize The Split Between EPLF and the Eritrean Diaspora Becomes a Chasm 143 147 150 157 162 viii 7
Table of Contents Chapter Eight A Hopeless Task: Why Peace Talks Failed Mengistu’s pathological hatred No Costs for Mengistu’s failure to heed the Soviet Union Flawed Assumptions New Developments Chapter Nine A Turning Point in Soviet Foreign Policy Gorbachev’s New Thinking on Ethiopia and The Eritrean liberation Struggle 171 171 179 182 186 193 196 Chapter Ten The Tide Turns: The Battle of Afabet The Repercussions of Defeat at Afabet The Liberation of Massawa: a Harbinger of Eritrean Independence 222 Chapter Eleven Conclusion 233 References 247 Index 265 203 211 їх
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Index Abate, Lieutenant Colonel Atnafu 29, 34 Abdella, Salah Aldin 146 Abdulrahtnan 146 Adamishin, Anatoly 214,218 Adamskin, Anatoly 214,215 Addis Ababa 4, 5, 8,13,19, 29, ЗО, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44,45,46, 56, 57,60, 61,70, 76, 87,103,119,136,137,139,145, 146,169,172,176,189,191, 200, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 240, 241, 242, 248, 253, 260, 262 Adwa war 19 AESNA (Eritrean Students in North America) xi, 14,147,148,150, 153,154,156,162,163,166, 167.168.170 AEWNA (Association of Eritrean Women in North America) xi, 14,150, 151,156,162,163,164, 165.166.167.168.169.170 Afghanistan 4,180,197, 200, 209, 210, 247, 253, 257 Al-Yadoomi, Colonel Hussein 23, 247 Andom, General Aman 31, 32 Andreotti, Giulio 214 Andropov, Yuri 14,193 Angola xi, 4, 57, 65, 66, 96,114, 194,197,199, 200, 251,262 Asmara 6, 38, 45, 52, 91, 92, 94, 114,126,127,129,145,146, 171,174,176,185,188,189, 206, 211,212, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 240 Asmara Manifesto 171 Axen, Hermann 125,183,188, 189 Ayene, General Tariku 207 В Bab al-Mandab 23, 25, 26 Bab el-Mandeb 15, 21, 26, 95, 260 Bante, General Teferi 30, 31, 32, 33, 36,38 Barre, Siad 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 69, 72, 74, 83, 86, 87, 88,116 Bayih, Berhanu 43 Beirut 124,136,138,140,159,169 Belata, Mohamed Berhan 146 Belgrade 29, 35 Berbera 13, 21, 25, 42, 52, 55, 57, 72, 73, 77, 80, 89, 94,104,120, 179,180,181,238 Berlin 9, 29,121,122,128,130,132, 133,134,183,190,192, 201 Bolsheviks 11 Brezhnev, Leonid 14, 28, 42, 44, 66, 74, 75, 77, 89,101,110,129, 130,131,132,137,138,139, 265
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 140,178, 182,188,190,191, 193,196, 216, 239 Britain 12, 38,148 British Military Administration 150 c Cape of Good Hope 23 Caribbean 4, 250, 257, 262 Carter, President Jimmy 26, 45, 62, 63, 82, 87, 215, 218, 220, 226, 231, 254, 257 Castro, Fidel 9, 31, 38, 46, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 81,87, 88, 90, 95,114 Charles, Milene 30, 257 Chekini, Mahmud 146 Chernenko, E.F. 85, 240 China ix, 20, 26, 29, 84, 95, 97,144, 146.147.167, 242, 247, 260 Christianity 145 Churchill, Winston 12 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency (USA)) xi, 32, 34, 70, 78, 79, 82, 97,176, 249 Cohen, Herman 214,215,220 Cold War v, 1, 3, 4, 9,11,12,13,15, 17, 22, 24, 37,197, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 260, 263, 264 Commados, Fessehaye 146 Connell, Dan 6, 8,146, 222, 250 CPSU CC (Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) xi, 8, 68, 75, 81, 94, 101,109,110, 122,134,137, 138,167,178,188,190, 201 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) xi, 8, 68, 75, 81, 94, 99,100,101,109,110,113, 122.132.134.137.138.167, 266 178,183,184,188,190,191, 193, 201,216 Cuba 8, 30, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 76, 80, 82, 84, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99,104,105,116,120,136,138, 139.151.152.153.154.156, 161,168,173,177,181,188, 194, 200, 201, 249, 251, 252, 256, 258, 262 D Dahlac Archipelago 80 Dahlak Island 89,219 Dahlak Islands 104, 180, 181, 197 Darntonnov, John 76,82 Davidson, Basil 149 DERG (Military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987) xi, 122 Derg, the v, vi, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,13,14,19, 28,
29, 30,31,32, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 58, 65, 68, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,107,108,113, 115,117,120,121,123,127, 128,133,136,137,147,150, 151.152.154.155.156.157, 158,159,160,161,162,163, 164,165,181,186,194,201, 204, 209, 217, 221, 225, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 248, 253 Dire Dawa 48,187 Djibouti 15, 84, 85, 95,103, 242, 243 Dominguez, Jorge 96,114,194,251 Donham, Donald 22, 97, 98,147, 251 Dzasokhov, Aleksander 27
Index E East Berlin 9,133 Eastern Christian Orthodox church 18 Eastern Europe 84 East Germany 4,13, 28,101,113, 115,116,121,123,127,128, 131,173,180,181,186, 200, 211,219, 220, 236, 237 EDU (Ethiopian Democratic Union) xi, 147 EFLNA (Eritreans for Liberation in North America) xi, 151,164, 165,167,168,169,170 Egypt ix, 13, 20, 25, 26, 27, 41, 52, 61,63, 71,72, 73, 75, 81,83, 85, 87, 95,144,200, 219, 251 Elaj, Abdela Said 146 ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front) xi, 5, 6, 7,10,14,94,105,110,114, 115,118,119,124,131,132, 134,135,136,137,138,140, 144,145,146,147,149,150, 152,157,158,159,167,169, 171,183,184,188,191,217, 229, 236, 237, 238 ELF (RC) (Eritrean Liberation Front (Revolutionary Council)) xi Enlai, Zhou 145, 146 EPLA (Eritrean People’s Liberation Army) xi, 14, 203, 206, 207, 208, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 239, 240 EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) vi, xi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,13,14, 91,92, 94, 97,98, 99, 100,101,102,105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 113,114,115, 118,119,121,122,123,124, 125,126,127,128,129,131, 133,135,136,138,139,140, 143,144,145,147,149,150, 151,152,153,154,155,156, 157,158,159,160,161,162, 163,164,165,166,167,168, 169.170.171.183.184.186, 187.199, 200, 201,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214,215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 248 EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front) xi, 204, 225, 228, 229, 240, 241 Eritrea vi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,14, 15,18,19, 21,23, 27, 28, 34, 37, 38, 42, 45, 46, 48, 60, 67, 75, 76, 79, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99,101,102,103,104,106, 107,108,109,110,113,114, 115,116,117,118,119,120, 121,122,123,124,125,126, 127,128,129,130,131,132, 133,134,135,145,146,147, 148,150,151,152,153,155, 158,159,160,161,163,166, 168,169,170,171,173,175, 176,177,178,179,180, 181, 182.183.184.185.186.187, 188,189,190,191,192,196, 197.198.199, 200, 201,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 267
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 263, 264 Eritrean Liberation Front xi, 5, 6, 212, 213, 214,215, 216, 217, 10, 98,101, 119,124,125,135, 218, 219,220,221,222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 159 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 237, Eritrean liberation struggle 1,3,4, 8.10.11.13.14.19, 93, 94, 96, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 97, 99,101, 102,104, 107,113, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 115.117.122.123.124.128, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 130.144.145.146.147.151, 156,157,161,167,175,186, 263, 264 Ethiopian-Somali war 77 200, 208, 209, 220, 234, 237, Ethio-Somali war 221 238, 239, 240 Eritrean Revolution 151, 153,167, 168, 250, 253 F Eritrean war of independence 1,14 Fitzgibbon,Louis 23, 252 Eritrean War of Independence 4, 6, France ix, 26,184 66, 217, 234, 255 ESUNA (Ethiopian Students Union in North America) xi, 147,148, G 149,167, 251 Gaber, Osman Mohamed 146 Ethiopia vi, vii, xi, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, Gaddafi, M. 98 11.13.14.15.18.19, 20, 21,23, Garang, Colonel John 217 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, GDR (German Democratic 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, Republic) xi, 47, 98,121,128, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 133,140 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, Gebre-Medhin, Yordanos 149,150, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 254 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, Genasene 61 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,100,101,102, Germany xi, 4, 6, 9, 12,13, 14, 28, 103,104,106,108,109,110, 32, 60, 75,101,113,115,116, 113,114,115,116,117,118, 121,123,127,128,131,173,
119,120,122,123,124,125, 180,181,186, 200, 211,219, 126.128, 129,130,132,133, 220, 236, 237 135,137,139,140,145,146, Ghana 20, 83 147.148.149.150.151, 152, Gode 48 153,157,158,159,161,162, Goodman, Melvin 89,196, 219, 173,175,176,177,178,179, 221, 231, 252 180,181,182,183,184,185, Gorbachev, Mikhail vii, 14, 195, 186,187,188,189,190,191, 196,197,198,199, 201, 208, 192,193,194,195,196,197, 268
Index 211,216, 218, 219,228, 239, 240, 252, 254 Gorshkov, Sergei 104 Grechko, General Andrei 72 Gromyko, A. 41,46,66,75,118 H Hagos, Berhan 146, 203, 204, 229 Hagos, Mesfin 146,204 Halliday, Fred 18, 21, 24 Harar 48, 54, 58, 61 Henze, Paul 84, 97, 98, 212, 228 Hider, Adolf 12 Honecker, Erich 9, 74, 81, 88, 90, 101.110.121.122.123.127, 129,131,132,135,137,138, 139,140,160,169,182,183, 190,191 Horn of Africa v, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9,10, 13,15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 35, 42, 46, 57, 68, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83, 97,103,106,115,137,151, 152,155,179,188,190,191, 201,210, 214,219, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264 Huggins, Hugh 11 I Ibrahim, Ahmed 146 Ibrahim, Mohamed Ahmed 146 IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority for Development) 244 Indian Ocean ix, 7, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80,81,89,91,104,179,180, 181,219, 250 Isaías Afwerki 9,105,106,107, 121.122.123.125.126.127, 128,131,134,135,138,139, 145,146,160,161,162,167, 169,170,183,186, 205, 208, 109, 210, 214, 224, 228, 229, 230, 240, 244, 247, 269 Islam 85, 86,145, 261, 263 Israel 26, 72,102,103,145, 221, 222, 225, 229 Italian colonialism 148, 149, 150 Italy 168,184,214 Iyob, Ruth 149,150, 254 J Jembere, Berhanu 178 Jerusalem 18 Jijiga 48, 53, 54, 62, 63 К Kagnew Station 38, 45 Kalashnikov rifles 103 Kasim, Hussein Abdulkadir 41 Kenya 84, 85 Khartoum 27,110,166,167,170, 217, 228, 250 Killion, Tom 146, 206, 250, 255 Korn, David 6,115, 204, 218, 231, 240, 255 Kosukhin, N. 85 Kosygin, A.N. 41, 66, 75, 178,190 Kremlin 15,17, 27, 28, 39, 66, 94,
95,108,114,152,181,193, 216, 221, 259, 261 L Lamberz, Werner 60, 70, 124, 125, 137,183,191 Lebanon 124,138,140,159,169 Leo Grande, William 91 Luanda 70, 96 269
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa M MAAG (Military Assistance Advisory Group) xi, 45 Makinda, Samuel 21,104, 256 Mali 20, 83 Maltsev, Alexander 122 Mariam, Haile 4, 13, 27, 28, 32, 34, 38, 44, 66, 68, 77, 81, 83,109, 110,114,132,137,140,141, 151,167,173,182,183,188, 189,190, 201,206, 217,222, 227, 236 Markovski, Paul 94,109, 134,138, 140,173,178,182,190 Marxism-Leninism 33, 43, 86,148, 194, 226 Marxist-Leninist 4,17, 20, 65, 83, 85, 86, 97,116,135,147,157, 183,193,222,237 Menelik, Emperor 19 Mengistu Haile Mariam v, vi, vii, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9,10,13,14, 21,27, 28, 29, ЗО, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91,92, 93, 94,95, 96, 99,101, 102,103,104,105,106, 107, 108,109, ПО, 114,115,116, 117,118,119, 120,121,124, 125,129,130, 131,132,133, 134,136,137,141,151,152, 167,171,172,173,174,175, 176,178,179,180,181,182, 183, 185, 186,187, 188, 189, 190,193,194,195,196,198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211,212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219,221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 270 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 253 Mengistu’s Nine-Point Plan of 1976 131, 187 Mersa Teklay 92 Michael, Mogus Wolde 41 Middle East 1, 20, 36, 41, 80, 89, 117,150,163,164,196, 209, 217, 237, 246, 251, 252, 255 Mitchell, Nancy 58 Mogadishu Government 76 Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh 72, 150, 257 Moscow v, vi, 4, 7, 8,10,12,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 61, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 87, 91,
93, 94, 95, 99,101,102,103, 108,109,110,114,115,116, 118, 123,130,132,134, 137, 138, 140,144,150,151,152, 156,167,178,179,180,181, 186,188,189,190,194,195, 197,198, 201,206, 208,210, 215, 216, 218, 219,227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 240, 252, 253, 258, 261 Mozambique 199 MPLA (People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola) xi, 65, 96,114 Musa, Issa 146 N Nakfa Front 205, 222 Namibia 144,199 Nasser, Ahmed vi, 132,134, 135, 136,140,183,184,188,191
Index NDR (National Democratic Revolution) 93,157,158 Negash, Tekeste 149,242, 257, 261 Neto, Agostinho 65 New York Times 7,15, 64, 70, 76, 81,82,110, 200, 202, 205, 207, 222, 223, 229, 231, 232, 238, 245,256, 257, 260, 261 Nidai, Abu 134 Nkaisserry, Brigadier 54, 63 Nkaisserry, Joseph K. 53 North America xi, 14, 24,110,147, 150,151,152,156,164,167, 169 Nur, Ramedan Mohamed 145,146, 157,186 О Oberdörfer, Don 28, 35, 57, 69, 258 Obukhov, L. 85 Ochoa, General Arnaldo v, 8,15, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 68, 69,177,189 Ogaden v, vi, 3, 4, 7, 8,13, 35, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 73, 74, 76, 78,84, 89,91,99,115, 116,117, 118,166,177,185, 187, 221,234,235, 237, 252, 254, 257, 259, 262, 263 Ogaden conflict 8, 91, 235 Ogaden war 3, 64, 78, 89,116, 235, 237, 257 Ogbazghi, Yohannes 149,150, 258 Omer, Ahmed Adem 146 Ostermann, Christian F. 9, 68, 137, 138,139,140,188,189, 190, 191 P Papp, Daniel 17, 20, 35, 94, 95, 108, 109,111,114, 258 Patman, Robert 18,19, 21, 26, 28, 31, 34, 44, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, 103,109,114,133,178,180, 193,195,198, 221,258 Payne, Richard 12,17,19, 37, 38, 259 PDRE (Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) xi, 186,188, 192, 199, 209 People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 23, 27, 76, 80,132 Persian Gulf ix, 4, 7, 22, 24, 26, 73 Petrov, General 59, 61, 62, 66, 75, 76 Phu, Diem Bien 203, 204, 206 PMAC (Provisional Military Administrative Council) xi, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51,66, 76, 93,113,114, 125,129,130,133,136,173, 175,176,177,194,196 Podgorny, N.V. 44 Podgorny, President Nikolai 46, 89 POMOA
(Provisional Office for Mass Organisational Affairs) 32 Ponomarev, Boris N. 94,109,134, 138,140,173,178,179,182, 188,190 Porter, Bruce 18, 54, 99, 259 Port Said 71 Potsdam 38 Prague 29 PRC (People’ Republic of China) 144,146,147 271
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa R Rajét, Hassen Saleh Ab 146 RATANOV 33,34 Ratanov, A.R v, 8, 13, 15, 33, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 68, 69, 95,109, 131,139,177,185,189, 191, 192 Red Sea vi, ix, 1, 4, 7,10, 13, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 67, 71, 74, 80, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102,103,105,113,118,126, 129,168,179,180,181, 182, 184, 219, 221, 222, 225, 231, 233,234, 235, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 261 Red Star Campaign 171,238 Remneck, Richard 24, 25, 26, 27, 102 Remnek, Richard 18,23,26,73,80, 81, 88, 260 Rodriguez, Carlos Rafael 55,124, 132,138,139,174,188 Russia ix, 11,13, 17, 19, 154,156, 263 s Saba, Pard 97 Sabbe, Osman Saleh 124,135,146, 152,158,159, 200, 217 Sadat, Anwar 71, 72 Saudi Arabia ix, 7, 26, 41, 52, 62, 63, 75, 85, 87, 95,102,105,106, 134,144,162, 200, 217,244 SED (The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) xi, 9, 14, 60, 68, 70, 75,81,94,101,109,110, 272 113,126,127,129,132,134, 137,138,139,140,167,174, 182,183,184,188,191,201 Selassie, Haile 5,19, 28, 32, 43, 65, 92, 93, 97, 98,108,144,145, 146,176,194, 234, 236, 261 Shengo (National Assembly (Amhàric)) xi, 118,186, 187, 209, 213, 217,227 Shevardnadze, Edward 197 Shinn, David 184,191 Shum, Saleh Omer 146 SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) xi, 211,228, 260, 261 socialism 31, 39, 43, 44, 50, 86, 87, 88,156,163,193, 202 Sofia 29 Somalia vi, ix, xi, 9,13, 15, 21, 25, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94,95,103,113,115, 116, 119,179,185,195,199, 219, 237, 248, 249, 252, 254, 264 South Africa 38, 65,144, 218 South Yemen 21, 76, 80, 98,103, 116,162,194 Soviet bloc 10,13,14, 46, 86,102, 103,105,114,117,120,130, 131,136,143,157,161, 162, 163,164,174,175,179, 201 Soviet Union v, vi, vii, xi, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, ЗО, 31, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88,
Index 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105, 106,107,108,109, ИЗ, 114, 115,116,117,118,119,120, 123,126,127,130,131,132, 133,134,136,137,143,144, 150,151,152,153,154,155, 156,157,159,161,163,164, 165.166, 167,168,171,173, 175,179,180,181,183,184, 185,186,189,191,193,194, 195,196,197,198,199, 200, 201,205, 209, 210, 211,213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 225, 226, 227, 233,234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 249, 253, 257, 258, 263, 264 SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army) 217 Starushenko, Gleb 197 Sudan 6, 20, 27, 52, 83, 84, 85, 87, 95.101.102.106.119.125.166, 192,195,198, 200, 217, 254, 255 Suez Canal 1, 22, 24, 25, 27, 71, 76, 77, 80 Sweden 6 T Tanzania 43 Tareke, Gebru 5, 64,187, 207, 208, 212, 224, 229 Tehran 38 Tesfaye, Lt General Gebre-Kidan 198, 227, 229, 232 Tewoldebrahan, Teame 244 Third World 4,12,14, 62, 72, 73, 106,165,193,197, 219, 247, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263 Tigray 118,162,177,187, 200, 201, 206, 212, 216, 217, 227, 239, 242 Tiruneh, Andargachew 5, 32, 91, 172,187,198, 212, 213, 214, 226, 247, 262 TPLF (Tigraen People’s Liberation Front) xi, 162, 201, 205, 206, 241, 242 Trappen, Friedel 101,110,113,137, 139,140,191 Tsar, Alexis 18,233 UAE (United Arab Emirates) xi, 244 Ulyanovsky, R. A. 101,102, 110, 113,132,133,137,139,140, 183,184,191 UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola xi, 114 United Kingdom 38 USA (United States of America) xi, 4, 5, 7, 8,11,12,15,17, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 96,
98,100,103,106, 107,119,143,144,145,153, 161,168,172,177,178,179, 180,183,184,185,186,197, 199, 200, 214, 215, 220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 239, 240, 247, 250, 253, 257, 259, 262, 263 USSR xi, 9,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28,39,40,44,45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99,103,104,108,116, 273
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 134,140, 179,180, 183,185, 188.189.191.198, 199, 201, 202,210, 214,218, 219, 226, 227, 230, 253, 254, 259 USSR (Soviet Socialist Republics) xi, 9,18,19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99,103,104,108,116,134, 140, 179,180,183, 185,188, 189.191.198.199, 201,202, 210, 214, 218, 219, 226, 227, 230, 253, 254, 259 USUAA (University Students Union of Addis Ababa) 4, 5 V Valenta, Jiri 4,20,23,262 Valeta, Jiri 83 Velidanov, Yuri 180 Vivo, Valdez 124 Vorostsov, Youli 211 WSLF (Western Somalia Liberation Front) xi, 44,46, 47,48, 52, 53, 54,57, 60,61,64,66, 116, 235 WWII (World War II) 12, 18, 203, 220, 233 Y Yalta 38 Yemen 15, 21, 23, 27, 76, 80, 87, 98, 103,116,132,162,194,219, 244 Yemen Arab Republic 27 Yodfat, Aryeh 88 Yordanov, Radoslav R. 3, 9,11, 31, 32, 34,35, 36, 98,114, 180, 181, 188,189,192,193,197, 201, 208, 216, 221, 234, 264 Yukalov, Yuri 214 z Zaire 65 Zedong, Mao 146 Zenawi, Minister Meles 242 Zimbabwe 144,199, 229, 232, 240 w Warsaw Pact 21 Wassae, Lt. Colonel Afework 206 Weidemichael, Awet 37, 229 Westad, Arne 98 Western Europe 22, 24, 25,150 Western European 25 Wilson, Edward 19,31,36,257, 263, 264 Wogderes, Fikere Selassie 51 Wolde, Goshu 179 Worthingtone, Peter 203 WPE (Workers Party of Ethiopia) 189,195, 196, 201,217 274 և Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Legend xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction Data Sources The Cold War Outline of the Structure of the Book 8 11 13 Chapter One Moscow and the Horn of Africa in the Cold War Moscow’s Foreign Policy Toward Africa Ethio-Soviet Relationship in a Historical Perspective Soviet Strategic Interests in the Horn of Africa The Socialist Countries and the New Regime The Soviet Union and Mengistu’s Rise to Power 17 17 18 20 28 30 Chapter Two A New Era in Ethiopian-Soviet Relations Soviet relations with Mengistu The Ethio-Somali Conflict; Moscow sits on the Fence Soviet and Cuban Attempts to Head Off War in the Ogaden As Pressure Grows, Mengistu seeks Help Ratanov and Ochoa; Architects of the Derg’s Military, Foreign and Economic Policies Prelude to the Ogaden Invasion Invasion of the Ogaden Des and Denials The Defeat of the Somali Armed Forces vii 1 37 38 40 44 46 52 52 58 61
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa The Lessons of the Ogaden Conflict Chapter Three A Moving Target - Moscow’s Regional Treaties Somalia Expels Soviet Advisers Ethiopia and the Soviet Union Sign Friendship and Co-operation Treaty Chapter Four Crossing the Rubicon: why Moscow chose Ethiopia over Somalia Mistrust of Somalia’s Muslim sympathies Chapter Five Why Moscow chose Ethiopia over Eritrean Liberation Movements The Importance of the Red Sea Coastline Fears of Muslim and Imperialist Manipulation Moscow’s Preferred Outcome Chapter Six Soviet and East German Attempts at Peacemaking Soviet Union’s Dual Strategy on Eritrea Soviet Leadership Sympathetic to Mengistu Socialist Countries endorse Mengistu’s Nationalist Position The Meeting between the Derg and the EPLF The Soviet Committee for Solidarity Meets Ahmed Nasser 64 71 76 77 83 83 85 91 94 96 103 113 113 119 120 121 134 Chapter Seven Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The EPLF’s Dilemma Weaponising Semantics: Advocates of Greater Ethiopia attack Fissures within the EPLF over Soviet Intervention Independence: a Non-Negotiable Prize The Split Between EPLF and the Eritrean Diaspora Becomes a Chasm 143 147 150 157 162 viii 7
Table of Contents Chapter Eight A Hopeless Task: Why Peace Talks Failed Mengistu’s pathological hatred No Costs for Mengistu’s failure to heed the Soviet Union Flawed Assumptions New Developments Chapter Nine A Turning Point in Soviet Foreign Policy Gorbachev’s New Thinking on Ethiopia and The Eritrean liberation Struggle 171 171 179 182 186 193 196 Chapter Ten The Tide Turns: The Battle of Afabet The Repercussions of Defeat at Afabet The Liberation of Massawa: a Harbinger of Eritrean Independence 222 Chapter Eleven Conclusion 233 References 247 Index 265 203 211 їх
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Index Abate, Lieutenant Colonel Atnafu 29, 34 Abdella, Salah Aldin 146 Abdulrahtnan 146 Adamishin, Anatoly 214,218 Adamskin, Anatoly 214,215 Addis Ababa 4, 5, 8,13,19, 29, ЗО, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44,45,46, 56, 57,60, 61,70, 76, 87,103,119,136,137,139,145, 146,169,172,176,189,191, 200, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 240, 241, 242, 248, 253, 260, 262 Adwa war 19 AESNA (Eritrean Students in North America) xi, 14,147,148,150, 153,154,156,162,163,166, 167.168.170 AEWNA (Association of Eritrean Women in North America) xi, 14,150, 151,156,162,163,164, 165.166.167.168.169.170 Afghanistan 4,180,197, 200, 209, 210, 247, 253, 257 Al-Yadoomi, Colonel Hussein 23, 247 Andom, General Aman 31, 32 Andreotti, Giulio 214 Andropov, Yuri 14,193 Angola xi, 4, 57, 65, 66, 96,114, 194,197,199, 200, 251,262 Asmara 6, 38, 45, 52, 91, 92, 94, 114,126,127,129,145,146, 171,174,176,185,188,189, 206, 211,212, 219, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 240 Asmara Manifesto 171 Axen, Hermann 125,183,188, 189 Ayene, General Tariku 207 В Bab al-Mandab 23, 25, 26 Bab el-Mandeb 15, 21, 26, 95, 260 Bante, General Teferi 30, 31, 32, 33, 36,38 Barre, Siad 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 69, 72, 74, 83, 86, 87, 88,116 Bayih, Berhanu 43 Beirut 124,136,138,140,159,169 Belata, Mohamed Berhan 146 Belgrade 29, 35 Berbera 13, 21, 25, 42, 52, 55, 57, 72, 73, 77, 80, 89, 94,104,120, 179,180,181,238 Berlin 9, 29,121,122,128,130,132, 133,134,183,190,192, 201 Bolsheviks 11 Brezhnev, Leonid 14, 28, 42, 44, 66, 74, 75, 77, 89,101,110,129, 130,131,132,137,138,139, 265
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 140,178, 182,188,190,191, 193,196, 216, 239 Britain 12, 38,148 British Military Administration 150 c Cape of Good Hope 23 Caribbean 4, 250, 257, 262 Carter, President Jimmy 26, 45, 62, 63, 82, 87, 215, 218, 220, 226, 231, 254, 257 Castro, Fidel 9, 31, 38, 46, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 81,87, 88, 90, 95,114 Charles, Milene 30, 257 Chekini, Mahmud 146 Chernenko, E.F. 85, 240 China ix, 20, 26, 29, 84, 95, 97,144, 146.147.167, 242, 247, 260 Christianity 145 Churchill, Winston 12 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency (USA)) xi, 32, 34, 70, 78, 79, 82, 97,176, 249 Cohen, Herman 214,215,220 Cold War v, 1, 3, 4, 9,11,12,13,15, 17, 22, 24, 37,197, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 260, 263, 264 Commados, Fessehaye 146 Connell, Dan 6, 8,146, 222, 250 CPSU CC (Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) xi, 8, 68, 75, 81, 94, 101,109,110, 122,134,137, 138,167,178,188,190, 201 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) xi, 8, 68, 75, 81, 94, 99,100,101,109,110,113, 122.132.134.137.138.167, 266 178,183,184,188,190,191, 193, 201,216 Cuba 8, 30, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 76, 80, 82, 84, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99,104,105,116,120,136,138, 139.151.152.153.154.156, 161,168,173,177,181,188, 194, 200, 201, 249, 251, 252, 256, 258, 262 D Dahlac Archipelago 80 Dahlak Island 89,219 Dahlak Islands 104, 180, 181, 197 Darntonnov, John 76,82 Davidson, Basil 149 DERG (Military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987) xi, 122 Derg, the v, vi, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,13,14,19, 28,
29, 30,31,32, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 58, 65, 68, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,107,108,113, 115,117,120,121,123,127, 128,133,136,137,147,150, 151.152.154.155.156.157, 158,159,160,161,162,163, 164,165,181,186,194,201, 204, 209, 217, 221, 225, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 248, 253 Dire Dawa 48,187 Djibouti 15, 84, 85, 95,103, 242, 243 Dominguez, Jorge 96,114,194,251 Donham, Donald 22, 97, 98,147, 251 Dzasokhov, Aleksander 27
Index E East Berlin 9,133 Eastern Christian Orthodox church 18 Eastern Europe 84 East Germany 4,13, 28,101,113, 115,116,121,123,127,128, 131,173,180,181,186, 200, 211,219, 220, 236, 237 EDU (Ethiopian Democratic Union) xi, 147 EFLNA (Eritreans for Liberation in North America) xi, 151,164, 165,167,168,169,170 Egypt ix, 13, 20, 25, 26, 27, 41, 52, 61,63, 71,72, 73, 75, 81,83, 85, 87, 95,144,200, 219, 251 Elaj, Abdela Said 146 ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front) xi, 5, 6, 7,10,14,94,105,110,114, 115,118,119,124,131,132, 134,135,136,137,138,140, 144,145,146,147,149,150, 152,157,158,159,167,169, 171,183,184,188,191,217, 229, 236, 237, 238 ELF (RC) (Eritrean Liberation Front (Revolutionary Council)) xi Enlai, Zhou 145, 146 EPLA (Eritrean People’s Liberation Army) xi, 14, 203, 206, 207, 208, 212, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 239, 240 EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) vi, xi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,13,14, 91,92, 94, 97,98, 99, 100,101,102,105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 113,114,115, 118,119,121,122,123,124, 125,126,127,128,129,131, 133,135,136,138,139,140, 143,144,145,147,149,150, 151,152,153,154,155,156, 157,158,159,160,161,162, 163,164,165,166,167,168, 169.170.171.183.184.186, 187.199, 200, 201,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214,215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 248 EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front) xi, 204, 225, 228, 229, 240, 241 Eritrea vi, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,14, 15,18,19, 21,23, 27, 28, 34, 37, 38, 42, 45, 46, 48, 60, 67, 75, 76, 79, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99,101,102,103,104,106, 107,108,109,110,113,114, 115,116,117,118,119,120, 121,122,123,124,125,126, 127,128,129,130,131,132, 133,134,135,145,146,147, 148,150,151,152,153,155, 158,159,160,161,163,166, 168,169,170,171,173,175, 176,177,178,179,180, 181, 182.183.184.185.186.187, 188,189,190,191,192,196, 197.198.199, 200, 201,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 267
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 198,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 263, 264 Eritrean Liberation Front xi, 5, 6, 212, 213, 214,215, 216, 217, 10, 98,101, 119,124,125,135, 218, 219,220,221,222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 159 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, 237, Eritrean liberation struggle 1,3,4, 8.10.11.13.14.19, 93, 94, 96, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 97, 99,101, 102,104, 107,113, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 115.117.122.123.124.128, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 130.144.145.146.147.151, 156,157,161,167,175,186, 263, 264 Ethiopian-Somali war 77 200, 208, 209, 220, 234, 237, Ethio-Somali war 221 238, 239, 240 Eritrean Revolution 151, 153,167, 168, 250, 253 F Eritrean war of independence 1,14 Fitzgibbon,Louis 23, 252 Eritrean War of Independence 4, 6, France ix, 26,184 66, 217, 234, 255 ESUNA (Ethiopian Students Union in North America) xi, 147,148, G 149,167, 251 Gaber, Osman Mohamed 146 Ethiopia vi, vii, xi, 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, Gaddafi, M. 98 11.13.14.15.18.19, 20, 21,23, Garang, Colonel John 217 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, GDR (German Democratic 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, Republic) xi, 47, 98,121,128, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 133,140 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, Gebre-Medhin, Yordanos 149,150, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 254 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, Genasene 61 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,100,101,102, Germany xi, 4, 6, 9, 12,13, 14, 28, 103,104,106,108,109,110, 32, 60, 75,101,113,115,116, 113,114,115,116,117,118, 121,123,127,128,131,173,
119,120,122,123,124,125, 180,181,186, 200, 211,219, 126.128, 129,130,132,133, 220, 236, 237 135,137,139,140,145,146, Ghana 20, 83 147.148.149.150.151, 152, Gode 48 153,157,158,159,161,162, Goodman, Melvin 89,196, 219, 173,175,176,177,178,179, 221, 231, 252 180,181,182,183,184,185, Gorbachev, Mikhail vii, 14, 195, 186,187,188,189,190,191, 196,197,198,199, 201, 208, 192,193,194,195,196,197, 268
Index 211,216, 218, 219,228, 239, 240, 252, 254 Gorshkov, Sergei 104 Grechko, General Andrei 72 Gromyko, A. 41,46,66,75,118 H Hagos, Berhan 146, 203, 204, 229 Hagos, Mesfin 146,204 Halliday, Fred 18, 21, 24 Harar 48, 54, 58, 61 Henze, Paul 84, 97, 98, 212, 228 Hider, Adolf 12 Honecker, Erich 9, 74, 81, 88, 90, 101.110.121.122.123.127, 129,131,132,135,137,138, 139,140,160,169,182,183, 190,191 Horn of Africa v, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9,10, 13,15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 35, 42, 46, 57, 68, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83, 97,103,106,115,137,151, 152,155,179,188,190,191, 201,210, 214,219, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264 Huggins, Hugh 11 I Ibrahim, Ahmed 146 Ibrahim, Mohamed Ahmed 146 IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority for Development) 244 Indian Ocean ix, 7, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80,81,89,91,104,179,180, 181,219, 250 Isaías Afwerki 9,105,106,107, 121.122.123.125.126.127, 128,131,134,135,138,139, 145,146,160,161,162,167, 169,170,183,186, 205, 208, 109, 210, 214, 224, 228, 229, 230, 240, 244, 247, 269 Islam 85, 86,145, 261, 263 Israel 26, 72,102,103,145, 221, 222, 225, 229 Italian colonialism 148, 149, 150 Italy 168,184,214 Iyob, Ruth 149,150, 254 J Jembere, Berhanu 178 Jerusalem 18 Jijiga 48, 53, 54, 62, 63 К Kagnew Station 38, 45 Kalashnikov rifles 103 Kasim, Hussein Abdulkadir 41 Kenya 84, 85 Khartoum 27,110,166,167,170, 217, 228, 250 Killion, Tom 146, 206, 250, 255 Korn, David 6,115, 204, 218, 231, 240, 255 Kosukhin, N. 85 Kosygin, A.N. 41, 66, 75, 178,190 Kremlin 15,17, 27, 28, 39, 66, 94,
95,108,114,152,181,193, 216, 221, 259, 261 L Lamberz, Werner 60, 70, 124, 125, 137,183,191 Lebanon 124,138,140,159,169 Leo Grande, William 91 Luanda 70, 96 269
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa M MAAG (Military Assistance Advisory Group) xi, 45 Makinda, Samuel 21,104, 256 Mali 20, 83 Maltsev, Alexander 122 Mariam, Haile 4, 13, 27, 28, 32, 34, 38, 44, 66, 68, 77, 81, 83,109, 110,114,132,137,140,141, 151,167,173,182,183,188, 189,190, 201,206, 217,222, 227, 236 Markovski, Paul 94,109, 134,138, 140,173,178,182,190 Marxism-Leninism 33, 43, 86,148, 194, 226 Marxist-Leninist 4,17, 20, 65, 83, 85, 86, 97,116,135,147,157, 183,193,222,237 Menelik, Emperor 19 Mengistu Haile Mariam v, vi, vii, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9,10,13,14, 21,27, 28, 29, ЗО, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91,92, 93, 94,95, 96, 99,101, 102,103,104,105,106, 107, 108,109, ПО, 114,115,116, 117,118,119, 120,121,124, 125,129,130, 131,132,133, 134,136,137,141,151,152, 167,171,172,173,174,175, 176,178,179,180,181,182, 183, 185, 186,187, 188, 189, 190,193,194,195,196,198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211,212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219,221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 270 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 253 Mengistu’s Nine-Point Plan of 1976 131, 187 Mersa Teklay 92 Michael, Mogus Wolde 41 Middle East 1, 20, 36, 41, 80, 89, 117,150,163,164,196, 209, 217, 237, 246, 251, 252, 255 Mitchell, Nancy 58 Mogadishu Government 76 Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh 72, 150, 257 Moscow v, vi, 4, 7, 8,10,12,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 61, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 87, 91,
93, 94, 95, 99,101,102,103, 108,109,110,114,115,116, 118, 123,130,132,134, 137, 138, 140,144,150,151,152, 156,167,178,179,180,181, 186,188,189,190,194,195, 197,198, 201,206, 208,210, 215, 216, 218, 219,227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 240, 252, 253, 258, 261 Mozambique 199 MPLA (People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola) xi, 65, 96,114 Musa, Issa 146 N Nakfa Front 205, 222 Namibia 144,199 Nasser, Ahmed vi, 132,134, 135, 136,140,183,184,188,191
Index NDR (National Democratic Revolution) 93,157,158 Negash, Tekeste 149,242, 257, 261 Neto, Agostinho 65 New York Times 7,15, 64, 70, 76, 81,82,110, 200, 202, 205, 207, 222, 223, 229, 231, 232, 238, 245,256, 257, 260, 261 Nidai, Abu 134 Nkaisserry, Brigadier 54, 63 Nkaisserry, Joseph K. 53 North America xi, 14, 24,110,147, 150,151,152,156,164,167, 169 Nur, Ramedan Mohamed 145,146, 157,186 О Oberdörfer, Don 28, 35, 57, 69, 258 Obukhov, L. 85 Ochoa, General Arnaldo v, 8,15, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 68, 69,177,189 Ogaden v, vi, 3, 4, 7, 8,13, 35, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 73, 74, 76, 78,84, 89,91,99,115, 116,117, 118,166,177,185, 187, 221,234,235, 237, 252, 254, 257, 259, 262, 263 Ogaden conflict 8, 91, 235 Ogaden war 3, 64, 78, 89,116, 235, 237, 257 Ogbazghi, Yohannes 149,150, 258 Omer, Ahmed Adem 146 Ostermann, Christian F. 9, 68, 137, 138,139,140,188,189, 190, 191 P Papp, Daniel 17, 20, 35, 94, 95, 108, 109,111,114, 258 Patman, Robert 18,19, 21, 26, 28, 31, 34, 44, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, 103,109,114,133,178,180, 193,195,198, 221,258 Payne, Richard 12,17,19, 37, 38, 259 PDRE (Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) xi, 186,188, 192, 199, 209 People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 23, 27, 76, 80,132 Persian Gulf ix, 4, 7, 22, 24, 26, 73 Petrov, General 59, 61, 62, 66, 75, 76 Phu, Diem Bien 203, 204, 206 PMAC (Provisional Military Administrative Council) xi, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51,66, 76, 93,113,114, 125,129,130,133,136,173, 175,176,177,194,196 Podgorny, N.V. 44 Podgorny, President Nikolai 46, 89 POMOA
(Provisional Office for Mass Organisational Affairs) 32 Ponomarev, Boris N. 94,109,134, 138,140,173,178,179,182, 188,190 Porter, Bruce 18, 54, 99, 259 Port Said 71 Potsdam 38 Prague 29 PRC (People’ Republic of China) 144,146,147 271
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa R Rajét, Hassen Saleh Ab 146 RATANOV 33,34 Ratanov, A.R v, 8, 13, 15, 33, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 68, 69, 95,109, 131,139,177,185,189, 191, 192 Red Sea vi, ix, 1, 4, 7,10, 13, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 67, 71, 74, 80, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102,103,105,113,118,126, 129,168,179,180,181, 182, 184, 219, 221, 222, 225, 231, 233,234, 235, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 261 Red Star Campaign 171,238 Remneck, Richard 24, 25, 26, 27, 102 Remnek, Richard 18,23,26,73,80, 81, 88, 260 Rodriguez, Carlos Rafael 55,124, 132,138,139,174,188 Russia ix, 11,13, 17, 19, 154,156, 263 s Saba, Pard 97 Sabbe, Osman Saleh 124,135,146, 152,158,159, 200, 217 Sadat, Anwar 71, 72 Saudi Arabia ix, 7, 26, 41, 52, 62, 63, 75, 85, 87, 95,102,105,106, 134,144,162, 200, 217,244 SED (The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) xi, 9, 14, 60, 68, 70, 75,81,94,101,109,110, 272 113,126,127,129,132,134, 137,138,139,140,167,174, 182,183,184,188,191,201 Selassie, Haile 5,19, 28, 32, 43, 65, 92, 93, 97, 98,108,144,145, 146,176,194, 234, 236, 261 Shengo (National Assembly (Amhàric)) xi, 118,186, 187, 209, 213, 217,227 Shevardnadze, Edward 197 Shinn, David 184,191 Shum, Saleh Omer 146 SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) xi, 211,228, 260, 261 socialism 31, 39, 43, 44, 50, 86, 87, 88,156,163,193, 202 Sofia 29 Somalia vi, ix, xi, 9,13, 15, 21, 25, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94,95,103,113,115, 116, 119,179,185,195,199, 219, 237, 248, 249, 252, 254, 264 South Africa 38, 65,144, 218 South Yemen 21, 76, 80, 98,103, 116,162,194 Soviet bloc 10,13,14, 46, 86,102, 103,105,114,117,120,130, 131,136,143,157,161, 162, 163,164,174,175,179, 201 Soviet Union v, vi, vii, xi, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, ЗО, 31, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88,
Index 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105, 106,107,108,109, ИЗ, 114, 115,116,117,118,119,120, 123,126,127,130,131,132, 133,134,136,137,143,144, 150,151,152,153,154,155, 156,157,159,161,163,164, 165.166, 167,168,171,173, 175,179,180,181,183,184, 185,186,189,191,193,194, 195,196,197,198,199, 200, 201,205, 209, 210, 211,213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 225, 226, 227, 233,234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 249, 253, 257, 258, 263, 264 SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army) 217 Starushenko, Gleb 197 Sudan 6, 20, 27, 52, 83, 84, 85, 87, 95.101.102.106.119.125.166, 192,195,198, 200, 217, 254, 255 Suez Canal 1, 22, 24, 25, 27, 71, 76, 77, 80 Sweden 6 T Tanzania 43 Tareke, Gebru 5, 64,187, 207, 208, 212, 224, 229 Tehran 38 Tesfaye, Lt General Gebre-Kidan 198, 227, 229, 232 Tewoldebrahan, Teame 244 Third World 4,12,14, 62, 72, 73, 106,165,193,197, 219, 247, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263 Tigray 118,162,177,187, 200, 201, 206, 212, 216, 217, 227, 239, 242 Tiruneh, Andargachew 5, 32, 91, 172,187,198, 212, 213, 214, 226, 247, 262 TPLF (Tigraen People’s Liberation Front) xi, 162, 201, 205, 206, 241, 242 Trappen, Friedel 101,110,113,137, 139,140,191 Tsar, Alexis 18,233 UAE (United Arab Emirates) xi, 244 Ulyanovsky, R. A. 101,102, 110, 113,132,133,137,139,140, 183,184,191 UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola xi, 114 United Kingdom 38 USA (United States of America) xi, 4, 5, 7, 8,11,12,15,17, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 96,
98,100,103,106, 107,119,143,144,145,153, 161,168,172,177,178,179, 180,183,184,185,186,197, 199, 200, 214, 215, 220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 239, 240, 247, 250, 253, 257, 259, 262, 263 USSR xi, 9,18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28,39,40,44,45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99,103,104,108,116, 273
The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa 134,140, 179,180, 183,185, 188.189.191.198, 199, 201, 202,210, 214,218, 219, 226, 227, 230, 253, 254, 259 USSR (Soviet Socialist Republics) xi, 9,18,19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99,103,104,108,116,134, 140, 179,180,183, 185,188, 189.191.198.199, 201,202, 210, 214, 218, 219, 226, 227, 230, 253, 254, 259 USUAA (University Students Union of Addis Ababa) 4, 5 V Valenta, Jiri 4,20,23,262 Valeta, Jiri 83 Velidanov, Yuri 180 Vivo, Valdez 124 Vorostsov, Youli 211 WSLF (Western Somalia Liberation Front) xi, 44,46, 47,48, 52, 53, 54,57, 60,61,64,66, 116, 235 WWII (World War II) 12, 18, 203, 220, 233 Y Yalta 38 Yemen 15, 21, 23, 27, 76, 80, 87, 98, 103,116,132,162,194,219, 244 Yemen Arab Republic 27 Yodfat, Aryeh 88 Yordanov, Radoslav R. 3, 9,11, 31, 32, 34,35, 36, 98,114, 180, 181, 188,189,192,193,197, 201, 208, 216, 221, 234, 264 Yukalov, Yuri 214 z Zaire 65 Zedong, Mao 146 Zenawi, Minister Meles 242 Zimbabwe 144,199, 229, 232, 240 w Warsaw Pact 21 Wassae, Lt. Colonel Afework 206 Weidemichael, Awet 37, 229 Westad, Arne 98 Western Europe 22, 24, 25,150 Western European 25 Wilson, Edward 19,31,36,257, 263, 264 Wogderes, Fikere Selassie 51 Wolde, Goshu 179 Worthingtone, Peter 203 WPE (Workers Party of Ethiopia) 189,195, 196, 201,217 274 և Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Somalihalbinsel (DE-588)4077510-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Somalihalbinsel |
| id | DE-604.BV047313111 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:26:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:08:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781569027523 9781569027516 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032716000 |
| oclc_num | 1261747550 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | xiii, 274 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210803 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | The Red Sea Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kibreab, Gaim 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1151913308 aut From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention Gaim Kibreab Trenton, New Jersey The Red Sea Press [2021] xiii, 274 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1976-1990 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Somalihalbinsel (DE-588)4077510-0 gnd rswk-swf Horn of Africa / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Horn of Africa Ethiopia / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Ethiopia Soviet Union / Military relations / Horn of Africa Horn of Africa / Military relations / Soviet Union Eritrea / History / Autonomy and independence movements Mengistu Haile-Mariam / 1937- Autonomy and independence movements Diplomatic relations Military relations Africa / Horn of Africa Eritrea Ethiopia Soviet Union History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Somalihalbinsel (DE-588)4077510-0 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1976-1990 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kibreab, Gaim 1952- From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4077510-0 |
| title | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention |
| title_auth | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention |
| title_exact_search | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention |
| title_exact_search_txtP | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention |
| title_full | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention Gaim Kibreab |
| title_fullStr | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention Gaim Kibreab |
| title_full_unstemmed | From ally to enemy the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention Gaim Kibreab |
| title_short | From ally to enemy |
| title_sort | from ally to enemy the soviet union and the horn of africa a failed intervention |
| title_sub | the Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa, a failed intervention |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Sowjetunion Somalihalbinsel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032716000&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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