No collusion!: Catherine the Great and American Independence
Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System -- Britain Solicits Russian Assistance -- Sir James Harris at Catherine II's Court -- Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 -- Russia Atempts to Mediate the War -- The Russian View of British Politics -- The American View of Cather...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bloomington, Indiana
Slavica
2020
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System -- Britain Solicits Russian Assistance -- Sir James Harris at Catherine II's Court -- Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 -- Russia Atempts to Mediate the War -- The Russian View of British Politics -- The American View of Catherine II's Russia -- The United States and the Armed Neutrality -- Congress Solicits Russian Assistance -- A New Englander at Empress Catherine's Court -- Francis Dana and the French Alliance -- Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade -- Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St Petersburg -- The Last of the Militia Diplomats -- Russia Abandons the Northern System -- Catherine II and the American War for Independence "Using the rise of Russia and the foreign policy of Catherine the Great's first twenty years on the throne (from 1762) as his fulcrum, "No Collusion!" discusses in detail the diplomatic ramifications of Great Britain's rift with the thirteen American colonies. The context is pan-European, with Russia constantly in the foreground. The discussion of Nikita Panin's Northern System and its inadequacies, growing more evident with time, leads into coverage of the international crises for trade and diplomacy connected with America's War for Independence. Catherine enunciated a theory of Armed Neutrality and sought support for it from neutral countries. The book examines the worldviews of the various major players, to understand how their vision of things shaped their policies. We also see analysis of the global commercial world of the time and the efforts to grapple with forming international law dealing with privateering and the rights of neutral countries. Eventually the Americans enter the picture as they become convinced that Catherine will not necessarily support Britain against their rebellion but might even be enticed into recognizing the new American country, as France had in 1778 and the United Provinces in 1780. It is in the latter part of the book that the author lays out a fundamental issue of American foreign policy that continues even today to rear its head-the conflict between idealism and practicality. There were those who disliked France, again presaging a long future. The concept of "militia diplomacy" (the idea that America could do diplomacy differently from other nations and show them a better way) is thoroughly discussed. In the end, the American effort, through the person of the Massachusetts lawyer and friend of John Adams, Francis Dana, came to naught"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 717 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780893574994 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a22000001c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV047285708 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20211029 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 210517s2020 xxu |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9780893574994 |c paperback |9 978-0-89357-499-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1247366777 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)KXP170200838X | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c XD-US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-739 |a DE-12 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a DK173 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 327.4704109/033 | |
| 084 | |a AAC |q DE-7 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a KH 5040 |0 (DE-625)76579: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Griffiths, David Mark |d 1938- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1029425450 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a No collusion! |b Catherine the Great and American Independence |c David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Catherine the Great and American independence |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bloomington, Indiana |b Slavica |c 2020 | |
| 300 | |a xv, 717 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System -- Britain Solicits Russian Assistance -- Sir James Harris at Catherine II's Court -- Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 -- Russia Atempts to Mediate the War -- The Russian View of British Politics -- The American View of Catherine II's Russia -- The United States and the Armed Neutrality -- Congress Solicits Russian Assistance -- A New Englander at Empress Catherine's Court -- Francis Dana and the French Alliance -- Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade -- Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St Petersburg -- The Last of the Militia Diplomats -- Russia Abandons the Northern System -- Catherine II and the American War for Independence | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Using the rise of Russia and the foreign policy of Catherine the Great's first twenty years on the throne (from 1762) as his fulcrum, "No Collusion!" discusses in detail the diplomatic ramifications of Great Britain's rift with the thirteen American colonies. The context is pan-European, with Russia constantly in the foreground. The discussion of Nikita Panin's Northern System and its inadequacies, growing more evident with time, leads into coverage of the international crises for trade and diplomacy connected with America's War for Independence. Catherine enunciated a theory of Armed Neutrality and sought support for it from neutral countries. The book examines the worldviews of the various major players, to understand how their vision of things shaped their policies. We also see analysis of the global commercial world of the time and the efforts to grapple with forming international law dealing with privateering and the rights of neutral countries. Eventually the Americans enter the picture as they become convinced that Catherine will not necessarily support Britain against their rebellion but might even be enticed into recognizing the new American country, as France had in 1778 and the United Provinces in 1780. It is in the latter part of the book that the author lays out a fundamental issue of American foreign policy that continues even today to rear its head-the conflict between idealism and practicality. There were those who disliked France, again presaging a long future. The concept of "militia diplomacy" (the idea that America could do diplomacy differently from other nations and show them a better way) is thoroughly discussed. In the end, the American effort, through the person of the Massachusetts lawyer and friend of John Adams, Francis Dana, came to naught"-- | |
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Katharina |b II. |c Russland, Zarin |d 1729-1796 |0 (DE-588)118560565 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1762-1783 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg |0 (DE-588)4131739-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 1 | |a Catherine / II / Empress of Russia / 1729-1796 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Great Britain / Foreign relations / Russia | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / Foreign relations / United States | |
| 653 | 2 | |a United States / Foreign relations / Russia | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / History / Catherine II, 1762-1796 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / Foreign relations / Great Britain | |
| 653 | 2 | |a United States / History / Revolution, 1775-1783 / Foreign public opinion, Russian | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Katharina |b II. |c Russland, Zarin |d 1729-1796 |0 (DE-588)118560565 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg |0 (DE-588)4131739-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 6 | |a Geschichte 1762-1783 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Munro, George E. |0 (DE-588)139198571 |4 edt | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20211029 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032689171 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09033 |g 471 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09033 |g 4 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09033 |g 73 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182455428579328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................xi Introduction............................................................................................................ 1 Part I Chapter 1: Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System..................19 Antedecents to Panin’s Policy... Nikita Ivanovich Panin... The Design of the Northern System... The Northern System in Practice... British Reticence... Success and Failure... An Evaluation Chapter 2: Britain Solicits Russian Assistance................................................. 59 Russian Needs Britain... Britain Needs Russia... An Offer Refused... European Reaction... A Further Appeal to Russia... Spanish Involvement... One Last Effort... Final Thoughts Chapter 3: Sir James Harris at Catherine IPs Court........................................ 93 The World according to James Harris... Policies Ensuing from Harris s Views... How Western Europeans Viewed Russia... Negative Contemporary Views... Consequences of those Views Chapter 4: Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 .................... 131 Theory and Background of Naval Rights.. ■ Maritime Neutrality during the American Warfor Independence... Catherine Moves to Action... Defining Contraband... Harris Flummoxed... Putting the League of Armed Neutrality to Work... Summing Up Chapter 5: Russia Attempts to Mediate the War ............................................169 Russia as Mediator of Peace... Redefining Russia s Role in Diplomatic Europe... Further Barriers
to Successful Mediation... British and French Responses to Russia’s Efforts... Summation
viii Contents Chapter 6: The Russian View of British Politics.............................................. 211 Catherine s Comprehension of British Politics... Russia s Response to the War... The Spectre of William Pitt... Post-Pitt... Conclusion Chapter 7: The American View of Catherine II s Russia.............................. 254 American Perceptions of Russia... Rumors of Russian Assistance... Summation Part II Chapter 8: The United States and the Armed Neutrality ............................ 299 The Vision of Armed Neutrality... Professed Principles of American Naval Policy... The Practice of American Naval Policy... Policing The High Seas... Ongoing American Violations, European Reactions, and Congressional Action... America s Maritime Policy... Summing Up Chapter 9: Congress Solicits Russian Assistance.......................................... 340 Congress s New Opinion about Russia... Choosing the Right Diplomat... Initial American Expectations of Militia Diplomacy... Cold Water Thrown on the Dana Mission... Ready, Set, Go Chapter 10: A New Englander at Empress Catherine s Court ..................... 378 An Inauspicious Beginning... Passing Time in Petersburg... John Adams as Friend and Supporter... Congress Rethinks the Mission to Russia... Doubts about Dana... Dana Reports Home... Chapter 11: Francis Dana and the French Alliance........................................ 414 Two Sides in the Continental Congress... Dana s Attitude Toward France... Vergennes s American Policy... Sources of Anglo- and Francophobia... Dana’s Understanding of French Motivation... The
Real Motivation of Count Vergennes s Policy.. .Why Some Americans Feared France Chapter 12: Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade............................................................................... 453 The Lure of Commercial Diplomacy... Dana s Role in the New Diplomacy... Trade between North America and Northern Europe... Russian Reception to American Commerce... Limitations and Fears... The Tobacco Trade... Commercial Competition Assayed Chapter 13: Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St. Petersburg.............................................................................................. 494 Stephen Sayre... Commercial Diplomacy as Practiced by Dana... The Breakthrough with the Northern Powers... Catherine II s Views Of Commerce... The Realities of Russian-American Trade... Summing Up
Contents IX Part III Chapter 14: The Last of the Militia Diplomats............................................... 537 Dana Takes Matters in Hand... Russia s Response... Sir James Harris Reacts... Dana s Reactions with Congress... The Mission Ends... The Aftermath of the Mission... Postscript Chapter 15: Russia Abandons the Northern System .................................... 580 Inclination toward Austria... The Fate of Panin’s System... Consequences of Russia s Diplomatic Reversal... The Response by Other Powers... Russia Mediates Between the British and the Dutch... The Hague Takes Center Stage... Russian Attitude toward American Diplomats... Aftermath Chapter 16: Catherine II and the War for American Independence............624 Catherine s View of the American Rebellion... The Case of Corsica... When to Support Rebellion... Catherine s Considered Opinion on Britain s American Policy... Catherine and Republics... Catherine and America... Catherine s Final Judgment Bibliography........................................................................................................ 657 Index 699
Index Abraham, Monsieur 387 Account of Corsica 633 Adams family 406 Adams, Abigail 511, 573 Adams, John xi, 1, 5,11-12,140, 207, 259,274, 280, 299, 301-05, 307-10, 325,328,335, 342, 346-48, 354, 357, 361-62,365, 367-69, 372-74, 376, 384, 387-88, 391-98, 403, 405, 407, 412, 414, 417, 427,429,431,433-34, 437, 439, 441-13, 445-46,450, 454,456-58, 464-65, 491-92, 497, 502-04, 506-11, 513,515-16, 532, 533, 538-11, 544-46, 551, 553, 564-67, 569, 573, 577, 610-15, 617-21 Adams, John Quincy xiv, 259, 376, 381, 383-84, 386-87, 392, 393-94, 429 Adams, Samuel 280, 303, 329,354,365, 394, 406, 414, 437, 439-40,456,561 Adams, Thomas 578 Addison, Joseph 215 Aegean Sea 61, 217 Aepinus, F. T. 646-47 Agars, Edmund 139 Age of Democratic Revolution 11, 635 Age of Liberty 52 Ahlefeldt, Johan Adolf von 104,129,179, 489 Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Russia 484 Alexander I Pavlovich, Russian grand duke and future emperor 218, 525, 528, 530, 572 Alien and Sedition Acts 578 Allen, Jeremiah 511-12, 526, 570 Alopeus, Maksim Maksimovich (Magnus Alopäus) 157, 543-15,547, 553, 558, 563, 569, 595-96 America, Americans xiii, 1-8,12-13,15, 46, 56, 67-68, 72, 76, 91-92,137-38, 141-45, 153-54, 158,165,168-70,172, 175,181,183-85,188-90,195,197, 203,208, 210,225,228, 235, 237, 243, 245-46, 249, 251, 254-56, 258, 262-63, 265-69, 274, 276, 280, 282-83, 285, 287, 290-91, 293, 295-97, 299-302, 305-06, 310, 312, 325-26, 329, 331-32,336-37, 339—11, 343-14, 349, 356, 358-61, 367, 369,371-74, 376, 378, 382-83, 385, 389, 393, 397-401,404,413-14,416,423-28, 430,435,438, 440-41, 443-15,448,450, 454-58, 460-61, 468,
470, 472, 475-76, 479-81, 484-87, 489-90, 493-94, 496, 499-502,508, 513-14, 517, 524-25, 531, 534, 538, 543, 546, 548, 555-58, 563, 566-67, 569, 571-72, 575-77, 580, 599, 601, 610-12, 615-16, 619-22, 625, 627-31, 634-36, 639, 642—15, 649, 651, 654 army 201, 350, 423-24, 426, 537 colonies, colonists xiii-xiv, 63, 65-66, 79, 88, 93,121,137,179,186, 192-94, 198, 211, 223-24, 226-29,245,249-50, 255, 257, 264, 266, 279, 385, 396, 414, 423,432,451-53, 461,467, 477-78, 480,482,490, 505, 507, 514, 527, 539, 555, 558, 610, 612, 614, 626-28, 637-40 foreign policy 364,407, 417,447, 452, 460, 545, 561 merchants 10, 510, 529, 534, 562-63, 572 navy 307-08, 310, 316-17, 319, 354, 516 sailors 138 shipping 278,311, 314,465-66, 476, 505-06,511, 515,526-27, 551, 647 American independence 192-95, 199-203, 205,208-09, 226, 246, 269, 275, 300, 344, 346, 348, 357, 381-85, 388, 395-97, 409, 412, 423, 431-32, 444, 446-49, 452-54, 463,467, 469-70, 478, 481-84, 490-93,503-04, 507-08, 515,531, 538, 545, 547,549-50, 552, 556, 559, 562, 565,580-81, 598, 600-01, 603-04, 608-09, 611, 615, 623-24, 636, 645, 652
700 Index Armed Neutrality 13, 131, 170,182,195, American Indians 652 204, 208, 211, 254, 299, 341,346,401, American Philosophical Society 259, 647 412,469, 516, 563, 567-69, 580,598, American Revolution, revolutionaries 603, 616 10, 73, 79, 88, 92,100,102,142,171, Arnold, Benedict 207, 349,400 185-86,194,199,226, 383, 425,437, 480, 555, 577, 635, 638, 654-55 Arsen ev 500-01, 524 Arsen ev and Smith 500-01 Amsterdam 1, 305, 376, 378, 388, 475, Artaud 386-87 498-99, 603, 611 anden regime 5, 575 Articles of Confederation 644 Anglican church 214-15 Asia, Asian, Asiatic 12,20,44-45, 56, Anglo-American conflict 74,183,191, 201, 113-15,126, 256 203, 244, 246,250, 260, 344, 353, 620, Asseburg, Baron A. F. von der 60 625, 646 Atlantic Ocean 42, 102, 172,201, 260-61, Anglo-American trade 509,527 271, 389, 445, 483, 504, 511, 556 Anglo-Austrian relations 21,29 Augustus III, elector of Saxony and king Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance 29 of Poland 29-30, 38, 48, 50, 173 Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance (1678) Austria, Austrian 21-22, 24-25, 28, 30,36, 41, 51, 53, 55, 71-72, 79,104,157,162, 602 Anglo-Dutch relations 602, 605-06, 170,173,177,192,194, 200, 202, 233, 612-15 259, 282,292, 344, 363, 367, 378,401, Anglo-Dutch treaty (1674) 601, 612-13 523, 560, 582-83, 585, 587-89, 597-600, Anglo-Dutch war 449, 610, 612 607, 616, 621, 624, 637 Anglo-French relations 21, 47,100,174, Austrian Netherlands 331, 517 176,181,185, 245, 304, 322 Austro-French relations 21, 25, 29,59,173 Anglo-French peace treaty (Paris, 1783) Austro-Prussian relations 21, 129, 175,180 540 Austro-Russian relations 28, 30,
55, Anglo-French war 583 585-86, 588 Anglo-Prussian relations 25,101 Austro-Turkish treaty of 1771 54 Anglo-Prussian-Russian alliance 79, 242, 616 Bacounin, Mr. 543 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of Bailyn, Bernard 451-52 1734 xii, 22,49,135,149, 329, 336, 479 Bakunin, Petr Vasil evich ( Elder ) 83, Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 157 1766 149-50,510-11, 529 Bakunin, Petr Vasil evich ( Younger ) Anglo-Russian relations 12,41-45,49-50, 543, 545, 547-48, 551n35, 558, 563, 588, 55, 67, 69-70, 76, 78-79, 81-82, 85, 594-96, 607 87-88, 90-92,94, 98,101,108,110, Baltic region 19, 28, 35, 42,128,137, 529 149-51,157,178, 208, 235, 238, 241-43, Baltic Sea 21, 36, 40, 68, 135, 147-48,150, 261, 267, 274, 287-88, 302, 615 272, 316, 429, 467,482-83, 488, 529, Anglo-Russian trade 138 602, 632, 649 Anglo-Russian treaty (1742) 46, 56, 80 Barbé-Marbois, François 303nl4, 304, 347, Anglo-Spanish peace treaty (Paris, 1783) 359 540 Barents Sea 138 Anglo-Swedish treaty 53 Bariatinskii, Prince Ivan Sergeevich 147, 162-63, 200,372,448, 540, 614, 617-18, Anhalt-Zerbst 20, 91, 280 Anne, queen of England 134 621-22,647,652 barshchina (labor dues) 521 Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y Bastille, Fall of 653 Jimenez de Urrea, 10th Conde de 283 Bath Chronicle 267 Archangel 137-43,145,501, 527
Index Baudeau, abbé Nicolas 114 Bavaria 79,172-74,176,189, 582 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 351 Bedford, Duke of (John Russell) 221-23, 236-37, 244, 247, 251 Belisarius 438 Bell, Alexander 501 Bemis, Samuel Flagg 206 Berger, Johan Samuel 72 Berlin 23, 64, 76,130, 363-64, 378,409, 497-98, 559, 587 Bemstorff, Count Andreas Peter 144-47, 156-58,209, 321, 482-83,498 Bestuzhev-Riumin, Aleksei Petrovich 21-23, 25, 27-30,110 Bezborodko, Aleksandr Alekseevich 87, 110,232,390-91, 544, 555-58,563, 584-85, 588, 590-93, 605, 607, 613 Bibikov, Pavel Aleksandrovich 590-92, 596-97 Bielke, Johanna Dorothea 228, 230, 249 Billings, Joseph 651 Bingham, William 475-76 Black Prince 324 Black Sea 429, 488, 523, 527 Blackstone, William 213-15 Bland, Theodorick 329, 349,404 Blaze Castle 314 Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai Nikolaevich 8-12 Bonaparte, Napoleon 528 Bordeaux 277, 470, 472-73,475 Boston 2,137,139—40, 226,263, 272, 279, 294, 307-08,343, 352-53, 440,464,483, 511-12, 515, 570-71, 630 Boston Gazette 294, 352 Boston Massacre 223 Boswell, James 633 Bourbon, House of 23, 30, 35, 37, 41, 4647, 60-61, 63-64, 66, 78, 82-83, 87-89, 91, 94-95,106, 133,144,152,154,156, 171-72,179,183,190, 212, 221, 226, 243, 245, 267, 361, 540, 603-04, 612, 620, 637, 640 Bourbon-Habsburg pact 49,55 Boyer 381 Boyleston family 464 Brandenburg, Johann Friedrich (Iogann Fridrikh) 483 701 Breteuil, Baron de (Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnellier) 212, 560 British blockade 475, 484, 488,496,499 British Empire 237,252,270,309, 340,361, 432, 442, 460-61,492,496,507,580 British Isles, Britons 63, 81, 83, 86,115, 122, 253,
265, 268,280, 432 British North America xi-xii, 63, 73, 78, 80, 91,183,198, 210,485 British West Indies 443, 505, 527-28 Buckingham (John Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire) 44—46, 48-49, 78, 92,110,113,128, 239, 479-80,582 Bulgakov, Iakov Ivanovich 174, 596 Bunker (Breed s) Hill, Battle of 66, 183, 263 Burgoyne, General John 76,183, 229, 275-76, 340, 360 Burke, Edmund 236, 261 Burnet, Bishop Gilbert 256 Bush, John 216 Bute, Earl of (John Stuart) 41, 57, 64, 219-23, 226, 230, 233-34, 236-37, 244, 247, 251, 433 Caillard, Antoine Bernard 482-83 Calas family 214 Callbeck, Phillip 274-75 Camden, SC 206, 537 Camden, 1st Earl of (Charles Pratt) 630 Cameron, Charles 215 Canada 69,201, 262, 265. 268, 307, 417, 427, 446,453 Indians 265 Carleton, Sir Guy 262 Carlisle Commission 76, 354 casus foederis 45-48,50, 55-61, 77, 80-81, 88, 91, 242, 616 Cathcart, Charles 55-56, 58, 62, 78, 116, 218, 222-23,230, 235, 237-38, 240-41, 631-32 Catherine II the Great, Russian empress xi-xiv, 1-3, 5-15, 19-21, 23-27, 29-40, 42,44-46, 50-51, 53-59, 61-62, 65-71, 73, 75-83, 85, 87-103,105-12,114, 116,121,124,126,128-31,135-37, 141-43,145^18,150-64,167,169-72, 174-76,178-83, 190,193-200, 202-05, 208-39, 241-54, 257-64, 266-68, 271,
702 Index 273, 276, 280, 285, 288-94, 296, 300-03, 305, 325-26, 328-50, 357-58, 367, 371, 376-85, 389-92, 397-98, 400-01, 408-09, 411-13, 429-30, 432-33, 438, 447-49,454-55, 459, 463-64, 472-73, 477, 480, 482, 486-91,493-94,496, 498-503, 505-08, 516-25,527,530, 533-34, 539, 541-44, 546-53, 555-60, 571-72, 580-81, 583-93, 595-99, 601-17, 619-28, 631-55 Catholic, Catholicism xv, 35, 37, 51-53, 214-15, 258, 265, 279, 295,420, 575 Cattegat 143 Cayley, Arthur 139 Central Europe 21, 24, 36,127,170,174, 429 Charles III, king of Spain 81 Charles XII, king of Sweden 19-20,52 Charleston, SC 206, 360, 537 Charlestown MA 139, 353 Charlottetown 274 Chatham, Earl of. See William Pitt. Cherbourg 324 Chernyshev, Ivan Grigor evich 135-36, 224, 234, 240, 243 Chernyshev, Zakhar 29 Cherokees 274 Chesapeake Bay 538 Chesmé 217 Choiseul de Praslin, duke 36, 58, 170-71, 178, 429, 632 Christian 136, 208 Christian VII, king of Denmark 40, 46, 515-16 Christian Sparta 439 Christmas xii, 23 Chudleigh, Elizabeth, Duchess of Kingston 499, 570 Cicero 438 Cincinnatus 645 City of Brotherly Love 419 City on the Hill 573 Civil Usage 316 Clinton, George 294 Clinton, Sir Henry 76, 207, 264 Cobenzl, Ludwig von 390, 583-85, 589-90 Coblenz 378 Coercive Acts 245 Cold War 8 Collins, Isaac 288 commercial diplomacy 454-62,494-95, 502-03, 513, 531, 534 committees of correspondence 432 Common Sense 248, 269,460 Commonwealthmen 232 Concerning the Commercial Advantages which Arise for the Russian Empire from the Independence of the United States of North America 467 Concord, Battle of 63, 66,183,193, 225, 259, 261
Concordia 153 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 115 Connecticut 269, 294, 403,406, 415, 422, 567 Connecticut Courant 276 Consolato del mare 132-35,151,311-14, 317, 321, 331-32, 339, 612 Constantine (Konstantin) Pavlovich, Russian grand duke 88,598 Constantinople 88-89,124,170-71,174, 596, 649 Contemporary Memoirs of Russia 256 Continental Congress xiii, 1,11,13,15, 144-47,163-64,186-87,189-90, 201, 203, 207, 259,266,276, 278-81, 283-85, 288, 291-94, 301-17, 319, 323-24, 326-29, 331-43,345-49, 352, 255-60, 362-65, 367-69,371, 373-75, 377, 379, 381-82, 386, 388-89, 391, 393, 395, 397-403, 405-06, 408-11,415, 418, 422, 424-26, 437,442—13, 445-47, 449, 454, 457, 475-76, 495-97,509, 513, 516, 528, 532-33, 537-38, 540, 545, 548, 550-52, 559-69, 573, 580-81, 621, 643 Board of Admiralty 326-29,331-33, 335 Committee for Foreign Affairs 315 Committee on Appeals 323-24 First 531 Marine Committee 311-13, 319, 326, 328 Naval Committee 311 2nd 206,245, 319-21, 353, 374, 421 Board of War 354 Committee at Camp 354 Committee for Foreign Affairs 368, 405-06, 565 Department for Foreign Affairs 406, 418
Index Marine Committee 354 Secretary of War 419 Superintendant of Finance 418, 437 Continental System 529 contraband 148-50,152, 329, 332, 336 Conway, Henry Seymour 44 Conyngham, Gustavus 322 Cook, James 647, 650 Copenhagen 27,143-44, 344, 482, 498, 516 Corberon, Chevalier de (Marie Daniel) 85-86,104,126,142,174,180-82, 184-85,188-89,199, 204, 209, 491, 583 Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, Lord 12, 92, 295, 338, 389, 396, 400,474, 481, 537, 609, 637 Corsica 222, 629-36, 642 Cossacks 23, 53, 59, 258, 262,266, 268, 272, 280, 628 Courier du Bas Rhin 389,392 Cowpens, Battle of 350 Coxe, Rev. William 119,122 Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip von 515 Crimea 523, 548, 582, 597, 634, 639, 651-52 Crimean Khanate xii Crimean Tatars 582 Cumberland, Richard 181, 200 d Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, duke 170-71 d Alembert, Jean 114, 532, 627 Dana, Edmund 353, 393, 432, 578 Dana, Francis xiii, 1-2, 4-8,10-13,15, 280, 302, 319, 325, 348, 350-51, 353,355-58, 360, 365, 367-98,405-12, 414-15, 425-37, 440-50, 452-54, 462-64, 467, 477-78, 486,491, 493, 495-97,502-04, 506-13,516-17,525, 527-32, 534, 538-81, 614,617-20, 624-26, 643, 645 Journal of 541 Dana, Richard 352-53, 374 Dandin, Georges 229 Danish Sound 483, 489, 529 Dartmouth, 2nd Earl of (Lord William Legge) 262-63, 265, 274 Dashkov, Andrei 530 Dashkova, Ekaterina 647 Dawlin, Patrick 324 703 De Grasse, Comte François Joseph Paul 538 De ľésprit des lois 213 Deane, Silas 282, 284, 314, 316, 318, 351-52, 354, 363-65, 388, 390,403,417, 419,422, 424,436-37,468-69,475, 478, 505, 512, 532,555, 611-12
Declaration of Armed Neutrality 144,162, 164,168, 300, 324, 326, 328-29,337, 339-40, 342, 367,379, 398, 472 Declaration of Independence 9, 230, 279, 353, 383, 401, 407,414,437, 552, 644 Defoe, Daniel 215 d Eichbegg, Charles Baron 71-72 Delawares (Native Americans) 274 Delmenhorst 40 Democratic-Republicans 575, 578 Denmark 23, 30, 35, 39-40, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56-60, 72, 85-86, 96,104,106,115,127, 129,133,135,143-46, 148, 150, 152, 154,156-59,162, 169-70,179,192,196, 209-10, 227, 230, 242, 269, 271, 321, 333, 341-42, 347, 378, 390,482,488-89, 496, 510,515-16, 526, 531, 586-87, 603, 605, 616, 619, 621, 628 navy 145 Deptford Yard 501 d Estaing, Count Charles Henri Hector 86,179 detente 8 Deux Ponts 270, 277 Dickenson, John 415 Diderot, Denis 114, 532, 627 Dimsdale, Baroness Elizabeth 119 Dimsdale, Baron Thomas 218 Drayton, William Henry 293-94 Duane, James 352, 356,415 Duchess of Kingston 570 Dumas, Charles William Frédéric 301, 303, 325,375, 378, 391, 393,492 Dunmore, Earl of (John Murray) 274 Dunning, John 265, 279 Durand de Distroff, François-Michel 225 Dutch xi, 41,134,139,148,150,152, 154-55, 187-90, 197, 228, 264, 276-77, 301, 317,324-25, 333, 342, 345, 378, 387, 397,400, 418,440, 466-67,491, 496, 498-99, 506, 513-14, 526, 529,540, 599, 601-04, 608-13, 615, 620
704 Dutch Republic 438,475, 513-14, 602-04, 608, 635, 642 Dutch War of Independence 629 Dutch-American commercial treaty (1782) 514-16 Dutch-Spanish agreement (1609) 203 Dutch West Indies 498 East Indies 57 East Prussia 21-22 Eastern Europe 170, 369, 429 Eastern Siberia 647 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 108,123, 188 Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia 21-23, 25, 33, 46, 56,106,135, 220, 519, 586 Elizabeth, Duchess of Württemberg 587, 597 Ellery, Elizabeth 353 Ellery, William 328, 353, 404, 561 Elliott, Sir Hugh 498 Ellsworth, Oliver 568 Elphinstone, John 217 Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné 114, 532 England, English, Englishmen 48, 59, 62, 83,92,104-05,108,113,115,123,125, 132,137,139,149,153,157,169,171, 175,179,194, 200, 203-04, 211-13, 215-16, 218, 223, 227-28, 231,240,245, 247, 249-51,256, 261, 264-65,269,272, 287, 290, 293-94, 313, 341, 349, 353, 393,420, 423,432-33,440, 448,461, 485,488,499, 501, 577-78, 604, 637-38 commerce 469 culture 213 English Channel 41, 48, 61, 83, 115,140, 144,165, 240, 278, 299, 322, 343, 434, 482, 632 English Club 387 English language 215, 342,383-84, 476, 547,549, 622,626-27 Enlightenment 436, 458 Episcopalian 417,440 Europe, European xii-xiii, xv, 4, 6,12-14, 19, 24, 34,36,41,43-45, 56-57, 59, 64, 69, 71-73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 86, 88-89, 91-92, 94-95,100-01, 103, 108,110, Index 113-14,118,120-21,123-24,129,133, 165, 169-70, 174, 176, 183, 200, 207, 210, 212, 217, 228, 231,233, 256, 261, 269, 277-78, 282-84, 290, 299, 301-03, 315-16, 318, 321, 327-28,341, 343-47, 350-51, 354, 356-58, 361, 363-64,366, 374, 379, 381, 383, 385, 388-89,392,
395, 399, 414, 420, 423,425, 427-28, 434-35, 447,450, 452-53,459-61, 468-69, 480-81,487, 489,491-92, 504, 508, 513,515,519,523,544, 556,563, 565, 568-69,572-73, 581, 594,597, 621, 627, 635, 640, 643, 645, 649 Evening Post and the General Advertiser 294 Falconet, Etienne 380 Falkland Islands 222, 224 Family Compact 582 Federalists 578-79 Ferrol 354, 501 Fielding, Commodore 154 Fielding, Henry 215 Finland, Finn 104, 544 Fifzherbert, Alleyne 639 Fletcher, Giles 123 Flora 324-26, 332-33 Florida 201, 206, 446 Floridabianca, Count José Moñino 182, 187, 203, 205-06, 323 Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich 595-96 Foundling Home (Moscow) 521-23 Fox, Charles James 113, 236, 396, 612-13, 615-16 France, French xii, 4-5, 9, 13,15, 20-23, 26, 28, 34, 36-37, 40-41, 43-47, 50, 52-53,63-64, 66-67, 72-75, 77-79, 84, 86, 88, 91-92, 95, 100, 108, 112, 115-17, 122, 125-27,129, 134-35, 137-38, 142, 147-48,154,156,162-64,168-79,184, 186-87,189, 191-92,194-99, 201, 204, 214, 221-23, 225, 227,237, 244, 246, 269-70,272, 274,276-78,282-83, 290-92, 304-05, 314,321, 323, 326, 328,331, 333-35, 339-40, 342-15, 347, 349-52, 354-55, 360-61, 363-64, 366, 369-71, 373, 384, 386, 389-91, 393, 395-96, 398, 400, 403-07, 410-11, 417, 419-20, 423-27, 429-31, 434, 442, 444-48, 450, 452-54, 457, 466-67,
Index 472-73,474,481-83, 486, 488-91,493, 496, 507,513-14, 523,532,537-38, 540, 543, 545,547,550,558, 560-61, 563, 572-73,575-78,582, 600-03, 605-08, 612-15, 620-21, 624-26, 628-33, 635, 637, 640, 642-43, 651-52, 655 Admiralty 330 army 92, 634, 653 Assembly of Notables 652 culture 213, 420, 434 Foreign Ministry 5,171,178 Ministry of Marine 324, 472 National Assembly 654 navy 86, 92, 206, 426, 538 ports 314-15, 317-18, 322, 326,330 shipping 471, 476, 529 society 441 Franco-American relations 202, 204,206, 358,418, 431, 614 Franco-American treaty (1778) 79,170, 184,305, 320-21, 329, 352, 357, 363, 366,414,431, 444,491, 514, 552, 573, 644 Franco-Austrian alliance 583 Franco-British relations 602 Franco-Dutch relations 602, 604, 615 Franco-Prussian-Panin cabal 110 Franco-Russian relations 28,100-01, 165, 170,173,178, 429, 511 Franco-Spanish fleet 83, 90, 270 Franco-Spanish relations 81,198, 201, 204 Frankfurt am Main 364, 378 Franklin, Benjamin xi, 140, 224, 226, 247, 258, 282, 294, 301-02,316, 318, 323-26, 342, 347-52, 355, 357-58, 363-70, 372-76, 378, 382, 388, 393-94, 398-99, 403-04, 407, 417-18, 422, 436, 439-44, 446, 448, 497, 501, 509-10, 515-17,534, 539, 545, 551, 560, 564, 566, 573, 612, 617-18, 620, 645-47, 651-52, 654 Franz Joseph, Austrian grand duke 587, 597 Frederick II, King of Prussia 20-24, 30, 33, 37-39, 41,44, 46, 51-54,57-58, 64, 72, 77, 79,101-02,109,112,159,172-73, 193,220,222,233-34,238,242,249, 252, 289, 350, 367, 378,497-98,516, 581, 583, 586-87, 616, 625, 642-43, 652 Freemasons 577 705 French language 215, 376, 381,383-84, 476,492, 502,504, 511, 622,
633, 645 French Revolution 8-9,11, 123, 211,420, 575-77, 579, 628, 634-36, 646, 652-54 French West Indies 471-73, 475 Frey, Baron Charles de 283 Fricke, Johann Wilhelm Christian 376, 393 Friedrich Christian, Elector of Saxony 30-31 Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia 583-84 Gage, Thomas 63, 65-66, 226 Gaine, Hugh 269 Gates, Horatio 206, 275, 354, 359,419, 537 General Mifflin 139-40,142,148,150, 322 Genoa 222, 621, 629, 631, 642 George II, King of England 22,479 George III, King of England 12,46-48, 51, 57, 62, 64, 68-69, 74-75, 78, 80, 87-89, 91,101,107,109, 115, 117,141, 164, 168,171,173,180,185-86,191,194-95, 206, 210, 212, 217-21, 223-24, 226-31, 233, 235-37,239-42, 246-53, 260-62, 264-67,269, 271, 273, 276-77, 290-91, 293,309,331, 339, 343, 408,432-34, 445,453-54,465, 476, 544, 550, 552, 558, 600-01, 605, 613, 637-39, 646, 652 Georgia 204, 206, 350, 358, 400, 537 Gerard, Conrad Alexandre 292-94,318, 323-24, 342,352, 364, 366, 394,406, 417, 420,424,445, 559, 573 Germain, Lord George 263 Germany, German 3, 20, 64-65, 73, 79, 91, 98,153,172,227,237,242,263,268, 272-73, 276, 281-82, 284, 286, 592, 642, 644 German colonists 488 German language 215, 381 Gerry, Elbridge 354, 361, 368, 561 Gibbon, Edward 261 Gibraltar 81, 83,152, 182, 201, 222, 268, 278, 601, 632 Gilbert, Felix 460 Glatz 21 Glorious Revolution 233,247,416,432-33, 577 Good Intent 138
706 Görtz, Johann Eustach Graf von 85-86, 105, 156-58, 161, 163, 186, 189, 390, 396, 583, 586-87, 607 Golitsyn, Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich 25-26, 28-29, 233 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitrii Alekseevich 155, 301,372-75,391,393,474-75,492, 599, 603, 606-07, 609-10, 612-14, 618-20, 646 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitrii Mikhailovich 598-99 Golitsyn, Prince Petr Alekseevich 393 Golovtsyn, Egor Andreevich 143 Gordian knot 185-86,191, 384 Gore ot Uma 592 Graf Chernyshev 473 Graf Osterman 473 Grafton, 3rd Duke of (Augustus Henry FitzRoy) 480 Grand Instructions (Boľshoi Nakaz) 517-22, 533, 547 Grantham, Lord Thomas Robinson, 2nd baron 616 Great Britain, Britain, British xi-xiii, 1,3-5,8-9,12-13,15,21-22, 24-26, 30-31, 34-36, 39, 41-50, 52-53, 55-56, 58-63, 65-67, 71-73, 76-81, 83-87, ՛ 89-90,92-95,97,99-100,104-05,107, 109-11,114,116,118-24,127,131, 133-34, 136-39, 141,144-48,152, 154, 157-60, 163-64, 167,169-74, 177-84, 186-90,193,195,197,199-200,202-03, 205-06, 208-09, 211-12,219, 221-22, 224-27, 229, 233, 235,238, 241,248-49, 251, 253-55,259-60,263, 265, 268-69, 271, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284-85, 289-90, 292-94,299-300, 305-06, 310-14, 321, 324-25, 327, 331, 336, 339-41, 343-46, 348, 350,353-55, 358-61, 363, 365-66, 371, 376, 378,382-85, 389, 391,396-97, 400-02,404,408-09,413-16, 420-21, 423-25,429,432, 434-35, 440, 442-43, 445,447-48,451-52,454,456,458-60, 463-66,477,479-81,485-87, 490-93, 496,498, 503-05, 507-09, 511, 513-15, 517, 527-28,530-31, 539-40, 545-47, 549-53,555-60, 562, 564, 572-73, 576-79,581,593, 598-607, 609-10, 612- Index 13, 615-17, 619-22, 624-28, 630-31, 634-38, 640-42,
644-45, 650-51, 654 Admiralty 43, 134-36,141,144, 265, 312-13, 473, army 69, 113, 183-84, 189, 204,206,225, 266, 274-75, 282, 306, 308-09, 312-13, 327, 349-50,422,424, 537-38 Board of Trade 149 commerce 456-57 constitution 214 Foreign Office 143,151,155,178, 195-97,219, 238, 390, 465,466, 478, 481, 611-12 foreign policy 47,129,151, 223, 238,243 manufactures 335, 337 merchants, merchant fleet 138-43,317, 331,468, 470,527, 529, 632 newspapers 257 Northern Department 67, 222, 238, 290 Parliament 64, 74, 165, 206, 224-25, 228, 232, 234, 244-45, 248, 264-66, 269, 284, 293, 306, 311, 418,432, 441, 481, 497, 513 Commons, House of 233,247-50, 279, 396,612 Lords, House of 165, 220,266, 343, 631 people 215, 230 politics 220, 224, 230-32, 234, 236, 240, 247-48, 250-52, 420, 433-34,479 press 237, 268-69, 288 Royal Navy 50, 84, 86,103,113,134-35, 137, 148, 150,165,168,179, 217, 300-01, 303, 306-07, 309,328, 338, 356, 467,471-73, 476-79, 602 sailors 61,138, 217, 649 shipping 315-16, 321, 347,516, 526, 528-30 stock exchange 442 Treasury Office 465 Great Commoner 237-38, 243, 246 Great Northern War xi, Greece, Greek 136,187, 633 Greek Project 88 Greene, Nathanael 537-38 Greig, Samuel 217 Grenville, Lord George 47, 244 Griboedov, Aleksandr Sergeevich 592
Index Grimm, Baron Melchior 141,153,174, 176,194, 252, 627, 638, 646, 649-51 Gross, Friedrich von 234 Gross, Heinrich Gottfried von 48, 224, 234, 240 Güldenstaedt, Johann Anton 468 Guines, Comte de (Adrien-Louis de Bonnières) 73-74 Gulliver s Travels 215,474 Gunning, Sir Robert 57, 62, 66-72, 74, 76, 78-80,90,94, 96,101,171,183,193, 225,235, 260, 262, 264-65, 292 Gustavus III, king of Sweden 55,57,146, 289, 498,509, 514-16 Habsburg, House of 22-23, 30, 35, 37, 51, 58, 60, 79, 172, 228, 587, 598 Habsburg Empire xii, 21,41,54, 64,116, 123,169,172, 291, 350, 382, 390, 448, 510, 584,590, 600 army 173 Hague, The xi, 1,126,155, 207, 239-40, 304, 346-48, 359, 372, 395,401,409, 492, 503,510, 540, 564, 599, 602, 606-15, 617-20 Halifax, 2nd Earl of (George Montagu Dunk) 46-47 Hamburg 465, 517, 621 Hamilton, Alexander 350, 561, 567-68 Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles 32,110, 212 Hancock, John 307, 630 Hanover 22,43,45, 65, 80, 233, 249, 265, 268, 274,276-77, 279-80, 378,459 Harris, Sir James 3~4,12-13, 75-83, 87-90, 93-111,113-16,125-26,128,130-31, 142-43,147-48,150-61,164-65,167, 173,175,178, 180,185-86, 194-200, 211-12,214, 231-32,235-36, 252-54, 287, 292-93, 342-43, 391,463, 467, 470, 494, 498-501, 503, 506, 539-40,542-44, 546, 548, 554-59, 571, 583, 600-01, 604-05, 607, 610-17, 619, 624-26, 638, 640 Harris, Levett 530, 572 Harvard College 352-54, 368, 392, 406, 417,429 Havre de Grâce 501 Hawkins, Benjamin 567 707 Heckscher, August 531 Heinrich (Henry), Prince of Prussia 378 Herberstein, Siegmund von 116-17,123 Hesse, Hessians xii, 254, 268, 276,279-80, 284 Hewes, Joseph 254, 279
Higginson, Stephen 420, 513,566 Histoire de l’empire de Russie sour Pierre le Grand 256, 381 Histoire des deux Indes 188 History of His Own Times 256 Hobart, John, Earl of Buckinghamshire. See Buckingham. Hohenzollern, House of 29 Holland 169, 269,343, 348, 373, 394, 488, 608 Holstein 23, 592 Holstein-Gottorp 40 Hooper, William 279 Howe, Sir William 65, 76, 262-63, 268 Hubertusburg, Peace of 24,44 Humphreys, David 622 Huntington, Samuel 299, 303, 358-60,368 Hussey-Cumberland Talks 200,205 Independence 313 Indians 279, 295, 434 Indies 483, 603 Inn Valley 173 Instruction (Nakaz) 114, 592, 627 Ireland 261,265, 313, 324,432, 440 Catholics 265, 279 Renegadoes 578 troops 274, 282 Irkutsk 647, 651 Isaac 139 Italy 56,122, 641 Ivan VI Antonovich, Emperor of Russia 592 Izard, Ralph 282, 363-64, 404,433, 559-60 Izvestie v Amerike o selenííakh aglítskikh, v tom chisle пупе pod nazvaniam Soedinennykh Provintsil, vybráno perechno iz noveishikh o tom postranno sochinitelei 469 Jacobins 577-78 Jaucourt, Chevalier Louis de 114
708 Jay, John 348, 352, 358-60, 365, 403-04, 410,427, 446, 532, 539, 566, 620-21 Jay Treaty (1794) 528 Jefferson, Thomas 403-04, 578, 621, 649-50 Jenings, Edmund 376 Jesuitism 417 Jew, Jews 74, 520 Jones, John Paul 322, 649-50 Joseph II, Habsburg emperor 54,172-73, 194, 232, 350, 367, 382,448, 516, 550, 582-84,587-90, 597-99, 616, 620, 637 Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow 654 Juigné, Charles-Louis Le Clerc, Marquis de 72-75, 227,490 Kamchatka 647 Kantemir, Prince Antiokh Dmitrievich 479-80 Karl Theodor, Elector of Palatine 172-73 Kartoffelkrieg (Potato War) 173 Karzhavin, Fedor Vasiľevich 474-77, 524 Kaunitz, Prince Anton Wenzel von 202, 559,582, 598-99, 601, 616 Keyserling, Hermann Karl, Count von 27,31 Kherson 489 Khotinskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich 200, 204 Kil din island 138-39 Kliuchevskii, Vadim Osipovich 50 Kingston, Duchess of. See Chudleigh, Elizabeth. Knowles, Sir Charles 217 Königsberg 378 Kola, cape of 143 Konstantin Pavlovich, Russian grand duke 218 Kozlianov, Timofei 137 Kronshtadt 153,271, 466, 570 Krook, Jacob 592 Krylov, Ivan Andreevich 50 Kuchuk-Kainardjx, Peace of 62,65-66, 171-72,174, 429, 487, 523, 582 Kurakin, Prince Aleksandr Borisovich 587,589-92, 595, 597 Kurakin, Prince Aleksei Borisovich 591 La Coste, Marquis de 384 Index La Concorde 473 La Crise de l Europe 469 La Fortune 316, 319 La Marie Elizabeth 473 Lafayette, Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de 342, 650-52,654 Land s End 265 Lanskoi, Aleksandr Dmitrievich 218,547 Latin America 635 Latin language 125,381, 476 Laurens, Henry 320, 355, 365, 367, 403-04, 424,
437,532-33,539, 561,565 Laurens, John 350, 367-68 Law Code of 1649 484 Law of Nations 302,319 Le Gentil 476 League of Armed Neutrality 157-63,165, 168-70, 176, 197, 331, 346-47, 357-58, 496, 529, 598, 603, 616, 621 Ledyard, John 650-51 Lee family 282, 345, 350, 360,369, 376, 388, 395, 406-07, 433, 437, 561 Lee, Arthur 226, 282-83, 289, 294,316, 318, 344-45, 349-52, 358, 363-66, 370, 377, 393-94, 403-04, 406,417, 422-24, 439-40, 443, 446, 454, 497,516,532, 534, 559, 561 Lee, Richard Henry 282, 347,437,561 Lee, William 282, 305, 344, 347, 363-64, 370,423, 532, 534, 559, 603 Lenin, Vladimir Il ich 6-7 Lent 118, 547,557 Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, later Hapsburg emperor 587-88 letters of credit 528 letters of marque 136, 270, 278, 314-15, 317,324, 335 Lewis, Francis 328 Lexington, Battle of 63, 66,183,193, 225, 259, 261,424,480 Ligne, Prince de (Charles-Joseph Lamoral) 639 Lincoln, Benjamin 419 Littlepage, Lewis 649-50 Livingston, Robert R. 280, 286, 329, 362, 365, 398, 405-07, 409-12, 415,418, 422, 443, 448,454,493, 495, 538-41, 548, 551, 559-64,566-67, 569, 573-75
Index Lodygin, Dmitril Mikhailovich 469, 524 London 60, 66, 68, 71-72, 135,139, 146, 151,195-96,200,224-25,235-36, 23839,242,264, 270-71, 273-74, 276-78, 321,351, 389, 401,417,451, 470,474, 481,485,491,497, 499, 526, 533, 554, 593, 598, 604, 610, 630 Long Island 206, 281,340,402, 497 L Orient 140, 368 Louis XIV, King of France 82, 95,134, 434, 602 Louis XV, King of France 24, 26, 36, 629 Louis XVI, King of France 13, 36,59, 82,95,171,174,188-90, 203-04, 290, 295-96, 328, 330, 344, 363, 365-66, 376, 378,403-04,425, 434,444-45,453, 628, 634, 652 Louise Ulrike, Queen of Sweden 37 Lovell, James 354,365, 368, 388, 404,406, 412,434,561 Low Countries 64, 619 Lower Bavaria 172-73 Loyalists 255,264, 268-71, 273, 275, 278, 284, 286, 295, 300, 414 Lübeck 526, 596 Luzac, Jean 504 Luzerne, Anne-César de la 326-28, 330, 332-35, 358-59,369, 371, 375, 379, 398-400,402-03, 406-10, 421,424, 445, 448-49, 494, 559-60, 562, 573 Lynch, Thomas 281 Mably, Abbé Gabriel Monnot de 115 Macartney, Sir George 19,49-50, 78, 116-17,120,124-26, 214, 220-21,480 Madison, James 331-32, 334,336, 352,400, 411,561-63,565-69,575 Madrid 153,157,163,187,196, 200, 202, 205,359,363-64,370,446, 559, 601 Maine 205 Majorca 198 Manley. John 307-08 Manstein, Christof Hermann von 256 Marblehead 274, 361 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 22, 24, 36, 41, 54-55, 64, 259, 582-84, 598 709 Marie Antoinette, Austrian grand duchess, then queen of France 36, 59, 296 maritime neutrality 137,156 Marmontel, Jean François 438 Marstrand 514—15 Martinique 313-14, 475-77 Maruzzi, Pano, Marquis de 631, 633 Marx, Karl 6 Marxism, Marxist 14
Marxism-Leninism 6 Maryland 485-87,489, 568 Massachusetts 63, 307-08, 310, 316, 323, 337, 351-52, 354, 365, 393,403, 405-06, 415,419-20, 422, 437, 440,443, 504, 534, 567-68, 579 Council 353 House of Representatives 630 Supreme Court 575 Masserano, Prince Vittorio Filippo de 73 Maurepas, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux Comte de 381 McNeil, Daniel 139-42,147,154,158,271, 294, 299, 316, 322, 379, 512-13, 526 Mediterranean Sea 48, 58, 61, 67, 70, 79-80, 88-89,132,135-36,146,152, 198, 222,267, 270, 276, 322,429, 488, 523, 632-34 Memel 378 Memoir to the Sovereigns of Europe 492 Mémoire sur les avantages d un commerce direct entre l Empire de Russie et les Etats-Unis de l Amérique Septentrionale 507 Mémoire sur les de l A.Jmérique] S. [ep tent rionale] analogues à celui de l Empire de Russie 482 A Memorial, Most Humbly Addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe, on the Present State ofAffairs, Between the Old and New World 504 mercantilism 531 Merry Wives of Windsor 215 Middle Ages 121,131 Mikhail Feodorovich, Tsar of Russia 484 militia diplomacy 362, 365-66, 369,382, 406,412, 423,463, 537-38, 560 Mingoes 274
710 Index Minorca 71, 83, 89,112,198, 201, 222, 271-72, 287, 598 Miquellon 476 Mirabeau 654 Miralles, Don Juan de 323-24 Miranda, Francisco de 635-36 Mississippi River 201, 423, 427,446, 453 Mitau 257 Model Plan of Treaties 300, 304r-05, 320, 328, 332, 457, 533 Mogilev 583, 637 Mohacok (Mohawk?) River 482 Mohammedan 136 Moldavia 54, 89, 556 Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) 229 Montaigne, Michel de 127 Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles Secondat) 115,117,121, 213-14, 247-48,436, 438,519, 533,576, 627, 640 Montréal, Monsieur 387 Morkov, Arkadii Ivanovich 391,588, 594-96, 607-15, 618-21 Morning Post 267, 270-72, 286, 389 Morocco 517 Morris, Robert 335, 337, 365, 393,405, 415, 418-19, 422,437, 456,475, 561 Morris, Thomas 475-76 Moscow 67, 119, 257, 321, 521-22, 583, 596, 645 Moskovskiia vedomosti 321, 644 Munro, James 314 Murmansk 138 Muscovy, Muscovite xii, 20,114,120,123 Musin-Pushkin, Prince Aleksei Semenovich 67,151,224, 234,240-41, 248,341 Nantes 289, 347 Naples 124, 517, 523, 621 Napoleonic era 129 Napoleonic wars 528 Nassau-Siegen, Prince Karl Heinrich von 649-50 naval rights 131 Navigation Acts 49,315,341,455,457, 465,481,490, 505, 563, 627 Negroes 274, 279 Nepliuev, Ivan Ivanovich 29 Netherlands 226 Neva River 267, 378, 387, 500, 625 New England 2, 8, 67, 226,284, 311,34850, 352-54, 365, 378-79, 404-05,415, 417, 419-21, 423, 425, 427,431,434, 440, 445,460, 464, 476, 531,572, 574 New Hampshire 284, 337,415 New Jersey 280, 285, 346,401,406, 415, 442, 568 New-Jersey Gazette 277-78, 286,288, 342^3 New Russia 103 New World 1, 44, 47, 57, 71-73, 80,123, 140, 195, 227, 266,
268, 270, 277-78, 289, 309, 312, 352,416, 459-60, 463, 471-72,474-75, 483,501, 526, 627, 635-36 New Year s Day 408 New York 262,286, 294, 328, 356,415,418, 419, 421, 440,482, 561, 568 New York City 204-06,263,268-69, 271-72, 334, 350, 389, 402,419, 537-38, 630 New-York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury 269, 276 New-York Gazeteer 269 Newcastle, Duke of (Thomas Pehlam Holies) 236 Newfoundland 201, 315, 355,417,427, 446, 453 Newport, RI86, 179, 206 Normandes, Don Pedro 163,182,185 North, Frederick Lord 61, 63-64, 74, 84, 87, 91, 147,149, 151,173, 184, 194, 197, 208֊09, 221-24, 226-27, 229, 231-32, 235-36, 246-48, 250-51, 253, 261-62, 265-66, 274-75, 343, 396,432-33, 538, 601, 612-14, 637, 646 North America 1, 6,12,45, 47, 56,58, 64-69, 71-72, 74, 76-78, 80, 86, 91, 101, 113, 137, 185,187-89,191,193-94, 196, 199, 201, 203, 206, 209, 223,225-27, 251-53, 262-66, 271,284, 306, 310, 312, 314, 327, 331, 334, 360, 396, 399, 426, 430, 464, 466, 470-71, 473, 475, 479, 483-85,488,496,498-99,505, 513, 525, 537-38, 542, 599-600, 612, 627, 637, 647, 650-51, 655 North Cape 138,140,143,145
Index North Carolina 189,206,259, 279,400, 527,537,567-68 North Sea 40,137-38,271, 322 Northern Europe xi, 19-21, 39, 47, 453-54, 463-64,482,493, 508, 513, 531, 573 Northern System xii, 19-21, 29, 32, 34-35, 37-39,41,43, 50-51,54-55, 57, 60, 66, 72, 76-78, 80, 82, 84-85, 90-91, 94,106, 110,172-73,179, 210, 237-38, 242, 580-83,586-87, 625 Norway 138-39, 483 Nova Scotia 201, 446, 453, 468 Novikov, Mikhail 391 Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich 8, 644 Nugent, Lord Robert Nugent, 1st earl 481 Nystad, Peace of (1721) 128 Oakes, Richard 71, 74-76, 94, 228, 466 obrok (quitrent) 521 Ochakov 649 Of the Russe Commonwealth 123 Old Believers 474, 519, 524 Old World 1, 3, 71,140, 370, 385, 395,461, 475, 573 Oldenburg 40 Olearius, Adam 117 Olsuf ev, Adam Vasil evich 110 On the Morals of Chess 646 Onega 138 Oneida Indians 290 Orange, House of 614 Orlov, Count Aleksei Grigor evich 70, 82, 136,187, 231-32, 236 Orlov, Count Grigorii Grigor evich 29-30, 103,110,126 Orthodoxy, Orthodox 20, 51,116,117-18, 257 Osgood, Samuel 410 Osten-Sacken, Karl Ivanovich fon der 143 Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich 34 Osterman, Ivan Andreevich, vicechancellor 10, 70, 83, 227, 390-91, 530, 540-43, 545-54, 557-59, 563,569-70, 572,585,588, 592-93, 595, 605, 607, 610, 612, 619, 634 Oswald, Richard 539 Ottoman (Sublime) Porte. See also Turkey, xii, 12,19, 21, 24. 36-37,41,43,45-47, 51, 53,55-58, 60, 62, 70, 80, 89,110, 711 120,170,174,177-78,187,429, 523, 581, 588, 621 Paine, Thomas 248, 269, 423,435, 460-61, 478, 504 Palfrey, William 355, 367-68 Panin, Count Nikita Ivanovich xii, 13-14, 19-21, 27-32, 34-39, 41-56, 58-61, 66,
68-70, 72, 76-83, 85-87, 90-91, 94, 96-103,105-107,111-113,130,135, 142-46,149-65,170,172,174-200, 202-207, 209-10, 222, 225-30, 232, 235, 237, 241, 243, 254, 344,374-75, 379, 391, 398,429-30,470, 480,491, 500, 524, 543, 545, 554-55, 580-600, 604-06, 617, 620, 625, 631-33, 635-37, 640, 647 Panin, Count Petr Ivanovich 27,174-75, 596 Paoli 630 Paoli, Pasquale 222, 629-34, 642 Paris 124,186, 196, 223, 282, 284, 291, 318, 349-50, 359, 364, 388, 390, 430, 472, 474-75,477,491, 515, 517,539-40, 554, 560, 569, 616-18, 620-21 Paris, Treaty of (1763) 84,113, 222, 236 Paris, Treaty of (1783) 168, 509,514,517, 525, 539, 546-47, 549-52, 554, 556-57, 564, 571 Parkinson, John 122 Patriots, American 13,15, 254, 260-61, 263, 269, 273-75, 278, 280-81, 285-87, 291-96, 299-300, 313,318, 328, 331, 334, 339-40, 342,344, 349-50, 362, 365-67, 414-15, 424,427,433,441,444, 449-51, 492,560, 629-30, 635, 650-51 Paul (Pavel Petrovich) I, Russian grand duke, then emperor 28,40, 89, 218, 259, 583, 586-92, 595-97, 618, 636 Penn, John 437 Pennsylvania 415,422, 630 Pennsylvania Packet 260, 276-77, 287 Persia 12, 45,135 Peter I Alekseevich the Great, Emperor of Russia xi, xv, 19-22, 25, 27-29, 32,34, 43, 53,114-16,123,127-28,141, 256, 378, 380, 485, 501, 520 Peter III Fedorovich, Emperor of Russia 23, 25-26, 28-29, 33, 35, 40,59,106, 233, 238-39, 586
712 Index Peter and Paul Fortress 591 Petersburg. See St. Petersburg. Peyron, Claes Bartholomeus von 387, 555 Philadelphia 147, 259, 311, 323, 326,403, 419, 437,440, 445, 465,475-76, 514, 517, 530, 562, 564, 630 Phillip II, King of Spain 629 Philosophes 115, 176, 215, 627 Pitt, William 25, 59, 63, 87, 219-21, 226, 235-53, 267, 420, 451, 630, 637, 639 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 19-21, 24-25,27, 29-31,34-39,41,44-48, 50-55, 58, 69, 110, 135, 170-71, 178, 258, 378, 429, 484, 519, 628, 641-42, 650-51 liberum veto 51 partition of 54, 73,171 Sejm 51 Poltava, Battle of 19-20,128 Poniatowski, Stanislaw, king of Poland 38,50 Poor Richard s Almanac 645-46 pope, papacy 169,434 populationism 520 Port Mahon 268 Portsmouth 271, 302 Portugal, Portuguese 56, 63, 156, 162, 284, 322, 342, 347, 517, 523, 621 Potemkin, Grigorii Aleksandrovich 14, 82, 87-90, 103-09, 111-12, 154,158-61, 164,193,197-99, 231-32, 249, 500,548, 556-57, 583, 586, 588-92,594, 598, 605-07, 616, 625, 635, 638, 643, 649-50, 653 Potsdam 38, 102,233, 282,430 Pownall, John 262 Pownall, Thomas 492, 504 Presbyterian 417 Prester John, dominions of 125 Prince Edward Island 274 privateer, privateering 137-39,141-42, 145M6,153, 311-12, 314-15, 317, 321-22, 324, 327, 331-32, 335, 339, 379, 472, 501 Prohibitory Act 311 Protestant 3, 51,117 Provincial Reform Law of 1775 522 Prussia 21-23, 25, 29-30,33-35, 37-38, 41, 43,50, 54-56, 59, 64, 72, 79-80, 85, 91,101,105-06,109,112,135,146, 156, 162,169-70, 172-73,176-77,192, 233-34, 237, 269, 272, 282-83, 291-92, 344-45, 347, 349-50, 363, 366-67, 373, 378, 390,496, 498, 510, 526, 543,
581-86, 589-90, 597, 607, 616, 620-21, 624-25, 652 Prussian-American trade 516 Public Ledger 417 Pugachev, Emelian 59, 69, 258,289, 590, 627-28, 654 Puritan 2, 8, 257,374,416,434,437, 440 Quebec 262 Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich 474n53, 526 Raimbert, Joseph 387, 486, 488, 501, 511, 555 Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich 8, 654 Randolph, Edmund 334, 561 Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas François 115,188 Reflexions 507, 511 Regensburg 60 Reichstag, imperial 60 Repnin, Nikolai Vasil evich 31,189, 589-90, 595-96 République Romaine 532 Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarti 123 Reval (Tallin) 271 Revenge 322 Rhode Island 198,272-73, 314,328,348, 393,415, 567 Richards, John 138 Richardson, Samuel 215 Richardson, William 116 Richmond, 3rd Duke of (Charles Lennox) 266, 631 Riga 137, 378, 387-88, 465, 467-69, 483-84, 495, 511-12,590, 602 Domschule 467 Rivington, James 269-72, 277, 286-87, 300, 389 Robertson, William 215 Robinson Crusoe 215 Rochambeau, Comte de (Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur) 538
Index Rochford, 4th Earl of (William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein) 56-57 Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of (Lord Charles Watson-Wentworth) 236, 245-46, 612, 616 Rodney, George 217 Rogerson, John 111, 218, 638 Roman Republic 435, 532, 643 Rome 533, 621, 642 Rosencrone, Count Marcus Gerhard 516 Rostock 527 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 114-16 Royal Gazette 272-73, 277, 286-87, 389 Rumiantsev, Field Marshal Petr Aleksandrovich 592-93 Rumiantsev, Nikolai Petrovich 593 Rumiantsev, Sergei Petrovich 593 Russell, John Miller 530 Russia, Russian Empire xi-xv, 1-2, 4-5, 8-9,14-15,19-23, 27, 33-34, 36-37, 39-40, 42-44, 46-51, 53, 55-65, 71-72, 75-76, 78, 81, 84-95,109, 111, 114-16, 121-28,130-31,135,137,140-42,144, 162-63,165,169, 173-74,177,198, 202, 205, 208, 210-12, 220, 222, 224, 226, 230-31, 234, 240, 242, 245, 248, 250, 254-61, 264-65, 269, 271, 273, 282, 285-87, 290-96, 304-05,316, 328-30, 333, 340-41, 343-47, 349-50, 355-56, 358-60, 367-68, 372, 377-78,380-82, 387-90, 392-94, 396, 398, 400-01, 406, 410,413, 425-26,429-30, 445-46, 448-50,454,463-68,470, 474,477-78, 480,482-92,494-98,501-12, 515, 517-21, 523-24, 528, 530-31, 533-34, 538MŰ, 543-49, 551-57, 560,562-65, 567-73, 580-81, 583, 585-86,591, 593, 597-99, 601, 603, 605-07, 610-12, 614-21, 624-28, 631, 633-36, 640, 644-46, 648-54 Academy of Sciences 259, 647 Admiralty 145,153, 500 army 23-24, 36, 43, 50, 61, 64-66, 68-69, 72, 74, 76-77, 80, 98,119-20,123,171, 254, 260-68, 270, 272-84, 286-92, 343, 476, 495, 602 Asiaticness 3 autocracy 11,116, 251 Baltic fleet 61, 649 713 Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty 541-42 Chancellor of Foreign
Affairs 21-23, 25, 30-31 Collegium of Foreign Affairs 25, 31-32, 45, 77, 82, 98,101, 106, 111, 136,149, 178,209, 227,230, 470-72, 543, 545, 563, 584-85, 587-89, 592-93, 595-96, 607, 647 Commerce Collegium 110,470-72, 483, 488,499-500, 563, 593 Commerce Commission 469 culture 115,117-26 fishing fleet 139 foreign policy 4, 7,12, 23, 26, 32-34,47, 50, 60, 83, 85, 97,100,102,108,112, 128-29,131,147,149,155,169-71, 174, 178-81, 192,195-96,211-12,233, 254,300, 624-25, 628 foreign trade 141-42,144,148,152-53, 168, 470, 472, 478, 481,484 language xiv, 259, 380, 438, 467, 469, 474,476, 622, 645 Legislative Commission 114, 214, 258, 517, 519, 547, 592, 627 merchants, merchant fleet 149,166, 278, 469,471,474,477, 524, 530, 534 navy 70, 74-75, 80, 89, 136, 145, 155, 164-65, 217,260,270-73, 277, 287, 295-96, 301-302, 342, 500, 615, 633 peasants 257 Polish territories 583 politics 99,120,126, 388 Post Office Department 593 sailors 67, 216-17 Senate 591, 593 Secret Expedition 592 Shipping 150, 270,472-73, 499-500, 525, 527, 529-30 State Council 85,158, 225,557-58 students 216 Russia Company 481 Russian-American diplomatic encounter 549, 570 Russian-American Company 651 Russian-American trade relations xiv, 1, 7,9-13,477,495, 503, 506-507, 511, 523-30, 545,555, 569,572,581, 625 Russian-Austrian mediation 399 Russian-Austrian relations 592, 594
714 Russian-British relations 594 Russian-Danish relations 142, 489-90 Russian-Prussian relations 23, 30, 52, 54, 59, 210,345, 581, 584, 592-93 Russian-Turkish relations 180-81, 291 Russian Orthodoxy 20,116 Russo-Danish treaties 40,170 Russo-Swedish treaties 170 Russo-Swedish war 653-54 Russo-Turkish war 77,172, 291, 556 Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 36, 41, 53-56, 58, 61-62, 64, 66-67, 71,135, 137,147,170,177,187, 242, 260, 264, 276, 632 Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92 649, 654 St. James, Court of 26,48, 55, 67, 72, 198, 234, 239, 243, 341, 390,479, 516, 550, 612, 627, 632, 654 St. James Chronicle 235 St. John s (Prince Edward Island) 274 St. Petersburg 1,3-5,11,13,22,44, 60, 70-72, 74-77, 80, 93,100-01,104-07, 110-13, 115, 119-20,122, 124-26, 136, 138-39,144,147-48,155,159,164, 168,171,181, 187, 189, 192, 200, 202, 207, 216,218, 229, 232-33, 239, 243, 254, 257, 259-60, 271, 296, 304, 333, 341-42, 344-49, 351, 356-60, 369-70, 372-81, 385-87, 389-90, 392-93, 398, 401, 405-406, 409,412, 425,428-30, 434, 440, 445, 447-49, 454, 465-67, 469,474-75,482,490,493-98, 502, 512, 521-22, 526-27,529-30, 537-40, 544-45, 551, 561, 564,566, 570, 573, 580,582-84, 588-91,593, 598, 602-603, 606, 614, 617-19, 624-25, 635, 645, 647, 649-51, 653 St. Petersburg, NY 482 St. Petersburg Foundling Home 522-23 Saint-Priest, Comte de 174 Sally 138 Saltykov, Fedor S. 485 Sandwich, 4th Earl of (John Montagu) 47-48, 89,165, 222, 238-40, 265,479 Sankt-peterburgskiia vedomosti 207,380, 570, 644, 647, 654 Index Saratoga xi, 76-77, 92, 170, 180,183,206, 228-29, 246, 263, 267,272,275, 359, 363,419, 537 Saratov
488, 592 Sardinia 104, 620-21 Savannah 86, 206, 537, 653 Saxony 21, 24, 29-30, 36, 38-39, 41,50, 173, 621 Sayre, Stephen 372, 375,496-503,505,524, 554-55 Schleswig 23,40 Schmidt (Sayre) 498 Schönbrunn 23 Schulenburg, Count Gebhard Werner von der 283, 516 Schumacher, Peter Christian 86, 96-97, 105, 152, 154,156-59, 163, 209,482 Schuyler, Philip 290, 419 Sclavonians 71 Scotland, Scot 111, 116, 215-18, 221, 230, 237, 265, 274, 276, 313, 433-34, 436, 440 Scots Magazine 267, 277 Scott, John Morin 411 Şeddeler, Emanuel Johann Nepomuk von, 72 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de 639, 649, 651-54 Seven Years War 21, 37,41, 57, 59, 63-64, 84, 86, 89, 91,101, 113,119-20,135, 170, 179, 198-99, 208, 211,217,222, 229-30,235, 237, 247, 360 Shairp, Walter 139 Shakespeare, William 215, 258,431 Sheffield, Lord John 527-28 Shelburne, Lord William Petty, 2nd earl of 165, 242, 343, 612, 630 Shewanese 274 Shirley, Henry 55,113 Shmit, Adam (Francis Dana) 570 Shuvalov family 110 Shuvalov, Ivan Ivanovich 220 Shuvalov, Petr Ivanovich 486 Siberia 23, 121, 650-51 Silesia 21, 24, 172,233, 582 Simolin, Ivan Matveevich 151,164—65, 197, 234, 391, 481, 601, 609-10, 612-13, 649-50, 653-54 Sirven family 214 Six Nations 290
Index Slavs, Slavic 3, 260 slavery 422 Smith (Sayre) 498-99, 501 Smith, Adam 459,496, 503-04, 508,531 Smith, William 271-73, 275, 287 Smollett, Tobias 215 Snell, Karl Philipp Michael 467-69,477, 484, 524 Social Contract 114 Society of the Cincinnati 419, 653, 655 Solms, Viktor Friedrich, Graf zu 38, 72 Sons of Liberty 353, 630-32 South Carolina 189, 204, 206, 281,344, 350, 358, 365, 400, 415, 464, 537,567-68 Southern Europe 482, 488 Southern System 36,58-59 Soviet Union, Soviet 7-8 Soviet-Marxist 8,11 Spain, Spanish xii, 36,41, 50, 55-56, 64, 69, 72-73, 75, 81, 86, 88, 91, 97,112, 132,137,148, 151-54,156-57, 159-61, 163-64,168-69,177,181-82,187-88, 195,197, 200-01, 205, 214, 222, 224, 226, 264, 269, 277, 282-83, 287, 292, 316-18, 322-23, 340,343-45,348-49, 352, 354, 363-66, 373, 384, 386, 398, 410,417,427,445-46,483, 501, 514, 517, 540, 550,558-59, 601, 603, 621, 629, 635-37 foreign policy 82,151-52, navy 154,156, 159,165 Spanish America 73, 627 Spectator 215 Spirit of the Laws 519, 533, 627 Spy, The 273 Stamp Act 224, 244-45,460, 630 Stanley, Hans 242-43 State Library, Moscow 191 Staten Island 402 Stedingk, Count Curt von 653 Steele, Richard 215 Sterne, Laurence 215, 654 Stockholm 28, 52, 55,144,171, 344,498, 651 Stormont, David Murray, 2nd earl of Mansfield, Lord 88-90, 106,109,131, 164-65,185,192,197-99, 205, 278, 315-16, 554, 598, 600-06, 609, 611-13 Strahlborn and Wolff 387, 543 715 Stuart, House of 233, 247, 249, 252 Suffolk, 12th Earl of Suffolk (Lord Henry Howard) 57, 67-69, 71, 73, 76-81, 91, 98,178,185,192, 262, 602 Surinam 499 Sutherland, Richard 217 So. Nikolai
153 Sweden, Swedish xi, 19-21, 24-5, 28, 30, 34, 36-37, 39-40,46-47, 50, 52, 55-58, 69, 84,110, 115, 133, 135,138, 144,146, 148,150,152,154,156,162,169-71, 178,196, 216, 242, 289, 322, 333, 341-42, 347-48, 378, 387-88, 390, 470, 478,484-85,492,496,509-10,515-16, 526,538, 603, 605, 628, 641-42, 653 Caps 28, 37,40,45, 53 Constitution of 1720 40, 53 Hats 28, 38 Riksdag 38,53 Swedish-American commercial treaty (1783) 515-16 Swift, Jonathan 215, 474 Switzerland, Swiss 268, 641-42 Tartar 137,139 Tatars 45, 56,123 Tate, George 650 Tatishchev, Mikhail 533,547, 549 Taube, Wilhelm Friedrich von 469 Teplov, Grigorii Nikolaevich 486 Teschen, Peace of 173-74,195, 344,381, 595 Thaxter, John 302, 412,503, 511-12,532, 573 Timon ofAthens 215 tobacco 468,478, 484-90, 492, 505, 627 Tocqueville, Alexis de 575-76 Tooke, Rev. William 115 Tory 247-48, 265, 268-70,274-75, 278, 295, 300,419, 421,424-25, 436,442 Tower of London 355,497, 539, 601 Townshend Acts 224,245 translatio imperii 435 Trowbridge, Edmund 353, 356, 393-94 Trowbridge, Lydia 353 tsar, tsarism 7, 255 Tsarskoe Selo 215-16 Turkey, Turks xii, 22, 25,35,38-39, 45-48, 50, 53, 55-59, 61, 76-81, 84, 88-89, 91,
716 Index 103,120, 135-36, 169,174-75,183, 223, 242,258, 291,487,489, 582, 585,597, 616, 628, 631-33, 649 navy 217 sultan 53 Tuscany 177, 344, 363, 373, 517, 559, 588, 621 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 36,162 Ukraine, Ukrainian 485-86, 592-93 United American Provinces 469 United Provinces of the Netherlands xi, 21, 34-35, 39, 44, 132-33, 156, 187, 197, 205, 219, 301, 325, 333, 341, 344-45, 347-48,363, 365, 367, 393, 397,411, 445,475,492, 504, 512, 514, 529, 533, 598, 601-04, 606, 608-09, 613-16, 636, 642, 644 Estates General 162, 190,242, 301, 363, 396-97, 540, 603, 606, 608, 611-15 Patriot Party 608, 611, 614 United States of America, Americans xi֊xiv, 1, 9,12, 163,184,186-87,192, 200-01, 204-06, 259,269-70, 280, 282, 284,292,299, 305,308, 311, 318, 320, 323,325, 330, 332-39, 341, 343, 345-46, 350-52, 354, 357, 361, 364, 366, 370, 373,377,380, 382-85, 388, 394, 396-99, 401,403, 410, 412,420, 423, 426-28, 430,434-35, 443, 445-46, 449, 454, 456-58,461, 463, 468, 477-78, 481-82, 490-93,495,497-98, 502-06,508-09, 512-16,523-24, 526-31, 537-39, 542, 544-45, 549-52, 555-57, 563, 565-66, 572-73, 576-78, 581,599-600, 606, 608-09, 615, 617, 619-21, 623-24, 628, 635-37, 640, 642-43, 649, 651, 653 army xiv, 283 Articles of Confederation 330 Board of Admiralty 303 Congress 330 Court of Appeals 327, 334 European commissioners 282,288,291, 316,318-19, 445, 539,560 navy 338 Upper Franconia 173 Ural Mountains 43,102 uti posidetis 187,199, 203, 205, 402 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 134-35,145,304, 322, 329 Valley Forge 354 van Brienen 499, 501 van Swart, Johan Isaac 606 Vandalia Company 436
Vauguyon, Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, Duc de La 395, 397, 540, 611, 614, 618 Venice 621, 631, 641-42 Vérac, Charles Olivier de Saint-George, Marquis de 4-5, 185,189-92, 199-200, 202, 204, 372, 374-75, 377, 379, 379-86, 390, 393-98, 409^11, 425-26, 428-31, 446-50, 452-54, 463, 493, 539-41, 546-47, 551, 560,562-63,573-74, 581, 583, 600, 607, 610, 625, 634 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de 4-5, 53, 55, 73-75, 81, 92,100-02, 145, 147, 150,162-64,171-74, 178, 180-82,184-86, 190, 199-205, 208,246, 271, 282, 289, 291, 301, 303,315, 318, 321-22, 324-26, 328, 332-34,336, 347, 352, 358, 363,366-67,369-75,378-83, 387, 395, 398-400, 402-05,408-10, 412, 417-18, 424-31, 442-43, 445-49, 452-54, 463, 472-74, 486,490-91, 493, 497, 528, 537, 546, 551, 560,563, 569, 573, 600, 610, 614, 617, 625, 632, 640 Versailles 11, 23, 73, 100, 102,146-47, 162, 196, 283, 316, 334, 363, 367, 369, 372, 388, 394, 399,405, 408, 417,428, 430, 441, 448, 454, 516, 546, 604, 608, 614, 649-50, 653 Versailles, Treaty of 22 Viazemskii, Aleksandr Alekseevich 591 Vienna 38, 198, 282, 304, 363-64, 370, 373, 401, 448, 559, 582-84,587,595,598-99, 601 Virginia 206, 268, 274, 282, 349, 352, 365, 400, 406, 415, 417, 423, 440, 476-77, 485-87, 537,561, 568 Virginia Gazette 275 Vizir (Visir), Grand 120 Volga River 488 Voltaire (François Arouet) 114-15,124, 213-14,216, 224, 256, 381, 627, 632 Vorontsov family 594, 607
Index Vorontsov, Count Aleksandr Romanovich 110, 234, 238-41,488, 499, 563,588, 593 Vorontsov, Count Mikhail Illarionovich 23, 25-28, 30-31,44,110 Vorontsov, Count Roman Illarionovich 25 Vorontsov, Count Semen Romanovich 25, 588, 593 Vorontsova, Countess Elizaveta Mikhailovna 25, 239 Vsiakaia vsiachina 215 717 American 249, 352, 416, 421, 432-33, 438-39, 451,459-60, 531-34, 579 Whitehall 45, 47-48, 56, 61, 63, 82, 89,103, 120,151,179,188,197, 268, 549 Wilkes, John 219, 246, 497 William III, king of England 630 William V of Orange, Dutch stadtholder 608, 612 William, Jonathan, Jr. 347, 349 Williamsburg 476-77 Willing and Morris 475 Winthrop, John 435 Wittelsbach, House of 172 Wittfooth, Arvid 470-72,474-77, 483,488, 524 Wolff, M. 387 Wood, Gordon 450-51 Worcester 273 Württemberg 268, 483, 587,597; Wertembergers (sic) 284; Wirtembergers (sic) 276 Wyandots 274 Wales 219, 313 Walker, James 215 Wallachia 54, 89, 556 Walpole, Horace 479 War for American Independence 2, 5, 7-9, 11-15, 20, 60, 71, 75, 78, 81, 85, 90, 93, 108,129, 137,150,162,168,171,177, 198-99, 210, 212, 217. 227, 234-35, 246, 249, 252, 255, 284,301, 305, 360, 371, 414-15, 425, 432, 451, 469, 471, 474-75, 484, 487,497, 524, 576, 579, 581-82, 600, 602, 609, 624, 626, 628-29, 635, 650, 653-55 War of Austrian Succession 34,110, 265 War of Bavarian Succession. See also Kartoffelkrieg. 170,173,178,198, 208, 291, 381, 586, 600 War of 1812 529 Warsaw 52 Washington, George 92,207, 280, 285, 293, 307-10, 314, 350, 354, 391, 419, 422, 538, 618, 622, 645, 652-53 Wasmus, Julius Friedrich 273 Wasp 512-13 Wealth of Nations 459,
496 Wentworth, John 284-85,498, 609 Wentworth, Paul 498, 609-12, 614 West Indies 139, 278, 314-15, 426, 446, 466,468, 492, 498, 505-06, 511, 528-29, 563 Western Europe 21, 31,116,121,127, 291, 341, 369, 392, 429, 516, 518, 528, 608 Westminster, Convention of 22 Weymouth, Lord 98, 222, 341, 602 Wickes, Lambert 283, 322 Whigs 220, 236, 245-46, 275,418, 420, 432-33, 439, 459, 612, 654 Yankee 322 Yorktown 12, 92, 113, 232, 272, 295, 396, 417, 513, 538, 601, 609-10, 637 Young, John 313-14 Zavadovskii, Petr Vasil evich 593 Zimmermann, Johann Georg 624 Zinov ev, S. S. 205 Zweibrücken 172, 277 Zwetschgenrummel. See Kartoffelkrieg. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Ч
|
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface.xi Introduction. 1 Part I Chapter 1: Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System.19 Antedecents to Panin’s Policy. Nikita Ivanovich Panin. The Design of the Northern System. The Northern System in Practice. British Reticence. Success and Failure. An Evaluation Chapter 2: Britain Solicits Russian Assistance. 59 Russian Needs Britain. Britain Needs Russia. An Offer Refused. European Reaction. A Further Appeal to Russia. Spanish Involvement. One Last Effort. Final Thoughts Chapter 3: Sir James Harris at Catherine IPs Court. 93 The World according to James Harris. Policies Ensuing from Harris's Views. How Western Europeans Viewed Russia. Negative Contemporary Views. Consequences of those Views Chapter 4: Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 . 131 Theory and Background of Naval Rights. ■ Maritime Neutrality during the American Warfor Independence. Catherine Moves to Action. Defining Contraband. Harris Flummoxed. Putting the League of Armed Neutrality to Work. Summing Up Chapter 5: Russia Attempts to Mediate the War .169 Russia as Mediator of Peace. Redefining Russia's Role in Diplomatic Europe. Further Barriers
to Successful Mediation. British and French Responses to Russia’s Efforts. Summation
viii Contents Chapter 6: The Russian View of British Politics. 211 Catherine's Comprehension of British Politics. Russia's Response to the War. The Spectre of William Pitt. Post-Pitt. Conclusion Chapter 7: The American View of Catherine II's Russia. 254 American Perceptions of Russia. Rumors of Russian Assistance. Summation Part II Chapter 8: The United States and the Armed Neutrality . 299 The Vision of Armed Neutrality. Professed Principles of American Naval Policy. The Practice of American Naval Policy. Policing The High Seas. Ongoing American Violations, European Reactions, and Congressional Action. America's Maritime Policy. Summing Up Chapter 9: Congress Solicits Russian Assistance. 340 Congress's New Opinion about Russia. Choosing the Right Diplomat. Initial American Expectations of Militia Diplomacy. Cold Water Thrown on the Dana Mission. Ready, Set, Go Chapter 10: A New Englander at Empress Catherine's Court . 378 An Inauspicious Beginning. Passing Time in Petersburg. John Adams as Friend and Supporter. Congress Rethinks the Mission to Russia. Doubts about Dana. Dana Reports Home. Chapter 11: Francis Dana and the French Alliance. 414 Two Sides in the Continental Congress. Dana's Attitude Toward France. Vergennes's American Policy. Sources of Anglo- and Francophobia. Dana’s Understanding of French Motivation. The
Real Motivation of Count Vergennes's Policy. .Why Some Americans Feared France Chapter 12: Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade. 453 The Lure of Commercial Diplomacy. Dana's Role in the New Diplomacy. Trade between North America and Northern Europe. Russian Reception to American Commerce. Limitations and Fears. The Tobacco Trade. Commercial Competition Assayed Chapter 13: Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St. Petersburg. 494 Stephen Sayre. Commercial Diplomacy as Practiced by Dana. The Breakthrough with the Northern Powers. Catherine II's Views Of Commerce. The Realities of Russian-American Trade. Summing Up
Contents IX Part III Chapter 14: The Last of the Militia Diplomats. 537 Dana Takes Matters in Hand. Russia's Response. Sir James Harris Reacts. Dana's Reactions with Congress. The Mission Ends. The Aftermath of the Mission. Postscript Chapter 15: Russia Abandons the Northern System . 580 Inclination toward Austria. The Fate of Panin’s System. Consequences of Russia's Diplomatic Reversal. The Response by Other Powers. Russia Mediates Between the British and the Dutch. The Hague Takes Center Stage. Russian Attitude toward American Diplomats. Aftermath Chapter 16: Catherine II and the War for American Independence.624 Catherine's View of the American Rebellion. The Case of Corsica. When to Support Rebellion. Catherine's Considered Opinion on Britain's American Policy. Catherine and Republics. Catherine and America. Catherine's Final Judgment Bibliography. 657 Index 699
Index Abraham, Monsieur 387 Account of Corsica 633 Adams family 406 Adams, Abigail 511, 573 Adams, John xi, 1, 5,11-12,140, 207, 259,274, 280, 299, 301-05, 307-10, 325,328,335, 342, 346-48, 354, 357, 361-62,365, 367-69, 372-74, 376, 384, 387-88, 391-98, 403, 405, 407, 412, 414, 417, 427,429,431,433-34, 437, 439, 441-13, 445-46,450, 454,456-58, 464-65, 491-92, 497, 502-04, 506-11, 513,515-16, 532, 533, 538-11, 544-46, 551, 553, 564-67, 569, 573, 577, 610-15, 617-21 Adams, John Quincy xiv, 259, 376, 381, 383-84, 386-87, 392, 393-94, 429 Adams, Samuel 280, 303, 329,354,365, 394, 406, 414, 437, 439-40,456,561 Adams, Thomas 578 Addison, Joseph 215 Aegean Sea 61, 217 Aepinus, F. T. 646-47 Agars, Edmund 139 "Age of Democratic Revolution" 11, 635 "Age of Liberty" 52 Ahlefeldt, Johan Adolf von 104,129,179, 489 Aleksei Mikhailovich, tsar of Russia 484 Alexander I Pavlovich, Russian grand duke and future emperor 218, 525, 528, 530, 572 Alien and Sedition Acts 578 Allen, Jeremiah 511-12, 526, 570 Alopeus, Maksim Maksimovich (Magnus Alopäus) 157, 543-15,547, 553, 558, 563, 569, 595-96 America, Americans xiii, 1-8,12-13,15, 46, 56, 67-68, 72, 76, 91-92,137-38, 141-45, 153-54, 158,165,168-70,172, 175,181,183-85,188-90,195,197, 203,208, 210,225,228, 235, 237, 243, 245-46, 249, 251, 254-56, 258, 262-63, 265-69, 274, 276, 280, 282-83, 285, 287, 290-91, 293, 295-97, 299-302, 305-06, 310, 312, 325-26, 329, 331-32,336-37, 339—11, 343-14, 349, 356, 358-61, 367, 369,371-74, 376, 378, 382-83, 385, 389, 393, 397-401,404,413-14,416,423-28, 430,435,438, 440-41, 443-15,448,450, 454-58, 460-61, 468,
470, 472, 475-76, 479-81, 484-87, 489-90, 493-94, 496, 499-502,508, 513-14, 517, 524-25, 531, 534, 538, 543, 546, 548, 555-58, 563, 566-67, 569, 571-72, 575-77, 580, 599, 601, 610-12, 615-16, 619-22, 625, 627-31, 634-36, 639, 642—15, 649, 651, 654 army 201, 350, 423-24, 426, 537 colonies, colonists xiii-xiv, 63, 65-66, 79, 88, 93,121,137,179,186, 192-94, 198, 211, 223-24, 226-29,245,249-50, 255, 257, 264, 266, 279, 385, 396, 414, 423,432,451-53, 461,467, 477-78, 480,482,490, 505, 507, 514, 527, 539, 555, 558, 610, 612, 614, 626-28, 637-40 foreign policy 364,407, 417,447, 452, 460, 545, 561 merchants 10, 510, 529, 534, 562-63, 572 navy 307-08, 310, 316-17, 319, 354, 516 sailors 138 shipping 278,311, 314,465-66, 476, 505-06,511, 515,526-27, 551, 647 American independence 192-95, 199-203, 205,208-09, 226, 246, 269, 275, 300, 344, 346, 348, 357, 381-85, 388, 395-97, 409, 412, 423, 431-32, 444, 446-49, 452-54, 463,467, 469-70, 478, 481-84, 490-93,503-04, 507-08, 515,531, 538, 545, 547,549-50, 552, 556, 559, 562, 565,580-81, 598, 600-01, 603-04, 608-09, 611, 615, 623-24, 636, 645, 652
700 Index Armed Neutrality 13, 131, 170,182,195, American Indians 652 204, 208, 211, 254, 299, 341,346,401, American Philosophical Society 259, 647 412,469, 516, 563, 567-69, 580,598, American Revolution, revolutionaries 603, 616 10, 73, 79, 88, 92,100,102,142,171, Arnold, Benedict 207, 349,400 185-86,194,199,226, 383, 425,437, 480, 555, 577, 635, 638, 654-55 Arsen'ev 500-01, 524 Arsen'ev and Smith 500-01 Amsterdam 1, 305, 376, 378, 388, 475, Artaud 386-87 498-99, 603, 611 anden regime 5, 575 Articles of Confederation 644 Anglican church 214-15 Asia, Asian, Asiatic 12,20,44-45, 56, Anglo-American conflict 74,183,191, 201, 113-15,126, 256 203, 244, 246,250, 260, 344, 353, 620, Asseburg, Baron A. F. von der 60 625, 646 Atlantic Ocean 42, 102, 172,201, 260-61, Anglo-American trade 509,527 271, 389, 445, 483, 504, 511, 556 Anglo-Austrian relations 21,29 Augustus III, elector of Saxony and king Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance 29 of Poland 29-30, 38, 48, 50, 173 Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance (1678) Austria, Austrian 21-22, 24-25, 28, 30,36, 41, 51, 53, 55, 71-72, 79,104,157,162, 602 Anglo-Dutch relations 602, 605-06, 170,173,177,192,194, 200, 202, 233, 612-15 259, 282,292, 344, 363, 367, 378,401, Anglo-Dutch treaty (1674) 601, 612-13 523, 560, 582-83, 585, 587-89, 597-600, Anglo-Dutch war 449, 610, 612 607, 616, 621, 624, 637 Anglo-French relations 21, 47,100,174, Austrian Netherlands 331, 517 176,181,185, 245, 304, 322 Austro-French relations 21, 25, 29,59,173 Anglo-French peace treaty (Paris, 1783) Austro-Prussian relations 21, 129, 175,180 540 Austro-Russian relations 28, 30,
55, Anglo-French war 583 585-86, 588 Anglo-Prussian relations 25,101 Austro-Turkish treaty of 1771 54 Anglo-Prussian-Russian alliance 79, 242, 616 "Bacounin, Mr." 543 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of Bailyn, Bernard 451-52 1734 xii, 22,49,135,149, 329, 336, 479 Bakunin, Petr Vasil'evich ("Elder") 83, Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 157 1766 149-50,510-11, 529 Bakunin, Petr Vasil'evich ("Younger") Anglo-Russian relations 12,41-45,49-50, 543, 545, 547-48, 551n35, 558, 563, 588, 55, 67, 69-70, 76, 78-79, 81-82, 85, 594-96, 607 87-88, 90-92,94, 98,101,108,110, Baltic region 19, 28, 35, 42,128,137, 529 149-51,157,178, 208, 235, 238, 241-43, Baltic Sea 21, 36, 40, 68, 135, 147-48,150, 261, 267, 274, 287-88, 302, 615 272, 316, 429, 467,482-83, 488, 529, Anglo-Russian trade 138 602, 632, 649 Anglo-Russian treaty (1742) 46, 56, 80 Barbé-Marbois, François 303nl4, 304, 347, Anglo-Spanish peace treaty (Paris, 1783) 359 540 Barents Sea 138 Anglo-Swedish treaty 53 Bariatinskii, Prince Ivan Sergeevich 147, 162-63, 200,372,448, 540, 614, 617-18, Anhalt-Zerbst 20, 91, 280 Anne, queen of England 134 621-22,647,652 barshchina (labor dues) 521 Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y Bastille, Fall of 653 Jimenez de Urrea, 10th Conde de 283 Bath Chronicle 267 Archangel 137-43,145,501, 527
Index Baudeau, abbé Nicolas 114 Bavaria 79,172-74,176,189, 582 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 351 Bedford, Duke of (John Russell) 221-23, 236-37, 244, 247, 251 Belisarius 438 Bell, Alexander 501 Bemis, Samuel Flagg 206 Berger, Johan Samuel 72 Berlin 23, 64, 76,130, 363-64, 378,409, 497-98, 559, 587 Bemstorff, Count Andreas Peter 144-47, 156-58,209, 321, 482-83,498 Bestuzhev-Riumin, Aleksei Petrovich 21-23, 25, 27-30,110 Bezborodko, Aleksandr Alekseevich 87, 110,232,390-91, 544, 555-58,563, 584-85, 588, 590-93, 605, 607, 613 Bibikov, Pavel Aleksandrovich 590-92, 596-97 Bielke, Johanna Dorothea 228, 230, 249 Billings, Joseph 651 Bingham, William 475-76 Black Prince 324 Black Sea 429, 488, 523, 527 Blackstone, William 213-15 Bland, Theodorick 329, 349,404 Blaze Castle 314 Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai Nikolaevich 8-12 Bonaparte, Napoleon 528 Bordeaux 277, 470, 472-73,475 Boston 2,137,139—40, 226,263, 272, 279, 294, 307-08,343, 352-53, 440,464,483, 511-12, 515, 570-71, 630 Boston Gazette 294, 352 Boston Massacre 223 Boswell, James 633 Bourbon, House of 23, 30, 35, 37, 41, 4647, 60-61, 63-64, 66, 78, 82-83, 87-89, 91, 94-95,106, 133,144,152,154,156, 171-72,179,183,190, 212, 221, 226, 243, 245, 267, 361, 540, 603-04, 612, 620, 637, 640 Bourbon-Habsburg pact 49,55 Boyer 381 Boyleston family 464 Brandenburg, Johann Friedrich (Iogann Fridrikh) 483 701 Breteuil, Baron de (Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnellier) 212, 560 British blockade 475, 484, 488,496,499 British Empire 237,252,270,309, 340,361, 432, 442, 460-61,492,496,507,580 British Isles, Britons 63, 81, 83, 86,115, 122, 253,
265, 268,280, 432 British North America xi-xii, 63, 73, 78, 80, 91,183,198, 210,485 British West Indies 443, 505, 527-28 Buckingham (John Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire) 44—46, 48-49, 78, 92,110,113,128, 239, 479-80,582 Bulgakov, Iakov Ivanovich 174, 596 Bunker (Breed's) Hill, Battle of 66, 183, 263 Burgoyne, General John 76,183, 229, 275-76, 340, 360 Burke, Edmund 236, 261 Burnet, Bishop Gilbert 256 Bush, John 216 Bute, Earl of (John Stuart) 41, 57, 64, 219-23, 226, 230, 233-34, 236-37, 244, 247, 251, 433 Caillard, Antoine Bernard 482-83 Calas family 214 Callbeck, Phillip 274-75 Camden, SC 206, 537 Camden, 1st Earl of (Charles Pratt) 630 Cameron, Charles 215 Canada 69,201, 262, 265. 268, 307, 417, 427, 446,453 Indians 265 Carleton, Sir Guy 262 Carlisle Commission 76, 354 casus foederis 45-48,50, 55-61, 77, 80-81, 88, 91, 242, 616 Cathcart, Charles 55-56, 58, 62, 78, 116, 218, 222-23,230, 235, 237-38, 240-41, 631-32 Catherine II the Great, Russian empress xi-xiv, 1-3, 5-15, 19-21, 23-27, 29-40, 42,44-46, 50-51, 53-59, 61-62, 65-71, 73, 75-83, 85, 87-103,105-12,114, 116,121,124,126,128-31,135-37, 141-43,145^18,150-64,167,169-72, 174-76,178-83, 190,193-200, 202-05, 208-39, 241-54, 257-64, 266-68, 271,
702 Index 273, 276, 280, 285, 288-94, 296, 300-03, 305, 325-26, 328-50, 357-58, 367, 371, 376-85, 389-92, 397-98, 400-01, 408-09, 411-13, 429-30, 432-33, 438, 447-49,454-55, 459, 463-64, 472-73, 477, 480, 482, 486-91,493-94,496, 498-503, 505-08, 516-25,527,530, 533-34, 539, 541-44, 546-53, 555-60, 571-72, 580-81, 583-93, 595-99, 601-17, 619-28, 631-55 Catholic, Catholicism xv, 35, 37, 51-53, 214-15, 258, 265, 279, 295,420, 575 Cattegat 143 Cayley, Arthur 139 Central Europe 21, 24, 36,127,170,174, 429 Charles III, king of Spain 81 Charles XII, king of Sweden 19-20,52 Charleston, SC 206, 360, 537 Charlestown MA 139, 353 Charlottetown 274 Chatham, Earl of. See William Pitt. Cherbourg 324 Chernyshev, Ivan Grigor'evich 135-36, 224, 234, 240, 243 Chernyshev, Zakhar 29 Cherokees 274 Chesapeake Bay 538 Chesmé 217 Choiseul de Praslin, duke 36, 58, 170-71, 178, 429, 632 Christian 136, 208 Christian VII, king of Denmark 40, 46, 515-16 Christian Sparta 439 Christmas xii, 23 Chudleigh, Elizabeth, Duchess of Kingston 499, 570 Cicero 438 Cincinnatus 645 City of Brotherly Love 419 City on the Hill 573 Civil Usage 316 Clinton, George 294 Clinton, Sir Henry 76, 207, 264 Cobenzl, Ludwig von 390, 583-85, 589-90 Coblenz 378 Coercive Acts 245 Cold War 8 Collins, Isaac 288 commercial diplomacy 454-62,494-95, 502-03, 513, 531, 534 committees of correspondence 432 Common Sense 248, 269,460 Commonwealthmen 232 Concerning the Commercial Advantages which Arise for the Russian Empire from the Independence of the United States of North America 467 Concord, Battle of 63, 66,183,193, 225, 259, 261
Concordia 153 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 115 Connecticut 269, 294, 403,406, 415, 422, 567 Connecticut Courant 276 Consolato del mare 132-35,151,311-14, 317, 321, 331-32, 339, 612 Constantine (Konstantin) Pavlovich, Russian grand duke 88,598 Constantinople 88-89,124,170-71,174, 596, 649 Contemporary Memoirs of Russia 256 Continental Congress xiii, 1,11,13,15, 144-47,163-64,186-87,189-90, 201, 203, 207, 259,266,276, 278-81, 283-85, 288, 291-94, 301-17, 319, 323-24, 326-29, 331-43,345-49, 352, 255-60, 362-65, 367-69,371, 373-75, 377, 379, 381-82, 386, 388-89, 391, 393, 395, 397-403, 405-06, 408-11,415, 418, 422, 424-26, 437,442—13, 445-47, 449, 454, 457, 475-76, 495-97,509, 513, 516, 528, 532-33, 537-38, 540, 545, 548, 550-52, 559-69, 573, 580-81, 621, 643 Board of Admiralty 326-29,331-33, 335 Committee for Foreign Affairs 315 Committee on Appeals 323-24 First 531 Marine Committee 311-13, 319, 326, 328 Naval Committee 311 2nd 206,245, 319-21, 353, 374, 421 Board of War 354 Committee at Camp 354 Committee for Foreign Affairs 368, 405-06, 565 Department for Foreign Affairs 406, 418
Index Marine Committee 354 Secretary of War 419 Superintendant of Finance 418, 437 Continental System 529 contraband 148-50,152, 329, 332, 336 Conway, Henry Seymour 44 Conyngham, Gustavus 322 Cook, James 647, 650 Copenhagen 27,143-44, 344, 482, 498, 516 Corberon, Chevalier de (Marie Daniel) 85-86,104,126,142,174,180-82, 184-85,188-89,199, 204, 209, 491, 583 Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, Lord 12, 92, 295, 338, 389, 396, 400,474, 481, 537, 609, 637 Corsica 222, 629-36, 642 Cossacks 23, 53, 59, 258, 262,266, 268, 272, 280, 628 Courier du Bas Rhin 389,392 Cowpens, Battle of 350 Coxe, Rev. William 119,122 Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip von 515 Crimea 523, 548, 582, 597, 634, 639, 651-52 Crimean Khanate xii Crimean Tatars 582 Cumberland, Richard 181, 200 d'Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, duke 170-71 d'Alembert, Jean 114, 532, 627 Dana, Edmund 353, 393, 432, 578 Dana, Francis xiii, 1-2, 4-8,10-13,15, 280, 302, 319, 325, 348, 350-51, 353,355-58, 360, 365, 367-98,405-12, 414-15, 425-37, 440-50, 452-54, 462-64, 467, 477-78, 486,491, 493, 495-97,502-04, 506-13,516-17,525, 527-32, 534, 538-81, 614,617-20, 624-26, 643, 645 "Journal" of 541 Dana, Richard 352-53, 374 Dandin, Georges 229 Danish Sound 483, 489, 529 Dartmouth, 2nd Earl of (Lord William Legge) 262-63, 265, 274 Dashkov, Andrei 530 Dashkova, Ekaterina 647 Dawlin, Patrick 324 703 De Grasse, Comte François Joseph Paul 538 De ľésprit des lois 213 Deane, Silas 282, 284, 314, 316, 318, 351-52, 354, 363-65, 388, 390,403,417, 419,422, 424,436-37,468-69,475, 478, 505, 512, 532,555, 611-12
Declaration of Armed Neutrality 144,162, 164,168, 300, 324, 326, 328-29,337, 339-40, 342, 367,379, 398, 472 Declaration of Independence 9, 230, 279, 353, 383, 401, 407,414,437, 552, 644 Defoe, Daniel 215 d'Eichbegg, Charles Baron 71-72 Delawares (Native Americans) 274 Delmenhorst 40 Democratic-Republicans 575, 578 Denmark 23, 30, 35, 39-40, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56-60, 72, 85-86, 96,104,106,115,127, 129,133,135,143-46, 148, 150, 152, 154,156-59,162, 169-70,179,192,196, 209-10, 227, 230, 242, 269, 271, 321, 333, 341-42, 347, 378, 390,482,488-89, 496, 510,515-16, 526, 531, 586-87, 603, 605, 616, 619, 621, 628 navy 145 Deptford Yard 501 d'Estaing, Count Charles Henri Hector 86,179 detente 8 Deux Ponts 270, 277 Dickenson, John 415 Diderot, Denis 114, 532, 627 Dimsdale, Baroness Elizabeth 119 Dimsdale, Baron Thomas 218 Drayton, William Henry 293-94 Duane, James 352, 356,415 Duchess of Kingston 570 Dumas, Charles William Frédéric 301, 303, 325,375, 378, 391, 393,492 Dunmore, Earl of (John Murray) 274 Dunning, John 265, 279 Durand de Distroff, François-Michel 225 Dutch xi, 41,134,139,148,150,152, 154-55, 187-90, 197, 228, 264, 276-77, 301, 317,324-25, 333, 342, 345, 378, 387, 397,400, 418,440, 466-67,491, 496, 498-99, 506, 513-14, 526, 529,540, 599, 601-04, 608-13, 615, 620
704 Dutch Republic 438,475, 513-14, 602-04, 608, 635, 642 Dutch War of Independence 629 Dutch-American commercial treaty (1782) 514-16 Dutch-Spanish agreement (1609) 203 Dutch West Indies 498 East Indies 57 East Prussia 21-22 Eastern Europe 170, 369, 429 Eastern Siberia 647 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 108,123, 188 Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia 21-23, 25, 33, 46, 56,106,135, 220, 519, 586 Elizabeth, Duchess of Württemberg 587, 597 Ellery, Elizabeth 353 Ellery, William 328, 353, 404, 561 Elliott, Sir Hugh 498 Ellsworth, Oliver 568 Elphinstone, John 217 Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné 114, 532 England, English, Englishmen 48, 59, 62, 83,92,104-05,108,113,115,123,125, 132,137,139,149,153,157,169,171, 175,179,194, 200, 203-04, 211-13, 215-16, 218, 223, 227-28, 231,240,245, 247, 249-51,256, 261, 264-65,269,272, 287, 290, 293-94, 313, 341, 349, 353, 393,420, 423,432-33,440, 448,461, 485,488,499, 501, 577-78, 604, 637-38 commerce 469 culture 213 English Channel 41, 48, 61, 83, 115,140, 144,165, 240, 278, 299, 322, 343, 434, 482, 632 English Club 387 English language 215, 342,383-84, 476, 547,549, 622,626-27 Enlightenment 436, 458 Episcopalian 417,440 Europe, European xii-xiii, xv, 4, 6,12-14, 19, 24, 34,36,41,43-45, 56-57, 59, 64, 69, 71-73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 86, 88-89, 91-92, 94-95,100-01, 103, 108,110, Index 113-14,118,120-21,123-24,129,133, 165, 169-70, 174, 176, 183, 200, 207, 210, 212, 217, 228, 231,233, 256, 261, 269, 277-78, 282-84, 290, 299, 301-03, 315-16, 318, 321, 327-28,341, 343-47, 350-51, 354, 356-58, 361, 363-64,366, 374, 379, 381, 383, 385, 388-89,392,
395, 399, 414, 420, 423,425, 427-28, 434-35, 447,450, 452-53,459-61, 468-69, 480-81,487, 489,491-92, 504, 508, 513,515,519,523,544, 556,563, 565, 568-69,572-73, 581, 594,597, 621, 627, 635, 640, 643, 645, 649 Evening Post and the General Advertiser 294 Falconet, Etienne 380 Falkland Islands 222, 224 Family Compact 582 Federalists 578-79 Ferrol 354, 501 Fielding, Commodore 154 Fielding, Henry 215 Finland, Finn 104, 544 Fifzherbert, Alleyne 639 Fletcher, Giles 123 Flora 324-26, 332-33 Florida 201, 206, 446 Floridabianca, Count José Moñino 182, 187, 203, 205-06, 323 Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich 595-96 Foundling Home (Moscow) 521-23 Fox, Charles James 113, 236, 396, 612-13, 615-16 France, French xii, 4-5, 9, 13,15, 20-23, 26, 28, 34, 36-37, 40-41, 43-47, 50, 52-53,63-64, 66-67, 72-75, 77-79, 84, 86, 88, 91-92, 95, 100, 108, 112, 115-17, 122, 125-27,129, 134-35, 137-38, 142, 147-48,154,156,162-64,168-79,184, 186-87,189, 191-92,194-99, 201, 204, 214, 221-23, 225, 227,237, 244, 246, 269-70,272, 274,276-78,282-83, 290-92, 304-05, 314,321, 323, 326, 328,331, 333-35, 339-40, 342-15, 347, 349-52, 354-55, 360-61, 363-64, 366, 369-71, 373, 384, 386, 389-91, 393, 395-96, 398, 400, 403-07, 410-11, 417, 419-20, 423-27, 429-31, 434, 442, 444-48, 450, 452-54, 457, 466-67,
Index 472-73,474,481-83, 486, 488-91,493, 496, 507,513-14, 523,532,537-38, 540, 543, 545,547,550,558, 560-61, 563, 572-73,575-78,582, 600-03, 605-08, 612-15, 620-21, 624-26, 628-33, 635, 637, 640, 642-43, 651-52, 655 Admiralty 330 army 92, 634, 653 Assembly of Notables 652 culture 213, 420, 434 Foreign Ministry 5,171,178 Ministry of Marine 324, 472 National Assembly 654 navy 86, 92, 206, 426, 538 ports 314-15, 317-18, 322, 326,330 shipping 471, 476, 529 society 441 Franco-American relations 202, 204,206, 358,418, 431, 614 Franco-American treaty (1778) 79,170, 184,305, 320-21, 329, 352, 357, 363, 366,414,431, 444,491, 514, 552, 573, 644 Franco-Austrian alliance 583 Franco-British relations 602 Franco-Dutch relations 602, 604, 615 Franco-Prussian-Panin cabal 110 Franco-Russian relations 28,100-01, 165, 170,173,178, 429, 511 Franco-Spanish fleet 83, 90, 270 Franco-Spanish relations 81,198, 201, 204 Frankfurt am Main 364, 378 Franklin, Benjamin xi, 140, 224, 226, 247, 258, 282, 294, 301-02,316, 318, 323-26, 342, 347-52, 355, 357-58, 363-70, 372-76, 378, 382, 388, 393-94, 398-99, 403-04, 407, 417-18, 422, 436, 439-44, 446, 448, 497, 501, 509-10, 515-17,534, 539, 545, 551, 560, 564, 566, 573, 612, 617-18, 620, 645-47, 651-52, 654 Franz Joseph, Austrian grand duke 587, 597 Frederick II, King of Prussia 20-24, 30, 33, 37-39, 41,44, 46, 51-54,57-58, 64, 72, 77, 79,101-02,109,112,159,172-73, 193,220,222,233-34,238,242,249, 252, 289, 350, 367, 378,497-98,516, 581, 583, 586-87, 616, 625, 642-43, 652 Freemasons 577 705 French language 215, 376, 381,383-84, 476,492, 502,504, 511, 622,
633, 645 French Revolution 8-9,11, 123, 211,420, 575-77, 579, 628, 634-36, 646, 652-54 French West Indies 471-73, 475 Frey, Baron Charles de 283 Fricke, Johann Wilhelm Christian 376, 393 Friedrich Christian, Elector of Saxony 30-31 Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia 583-84 Gage, Thomas 63, 65-66, 226 Gaine, Hugh 269 Gates, Horatio 206, 275, 354, 359,419, 537 General Mifflin 139-40,142,148,150, 322 Genoa 222, 621, 629, 631, 642 George II, King of England 22,479 George III, King of England 12,46-48, 51, 57, 62, 64, 68-69, 74-75, 78, 80, 87-89, 91,101,107,109, 115, 117,141, 164, 168,171,173,180,185-86,191,194-95, 206, 210, 212, 217-21, 223-24, 226-31, 233, 235-37,239-42, 246-53, 260-62, 264-67,269, 271, 273, 276-77, 290-91, 293,309,331, 339, 343, 408,432-34, 445,453-54,465, 476, 544, 550, 552, 558, 600-01, 605, 613, 637-39, 646, 652 Georgia 204, 206, 350, 358, 400, 537 Gerard, Conrad Alexandre 292-94,318, 323-24, 342,352, 364, 366, 394,406, 417, 420,424,445, 559, 573 Germain, Lord George 263 Germany, German 3, 20, 64-65, 73, 79, 91, 98,153,172,227,237,242,263,268, 272-73, 276, 281-82, 284, 286, 592, 642, 644 German colonists 488 German language 215, 381 Gerry, Elbridge 354, 361, 368, 561 Gibbon, Edward 261 Gibraltar 81, 83,152, 182, 201, 222, 268, 278, 601, 632 Gilbert, Felix 460 Glatz 21 Glorious Revolution 233,247,416,432-33, 577 Good Intent 138
706 Görtz, Johann Eustach Graf von 85-86, 105, 156-58, 161, 163, 186, 189, 390, 396, 583, 586-87, 607 Golitsyn, Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich 25-26, 28-29, 233 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitrii Alekseevich 155, 301,372-75,391,393,474-75,492, 599, 603, 606-07, 609-10, 612-14, 618-20, 646 Golitsyn, Prince Dmitrii Mikhailovich 598-99 Golitsyn, Prince Petr Alekseevich 393 Golovtsyn, Egor Andreevich 143 Gordian knot 185-86,191, 384 Gore ot Uma 592 Graf Chernyshev 473 Graf Osterman 473 Grafton, 3rd Duke of (Augustus Henry FitzRoy) 480 Grand Instructions (Boľshoi Nakaz) 517-22, 533, 547 Grantham, Lord Thomas Robinson, 2nd baron 616 Great Britain, Britain, British xi-xiii, 1,3-5,8-9,12-13,15,21-22, 24-26, 30-31, 34-36, 39, 41-50, 52-53, 55-56, 58-63, 65-67, 71-73, 76-81, 83-87, ՛ 89-90,92-95,97,99-100,104-05,107, 109-11,114,116,118-24,127,131, 133-34, 136-39, 141,144-48,152, 154, 157-60, 163-64, 167,169-74, 177-84, 186-90,193,195,197,199-200,202-03, 205-06, 208-09, 211-12,219, 221-22, 224-27, 229, 233, 235,238, 241,248-49, 251, 253-55,259-60,263, 265, 268-69, 271, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284-85, 289-90, 292-94,299-300, 305-06, 310-14, 321, 324-25, 327, 331, 336, 339-41, 343-46, 348, 350,353-55, 358-61, 363, 365-66, 371, 376, 378,382-85, 389, 391,396-97, 400-02,404,408-09,413-16, 420-21, 423-25,429,432, 434-35, 440, 442-43, 445,447-48,451-52,454,456,458-60, 463-66,477,479-81,485-87, 490-93, 496,498, 503-05, 507-09, 511, 513-15, 517, 527-28,530-31, 539-40, 545-47, 549-53,555-60, 562, 564, 572-73, 576-79,581,593, 598-607, 609-10, 612- Index 13, 615-17, 619-22, 624-28, 630-31, 634-38, 640-42,
644-45, 650-51, 654 Admiralty 43, 134-36,141,144, 265, 312-13, 473, army 69, 113, 183-84, 189, 204,206,225, 266, 274-75, 282, 306, 308-09, 312-13, 327, 349-50,422,424, 537-38 Board of Trade 149 commerce 456-57 constitution 214 Foreign Office 143,151,155,178, 195-97,219, 238, 390, 465,466, 478, 481, 611-12 foreign policy 47,129,151, 223, 238,243 manufactures 335, 337 merchants, merchant fleet 138-43,317, 331,468, 470,527, 529, 632 newspapers 257 Northern Department 67, 222, 238, 290 Parliament 64, 74, 165, 206, 224-25, 228, 232, 234, 244-45, 248, 264-66, 269, 284, 293, 306, 311, 418,432, 441, 481, 497, 513 Commons, House of 233,247-50, 279, 396,612 Lords, House of 165, 220,266, 343, 631 people 215, 230 politics 220, 224, 230-32, 234, 236, 240, 247-48, 250-52, 420, 433-34,479 press 237, 268-69, 288 Royal Navy 50, 84, 86,103,113,134-35, 137, 148, 150,165,168,179, 217, 300-01, 303, 306-07, 309,328, 338, 356, 467,471-73, 476-79, 602 sailors 61,138, 217, 649 shipping 315-16, 321, 347,516, 526, 528-30 stock exchange 442 Treasury Office 465 Great Commoner 237-38, 243, 246 Great Northern War xi, Greece, Greek 136,187, 633 Greek Project 88 Greene, Nathanael 537-38 Greig, Samuel 217 Grenville, Lord George 47, 244 Griboedov, Aleksandr Sergeevich 592
Index Grimm, Baron Melchior 141,153,174, 176,194, 252, 627, 638, 646, 649-51 Gross, Friedrich von 234 Gross, Heinrich Gottfried von 48, 224, 234, 240 Güldenstaedt, Johann Anton 468 Guines, Comte de (Adrien-Louis de Bonnières) 73-74 Gulliver's Travels 215,474 Gunning, Sir Robert 57, 62, 66-72, 74, 76, 78-80,90,94, 96,101,171,183,193, 225,235, 260, 262, 264-65, 292 Gustavus III, king of Sweden 55,57,146, 289, 498,509, 514-16 Habsburg, House of 22-23, 30, 35, 37, 51, 58, 60, 79, 172, 228, 587, 598 Habsburg Empire xii, 21,41,54, 64,116, 123,169,172, 291, 350, 382, 390, 448, 510, 584,590, 600 army 173 Hague, The xi, 1,126,155, 207, 239-40, 304, 346-48, 359, 372, 395,401,409, 492, 503,510, 540, 564, 599, 602, 606-15, 617-20 Halifax, 2nd Earl of (George Montagu Dunk) 46-47 Hamburg 465, 517, 621 Hamilton, Alexander 350, 561, 567-68 Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles 32,110, 212 Hancock, John 307, 630 Hanover 22,43,45, 65, 80, 233, 249, 265, 268, 274,276-77, 279-80, 378,459 Harris, Sir James 3~4,12-13, 75-83, 87-90, 93-111,113-16,125-26,128,130-31, 142-43,147-48,150-61,164-65,167, 173,175,178, 180,185-86, 194-200, 211-12,214, 231-32,235-36, 252-54, 287, 292-93, 342-43, 391,463, 467, 470, 494, 498-501, 503, 506, 539-40,542-44, 546, 548, 554-59, 571, 583, 600-01, 604-05, 607, 610-17, 619, 624-26, 638, 640 Harris, Levett 530, 572 Harvard College 352-54, 368, 392, 406, 417,429 Havre de Grâce 501 Hawkins, Benjamin 567 707 Heckscher, August 531 Heinrich (Henry), Prince of Prussia 378 Herberstein, Siegmund von 116-17,123 Hesse, Hessians xii, 254, 268, 276,279-80, 284 Hewes, Joseph 254, 279
Higginson, Stephen 420, 513,566 Histoire de l’empire de Russie sour Pierre le Grand 256, 381 Histoire des deux Indes 188 History of His Own Times 256 Hobart, John, Earl of Buckinghamshire. See Buckingham. Hohenzollern, House of 29 Holland 169, 269,343, 348, 373, 394, 488, 608 Holstein 23, 592 Holstein-Gottorp 40 Hooper, William 279 Howe, Sir William 65, 76, 262-63, 268 Hubertusburg, Peace of 24,44 Humphreys, David 622 Huntington, Samuel 299, 303, 358-60,368 Hussey-Cumberland Talks 200,205 Independence 313 Indians 279, 295, 434 Indies 483, 603 Inn Valley 173 Instruction (Nakaz) 114, 592, 627 Ireland 261,265, 313, 324,432, 440 Catholics 265, 279 Renegadoes 578 troops 274, 282 Irkutsk 647, 651 Isaac 139 Italy 56,122, 641 Ivan VI Antonovich, Emperor of Russia 592 Izard, Ralph 282, 363-64, 404,433, 559-60 Izvestie v Amerike o selenííakh aglítskikh, v tom chisle пупе pod nazvaniam Soedinennykh Provintsil, vybráno perechno iz noveishikh o tom postranno sochinitelei 469 Jacobins 577-78 Jaucourt, Chevalier Louis de 114
708 Jay, John 348, 352, 358-60, 365, 403-04, 410,427, 446, 532, 539, 566, 620-21 Jay Treaty (1794) 528 Jefferson, Thomas 403-04, 578, 621, 649-50 Jenings, Edmund 376 Jesuitism 417 Jew, Jews 74, 520 Jones, John Paul 322, 649-50 Joseph II, Habsburg emperor 54,172-73, 194, 232, 350, 367, 382,448, 516, 550, 582-84,587-90, 597-99, 616, 620, 637 Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow 654 Juigné, Charles-Louis Le Clerc, Marquis de 72-75, 227,490 Kamchatka 647 Kantemir, Prince Antiokh Dmitrievich 479-80 Karl Theodor, Elector of Palatine 172-73 Kartoffelkrieg (Potato War) 173 Karzhavin, Fedor Vasiľevich 474-77, 524 Kaunitz, Prince Anton Wenzel von 202, 559,582, 598-99, 601, 616 Keyserling, Hermann Karl, Count von 27,31 Kherson 489 Khotinskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich 200, 204 Kil'din island 138-39 Kliuchevskii, Vadim Osipovich 50 Kingston, Duchess of. See Chudleigh, Elizabeth. Knowles, Sir Charles 217 Königsberg 378 Kola, cape of 143 Konstantin Pavlovich, Russian grand duke 218 Kozlianov, Timofei 137 Kronshtadt 153,271, 466, 570 Krook, Jacob 592 Krylov, Ivan Andreevich 50 Kuchuk-Kainardjx, Peace of 62,65-66, 171-72,174, 429, 487, 523, 582 Kurakin, Prince Aleksandr Borisovich 587,589-92, 595, 597 Kurakin, Prince Aleksei Borisovich 591 La Coste, Marquis de 384 Index La Concorde 473 La Crise de l'Europe 469 La Fortune 316, 319 La Marie Elizabeth 473 Lafayette, Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de 342, 650-52,654 Land's End 265 Lanskoi, Aleksandr Dmitrievich 218,547 Latin America 635 Latin language 125,381, 476 Laurens, Henry 320, 355, 365, 367, 403-04, 424,
437,532-33,539, 561,565 Laurens, John 350, 367-68 Law Code of 1649 484 Law of Nations 302,319 Le Gentil 476 League of Armed Neutrality 157-63,165, 168-70, 176, 197, 331, 346-47, 357-58, 496, 529, 598, 603, 616, 621 Ledyard, John 650-51 Lee family 282, 345, 350, 360,369, 376, 388, 395, 406-07, 433, 437, 561 Lee, Arthur 226, 282-83, 289, 294,316, 318, 344-45, 349-52, 358, 363-66, 370, 377, 393-94, 403-04, 406,417, 422-24, 439-40, 443, 446, 454, 497,516,532, 534, 559, 561 Lee, Richard Henry 282, 347,437,561 Lee, William 282, 305, 344, 347, 363-64, 370,423, 532, 534, 559, 603 Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich 6-7 Lent 118, 547,557 Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, later Hapsburg emperor 587-88 letters of credit 528 letters of marque 136, 270, 278, 314-15, 317,324, 335 Lewis, Francis 328 Lexington, Battle of 63, 66,183,193, 225, 259, 261,424,480 Ligne, Prince de (Charles-Joseph Lamoral) 639 Lincoln, Benjamin 419 Littlepage, Lewis 649-50 Livingston, Robert R. 280, 286, 329, 362, 365, 398, 405-07, 409-12, 415,418, 422, 443, 448,454,493, 495, 538-41, 548, 551, 559-64,566-67, 569, 573-75
Index Lodygin, Dmitril Mikhailovich 469, 524 London 60, 66, 68, 71-72, 135,139, 146, 151,195-96,200,224-25,235-36, 23839,242,264, 270-71, 273-74, 276-78, 321,351, 389, 401,417,451, 470,474, 481,485,491,497, 499, 526, 533, 554, 593, 598, 604, 610, 630 Long Island 206, 281,340,402, 497 L'Orient 140, 368 Louis XIV, King of France 82, 95,134, 434, 602 Louis XV, King of France 24, 26, 36, 629 Louis XVI, King of France 13, 36,59, 82,95,171,174,188-90, 203-04, 290, 295-96, 328, 330, 344, 363, 365-66, 376, 378,403-04,425, 434,444-45,453, 628, 634, 652 Louise Ulrike, Queen of Sweden 37 Lovell, James 354,365, 368, 388, 404,406, 412,434,561 Low Countries 64, 619 Lower Bavaria 172-73 Loyalists 255,264, 268-71, 273, 275, 278, 284, 286, 295, 300, 414 Lübeck 526, 596 Luzac, Jean 504 Luzerne, Anne-César de la 326-28, 330, 332-35, 358-59,369, 371, 375, 379, 398-400,402-03, 406-10, 421,424, 445, 448-49, 494, 559-60, 562, 573 Lynch, Thomas 281 Mably, Abbé Gabriel Monnot de 115 Macartney, Sir George 19,49-50, 78, 116-17,120,124-26, 214, 220-21,480 Madison, James 331-32, 334,336, 352,400, 411,561-63,565-69,575 Madrid 153,157,163,187,196, 200, 202, 205,359,363-64,370,446, 559, 601 Maine 205 Majorca 198 Manley. John 307-08 Manstein, Christof Hermann von 256 Marblehead 274, 361 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 22, 24, 36, 41, 54-55, 64, 259, 582-84, 598 709 Marie Antoinette, Austrian grand duchess, then queen of France 36, 59, 296 maritime neutrality 137,156 Marmontel, Jean François 438 Marstrand 514—15 Martinique 313-14, 475-77 Maruzzi, Pano, Marquis de 631, 633 Marx, Karl 6 Marxism, Marxist 14
Marxism-Leninism 6 Maryland 485-87,489, 568 Massachusetts 63, 307-08, 310, 316, 323, 337, 351-52, 354, 365, 393,403, 405-06, 415,419-20, 422, 437, 440,443, 504, 534, 567-68, 579 Council 353 House of Representatives 630 Supreme Court 575 Masserano, Prince Vittorio Filippo de 73 Maurepas, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux Comte de 381 McNeil, Daniel 139-42,147,154,158,271, 294, 299, 316, 322, 379, 512-13, 526 Mediterranean Sea 48, 58, 61, 67, 70, 79-80, 88-89,132,135-36,146,152, 198, 222,267, 270, 276, 322,429, 488, 523, 632-34 Memel 378 "Memoir to the Sovereigns of Europe" 492 "Mémoire sur les avantages d'un commerce direct entre l'Empire de Russie et les Etats-Unis de l'Amérique Septentrionale" 507 "Mémoire sur les de l'A.Jmérique] S. [ep tent rionale] analogues à celui de l'Empire de Russie" 482 A Memorial, Most Humbly Addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe, on the Present State ofAffairs, Between the Old and New World 504 mercantilism 531 Merry Wives of Windsor 215 Middle Ages 121,131 Mikhail Feodorovich, Tsar of Russia 484 militia diplomacy 362, 365-66, 369,382, 406,412, 423,463, 537-38, 560 Mingoes 274
710 Index Minorca 71, 83, 89,112,198, 201, 222, 271-72, 287, 598 Miquellon 476 Mirabeau 654 Miralles, Don Juan de 323-24 Miranda, Francisco de 635-36 Mississippi River 201, 423, 427,446, 453 Mitau 257 Model Plan of Treaties 300, 304r-05, 320, 328, 332, 457, 533 Mogilev 583, 637 Mohacok (Mohawk?) River 482 "Mohammedan" 136 Moldavia 54, 89, 556 Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) 229 Montaigne, Michel de 127 Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles Secondat) 115,117,121, 213-14, 247-48,436, 438,519, 533,576, 627, 640 Montréal, Monsieur 387 Morkov, Arkadii Ivanovich 391,588, 594-96, 607-15, 618-21 Morning Post 267, 270-72, 286, 389 Morocco 517 Morris, Robert 335, 337, 365, 393,405, 415, 418-19, 422,437, 456,475, 561 Morris, Thomas 475-76 Moscow 67, 119, 257, 321, 521-22, 583, 596, 645 Moskovskiia vedomosti 321, 644 Munro, James 314 Murmansk 138 Muscovy, Muscovite xii, 20,114,120,123 Musin-Pushkin, Prince Aleksei Semenovich 67,151,224, 234,240-41, 248,341 Nantes 289, 347 Naples 124, 517, 523, 621 Napoleonic era 129 Napoleonic wars 528 Nassau-Siegen, Prince Karl Heinrich von 649-50 naval rights 131 Navigation Acts 49,315,341,455,457, 465,481,490, 505, 563, 627 Negroes 274, 279 Nepliuev, Ivan Ivanovich 29 Netherlands 226 Neva River 267, 378, 387, 500, 625 New England 2, 8, 67, 226,284, 311,34850, 352-54, 365, 378-79, 404-05,415, 417, 419-21, 423, 425, 427,431,434, 440, 445,460, 464, 476, 531,572, 574 New Hampshire 284, 337,415 New Jersey 280, 285, 346,401,406, 415, 442, 568 New-Jersey Gazette 277-78, 286,288, 342^3 New Russia 103 New World 1, 44, 47, 57, 71-73, 80,123, 140, 195, 227, 266,
268, 270, 277-78, 289, 309, 312, 352,416, 459-60, 463, 471-72,474-75, 483,501, 526, 627, 635-36 New Year's Day 408 New York 262,286, 294, 328, 356,415,418, 419, 421, 440,482, 561, 568 New York City 204-06,263,268-69, 271-72, 334, 350, 389, 402,419, 537-38, 630 New-York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury 269, 276 New-York Gazeteer 269 Newcastle, Duke of (Thomas Pehlam Holies) 236 Newfoundland 201, 315, 355,417,427, 446, 453 Newport, RI86, 179, 206 Normandes, Don Pedro 163,182,185 North, Frederick Lord 61, 63-64, 74, 84, 87, 91, 147,149, 151,173, 184, 194, 197, 208֊09, 221-24, 226-27, 229, 231-32, 235-36, 246-48, 250-51, 253, 261-62, 265-66, 274-75, 343, 396,432-33, 538, 601, 612-14, 637, 646 North America 1, 6,12,45, 47, 56,58, 64-69, 71-72, 74, 76-78, 80, 86, 91, 101, 113, 137, 185,187-89,191,193-94, 196, 199, 201, 203, 206, 209, 223,225-27, 251-53, 262-66, 271,284, 306, 310, 312, 314, 327, 331, 334, 360, 396, 399, 426, 430, 464, 466, 470-71, 473, 475, 479, 483-85,488,496,498-99,505, 513, 525, 537-38, 542, 599-600, 612, 627, 637, 647, 650-51, 655 North Cape 138,140,143,145
Index North Carolina 189,206,259, 279,400, 527,537,567-68 North Sea 40,137-38,271, 322 Northern Europe xi, 19-21, 39, 47, 453-54, 463-64,482,493, 508, 513, 531, 573 Northern System xii, 19-21, 29, 32, 34-35, 37-39,41,43, 50-51,54-55, 57, 60, 66, 72, 76-78, 80, 82, 84-85, 90-91, 94,106, 110,172-73,179, 210, 237-38, 242, 580-83,586-87, 625 Norway 138-39, 483 Nova Scotia 201, 446, 453, 468 Novikov, Mikhail 391 Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich 8, 644 Nugent, Lord Robert Nugent, 1st earl 481 Nystad, Peace of (1721) 128 Oakes, Richard 71, 74-76, 94, 228, 466 obrok (quitrent) 521 Ochakov 649 Of the Russe Commonwealth 123 Old Believers 474, 519, 524 Old World 1, 3, 71,140, 370, 385, 395,461, 475, 573 Oldenburg 40 Olearius, Adam 117 Olsuf'ev, Adam Vasil'evich 110 "On the Morals of Chess" 646 Onega 138 Oneida Indians 290 Orange, House of 614 Orlov, Count Aleksei Grigor'evich 70, 82, 136,187, 231-32, 236 Orlov, Count Grigorii Grigor'evich 29-30, 103,110,126 Orthodoxy, Orthodox 20, 51,116,117-18, 257 Osgood, Samuel 410 Osten-Sacken, Karl Ivanovich fon der 143 Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich 34 Osterman, Ivan Andreevich, vicechancellor 10, 70, 83, 227, 390-91, 530, 540-43, 545-54, 557-59, 563,569-70, 572,585,588, 592-93, 595, 605, 607, 610, 612, 619, 634 Oswald, Richard 539 Ottoman (Sublime) Porte. See also Turkey, xii, 12,19, 21, 24. 36-37,41,43,45-47, 51, 53,55-58, 60, 62, 70, 80, 89,110, 711 120,170,174,177-78,187,429, 523, 581, 588, 621 Paine, Thomas 248, 269, 423,435, 460-61, 478, 504 Palfrey, William 355, 367-68 Panin, Count Nikita Ivanovich xii, 13-14, 19-21, 27-32, 34-39, 41-56, 58-61, 66,
68-70, 72, 76-83, 85-87, 90-91, 94, 96-103,105-107,111-113,130,135, 142-46,149-65,170,172,174-200, 202-207, 209-10, 222, 225-30, 232, 235, 237, 241, 243, 254, 344,374-75, 379, 391, 398,429-30,470, 480,491, 500, 524, 543, 545, 554-55, 580-600, 604-06, 617, 620, 625, 631-33, 635-37, 640, 647 Panin, Count Petr Ivanovich 27,174-75, 596 Paoli 630 Paoli, Pasquale 222, 629-34, 642 Paris 124,186, 196, 223, 282, 284, 291, 318, 349-50, 359, 364, 388, 390, 430, 472, 474-75,477,491, 515, 517,539-40, 554, 560, 569, 616-18, 620-21 Paris, Treaty of (1763) 84,113, 222, 236 Paris, Treaty of (1783) 168, 509,514,517, 525, 539, 546-47, 549-52, 554, 556-57, 564, 571 Parkinson, John 122 Patriots, American 13,15, 254, 260-61, 263, 269, 273-75, 278, 280-81, 285-87, 291-96, 299-300, 313,318, 328, 331, 334, 339-40, 342,344, 349-50, 362, 365-67, 414-15, 424,427,433,441,444, 449-51, 492,560, 629-30, 635, 650-51 Paul (Pavel Petrovich) I, Russian grand duke, then emperor 28,40, 89, 218, 259, 583, 586-92, 595-97, 618, 636 Penn, John 437 Pennsylvania 415,422, 630 Pennsylvania Packet 260, 276-77, 287 Persia 12, 45,135 Peter I Alekseevich the Great, Emperor of Russia xi, xv, 19-22, 25, 27-29, 32,34, 43, 53,114-16,123,127-28,141, 256, 378, 380, 485, 501, 520 Peter III Fedorovich, Emperor of Russia 23, 25-26, 28-29, 33, 35, 40,59,106, 233, 238-39, 586
712 Index Peter and Paul Fortress 591 Petersburg. See St. Petersburg. Peyron, Claes Bartholomeus von 387, 555 Philadelphia 147, 259, 311, 323, 326,403, 419, 437,440, 445, 465,475-76, 514, 517, 530, 562, 564, 630 Phillip II, King of Spain 629 Philosophes 115, 176, 215, 627 Pitt, William 25, 59, 63, 87, 219-21, 226, 235-53, 267, 420, 451, 630, 637, 639 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 19-21, 24-25,27, 29-31,34-39,41,44-48, 50-55, 58, 69, 110, 135, 170-71, 178, 258, 378, 429, 484, 519, 628, 641-42, 650-51 liberum veto 51 partition of 54, 73,171 Sejm 51 Poltava, Battle of 19-20,128 Poniatowski, Stanislaw, king of Poland 38,50 Poor Richard's Almanac 645-46 pope, papacy 169,434 populationism 520 Port Mahon 268 Portsmouth 271, 302 Portugal, Portuguese 56, 63, 156, 162, 284, 322, 342, 347, 517, 523, 621 Potemkin, Grigorii Aleksandrovich 14, 82, 87-90, 103-09, 111-12, 154,158-61, 164,193,197-99, 231-32, 249, 500,548, 556-57, 583, 586, 588-92,594, 598, 605-07, 616, 625, 635, 638, 643, 649-50, 653 Potsdam 38, 102,233, 282,430 Pownall, John 262 Pownall, Thomas 492, 504 Presbyterian 417 Prester John, dominions of 125 Prince Edward Island 274 privateer, privateering 137-39,141-42, 145M6,153, 311-12, 314-15, 317, 321-22, 324, 327, 331-32, 335, 339, 379, 472, 501 Prohibitory Act 311 Protestant 3, 51,117 Provincial Reform Law of 1775 522 Prussia 21-23, 25, 29-30,33-35, 37-38, 41, 43,50, 54-56, 59, 64, 72, 79-80, 85, 91,101,105-06,109,112,135,146, 156, 162,169-70, 172-73,176-77,192, 233-34, 237, 269, 272, 282-83, 291-92, 344-45, 347, 349-50, 363, 366-67, 373, 378, 390,496, 498, 510, 526, 543,
581-86, 589-90, 597, 607, 616, 620-21, 624-25, 652 Prussian-American trade 516 Public Ledger 417 Pugachev, Emelian 59, 69, 258,289, 590, 627-28, 654 Puritan 2, 8, 257,374,416,434,437, 440 Quebec 262 Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich 474n53, 526 Raimbert, Joseph 387, 486, 488, 501, 511, 555 Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich 8, 654 Randolph, Edmund 334, 561 Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas François 115,188 "Reflexions" 507, 511 Regensburg 60 Reichstag, imperial 60 Repnin, Nikolai Vasil'evich 31,189, 589-90, 595-96 "République Romaine" 532 Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarti 123 Reval (Tallin) 271 Revenge 322 Rhode Island 198,272-73, 314,328,348, 393,415, 567 Richards, John 138 Richardson, Samuel 215 Richardson, William 116 Richmond, 3rd Duke of (Charles Lennox) 266, 631 Riga 137, 378, 387-88, 465, 467-69, 483-84, 495, 511-12,590, 602 Domschule 467 Rivington, James 269-72, 277, 286-87, 300, 389 Robertson, William 215 Robinson Crusoe 215 Rochambeau, Comte de (Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur) 538
Index Rochford, 4th Earl of (William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein) 56-57 Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of (Lord Charles Watson-Wentworth) 236, 245-46, 612, 616 Rodney, George 217 Rogerson, John 111, 218, 638 Roman Republic 435, 532, 643 Rome 533, 621, 642 Rosencrone, Count Marcus Gerhard 516 Rostock 527 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 114-16 Royal Gazette 272-73, 277, 286-87, 389 Rumiantsev, Field Marshal Petr Aleksandrovich 592-93 Rumiantsev, Nikolai Petrovich 593 Rumiantsev, Sergei Petrovich 593 Russell, John Miller 530 Russia, Russian Empire xi-xv, 1-2, 4-5, 8-9,14-15,19-23, 27, 33-34, 36-37, 39-40, 42-44, 46-51, 53, 55-65, 71-72, 75-76, 78, 81, 84-95,109, 111, 114-16, 121-28,130-31,135,137,140-42,144, 162-63,165,169, 173-74,177,198, 202, 205, 208, 210-12, 220, 222, 224, 226, 230-31, 234, 240, 242, 245, 248, 250, 254-61, 264-65, 269, 271, 273, 282, 285-87, 290-96, 304-05,316, 328-30, 333, 340-41, 343-47, 349-50, 355-56, 358-60, 367-68, 372, 377-78,380-82, 387-90, 392-94, 396, 398, 400-01, 406, 410,413, 425-26,429-30, 445-46, 448-50,454,463-68,470, 474,477-78, 480,482-92,494-98,501-12, 515, 517-21, 523-24, 528, 530-31, 533-34, 538MŰ, 543-49, 551-57, 560,562-65, 567-73, 580-81, 583, 585-86,591, 593, 597-99, 601, 603, 605-07, 610-12, 614-21, 624-28, 631, 633-36, 640, 644-46, 648-54 Academy of Sciences 259, 647 Admiralty 145,153, 500 army 23-24, 36, 43, 50, 61, 64-66, 68-69, 72, 74, 76-77, 80, 98,119-20,123,171, 254, 260-68, 270, 272-84, 286-92, 343, 476, 495, 602 Asiaticness 3 autocracy 11,116, 251 Baltic fleet 61, 649 713 Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty 541-42 Chancellor of Foreign
Affairs 21-23, 25, 30-31 Collegium of Foreign Affairs 25, 31-32, 45, 77, 82, 98,101, 106, 111, 136,149, 178,209, 227,230, 470-72, 543, 545, 563, 584-85, 587-89, 592-93, 595-96, 607, 647 Commerce Collegium 110,470-72, 483, 488,499-500, 563, 593 Commerce Commission 469 culture 115,117-26 fishing fleet 139 foreign policy 4, 7,12, 23, 26, 32-34,47, 50, 60, 83, 85, 97,100,102,108,112, 128-29,131,147,149,155,169-71, 174, 178-81, 192,195-96,211-12,233, 254,300, 624-25, 628 foreign trade 141-42,144,148,152-53, 168, 470, 472, 478, 481,484 language xiv, 259, 380, 438, 467, 469, 474,476, 622, 645 Legislative Commission 114, 214, 258, 517, 519, 547, 592, 627 merchants, merchant fleet 149,166, 278, 469,471,474,477, 524, 530, 534 navy 70, 74-75, 80, 89, 136, 145, 155, 164-65, 217,260,270-73, 277, 287, 295-96, 301-302, 342, 500, 615, 633 peasants 257 Polish territories 583 politics 99,120,126, 388 Post Office Department 593 sailors 67, 216-17 Senate 591, 593 Secret Expedition 592 Shipping 150, 270,472-73, 499-500, 525, 527, 529-30 State Council 85,158, 225,557-58 students 216 Russia Company 481 Russian-American diplomatic encounter 549, 570 Russian-American Company 651 Russian-American trade relations xiv, 1, 7,9-13,477,495, 503, 506-507, 511, 523-30, 545,555, 569,572,581, 625 Russian-Austrian mediation 399 Russian-Austrian relations 592, 594
714 Russian-British relations 594 Russian-Danish relations 142, 489-90 Russian-Prussian relations 23, 30, 52, 54, 59, 210,345, 581, 584, 592-93 Russian-Turkish relations 180-81, 291 Russian Orthodoxy 20,116 Russo-Danish treaties 40,170 Russo-Swedish treaties 170 Russo-Swedish war 653-54 Russo-Turkish war 77,172, 291, 556 Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 36, 41, 53-56, 58, 61-62, 64, 66-67, 71,135, 137,147,170,177,187, 242, 260, 264, 276, 632 Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92 649, 654 St. James, Court of 26,48, 55, 67, 72, 198, 234, 239, 243, 341, 390,479, 516, 550, 612, 627, 632, 654 St. James Chronicle 235 St. John's (Prince Edward Island) 274 St. Petersburg 1,3-5,11,13,22,44, 60, 70-72, 74-77, 80, 93,100-01,104-07, 110-13, 115, 119-20,122, 124-26, 136, 138-39,144,147-48,155,159,164, 168,171,181, 187, 189, 192, 200, 202, 207, 216,218, 229, 232-33, 239, 243, 254, 257, 259-60, 271, 296, 304, 333, 341-42, 344-49, 351, 356-60, 369-70, 372-81, 385-87, 389-90, 392-93, 398, 401, 405-406, 409,412, 425,428-30, 434, 440, 445, 447-49, 454, 465-67, 469,474-75,482,490,493-98, 502, 512, 521-22, 526-27,529-30, 537-40, 544-45, 551, 561, 564,566, 570, 573, 580,582-84, 588-91,593, 598, 602-603, 606, 614, 617-19, 624-25, 635, 645, 647, 649-51, 653 St. Petersburg, NY 482 St. Petersburg Foundling Home 522-23 Saint-Priest, Comte de 174 Sally 138 Saltykov, Fedor S. 485 Sandwich, 4th Earl of (John Montagu) 47-48, 89,165, 222, 238-40, 265,479 Sankt-peterburgskiia vedomosti 207,380, 570, 644, 647, 654 Index Saratoga xi, 76-77, 92, 170, 180,183,206, 228-29, 246, 263, 267,272,275, 359, 363,419, 537 Saratov
488, 592 Sardinia 104, 620-21 Savannah 86, 206, 537, 653 Saxony 21, 24, 29-30, 36, 38-39, 41,50, 173, 621 Sayre, Stephen 372, 375,496-503,505,524, 554-55 Schleswig 23,40 Schmidt (Sayre) 498 Schönbrunn 23 Schulenburg, Count Gebhard Werner von der 283, 516 Schumacher, Peter Christian 86, 96-97, 105, 152, 154,156-59, 163, 209,482 Schuyler, Philip 290, 419 Sclavonians 71 Scotland, Scot 111, 116, 215-18, 221, 230, 237, 265, 274, 276, 313, 433-34, 436, 440 Scots Magazine 267, 277 Scott, John Morin 411 Şeddeler, Emanuel Johann Nepomuk von, 72 Segur, Louis Philippe, Comte de 639, 649, 651-54 Seven Years' War 21, 37,41, 57, 59, 63-64, 84, 86, 89, 91,101, 113,119-20,135, 170, 179, 198-99, 208, 211,217,222, 229-30,235, 237, 247, 360 Shairp, Walter 139 Shakespeare, William 215, 258,431 Sheffield, Lord John 527-28 Shelburne, Lord William Petty, 2nd earl of 165, 242, 343, 612, 630 Shewanese 274 Shirley, Henry 55,113 Shmit, Adam (Francis Dana) 570 Shuvalov family 110 Shuvalov, Ivan Ivanovich 220 Shuvalov, Petr Ivanovich 486 Siberia 23, 121, 650-51 Silesia 21, 24, 172,233, 582 Simolin, Ivan Matveevich 151,164—65, 197, 234, 391, 481, 601, 609-10, 612-13, 649-50, 653-54 Sirven family 214 Six Nations 290
Index Slavs, Slavic 3, 260 slavery 422 Smith (Sayre) 498-99, 501 Smith, Adam 459,496, 503-04, 508,531 Smith, William 271-73, 275, 287 Smollett, Tobias 215 Snell, Karl Philipp Michael 467-69,477, 484, 524 Social Contract 114 Society of the Cincinnati 419, 653, 655 Solms, Viktor Friedrich, Graf zu 38, 72 Sons of Liberty 353, 630-32 South Carolina 189, 204, 206, 281,344, 350, 358, 365, 400, 415, 464, 537,567-68 Southern Europe 482, 488 Southern System 36,58-59 Soviet Union, Soviet 7-8 Soviet-Marxist 8,11 Spain, Spanish xii, 36,41, 50, 55-56, 64, 69, 72-73, 75, 81, 86, 88, 91, 97,112, 132,137,148, 151-54,156-57, 159-61, 163-64,168-69,177,181-82,187-88, 195,197, 200-01, 205, 214, 222, 224, 226, 264, 269, 277, 282-83, 287, 292, 316-18, 322-23, 340,343-45,348-49, 352, 354, 363-66, 373, 384, 386, 398, 410,417,427,445-46,483, 501, 514, 517, 540, 550,558-59, 601, 603, 621, 629, 635-37 foreign policy 82,151-52, navy 154,156, 159,165 Spanish America 73, 627 Spectator 215 Spirit of the Laws 519, 533, 627 Spy, The 273 Stamp Act 224, 244-45,460, 630 Stanley, Hans 242-43 State Library, Moscow 191 Staten Island 402 Stedingk, Count Curt von 653 Steele, Richard 215 Sterne, Laurence 215, 654 Stockholm 28, 52, 55,144,171, 344,498, 651 Stormont, David Murray, 2nd earl of Mansfield, Lord 88-90, 106,109,131, 164-65,185,192,197-99, 205, 278, 315-16, 554, 598, 600-06, 609, 611-13 Strahlborn and Wolff 387, 543 715 Stuart, House of 233, 247, 249, 252 Suffolk, 12th Earl of Suffolk (Lord Henry Howard) 57, 67-69, 71, 73, 76-81, 91, 98,178,185,192, 262, 602 Surinam 499 Sutherland, Richard 217 So. Nikolai
153 Sweden, Swedish xi, 19-21, 24-5, 28, 30, 34, 36-37, 39-40,46-47, 50, 52, 55-58, 69, 84,110, 115, 133, 135,138, 144,146, 148,150,152,154,156,162,169-71, 178,196, 216, 242, 289, 322, 333, 341-42, 347-48, 378, 387-88, 390, 470, 478,484-85,492,496,509-10,515-16, 526,538, 603, 605, 628, 641-42, 653 Caps 28, 37,40,45, 53 Constitution of 1720 40, 53 Hats 28, 38 Riksdag 38,53 Swedish-American commercial treaty (1783) 515-16 Swift, Jonathan 215, 474 Switzerland, Swiss 268, 641-42 Tartar 137,139 Tatars 45, 56,123 Tate, George 650 Tatishchev, Mikhail 533,547, 549 Taube, Wilhelm Friedrich von 469 Teplov, Grigorii Nikolaevich 486 Teschen, Peace of 173-74,195, 344,381, 595 Thaxter, John 302, 412,503, 511-12,532, 573 Timon ofAthens 215 tobacco 468,478, 484-90, 492, 505, 627 Tocqueville, Alexis de 575-76 Tooke, Rev. William 115 Tory 247-48, 265, 268-70,274-75, 278, 295, 300,419, 421,424-25, 436,442 Tower of London 355,497, 539, 601 Townshend Acts 224,245 translatio imperii 435 Trowbridge, Edmund 353, 356, 393-94 Trowbridge, Lydia 353 tsar, tsarism 7, 255 Tsarskoe Selo 215-16 Turkey, Turks xii, 22, 25,35,38-39, 45-48, 50, 53, 55-59, 61, 76-81, 84, 88-89, 91,
716 Index 103,120, 135-36, 169,174-75,183, 223, 242,258, 291,487,489, 582, 585,597, 616, 628, 631-33, 649 navy 217 sultan 53 Tuscany 177, 344, 363, 373, 517, 559, 588, 621 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 36,162 Ukraine, Ukrainian 485-86, 592-93 "United American Provinces" 469 United Provinces of the Netherlands xi, 21, 34-35, 39, 44, 132-33, 156, 187, 197, 205, 219, 301, 325, 333, 341, 344-45, 347-48,363, 365, 367, 393, 397,411, 445,475,492, 504, 512, 514, 529, 533, 598, 601-04, 606, 608-09, 613-16, 636, 642, 644 Estates General 162, 190,242, 301, 363, 396-97, 540, 603, 606, 608, 611-15 Patriot Party 608, 611, 614 United States of America, Americans xi֊xiv, 1, 9,12, 163,184,186-87,192, 200-01, 204-06, 259,269-70, 280, 282, 284,292,299, 305,308, 311, 318, 320, 323,325, 330, 332-39, 341, 343, 345-46, 350-52, 354, 357, 361, 364, 366, 370, 373,377,380, 382-85, 388, 394, 396-99, 401,403, 410, 412,420, 423, 426-28, 430,434-35, 443, 445-46, 449, 454, 456-58,461, 463, 468, 477-78, 481-82, 490-93,495,497-98, 502-06,508-09, 512-16,523-24, 526-31, 537-39, 542, 544-45, 549-52, 555-57, 563, 565-66, 572-73, 576-78, 581,599-600, 606, 608-09, 615, 617, 619-21, 623-24, 628, 635-37, 640, 642-43, 649, 651, 653 army xiv, 283 Articles of Confederation 330 Board of Admiralty 303 Congress 330 Court of Appeals 327, 334 European commissioners 282,288,291, 316,318-19, 445, 539,560 navy 338 Upper Franconia 173 Ural Mountains 43,102 uti posidetis 187,199, 203, 205, 402 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713) 134-35,145,304, 322, 329 Valley Forge 354 van Brienen 499, 501 van Swart, Johan Isaac 606 Vandalia Company 436
Vauguyon, Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, Duc de La 395, 397, 540, 611, 614, 618 Venice 621, 631, 641-42 Vérac, Charles Olivier de Saint-George, Marquis de 4-5, 185,189-92, 199-200, 202, 204, 372, 374-75, 377, 379, 379-86, 390, 393-98, 409^11, 425-26, 428-31, 446-50, 452-54, 463, 493, 539-41, 546-47, 551, 560,562-63,573-74, 581, 583, 600, 607, 610, 625, 634 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de 4-5, 53, 55, 73-75, 81, 92,100-02, 145, 147, 150,162-64,171-74, 178, 180-82,184-86, 190, 199-205, 208,246, 271, 282, 289, 291, 301, 303,315, 318, 321-22, 324-26, 328, 332-34,336, 347, 352, 358, 363,366-67,369-75,378-83, 387, 395, 398-400, 402-05,408-10, 412, 417-18, 424-31, 442-43, 445-49, 452-54, 463, 472-74, 486,490-91, 493, 497, 528, 537, 546, 551, 560,563, 569, 573, 600, 610, 614, 617, 625, 632, 640 Versailles 11, 23, 73, 100, 102,146-47, 162, 196, 283, 316, 334, 363, 367, 369, 372, 388, 394, 399,405, 408, 417,428, 430, 441, 448, 454, 516, 546, 604, 608, 614, 649-50, 653 Versailles, Treaty of 22 Viazemskii, Aleksandr Alekseevich 591 Vienna 38, 198, 282, 304, 363-64, 370, 373, 401, 448, 559, 582-84,587,595,598-99, 601 Virginia 206, 268, 274, 282, 349, 352, 365, 400, 406, 415, 417, 423, 440, 476-77, 485-87, 537,561, 568 Virginia Gazette 275 Vizir (Visir), Grand 120 Volga River 488 Voltaire (François Arouet) 114-15,124, 213-14,216, 224, 256, 381, 627, 632 Vorontsov family 594, 607
Index Vorontsov, Count Aleksandr Romanovich 110, 234, 238-41,488, 499, 563,588, 593 Vorontsov, Count Mikhail Illarionovich 23, 25-28, 30-31,44,110 Vorontsov, Count Roman Illarionovich 25 Vorontsov, Count Semen Romanovich 25, 588, 593 Vorontsova, Countess Elizaveta Mikhailovna 25, 239 Vsiakaia vsiachina 215 717 American 249, 352, 416, 421, 432-33, 438-39, 451,459-60, 531-34, 579 Whitehall 45, 47-48, 56, 61, 63, 82, 89,103, 120,151,179,188,197, 268, 549 Wilkes, John 219, 246, 497 William III, king of England 630 William V of Orange, Dutch stadtholder 608, 612 William, Jonathan, Jr. 347, 349 Williamsburg 476-77 Willing and Morris 475 Winthrop, John 435 Wittelsbach, House of 172 Wittfooth, Arvid 470-72,474-77, 483,488, 524 Wolff, M. 387 Wood, Gordon 450-51 Worcester 273 Württemberg 268, 483, 587,597; Wertembergers (sic) 284; Wirtembergers (sic) 276 Wyandots 274 Wales 219, 313 Walker, James 215 Wallachia 54, 89, 556 Walpole, Horace 479 War for American Independence 2, 5, 7-9, 11-15, 20, 60, 71, 75, 78, 81, 85, 90, 93, 108,129, 137,150,162,168,171,177, 198-99, 210, 212, 217. 227, 234-35, 246, 249, 252, 255, 284,301, 305, 360, 371, 414-15, 425, 432, 451, 469, 471, 474-75, 484, 487,497, 524, 576, 579, 581-82, 600, 602, 609, 624, 626, 628-29, 635, 650, 653-55 War of Austrian Succession 34,110, 265 War of Bavarian Succession. See also Kartoffelkrieg. 170,173,178,198, 208, 291, 381, 586, 600 War of 1812 529 Warsaw 52 Washington, George 92,207, 280, 285, 293, 307-10, 314, 350, 354, 391, 419, 422, 538, 618, 622, 645, 652-53 Wasmus, Julius Friedrich 273 Wasp 512-13 Wealth of Nations 459,
496 Wentworth, John 284-85,498, 609 Wentworth, Paul 498, 609-12, 614 West Indies 139, 278, 314-15, 426, 446, 466,468, 492, 498, 505-06, 511, 528-29, 563 Western Europe 21, 31,116,121,127, 291, 341, 369, 392, 429, 516, 518, 528, 608 Westminster, Convention of 22 Weymouth, Lord 98, 222, 341, 602 Wickes, Lambert 283, 322 Whigs 220, 236, 245-46, 275,418, 420, 432-33, 439, 459, 612, 654 Yankee 322 Yorktown 12, 92, 113, 232, 272, 295, 396, 417, 513, 538, 601, 609-10, 637 Young, John 313-14 Zavadovskii, Petr Vasil'evich 593 Zimmermann, Johann Georg 624 Zinov'ev, S. S. 205 Zweibrücken 172, 277 Zwetschgenrummel. See Kartoffelkrieg. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Ч |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Griffiths, David Mark 1938- |
| author2 | Munro, George E. |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | g e m ge gem |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1029425450 (DE-588)139198571 |
| author_facet | Griffiths, David Mark 1938- Munro, George E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Griffiths, David Mark 1938- |
| author_variant | d m g dm dmg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047285708 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK173 |
| callnumber-raw | DK173 |
| callnumber-search | DK173 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3173 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | KH 5040 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1247366777 (DE-599)KXP170200838X |
| dewey-full | 327.4704109/033 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 327 - International relations |
| dewey-raw | 327.4704109/033 |
| dewey-search | 327.4704109/033 |
| dewey-sort | 3327.4704109 233 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie Slavistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Slavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1762-1783 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1762-1783 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05863nam a22007331c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047285708</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20211029 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">210517s2020 xxu |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780893574994</subfield><subfield code="c">paperback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-89357-499-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1247366777</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)KXP170200838X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DK173</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">327.4704109/033</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AAC</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-7</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">KH 5040</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)76579:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Griffiths, David Mark</subfield><subfield code="d">1938-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1029425450</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">No collusion!</subfield><subfield code="b">Catherine the Great and American Independence</subfield><subfield code="c">David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Catherine the Great and American independence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Bloomington, Indiana</subfield><subfield code="b">Slavica</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xv, 717 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System -- Britain Solicits Russian Assistance -- Sir James Harris at Catherine II's Court -- Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 -- Russia Atempts to Mediate the War -- The Russian View of British Politics -- The American View of Catherine II's Russia -- The United States and the Armed Neutrality -- Congress Solicits Russian Assistance -- A New Englander at Empress Catherine's Court -- Francis Dana and the French Alliance -- Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade -- Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St Petersburg -- The Last of the Militia Diplomats -- Russia Abandons the Northern System -- Catherine II and the American War for Independence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Using the rise of Russia and the foreign policy of Catherine the Great's first twenty years on the throne (from 1762) as his fulcrum, "No Collusion!" discusses in detail the diplomatic ramifications of Great Britain's rift with the thirteen American colonies. The context is pan-European, with Russia constantly in the foreground. The discussion of Nikita Panin's Northern System and its inadequacies, growing more evident with time, leads into coverage of the international crises for trade and diplomacy connected with America's War for Independence. Catherine enunciated a theory of Armed Neutrality and sought support for it from neutral countries. The book examines the worldviews of the various major players, to understand how their vision of things shaped their policies. We also see analysis of the global commercial world of the time and the efforts to grapple with forming international law dealing with privateering and the rights of neutral countries. Eventually the Americans enter the picture as they become convinced that Catherine will not necessarily support Britain against their rebellion but might even be enticed into recognizing the new American country, as France had in 1778 and the United Provinces in 1780. It is in the latter part of the book that the author lays out a fundamental issue of American foreign policy that continues even today to rear its head-the conflict between idealism and practicality. There were those who disliked France, again presaging a long future. The concept of "militia diplomacy" (the idea that America could do diplomacy differently from other nations and show them a better way) is thoroughly discussed. In the end, the American effort, through the person of the Massachusetts lawyer and friend of John Adams, Francis Dana, came to naught"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Katharina</subfield><subfield code="b">II.</subfield><subfield code="c">Russland, Zarin</subfield><subfield code="d">1729-1796</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118560565</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1762-1783</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131739-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Catherine / II / Empress of Russia / 1729-1796</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Great Britain / Foreign relations / Russia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia / Foreign relations / United States</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">United States / Foreign relations / Russia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia / History / Catherine II, 1762-1796</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia / Foreign relations / Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">United States / History / Revolution, 1775-1783 / Foreign public opinion, Russian</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Katharina</subfield><subfield code="b">II.</subfield><subfield code="c">Russland, Zarin</subfield><subfield code="d">1729-1796</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118560565</subfield><subfield code="D">p</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131739-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1762-1783</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Munro, George E.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)139198571</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20211029</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032689171</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09033</subfield><subfield code="g">471</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09033</subfield><subfield code="g">4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09033</subfield><subfield code="g">73</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa USA Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047285708 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:18:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:07:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780893574994 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032689171 |
| oclc_num | 1247366777 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 717 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211029 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Slavica |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Griffiths, David Mark 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)1029425450 aut No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro Catherine the Great and American independence Bloomington, Indiana Slavica 2020 xv, 717 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Catherine II, Nikita Panin, and the Northern System -- Britain Solicits Russian Assistance -- Sir James Harris at Catherine II's Court -- Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780 -- Russia Atempts to Mediate the War -- The Russian View of British Politics -- The American View of Catherine II's Russia -- The United States and the Armed Neutrality -- Congress Solicits Russian Assistance -- A New Englander at Empress Catherine's Court -- Francis Dana and the French Alliance -- Debating the Impact of American Independence on North European Trade -- Practicing American Commercial Diplomacy at St Petersburg -- The Last of the Militia Diplomats -- Russia Abandons the Northern System -- Catherine II and the American War for Independence "Using the rise of Russia and the foreign policy of Catherine the Great's first twenty years on the throne (from 1762) as his fulcrum, "No Collusion!" discusses in detail the diplomatic ramifications of Great Britain's rift with the thirteen American colonies. The context is pan-European, with Russia constantly in the foreground. The discussion of Nikita Panin's Northern System and its inadequacies, growing more evident with time, leads into coverage of the international crises for trade and diplomacy connected with America's War for Independence. Catherine enunciated a theory of Armed Neutrality and sought support for it from neutral countries. The book examines the worldviews of the various major players, to understand how their vision of things shaped their policies. We also see analysis of the global commercial world of the time and the efforts to grapple with forming international law dealing with privateering and the rights of neutral countries. Eventually the Americans enter the picture as they become convinced that Catherine will not necessarily support Britain against their rebellion but might even be enticed into recognizing the new American country, as France had in 1778 and the United Provinces in 1780. It is in the latter part of the book that the author lays out a fundamental issue of American foreign policy that continues even today to rear its head-the conflict between idealism and practicality. There were those who disliked France, again presaging a long future. The concept of "militia diplomacy" (the idea that America could do diplomacy differently from other nations and show them a better way) is thoroughly discussed. In the end, the American effort, through the person of the Massachusetts lawyer and friend of John Adams, Francis Dana, came to naught"-- Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1762-1783 gnd rswk-swf Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg (DE-588)4131739-7 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Catherine / II / Empress of Russia / 1729-1796 Great Britain / Foreign relations / Russia Russia / Foreign relations / United States United States / Foreign relations / Russia Russia / History / Catherine II, 1762-1796 Russia / Foreign relations / Great Britain United States / History / Revolution, 1775-1783 / Foreign public opinion, Russian Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 p Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg (DE-588)4131739-7 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1762-1783 z DE-604 Munro, George E. (DE-588)139198571 edt Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Griffiths, David Mark 1938- No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg (DE-588)4131739-7 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118560565 (DE-588)4131739-7 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence |
| title_alt | Catherine the Great and American independence |
| title_auth | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence |
| title_exact_search | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence |
| title_exact_search_txtP | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence |
| title_full | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro |
| title_fullStr | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro |
| title_full_unstemmed | No collusion! Catherine the Great and American Independence David M. Griffiths ; edited by George E. Munro |
| title_short | No collusion! |
| title_sort | no collusion catherine the great and american independence |
| title_sub | Catherine the Great and American Independence |
| topic | Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 (DE-588)118560565 gnd Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg (DE-588)4131739-7 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Katharina II. Russland, Zarin 1729-1796 Nordamerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg Internationale Politik Europa USA Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032689171&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT griffithsdavidmark nocollusioncatherinethegreatandamericanindependence AT munrogeorgee nocollusioncatherinethegreatandamericanindependence AT griffithsdavidmark catherinethegreatandamericanindependence AT munrogeorgee catherinethegreatandamericanindependence |