Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia:
This collaborative collection provides fresh perspectives on Christianity and the conduct of war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia, investigating the intersection between religion, culture, and warfare in territories that were only integrated into Christendom in the Central Middle Ages...
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| Schriftenreihe: | Beyond medieval Europe
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| Zusammenfassung: | This collaborative collection provides fresh perspectives on Christianity and the conduct of war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia, investigating the intersection between religion, culture, and warfare in territories that were only integrated into Christendom in the Central Middle Ages. The contributors analyze cultures that lay outside Charlemagne's limes and the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire, to consider a region stretching from the Balkans to the Baltic and Scandinavia. The volume considers clerics as military leaders and propagandists, the role of Christian ritual and doctrine in warfare, and the adaptation and transformation of indigenous military cultures. It uncovers new information on perceptions of war and analyzes how local practices were incorporated into clerical narratives, enabling the reader to achieve a complete understanding of the period |
| Beschreibung: | 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781641891332 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations. vii Editors’ Preface. ix List of Abbreviations. xi Christianity and War in Medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia: An Introduction RADOSŁAW KOTECKI, CARSTEN SELCH JENSEN, and STEPHEN BENNETT.1 PART ONE: THE CHURCH AND WAR Chapter 1. The Role of the Dalmatian Bishops and Archbishops in Warfare During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Archbishops of Split JUDIT GÁL. 25 Chapter 2. Thirteenth-Century Hungarian Prelates at War GÁBOR BARABÁS. 39 Chapter 3. The Image of "Warrior-Bishops” in the Northern Tradition of the Crusades SINI KANGAS. 57 Chapter 4. Memory of the "Warrior-Bishops" of Płock in the Writings of Jan Długosz JACEK MACIEJEWSKI. 75 Chapter 5. Preachers of War: Dominican Friars as Promoters of the Crusades in the Baltic
Region in the Thirteenth Century JOHNNY GRANDJEAN GØGSIG JAKOBSEN 97
vi CONTENTS Chapter 6. Depictions of Violence in Late Romanesque Mural Paintings in Denmark MARTIN WANGSGAARD JURGENSEN.117 PART TWO: RELIGION IN WAR AND ITS CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS Chapter 7. Religious Rituals of War in Medieval Hungary Under the Árpád Dynasty DUŠAN ZUPKA. 141 Chapter 8. Pious Rulers, Princely Clerics, and Angels of Light: "Imperial Holy War” Imagery in Twelfth-Century Poland and Rus’ RADOSŁAW KOTECKI. 159 Chapter 9. Religion and War in Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum·. The Examples of Bishop Absalon and King Valdemar I CARSTEN SELCH JENSEN.189 Chapter 10. Rhetoric of War: The Imagination of War in Medieval Written Sources (Central and Eastern Europe in the High Middle Ages) DAVID KALHOUS and LUDMILA LUŇÁKOVA.207 Chapter 11. Civil War as Holy War? Polyphonic Discourses of Warfare During the Internal Struggles in Norway in the Twelfth Century BJØRN BANDLIEN. 227 Chapter 12. Martyrdom on the Field of Battle in Livonia During Thirteenth-Century Holy Wars and Christianization: Popular Belief and the Image of a Catholic Frontier KRISTJAN
KALJUSAAR.245 Chapter 13. Orthodox Responses to the Baltic Crusades ANTI SELART. 263 Selected Bibliography. 279 Index.285
INDEX A. (full name unknown), archbishop of Split, 28 Aachen (Imperial city), 101 Aaron, Israelite prophet and high-priest (biblical), 134-35 Abel (biblical), 121,123-24,134 Abel Valdemarsen, duke of Schleswig, king of Denmark, 101 Abodrites, Abodrite, 195 Abraham, patriarch of Israel (biblical), 178 Absalom, archbishop of Split, 27-28, 28nl0, 32 Absalon (Hvide kindred), archbishop of Lund and bishop of Roskilde, 19, 189-206, 234, 234n29 Achilles, bishop of Pécs, 47 Acontius / Acuntio of Viterbo, papal emissary, 54 Acre / Akko / Akka, siege of (1291), 106, 112,113 Adalbert, Saint. See Vojtěch-Adalbert, Saint, bishop of Prague and martyr Adam (biblical), 121,124 Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 266 Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay, 57n2, 65-66, 65n37, 66n50, 68 Admonitions ofSaint Stephen, the so-called. See Libellus sancii Stephani regis de institutione morum ad Emericum ducem Adorján (castle), 50 Ágasvár (stronghold), 48-49 Aggesen, Sven. See Sven Aggesen, chronicler Airlie, Stuart, 223 Alain of Lille, theologian and poet, 136-37 Alba Iulia / Gyulafehérvár (city, bishopric), 44,49. See also Transylvania (region) Alberic (cleric), 73n81 Alberic, abbot of Trois-Fontaines, chronicler, 255 Albero, archbishop ofTrier, 234, 234n29 Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 65n37 Albert of Buxhoevden, bishop of Riga, 58, 66, 67-68, 72, 73, 251-52, 254, 272 Alebrand (priest in Livonia), 72 Alexander III, pope, 28, 59n6, 205, 233 Alexander IV, pope, 59n7, 99,104 Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev and Vladimir, 273 Alexander of Malonne, bishop of Płock, 75, 79-80, 81-82,
89,95 Alexander the Great, Greek basileus, 82-83 Alexander the Physician, archbishop of Split, 29 Álmos, Hungarian prince, 26,151 Alphonse, count of Poitiers and count of Toulouse (as Alphonse II), 113 Amalekites (biblical), 81 Ambrose, Saint, 81,83 Anastasios of Kherson, Kievan cleric, 12 Anders Sünesen / Andreas Suneson / Andreas Sunonis, archbishop of Lund, 192, 254 angels in Bible, 164-65,169n42,170 of light, 164,166,169-70,181, 221 role in war, imagination of, 149,150, 150n39,157-188,16ІПІ0,164nl7, 164ПІ8,164n20,182,184nl01, 221, 268 St. Michael / Archistrategos / "chiefgeneral,” archangel, 160-61,16ІПІ0, 164,164nl9,173-79,173n56, 174n60,175n64,175n65,176n69, 177n75,178n79,183,183n96, 184ПІ01,188 in war liturgy, 178-81
286 INDEX See also divine and saint's agency in war; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous); holy patrons of polities and peoples; warrior-saints Andrew II / Andrew of Jerusalem / II. Andras, tóng of Hungary and Croatia, 28, 29, 40,41-43, 41nl3, 54, 55 Andrew III / Andrew the Venetian / III. Velencei András, king of Hungary and Croatia, 53 Andrew of Bnin, bishop of Poznań, 77nll Andrew, bishop of Eger, 50 Annales Altahenses maiores / Annals of Niederaltaich, 146-47 Annales Bohemorum / Annals of the Bohemians. See Vincentais of Prague, chronicler Annales Claustroneoburgenses / Klosterneuburg Annals (anonymous), 42n20 Annales Posonienses / Annals ofBratislava (anonymous), 149 Annales seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae / Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom ofPoland. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Annales capituli Cracoviensis / Annals of the Kraków Chapter (anonymous), 85 Anonymus, Gallus, the so-called. See Gallus Anonymus, chronicler Anonymus, notary of King Béla III and chronicler, 154n63 Antioch, battle of (1098), 65-66 Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy, 48, 50, 70, 71, 97-114,154-55, 231, 233-34, 235n35, 246, 248, 254-56, 262 Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church Århus (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,105 Arkona (city, temple of Rani), 190,196, 199-200, 203, 204 Arles (city, archdiocese), 98 Arnold of Lübeck, Benedictine abbot in Lubeck and chronicler, 68, 255 Arnold, marshal of the Sword Brothers, 256-57 Árpáds (Hungarian dynasty), 12, 25, 26, 31, 32, 53,141,146,152,156,157 Asser Rig (Hvide kindred), jarl and chieftain
from Zealand, 194 Atzele (Lettish province), 271 Augustine, Saint / Augustine of Hippo, theologian and Father of the Church, 232, 246 Austria, Austrian, 49,149,155, 210nll Babenbergs (Austrian dynasty), 210nlll Bachrach, David S., 4,143 Bagge, Sverre, 23lni5 Bakhtin, Mikhail M., 230 Baldric of Bougueil, chronicler, 65n37 Baldwin of Boulogne / Baldwin I, king of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 73 Baldwin of Courtenay / Baldwin the Broke / Baldwin II, Latin emperor in Constantinople, 104 Baltic Crusades. See Crusades, Baltic/ Northern Baltic Sea Region, 7,17-18, 20, 57, 66, 68, 72, 73,93, 97-115, 249-52, 263-78 Banaszkiewicz, Jacek, 166.166n28,186 banners, military, 10,15, 62,151,152,153, 160,178,185-86, 241. See also signa victricia (victory-bringing objects) Baranya (city), 49 Bartholomew, bishop of Pécs, 46-47 battle speeches. See rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations Baudovinia, Benedictine nun in Poitiers, 224n90 Béla II / Béla the Blind / Vak Béla, king of Hungary and Croatia, 27 Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia, 28, 36, 41, 54 Béla IV, king of Hungary and Croatia, 27, 29, 35, 37,44-46, 47, 48,153-56,155n71, 157n77,157n78 Benedict, bishop of Oradea, 44 Benedict, provost in Székesfehérvár and archbishop of Esztergom, 47
INDEX Benedictines. See Order of St. Benedict, Benedictines Bengtsson, Herman, 125 Berend, Nora, 8 Bergen (city, Dominican convent), 103, 229 Bergen, battle of (1135), 229 Bern, Benedictine monk and abbot of Richenau, 183 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, Doctor of the Church, 196,247 Bernard of Lippe, Cistercian monk and abbot, bishop of Livonia, 250 Bernard of Perugia, archbishop of Split, 28, 29,31,37-37,41-42 Bernstein (castle), 52 Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, Imperial court chaplain and tutor to Otto III, 186 Berthold, Cistercian monk and abbot at Loccum, bishop of Livonia, 58, 67, 68-69, 68n55, 68n56, 73, 253-57 Berthold, archbishop of Kalocsa, 42 Bible, Old and New Testaments, 9, 61, 71, 81,97,109,125,130,133-34,136, 143,164,169,173n56,178n79,181, 191, 212, 219n70, 223, 235 Book of Deuteronomy, 169n42 Book of Exodus, 81,169n43,170,178n79 Book of Jeremiah, 237, 237n40 Book of Jesse, 237n40 Book of Jonas, 143 Book of Joshua, 173 Book ofNehemiah, 169n42 Book of Numbers, 169n42 Book of Psalms, 169 Epistle to the Ephesians, 131,142 Epistle to the Romans, 212 First Book of Kings, 143 First Epistle of Peter, 212 First Epistle to the Corinthians, 212, 234n27 First Epistle to the Thessalonians, 212 Gospel according to Luke, 213, 219n70 Second Book of Maccabees, 164-65 Second Epistle to the Corinthians, 212 Biograd (city), 26 287 Birger Jarl / Birger Magnusson, Swedish statesman and jarl, 102 Birten, battle of (939), 185nl04 Boeslunde (village on Zealand), 197 Boguslav I, duke of Pomerania, 196 Bohemia, Bohemian, Bohemians / Bohemi, 3, 6,14, 99,144,152,155,157n79,159, 187,
207-8, 208n3, 209, 213-18, 219, 222 Boieslav I, Bohemian prince, 215 Boleslav 11 the Pious / Boleslav Pobožný, prince of Bohemia, 11, 213n23, 215n34 Boleslav ill, Bohemian prince, 215n34 Bolesław I the Brave / Bolesław Chrobry, prince and king of Poland, 11,12,13, 13n37,185,210 Bolesław II the Generous / Bolesław Szczodry / Bolesław Śmiały, prince and tóng of Poland, 175 Bolesław III the Wrymouth / Bolesław Krzywousty, prince of Poland, 92, 157n79,162,162Ո-11,163,165-66, 170,170n45,172,173,177,177n75, 178,185,186, 210, 217, 219 Bolesław IV the Curly / Bolesław Kędzierzawy, grand prince of Poland, 176, 266 Bologna (city, university), 254 Boris I, king (khan) of Bulgaria, 10 Boris Kalamanos, pretender to the Hungarian throne, 148 Bořivoj II, Bohemian prince, 216 Bosnia, 28, 32, 33, 54-55 Botvild, Saint, missionary and martyr, 60nl4 Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city), 48, 148 Bremen (city, archdiocese), 100,100nl8, 103 Břetislav I, Bohemian prince, 157n79, 213, 213n23, 216 Břetislav 11, Bohemian prince, 215-16, 217, 222 Bridget, Saint / Bridget of Sweden / Birgitta of Vadstena, 114 Brittany (region), 103
288 INDEX Brno (rity), 215 Brown, Peter, 246 Bruno of Querfurt, archbishop and hagiographer, 12,13,13n37 Buda (city, royal residence), 52 Bulcsú, bishop of Csanád, 45 Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 184nl01 Burchard, bishop of Lausanne and chancellor of Italy, 186 Byzantine Empire, Byzantium, Byzantine, 6, 18,19, 26, 28,143,144,151,152,164, 183-84, 264, 267, 269, 275-76 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Cistercian monk and prior in Heisterbach, preacher and writer, 257, 257n74 Cain (biblical), 121,123-24,134, 215 Canaan, Promised Land (biblical), 134-35, 181 Canon of Vyšehrad, the so-called, chronicler (Cosmas's continuator), 157n79, 187ПІ13 Cánones Nidrosienses, 15n46, 231-32, 23ІПІ5, 234, 235-36 Canterbury (city, archbishopric), 120 capella. See chapel monarch’s Carolingian patterns, 18,166n31,177n75, 181,188, 222, 224-25, 246 Carolingians (Frankish dynasty), 188,194 Catalogue of the Bishops ofKraków. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Catalogue of the Bishops ofPłock See Jan Długosz, chronicler; Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler Catholic Church. See Latin Church Čazma (city), 35 Celestine IH, pope, 233-34 Celestine IV, pope, 155n67 Chanson d'Antioche, 65-67. See also chansons de geste Chanson de Jérusalem, 57ո2. See also chansons de geste chansons de geste, 57, 65, 247, 248, 257. See also Chanson d'Antioche, Chanson de Jérusalem; Song ofRoland chapel, monarch’s, 172,172n52,176-77, 179,186,188,188nll5 .See also clerical order, clergy: chaplaincy and spiritual sustenance to the army chaplains. See clerical order, clergy: chaplaincy and spiritual
sustenance to the army, chapel monarch’s Charlemagne, king of Franks and emperor, 13n37,160,199, 220, 241 Chełmno Land / Culm Land (region), 86 Chełmża / Culmsee (city, bishopric), 92n74 chivalric culture, 124-28, 222-23, 247, 257-58. See also piety, knightly Chlumec, battle of (1126), 157n79,187nll3 Christ. See Jesus Christ Christian, bishop of Prussia, 85,98,99n7 Christopher I, king od Denmark, 101 Chronica Boemorum / Chronicle of the Bohemians. See Cosmas of Prague, chronicler Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles (anonymous Silesian chronicle), 176, 176n70 Chronicon Livoniae / Chronicle ofLivonia. See Henry of Livonia / Henricus de Lettis, chronicler Chronicon Roskildense / Roskilde Chronicle (anonymous), 193 Chronicon terrae Prussiae / Chronicle of the Prussian Land. See Peter of Dusburg, chronicler Civitate, battle of (1053), 246 churches inAal, 126-27,128 in Arkona, 200 Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár, 152 Cathedral of Alba Iulia, 49 Cathedral of Canterbury, 120,122 Cathedral of Gniezno, 214 Cathedral of Lincoln, 102-3 Cathedral of Pereyaslavl, 174
INDEX Cathedral of Płock, 82,91 Cathedral of Prague, 208 Cathedral of Riga, 255 Cathedral of Ringsted, 193 Cathedral of St. Sophia (Holy Wisdom] in Kiev, 173,173n56 Cathedral of Turku, 60 Cathedral of Üxküll, 58, 253 Cathedral of Vác, 43, 43nl9, 44 Cathedral of Veszprém, 49 Caves Monastery in Kiev / Pechersk Lavra, 169,171,209,221 in Constantinople (St. Michael's, Michaelion), 175 in Gniezno (St. Michael’s), 175n64 Golden-Domed Monastery (St. Michael's), 174,175 in Hornslet (Hornslet Church), 128-29 in Kastel Gomilica (Sts. Cosmas and Damian’s), 32 in Kraków (at Skałka, St. Michael’s), 175 in Kruszwica (St. Vitus’s), 163,166n28, 170,176,176n73 next to the battlefield of battle of Leitha, 148-49 in Nidaros (Christ Church), 238n43 in Oviedo (Sts. Peter and Paul’s), 179 in Płock (St. Michael’s), 175n64,176 in Poznań (St. Michael's), 175n64 in Poznań Castle (St. Mary’s), 176, 176n71,176n72 in Prague (St. Vaclav's), 152 in Ravattula, 60nll in Sanderum (Sanderum Church), 133-37 in Skibet (Skibet Church), 129 in Sønder Nærå, 118-24,125,126,128, 129-30,132,137 in Spycimierz, 162nl2 Tithe Church in Kiev, 12 in Villatuerta (St. Michael’s), 182 in Vrana, 37 Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev (St. Michael’s), 173-74,175 on Wawel Hill in Kraków (St. Michael’s), 175-76,175n66,176,177n75 in Wrocław (St. Michael’s), 175n64 289 Clarendon near Salisbury (palace, estate), 119 Clementul, 233 Clement IV, pope, 105 Clement V, pope, 106 clerical armsbearing, use of material weapons or violence, 9,46, 50, 57, 64-73, 78nl4, 79nl8, 81-82, 85-88, 89,94-95,196-201, 203, 205, 232-34, 253, 269-70 ban of,
60-63, 63n28, 72, 73, 78, 79nl8, 80, 88, 232-33, 253-54 in canon law, 40, 61-63, 68,82, 83,93, 208, 231-32, 253-54 justification of, 40, 79nl8,92,143, 196- 201, 233, 235, 234n26 clerical involvement in warfare, 6-7, 9, 20, 30, 33-37, 39-55, 57-83, 75-95, 147n31,148-50,197, 203-6, 231-35, 234n28, 235-36, 253, 268-70 declaring and waging war, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, 65, 73, 86-87, 88-89, 92-93,197, 203,233,277 in defence of the Church and/or polity and/or peace and/or in self-defence of, 34,43-50, 62-63, 63n29, 63n31, 67, 77-81, 79nl8, 84, 85-86, 88-90, 92-95,197-98, 203, 205, 231-32, 233-35 deliberate reduction or avoiding in narrative sources, 67, 78, 80-82, 93-94 seen as allowed and/or positive and justification/praise of, 64, 65-71, 79-80, 79nl8, 80, 82, 89,94,197, 201-2, 203-6, 231-32, 233-35, 235-39, 243 seen as negative and/or critique of, 36, 63-64, 71-72, 73, 78-81, 78nl4,88, 93, 231, 234, 262 clerical order, clergy apostasy from, to be a knight, 73, 205, 234 as crusaders, 57, 57n2, 65-71, 85, 85n44, 197-98,251,253, 269 as "double/mixed persons” (personae mixtae), 82,197, 201-2, 234
290 INDEX chaplaincy and spiritual sustenance to the army by, 4,10, 66, 67, 72,148-50, 157,167-68,167n33,168n35, 171-72,172n52,176-77,176n68, 179,184ПІ01,186,188, 202, 231-32,270 death in combat of, 44, 46-47, 58, 58n4, 62-63, 68-69, 88,154, 206, 251, 253-57, 269 deposition because of using violence of, 62-63, 62n24, 233 knightly or worldly behavior or lifestyle of, 35, 36, 44, 46, 48-49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 68-69, 73, 78, 78nl4, 81-82, 85, 88-89,190,196, 203-6, 233, 253, 256-57, 269-70, 277 military power and resources of, 15, 34-35,47,49, 58, 92, 205-6, 253. See also retinues/household knights at clergy's disposal military service to monarchy by, obligations with regalia of (or the immunity from), 10,15, 30, 33-37, 39-55, 61, 63, 73, 80, 88, 92, 197-202, 203-4, 231-32 Clermont, council of (1095), 62 Coloman the Learned / Coloman BookLover / Könyves Kálmán, king of Hungary and Croatia, 16, 25, 26, 30, 31, 39n3,148,150 Coloman of Galicia / Kálmán, king of Galicia (Halych) and prince of Slavonia, 45-46, 154 compellere intrare, idea of, 13 Compendiosa regum Daniae historia / Compendium of the Danish Kings. See Sven Aggesen, chronicler Concordia discordantium canonum. See Gradan, canonist Conrad I, Bohemian prince and prince of Brno, 215 Conrad II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 12,144,146,146n23 Conrad of Mazovia, duke of Mazovia, Cuiavia and Kraków, 86,92, 98 Constantine the Great, Eastern emperor, 10, 12, 61,142,167n33 Constantinople (city), 175,184 Contra Petrobrusianos heréticos /Against the Petrobrusians. See Peter the Venerable, Benedictine monk and abbot of Cluny
Cosmas of Prague, chronicler, 19,157n79, 207-10, 210nll, 213-18, 214n32, 215n35, 215n37, 217n55, 222 Cosmas, Saint, 32 Courland / Curonia, Curonians, Curonian, 99,196n27, 260 Cracow. See Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric) Croatia, Croats, Croatian, 3, 26, 27, 34 Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principům Polonorum / Chronicles and Deeds of the Dukes or Princes of the Poles. See Gallus Anonymus, chronicler crucesignati/ crucesignatio. See take the Cross crusaders, 37, 58, 65-66, 67, 70, 72, 85, 16ІПІ0,197-99, 248, 249, 249n24, 250-51, 253, 255, 257, 258, 262, 271-72 Crusades of Andrew II, king of Hungary (1217), 29, 40,42-43, 55 Baltic/Northern (twelfth-thirteenth centuries), 7,17-18, 20, 57-81, 66n46,98-114,190,196,196n27, 245-62, 263-78 chronicles of, 64-65, 65n37, 71, 71n76, 16ІПІ0 Fifth, 29,40,41, 42-43 against Finns (twelfth-thirteenth centuries), 59-60, 274 First, 6, 26, 62, 65-66, 71, 73, 97,16ІПІ0, 246, 264n9 Fourth, 36 of Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor (1241) (unrealized), 155 of Louis IX, king of France, first (1245), 104 against Mongols, proclaimed (1241), 155
INDEX against Mongols, proclaimed (1258), 99 against Novgorod (1348), 276 Orthodox responses to, 20, 263-78 Second, 106 Sixth (Frederick II’s crusade), 97 Stedinger (1233-1234), 100-101 against Wends (1108,1120s-1130s, 1147, later Danish "raids"), 190-191, 194-206 crusading ideology of, Crusade Movement, 4, 6,18, 20,97-114,144,16ІПІ0,166, 166n31,183n96,191, 221, 239, 246-49, 268 Csák (Hungarian kindred), 49 Cuman Laws, the so-called (1278), 51-52 Cumans, Cuman, 26, 45, 51-53, 275 Czechs. See Bohemia, Bohemian, Bohemians / Bohemi Dacia, Dominican province of, 17, 97-114 Daibert / Daimbert of Pisa, archbishop of Pisa and patriarch of Jerusalem, 57n2, 73 Dalmatia (region), 3,16, 25-37, 41nl3, 43, 54-55,154 Damian, Saint, 32 Damietta, siege of (1218), 43, 248 Daniel, bishop of Prague, 151 Danube (river), 44,48 David Sviatoslavich, Rusian prince and prince of Murom and Chernigov, 168-73 David, king of Israel (biblical), 71,126,169, 178,183, 235 De Bello Civile / Civil War. See Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, ancient author De planetu naturae / The Plaint ofNature. See Alain of Lille, theologian and poet De predicanone crucis contra Saracenos / On Preaching the Cross against Saracens. See Humbert of Romans, OP, master general of the Order of Preachers death in combat honorable, 213, 218 29 as martyrdom, 20, 68-69, 206, 223, 229, 235, 240, 245-62, 249n24, 268 See also martyrdom, idea of; war, fighting; as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice Decretum Gratiani. See Gratian, canonist dectetists, 93 defensio terrae (military obligation, kind of), 92 Degeya (stream in Steppes), 170 Denis,
bishop of Győr, 49 Denmark, Danes, Danish, 3, 7, 8,12,13,15, 18,19, 66,99nl2,100nl5,101-103, ІОЗпЗІ, 104,107n56,112,117-38, 189-206, 248-49, 251, 254, 265-66 devil, Satan, Antichrist, 98,106,131,173, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242 Di Kronike von Pruzinlant / Chronicle of Prussia. See Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler divine and saints’ agency in war in Bible, 173,173n56 as grace and support in war, 4, 5,11,12, 80, 84,142,143,144-48,147n31, 149-50,152,163,164,165,166n31, 167,169-71,173,183,191, 201-3, 219,238-39,250,268 miraculous, epiphanies, 12, 69, 79, 80, 81, 146-47,147n31,159,159n3,161, 162-66,168-73,176,183 as punishment for Christians, 5, 88, 268, 276 See also angels; holy patrons of polities and peoples; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous); warrior-saints Długosz, Jan. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Dobrzyńcy, See Military Orders and confraternities: Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Dominic, Saint, 60nl2 Dominicans. See Order of Preachers Don (river), 169,171 Duggan, Lawrence G., 63, 63n31, 254n52
292 INDEX Düna / Dvina / Daugava (river), 58, 247, 270, 272, 274 Durbe, battle of (1260), 112, 258, 259 Durendal (Roland's legendary sword), 229 Dzierzgowo (stronghold), 85-86, 86n51, 89,94 East Central Europe, 5-6, 7-9,13,16, 20, 152,166n31,183, 185, 208 Eastern Europe, 161, 208, 267 Eberhard, OP, friar, 108 Egypt, 43, 248, 251 Einarr Skúlason, Icelandic priest and skald, 238-39 Eirik Ivarsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 233-34 Elbe / Labe (river), 190 Elias, Israelite prophet (biblical), 71 Elisabeth, queen consort of Hungary, 49 Emeric, Saint / Szent Imre, Hungarian prince, 141-42,157 Emeric / Imre, king of Hungary, 28,41-42, 42n20, 55 England, British Isles, English, 6,17, 80, 93, 113,118,155, 227, 238, 248 Ephesus (ancient city), 234 Epistola in miserabile carmen super destructione regni Hungarie per Tartaros facta / Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament Upon the Destruction of the Kingdom ofHungary by the Tatars. See Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler Erades, crusader bishop (fictional), 57n2 Erdmann, Carl, 3 Eric I Egoth / Eric the Good, tóng of Denmark, 194 Eric II Emune / Eric the Memorable, king of Denmark, 195,195n24 Eric IV Plovpenning / Eric the Ploughpenny, king of Denmark, 101 Eric IX Jedvardson / Eric the Holy, king of Sweden, 69-71 Eric Olofsson / Ericus Olai, chronicler, 106 Erling Skakke, Norvegian jarl, 229, 234-35, 240 Esbern Snare / Esbern the Resolute (of Hvide hindred), Danish chieftain, royal chancellor and crusader, 194 Eskil, bishop of Roskilde, archbishop of Lund and monk in Clairvaux, 193, 200-201, 204, 205 Eskil, Saint, English
missionary and martyr, 60nl4 Estonia, Dominican province of, 17 Estonia, Estonians, Estonian, 7,17, 58-59, 64, 66, 67, 73,101,102,190,196n27, 245n3, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 271, 274, 275 Esztergom (city, archbishopric), 44, 48,49, 50,145 Eugenius III, pope, 196 Euphrosyne of Kiev, queen consort of Hungary, 151,152 Eve (biblical), 121,124 Evremar / Ehremar / Ebramar, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, 73 expeditio publica, ledung / leding (military obligation, kind of), 71, 71n74, 92 Faroe Islands, Faroes, 205 Fenrir (mythical monstrous wolf), 238 Fimreite, battle of (1184), 235 Finland, Finns, Finnic / Finnish, 3,17, 59-60, 59n6, 69-71, 73,101-2, 253n47, 263, 264, 272-73, 275 Five Martyr Brothers, saints and martyrs, 12 Folke Karlsson, Swedish nobleman and justiciar, 111 France, French, 71,91,105,119, 246, 251, 256 Francia, Dominican province of, 104 Franciscans. See Order of Friars Minor Frankia, Franks, Frankish, 64,160,181, 211, 220 Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 43,91, 268 Frederick II / Frederick the Quarrelsome / Friedrich der Streitbare, duke of Austria and Styria, 45
INDEX Frederick II, king of Sicily, tóng of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 97,100,101, 155, 260 Frederick, bishop of Schleswig, 205-6 Frisa [region), 104 Funen (Danish island), 117,121,194 Fyrileiv, battle of (1134), 229 Gaeta, Gaetans, 36-37 Gallus Anonymus, chronicler, 13,19, 75, 78-79, 79nl7, 79nl8,80-81, 90, 157n79,162,162nl2,162ШЗ, 177, 177n77,185-86, 209-10, 210nll, 213, 218-20 Gąsawa, assembly at (1227), 87 Gaudinus, archbishop of Split, 27-28, 32 Gediminas, king of Lithuania, 107 Gedko, bishop of Płock, 83-84, 83n35, 89, 90,93 Geisli. See Einarr Skúlason, Icelandic priest and skald Gellone Sacramentary, 181 Gemeinhardt, Peter, 260n97 George, Saint, 157,176n69 Georgia, Georgian, 168n35 Gerald of Aurillac, Saint, 223 Gerhard II, archbishop of Bremen, 100 Gerhard of Augsburg, chronicler, 11 Germany, Germans, German, 15, 64, 66, 67, 67n46, 68,91, 97,99,100-101,104, 107,144,147,147n31,148,155, 160-61,182,183,185,195, 203, 247, 249, 251, 266, 268-69,270, 274-76. See also Holy Roman Empire Gertrude / Olisava / Gertrude of Poland, grand princess consort of Kiev, 174-75, 174n60,176,177,177n76,178,178n79 Gesta Chuonradi II. Imperatoris/ Deeds ofEmperor Conrad II. See Wipo of Burgundy, chronicler Gesta Danorum / Deeds of the Danes. See Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler Gesta Friderici imperatoris / Deeds of Emperor Frederick. See Otto, bishop of Freising, chronicler 293 Gesta Hungarorum / Deeds of the Hungarians. See Anonymus, notary of King Béla III and chronicler Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia, 148-49 Géza, prince of Hungary, 141 Gideon, leader of the Israelites
(biblical), 241 Gilbert of Tournai / Guibert de Tournai OFM, preacher, 252 Gilboa, battle of (biblical), 235 Gleichen, battle of (1089), 186 Gniezno (city, archbishopric), 185, 214 God, 9,19,40, 59n6, 64, 80, 84,124,137, 142,144-48,146n23,149,150,156, 157,164,167,169,170,170n45,171, 174n62,178n79,180,181,183,188, 197, 201-2, 206, 219, 221, 228, 235, 236, 241, 252, 255, 258, 260, 266. 268, 276. See also divine agency in war; Jesus Christ; Holy Ghost, Holy Trinity God’s war, 6, 202-3. See also Crusade; holy war, idea of gods, pagan, 15,166,167,181,199, 204. See also pagans, pagan, paganism Golta (river), 171 Gotfredsen, Lise, 132 Gotland (Baltic island), 99,99n7, 99nl2 Grathe Moor, battle of (1157), 154 Gratian, canonist, 62-63, 81,82,93, 232 Graus, František, 159-60,171, 224 Greece, Greek (ancient), 218 Gregory (Bicske kindred), archbishop of Esztergom, p. 53 Gregory IX, pope, 55, 98,102,104,107,110, 111, 154-55,155n67 Gregory the Great, Saint, pope, 94 Gregory VII, pope, 62, 62n21 Gregory X, pope, 106,108n63 Gregory XII, pope, 107 Gregory, provostin Esztergom, 51 Grýla (first part of Sverris saga). See Karl Jónsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Mngeyrar Guibert of Nogent, chronicler, 66n40, 73n81
294 INDEX Guido of Ferrara, polemicist, 62ո21 Güncel (Kán kindred), archbishop of Split, 29 Gunter, bishop of Płock, 76, 77nl0, 85-87, 88-91, 92,93,94 Guttorm, nephew of St. Olav, 238-39 Győr (city, bishopric, castle), 41, 46, 48 Haakon II Sigurdsson / Haakon Herdebrei / Haakon Broad-Shouldered, king of Norway, 235 Haastrup, Ulla, 118,119-20 Håkon Håkonsson, tóng of Norway, 101,105 Harald Bluetooth / Harald Blåtand, king of Denmark and Norway, 13,195 Harald IV / Harald Gille, king of Norway, 227, 229, 238, 243 Hartvic / Arduin, bishop of Győr (probably), hagiographer, 145 Hartwig II, archbishop of Bremen, 58 Heidenreich, bishop of Chełmża / Culmsee, 92n74 Heimskringla. See Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic chieftain and saga writer hell, 235 Helmold of Bosau / Bozowo, priest and chronicler, 199,199n45,199n46, 266 Henry I the Fowler, king of Germany, 160, 182 Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, 120, 122 Henry II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 12,183 Henry III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 146-48,183 Henry IV, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 186 Henry Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, 148 Henry of Livonia / Henricus de Lettis, chronicler, 20, 58-59, 66-68, 249, 249n25, 252-57, 265-66, 270-72 Henry of Sandomierz, Polish prince, 249n24 Henry, Saint, bishop of Uppsala and bishop of Finland (possibly fictional), 17, 58, 60, 69-71, 69n62, 73 Hermann von Salza, grandmaster of Teutonic Order, 99 Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium / Account of the Ancient History of the Norwegian kings. See Theodoricus Monachus / Theodoric the Monk, chronicler
Historia Iherosolimitana /Jerusalemite History. See Robert the Monk, chronicler Historia Norwegie / History ofNorway (anonymous), 12 Hód-lake, battle of (1282), 52 Holm (fortress in Livonia), 257 Holme (city, Cistercian abbey), 111 Holy Communion. See rites of war: viaticum Holy Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord's Cross, True Cross Holy Ghost, 121,129,134-35,137. See also God; Jesus Christ; Holy Trinity Holy Grail, legend of, 128-29 Holy Lance. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Lance, Imperial Lance Holy Land, 17-18, 29, 41-43, 55, 59n8, 64-66, 69, 71, 73,93,97,102,103-7, 110,110n70, 111, 112,155. See also Crusades holy patrons of polities and peoples, 15, 152,157,159-61,173-78,177n77, 188, 215, 216, 229, 236-43, 250-51, 251n34, 268-69 Holy Roman Empire, 17,90,144-45,152, 183,194-95, 203. See also Germany, Germans, German Holy Trinity, 268. See also God; Holy Ghost; Jesus Christ holy war, idea of, 6, 8,19, 20, 59n6, 71, 97, 161,166,188,191,195, 220, 227-43, 229, 235, 238-39, 243, 249-52, 268n33. See also Crusades; God’s war; war, fighting Honorius III, pope, 54-55 Honorius IV, pope, 52
INDEX Hospitallers. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers Housley, Norman, 258 Hrabanus Maurus, Benedictine monk and theologian, archbishop of Mainz, 221-22Ո78 Hugh, called the Great, count of Vermandois, 65 Humbert of Romans, OP, master general of the Order of Preachers, 109-10,110n70 Hungary, Hungarians, Hungarian, 3, 6,13, 17, 25-37, 39-56, 87-88,141-57,160, 183, 209, 210nll, 21ІПІ4 Huns, 141 Hussites, Hussite, 77nll Hvar (city, bishopric}, 31 Hvide (Danish kindred), 192,193,194 Hypatian Chronicle, 170-71, 268. See also Povesť vremennych let / Tale ofBygone Years / Primary Chronicle iaropolk II Vladimirovich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 172-73 Iaropolk iziaslavich, Rusian prince, 174, 174n60 Iaroslav the Wise, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 11,173,173n56 Iaroslav Vsevolodovich, prince of Novgorod, 272 Iberia, Iberian. See Spain, Spanish imitatio Christi (imitation of Christ, life in Christ), 18, 236-38, 260-62. See also chivalric culture; piety, knightly Inge 1 Haraldsson, king of Norway, 238 Ingria (region), 276 Innocent III, pope, 41, 41nl5, 234, 248 Innocent IV, pope, 29,100-101,104, 155n67, 262 Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine emperor, 55 Island of Rabbits (in Budapest) / Margaret Island, 52,157n78 Israel Erlandi / Israel Erlandsson, OP, bishop of Västerås and preacher, 106, 107-8,107n58 295 Israel, Israelites, Israelite, Chosen People (ancient), 164-65,169,178n79,181, 224 Italy, Italian, 6,43, 46n47,91 iudicium Dei. See war, fighting: as God's ordeal Ivar Kalvsson / Ivar
"ornamented hasp” / Ivar skrauthanki, bishop of Nidaros, 233 Ivo, bishop of Chartres and canonist, 62 Izhorians (people), 276 Iziaslav I laroslavich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 174,175 James I the Conqueror, king of Aragon and count of Barcelona, 98 Jan Długosz, chronicler, 17, 76-95 Annales seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae / Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom ofPoland, 76-77, 77nl0, 78, 78nl3, 80-81, 82, 83,87-88, 164nl7 Vitae episcoporum Cracoviensium / Catalogue of the Bishops of Kraków, 78, 78nl3, 84 Vitae episcoporum Plocensium / Catalogue of the Bishops of Płock, 75-76, 77, 78, 81, 82-84, 87, 88-89,94 Jarler, archbishop of Uppsala, 102 Jatvingia, Jatvings, Jatvingian, 14 Jean of Joinville, chronicler, 67n45, 251 Jean of Vosey (priest), 67n45 Jelling Stones, 13 Jensen, Kurt Villads, 6, 6nl3, 8-9,14,166 Jeremiah, Israelite prophet (biblical), 237 Jericho, battle of (biblical), 173 Jerusalem, Holy City, 69,97,105,106,109, 136, 224, 268 Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 63,97 Jesus Christ, 65, 69, 70,117-18,121, 123-24,125,129,130,131,132, 134-36,137,145,149,156, 178,185, 195,197, 221, 238, 253, 260, 266. See also God; Holy Ghost; Holy Trinity Job (biblical), 275 Job, bishop of Pécs, 48-49
296 INDEX John [Kálóján), lord of Syrmia, 55 John (Csák kindred), archbishop of Split, bishop of Skradin, 29 John (Hahót-Buzád kindred), archbishop of Split, 29 John Ebbesen, Danish nobleman and crusader, 112 John Elovsson, Swedish nobleman and Teutonic Knight, 112 John of Piacenza, papal chaplain, 104, 111 John of Salisbury, author, philosopher and diplomat, 232, 235 John of Wildeshausen / Johannes Teutonicus, OP, master general of Dominican Order and bishop of Bosnia, 97,100nl8 John XXI, pope, 50 John XXII, pope, 107 John XXIII, anti-pope, 107 John, archbishop of Esztergom, 42 John, archbishop of Gniezno, 165-66 John, archbishop of Kalocsa, 53 Joshua (biblical), 173 Judas Maccabeus, priest and king of the Jews (biblical), 71,125,164-65, 182-83, 220, 220n72 Judith, queen consort of Bohemia, 151-52 Jugurthine War. See Sallust, Roman author Julius Caesar, Roman general and statesman, 215 Jutland (Danish island), 126,128,129,194 Kaljundi, Linda, 69 Kalmar (city, Dominican convent), 103 Kalocsa (city, archbishopric), 48 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 181 Karelia, Karelians (region, people), 59n7, 102, 264, 273-74 Karl Jónsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pingeyrar (author of Sverris Saga), 234n26, 235, 240-43 Karl Ulfsson, Swedish nobleman and Teutonic Knight, 112 Karuse, battle of (1270), 259, 260 Kazimierz I the Restorer / Kazimierz Odnowiciel, prince of Poland, 175,176 Kazimierz III the Great / Kazimierz Wielki, king of Poland, 276 Kazimierz III, bishop of Płock, 93 Keller, Hagen, 182 Kętrzyński, Wojciech, 84 Khorol (river), 171 Kiev / Kyiv (city), 12,169,170,171,173,
174,175,220,221, 268 Kievan Chronicle (anonymous), 172-73 Kievan Rus’. See Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians Knin (city, bishopric), 31 Knut Lavard, Saint / Knut of Ringsted, Saint, Danish prince and duke of Schleswig, 192,194 Knut V / Knut Magnussen, king of Denmark, 194 Knut VI / Knut Valdemarsøn, Danish prince and king of Denmark, 192-93,196 Knýtlinga Saga / Saga ofCnut's Descendants, 198n37, 248-49 Komi (peoples), 264 kontakia (hymns). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Koppány, some Hungarian bishop, 39n3 Kornerup, Jacob, 118,133 Korpela, Jukka, 273 Kőszegi (Hungarian kindred), 49, 52, 53 Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric), 78, 78nl3,175,175n63 Krawiec, Adam, 15n44 Krbava (city, bishopric), 31 Kressenbrunn, battle of (1260), 150n42,152 Kruszwica (city stronghold), 163,166n28, 170,172,176-77,176n73,177n73, 177n75 Krystyn, governor of Mazovia, 84-85, 92 Kvarner Gulf, 26 Kyriawan, Estonian, 66-67 Kyrie, eleison (trope). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Labuda, Gerard, 91-92 Ladislaus (Kán kindred), Hungarian count, 47
INDEX Ladislaus I the Saint / Saint Ladislas / Szent László, king of Hungary, 26,150n51, 157 Ladislaus III / III. László, king of Hungary, 31 Ladislaus IV / Ladislaus the Cuman / IV. (Kun) László, king of Hungary, 27, 49-50, 51-53,152 Ladoga (castle), 276 Lalli, alleged killer of St. Henry, bishop of Finland, 70 Landskrona (fortress), 276 Landulf of Milan, chronicler, 185nl04,186 Langensalza, battle of (1075), 185nl04 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 63, 63n31, 254, 254n52 Latin Church, 20, 64, 65, 66, 73,131-32, 263, 266-67, 269, 276-78 Latvia, Latvians / Letts, Latvian, 245n3, 263, 264, 270-71 Laurentian Chronicle, 39n3,169, 272-73. See also Povesť vremennych let / Tale of Bygone Years / Primary Chronicle Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler, 76,94 Law of Succession, Norwegian, 230, 232-33, 232nl9, 236 Lawrence, Saint, 162nl3 Laws of Ladislaus I the Saint, 150n41 Laws of the Coloman the Learned, 150-51 Lazarus (biblical), 129 Lechfeld, battle of (955), 160,182, 220 Ledung. See expeditio publica, ledung / leding Legenda maior sancti Stephani regis / Major Legend ofKing Saint Stephen (anonymous), 145-46 Legenda Margaritae / Legend of [Saint) Margaret (anonymous), 156-57 Legenda sancti Stephani regis ab Hartvico episcopo conscripta / Legend ofKing Saint Stephen by Bishop Hartvic. See Hartvic / Arduin, bishop of Győr (probably), hagiographer Leitha (river), battle of (1146), 148-50 297 Lembitu, Estonian chieftain, 68n53 Leo IV, pope, 232 Leo IX, pope, 246 Libellus sancti Stephani regis de institutione morum ad Emericum ducem,
141-42 Liber Ordinum, Visigothic, 179-81,184 Liber precum Gertrudae ducissae / Book ofPrayers of the Princess Gertrude. See Gertrude / Olisava / Gertrude of Poland, grand princess consort of Kiev. Lind, John, 112, 273 Lippiflorium (anonymous), 250 Lithuania, Lithuanians, Lithuanian, 107, 110, 259, 260, 261, 268, 269, 275 Litold, Moravian duke, 216 liturgy of war. See rites of war Liutprand of Cremona, chronicler, 185nl04 Livländische Reimchronik/ Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (anonymous), 69, 20, 249, 249n26, 251, 257-62 Livonia, Livonians / Livs, Livonian, 3, 7,17, 20, 58-59, 64, 66-69, 72, 73, 99,100, 104,107, 111, 112, 245-62, 245n3, 253Ո47, 263, 269-70, 272, 274, 275-76, 277 Lodomér, archbishop of Esztergom, 52-53 Lödöse (city, Dominican convent), 103 Lombards, 160 Lord’s Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross Lothar of Supplinburg / Lothar III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 157n79 Louis IX / Saint Louis, king of France, 104, 109,113, 256 Louis VII, king of France, 120 Lübeck (city, port), 99,100nl8 Lübke, Christian, 15 Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus, ancient author, 215,215η 35, 229n7 Luczane / Lučané (people), 207-8, 213 Ludvíkovský Jaroslav, 224ո88 Lund (city, archbishopric, Dominican convent), 101, 111, 192 Luticians, 14,15,146n23. See also Wends
298 INDEX Lyon (city, archbishopric), 109 Lyon, first council of (1245), 101 Lyrskogshede / Lyrskov Heath, battle of (1043), 238 Lysias, governor of Syria, 164 Maccabees, leaders of the Israel (biblical), 71, 164-65, 125, 182-83, 220, 220n72 MacKay, Angus, 250n34 Magdeburg (city, archbishopric), 59 Magistri Vincentu dicti Kadłubek Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles by Master Vincentius nicknamed Kadłubek. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Magnus Erlingsson, tóng of Norway, 227, 229, 230, 231-32, 23ІПІ5, 233, 235, 240, 242 Magnus Erlingsson's Coronation Oath and Letter of Privileges to the Church, 231, 234,235,236-37 Magnus 1 Nilsson, Danish prince, king of Sweden, 194 Magnus IV Eriksson, king of Sweden and king of Norway (as Manus VII), 114, 276 Magnus IV Sigurdsson / Magnus the Blind, king of Norway, 227, 229, 230, 233 Magnus Olavsson / Magnus the Good, king of Norway and Denmark, 238, 238n43, 241 Magnus, governor of Mazovia, 78-81 Maier, Christoph T., 17-18 Manasses, archbishop of Split, 25, 27, 36, 37 Manuel Comnenos, Byzantine emperor, 151-52 Margaret Island. See Island of Rabbits (in Budapest) / Margaret Island Margaret, Saint / Margaret of Hungary, princes and Dominican nun, 156-57, 157n78 Mars (Roman god), 167 Martin IV, pope, 111 Martin, archbishop of Gniezno, 162,162nll, 178 Martin, Saint, 157,176n69 martyrdom, idea of, 117-38, 238, 245-62. See also clerical order, clergy: death in combat; death in combat; war, fighting: as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice Mary Laskaris, queen consort
of Hungary, 156-57,157n78 Mary, Saint. See Virgin Mary Master Roger. See Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler Master Vincentius. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Mathilda of Swabia, duchess of Carinthia and duchess of Upper Lorraine, 13 Matilda of Ringelheim, queen of Germany, holy woman, 224 Matthew of Paris / Matthew Paris, Benedictine monk and chronicler, 113 Matthew, bishop of Kraków, 165-66 Matthias, archbishop of Esztergom, 45, 46 Maurice, Saint, 160,176n69 Mazovia, Mazovians, Mazovian, 17, 75-95, 176,210,218-19 McCormick, Michael, 4,18,143,184, 184nl01 Mecklenburg (region), 98,103 Medvedgrad / Medvevár (city castle), 47 Meinhard, bishop of Livonia, 58, 58n4, 66, 67, 68, 253, 255 Ménfő, battle of (1044), 146-47,150n42, 183 Metz (city and bishopric), 203 Michael Attaleiates, chronicler, 178n79, 184nl01 Michael VII Doukas / Michael Parapinakes, Byzantine emperor, 178n79,184nl01 Michael, archangel. See angels: St. Michael / Archistrategos / "chief-general," archangel Michałowski, Roman, 11 Michelsberg (Benedictine abbey in Bamberg), 177n75,183n96 Miechovia. See Samuel Nakielski, chronicler
INDEX Mieszko I, prince of Poland, 11,176, 210 Mieszko II, king of Poland, 13,175,177n76 miles Christianus (Christian knight, defender of Christianity), 124-33,192, 236, 238-39, 246, 257, 258, 269. See also chivalric culture; piety, knightly Military Orders and confraternities Livonian Brothers of the Militia of Christ / Sword Brothers, 58, 64, 66, 68, 72, 247, 259, 260, 271, 272 Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem / Teutonic Order, 7,18, 59n8, 64, 66, 69, 84, 87, 92n74,98-100,102, 103,104,107,110, 111, 112,114, 177n77, 247, 249, 250, 257-62, 263, 276 Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers, 18, 107,114 Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars, 37, 46, 73, 247 Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy, 86 Roskilde confraternity founded by Vedeman against Wends, 200 military saints. See warrior-saints milites Mauriciani (servile knights of Magdeburg archbishopric), 15 milites sancii Martini (servile knights of Mainz archbishopric), 15 Miriam, Israelite prophetess (biblical), 134-35 Mizse, palatine of Hungary, 53 Modzelewski, Karol, 14 Mogyoród, battle of (1074), 150n42 Mohács, battle of (1526), 153 Mongols, 17, 29, 35, 40, 43-47, 51, 52, 53, 55,87-88,99,153-57 attack on Hungary (1285), 52, 53, 87-88 invasion of Hungary (1241-1242), 17, 29, 35, 40,43-47, 51, 55, 87,153-57 Invasion of Rus' (1237-1241), 275, 277 Monoszló (Hungarian kindred), 50 Moravia, Moravians, Moravian, 99,152, 215 299 Moravské pole / Marchfeld, battle of (1278), 150n42,152 Moroz, Irina, 184
Morris, Colin, 247n9 Moscow / Moskva (city), 264 Moses, prophet and patriarch of Israel (biblical), 66n40, 81,135,169,178n79 Mstivoj, Abodrite duke, 195 Muhi, battle of (1241), 35, 44,45-46,47, 55, 87,153-54 Murray, Alan V., 261 Muslims, Muslim, 93,110, 246, 248, 251, 268 Nablus, canons of (1120), 63 Nakielski, Samuel. See Samuel Nakielski, chronicler Nakło (stronghold), battle of (1109), 162-68,162nl3,170,172,173,176, 177,178,179,185,186 Naples (city), 37 Narbonne (city, archdiocese), 98 Navarre, 182 Netherlands, 103 Neva (river), 276 New Jerusalem, idea of, 133-37 Nicholas (Kán kindred), archbishop-elect of Kalocsa, 49, 50,51 Nicholas Arnesson, bishop of Oslo and magnate, 233-34, 234n26, 242 Nicholas I, pope, 10, 232 Nicholas III, pope, 50, 51 Nicholas IV, pope, 52, 53,106 Nicholas, Saint, 126,130,137 Nicholson, Helen, 247n9 Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler, 259n87 Nidaros / Trondheim (city, archbishopric, Dominican convent), 60,103,105, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235-36, 235n35, 238, 240 Niels, king of Denmark, 194 Nikaia, 178n79,184nl01 Nils Ubbesson, Swedish nobleman and crusader, 113 Nin (city, bishopric), 31 Nitra / Nyitra (city, bishopric), 46
зоо INDEX Norn, Otto, 128 North-Eastern Europe, 245n3 Northern Europe, North, 98,100,102,103, 104,107,196, 237, 248 North-Western Europe, 101,104 Norway, Norwegians, Norwegian, Norse, 3, 8,12,13,99nl2,102-3,104,105, 205, 227-43 Novgorod the Great / Veliky Novgorod (city, bishopric), 66,102,114, 264, 268, 271-4, 276-78 Novgorod Chronicle, 269, 272-73, 275, 276 Novgorodian Rus’. See Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians Nowakowski, Tomasz, 91 Nuremberg (city, bishopric), 155 Odense (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 60, 111 Odin (Germanic god), 167 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 17, 57n2 Oesilians, 102 Olafs saga hins Helga / Legendary Saga ofSt. Olav (anonymous), 240-43 Olav, OP, provincial of Dacia, 106 Olav / Olaf, Saint, king of Norway, 12, 229, 230, 231, 235, 236-43, 238n43 Old Norwegian Homily Book (anonymous), 242 Oldenburg (city, bishopric), 205-5 Oldřich-Udalrich, Bohemian prince, 215n34, 216 Omiš / Almissa (Dalmatian island), 54 Oradea / Várad (city, bishopric), 42, 44 Order of Cistercians, 58, 59,114, 255, 255n60 Order of Dobrzyń. See Military Orders and confraternities: Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Order of Friars Minor, Franciscans, 98, 100-101,100nl5,103,104-5,107, 108,114, 252 Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers Order of Preachers, Dominican friars, 17-18, 35, 60nl2,91,91n74, 97-115, 252 Order of St. Benedict, Benedictines, 41, 111, 113,177n75 Orderic Vitalis, chronicler, 247 Orthodox
Church, 20, 263-78 Oslo (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,227, 233 Otepää (city), 271, 272 Otto I the Great, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 160, 220 Otto ill, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 175,185,186 Otto, bishop of Freising, chronicler, 148-49 Ottomans (Saxon dynasty), 188,194-95 Oxford (city, university), 254, 261 Øystein / Eistein II Haraldsson, king of Norway, 238 Øystein / Eystein Erlendsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 228, 228n5, 230, 231, 232-33, 235, 236, 243 Pagans, pagan, paganism, 10,11,14-15, 17,19, 45, 58, 62, 66, 70, 78-81, 79nl8, 84, 86, 87, 88-89, 93-95,110, 114,154,157-88,101-2,190-92, 195-206, 218-20, 221, 222, 237, 238-39, 250-62, 253n50, 256, 270, 273, 276. See also Cumans; Curonians; Estonians; Izhorians; Livonians / Livs; Luticians; Mongols; Pomeranians; Polovtsi; Prussians; Rani / Rugians, Samogitians; Semigallians; Slavs; Turks, Wends Pamplona (city), 182 Pannonhalma (Benedictine abbey), 41 Pannónia (region), 141 papacy. See Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy papal bulls, 41nl5, 54-55, 59n6, 98-99, 104,105,110 Paradise, Garden of Eden, Heavenly Kingdom, New Jerusalem, Promised
INDEX Land, 14, 65,109,121,124,133-37, 232, 250,256,258 Paris (city, university), 35,104, 228, 233, 236, 254 Paschal II, pope, 63ո29 Passio et miracula beati Olaui / Passion and Miracles of the Blessed Olav (anonymous), 237-38, 237ո38 Pater noster (prayer-song). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery (anonymous), 171 patrons, saints. See holy patrons of polities and peoples Paul of Przemyków, bishop of Kraków, 78nl4 Paul the Apostle, Saint, 234 Paul, bishop of Pécs, 53 Peipus (lake), 276 Pełka, bishop of Kraków, 78, 78nl3 Pelops (mythical), 217 Pereyaslavl (city, bishopric), 174 Pest (city), 44 Peter (Kán kindred), archbishop of Split and archbishop of Kalocsa, 28 Peter (Kőszegi kindred), bishop of Veszprém, 49, 52 Peter (Monoszló kindred), bishop of Alba lulia, 49-50 Peter I (Csák kindred), palatine of Hungary, 49 Peter of Dacia / Petrus de Dacia, OP, lector in Skänninge and prior of St. Nicholas’s church in Gotland, 112 Peter of Dusburg, chronicler, 259n87, 260, 261 Peter Orseolo, king of Hungary, 146-48 Peter the Apostle, Saint, 126,145,174n60, 176n73 Peter the Venerable, Saint, Benedictine monk and abbot of Cluny, 136 Peter, bishop of Győr, 42,43 Peter, called Lombard, archbishop of Split, bishop od Narni, 28 Peter, pretender to Dalmatian throne, 26 301 Petrilo, priest from Staraya Rusa (in the Novgorod Land), 269 Pharsalia. See Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus (ancient author) Phelpstead, Carl, 229-30 Philip (Tűrje kindred), provost in Dömös, bishop of Zagreb and archbishop of Esztergom, 47, 49 Philip IV / Philip the Fair
/ Philippe le Bel, king of France, 107 Philip of Fermo / Filippo da Fermo, bishop of Fermo and papal legate, 51-52 Philip, baptised Liv, interpreter and martyr, 68 Philip, bishop of Ratzeburg, 72 Piasts (Polish dynasty), 11,12,14,19,112, 161,177,179,183,185,186,188, 210, 218-20 piety, knightly, 18,19,124-25,129-33,192, 208, 250-51, 269. See also chivalric culture; miles Christianus (Christian knight, defender of Christianity) Planctus destructionis Hungáriám per Tartaros / The Lamentfor the Destruction of Hungary by the Tartars (anonymous), 155-56 Płock (city, bishopric, princely castle), 75-95,176 Pohl, Walter, 4,184 Polabia (region), 14. See also Rügen / Rugia (Baltic island) Poland, Poles, Polish, 3, 6,13,14,15,19, 82, 86, 93,99,103, ЮЗпЗІ, 104,144, 150n39,152,157,157n79,157-188, 209, 213, 214, 217n57, 218-20, 222, 249n24 Policraticus. See John of Salisbury, author, philosopher and diplomat Polonia, Dominican province of, 98,99 Polotsk (city), 66, 272, 277 Polovtsi, 19,161,168-73,174n57,179, 221 Pomerania, Pomeranians, Pomeranian, 13, 19, 78,81,92,98,99n7, ІОЗпЗІ, 162-68,162nl2,170,177,178,186, 187, 210, 218-19, 249n24
302 INDEX Pontificale Cracoviense / Kraków Pontifical, 177-79,178ո79 Pontìgny (city, abbey), 119 Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon. See Military Orders and confraternities: Poor FellowSoldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars Poppe, Andrzej, 174 Povesť vremennych let / Tale ofBygone Years / Primary Chronicle, 19,161, 168-73,178,184,188, 209-11, 212, 220-21. See also Hypatian Chronicle·, Laurentian Chronicle Požega / Pozsega (castle), 55 Pozsony. See Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city) Prague (city, bishopric), 152, 208, 209, 214, 216 prayers for protection or mercy or martyrdom, 142,145,154,156,164,171,174, 174n62,177,185nl04, 256 public, “home front,” on behalf of the ruler/state, 10,18, 80,102-3,145, 146,146n23,149,150,151-52,155, 172,201 as thanksgiving, 147 for victory, 18, 78, 79,80, 83-84, 88, 89, 131n27,149,152,164,169,171, 179,185nl04, 202, 205, 235, 238-39 as weapon, 81, 83, 202, 205 See also rites of far preaching war or crusades, 17-18, 59n7, 67-68,97-114,132, 231-32, 251-52 practice of, 107-9 sermons as a tool for, 109-10,109n66, 252 See also rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations; sermons Přemysl Otakar II, Bohemian prince and tóng of Bohemia, 49,152 Pressburg. See Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city) princes of darkness (biblical), 166 primipilarius. See standard-bearers primipilus, Roman highest-ranking centurion in the first cohort of a legion, 167,167n33 Procopius, Saint, 152 Provance, Provençals, Provençal, 71, 71ո76 Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ. See Military Orders and confraternities:
Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Przasnysz (village), 86 Przemyśl (city), 39ո3 Psalterium Egberti / Egbert Psalter (also known as Gertrude Psalter or Trier Psalter) 174-75 Pskov (city), 268-71, 274, 276-78 Psyol / Psel (river), 171 Pułtusk (stronghold), 86,92 Ptak, Jan, 78nl3 Přemyslids (Bohemian dynasty), 12,14, 185, 208,212,214,214-18 Prussia, Prussians, Prussian, 13,17, 78, 81, 83-86, 89, 98-103, ІОЗпЗІ, 104,107, 219, 249n24, 266 Prinz, Friedrich, 6-7 The Questions ofCyricus (Novgorodian canonical collection), 267 Rába (river), 146 Radegund, Merovingian queen and holy woman, 224, 224n90 Rainald von Dassel, archbishop of Cologne and chancellor of Italy, 17, 91 Rákos, congregation of (1277), 50 Ralph of Caen, chronicler, 71n76 Rambald of Carumb, master of the Hungarian Templars, 46 Rani / Rugians, 199n45. See also Arkona; Rügen / Rugia; Wends Raymond of Penyafort, OP, Catalan friar and canonist, 98 Raymond, count of Saint-Gilles and crusader, 65n37 Re (in Vestfold, Norway), battle at (1163), 235
INDEX relics, reliquaries, 32, 60, 62, 70,172,179, 184, 214, 214ո29, 228, 229, 238ո43. See also signa victricia, relics Rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri tres. See Widukind of Corvey, chronicler retinues/household knights at clergy’s disposal, 34, 36, 45, 47, 58, 92,197 Reval / Tallinn [city, Dominican convent), 58, 66 Reynold, Hungarian count, 152 Rhineland [region), 175 Riade, battle of [933), 160,182 Ribe [city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 101 Richeza of Lotharingia / Rycheza / Ryksa, queen of Poland, 175 Riedegost / Rethra [city, Rani’s temple), 15 Riga [city, bishopric, port), Rigan, 58,68, 68n58, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 257, 262, 265-66, 269, 270, 271-72 rites of war, 4, 9,10,14,15,18,19,141-157, 171,173-88,211-12,228 absolution, 80, 200, 235, 252 battle cries, 241 battle speeches and exhortations, 65, 73, 79, 84,153,157n79,164,170,182, 207-8, 235, 242 blessing the arms, 18, 62,148-49,157, 178 blessing, clerical, before battle, 18, 148-49,157,171 celebrating victory, adventus, 147,152 confession, 150 crusading, 19,188,188nll4 devotion during campaign [or the lack of), [un)ethical behaviour, 18, 77-80, 150,150n41,157Ո79,162nl3,169, 171-72, 202, 204-5, 221, 241-42, 257, 276 fasting, 18, 80,144,151 gestures, 211-12 gird with a sword, knighting, 148-49, 148n34 Holy Mass in the field, 72,157n79, 202 kiss of peace, 212, 212nl8 303 kissing the Cross, 171-72, 212nl8 liturgy of war, in liturgical texts, 18, 71, 143,177-81,177n79,178n81, 178n82,188, 202 penitential, 72, 72n80,146n23,147, 200, 252 pouring tears, 66n40, 79, 80, 83-84, 83n37, 88,13ІП27,164,171 pre-Christian,
pagan, 14,166-68,186 profectio bellica [departure and march for war), 19,171,179-83,184nl01 singing and performing liturgical songs, 109.154.171-72, 72n51,173, 221, 235 spiritual preparation for battle/war, 72, 80,146n23,148-49,157n79,16465.171- 72,179,184, 200, 200n55, 235 submission to victors, 154 taking vows to God/saints, if granted victory, 11,156-57,157n77,171, 238-39 thanksgiving for victory, 11,13,14,18, 145,146-47,149,150,152 viaticum, 4,19, 62, 72,157,157n79, 200, 229 See also prayers; signa victricia (victory bringing objects) Robert the Monk, chronicler, 16ІПІ0 Robert, bishop of Veszprém, 42 Rodulfus Glaber, chronicler, 147n31, 183n94 Roger Bacon, Oxford scholar, 261-62 Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler, 29, 43,44, 45,46-47, 46n47,43,87,153,155 Roger Wendover, chronicler, 248 Rome (city), 58n4, 60, 70,104, 223, 246. See also Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy Rome, Romans, Roman, Roman Empire, Roman Republic (ancient), 50, 142-43,168,179,181,190,192, 215n35, 217n55, 218, 220, 224, 228 Roskilde (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 112,194,197
304 INDEX Rubin, Miri, 251 Ruda, priest from Pskov, 269-70 Rudolf of Habsburg, king of the Romans (Germany), 152 Rudolf, master of Sword Brothers, 67, 72 Rufinus of Bologna, decretist, 63 Rügen / Rugia (Baltic island), 190,195, 199-200, 203, 205. See also Arkona; Polabia; Rani / Rugians Rurikids (Rusian dynasty), 19,161,177, 179,183,185, 221 Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians, 3, 6,12,13,14,19, 46, 66, 87, 101-2,150n39,157n79,161,168-73, 179,181,183-85,188, 209, 213, 219-21, 222, 264, 266-78 Sajó (river), 45, 87,153,154 Saaremaa (region), 58,102 Saccalians, 67 Saint-Denis (near Paris), Benedictine abbey 236 Saint-Victor’s in Paris, Cistercian abbey, 228, 233, 236 Salimbene of Parma, Franciscan friar and chronicler, 260 Sallust, Roman author, 220n72 Samogitians, 258 Samuel Aba / Obó / Ovo, king of Hungary, 146-47,147n31 Samuel Nakielski, chronicler, 84 Samuel, Israelite prophet, 240 Sandaaker, Odd, 23ІПІ5 Satagundie / Satakunta (region), 70 Saul, king of Israel and Judah (biblical), 235 Saule, battle of (1236), 259, 260 Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler, 19,110, 189-206 Saxons, Transylvanian, 49 Saxony, Saxons, Saxon, 15,155, 209, 211, 218, 218n59,222,254, 266 Scandinavia, Scandinavian, Scandinavians, 3, 6, 7-9,16, 20, 64,99,101-3,104,106, 111, 112,114,117,132n30,189-206, 228, 234 Scania (Danish island), 194 Schleswig (city, Dominican convent), 103 Scots, 80 Scytians, 141 Segeberg (city, Aygustinian monastery), 58, 254 Selencia (region), 13 Selja (island in Vestland associated with St. Olav), 241 Semigallia, Semigallians, 251 Semkowicz, Aleksander, 90 Senj (city,
bishopric), 31 Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 183 sermons. See rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations; preaching war or crusades Sharukan (city), 171 Šibenik (city, bishopric, port), 26, 35, 35n44 Sibiu / Szeben (city), 46, 49 Sigebert of Gembloux, chronicler and polemicist, 63n29 signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), 4-5,10,18,152,167n33,168, 172-173,179,185 Árpádian spear or Saint Stephen’s Spear, 185 banner (or effigy) depicting St. Michael, used by Lombards, 160 banner depicting angel (St, Michael?), used by Ottoman kings, 160,160n7, 182 banners depicting St. Michael, used by Franks, 160 Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross, 10, 73,147,168n35,169,171-73, 178, 179-80,182,183,184nl01, 229 Holy Lance, Imperial Lance, 160,163nl4, 185-86,185nl04 Holy Lance of Antioch, 65-66, 66n40 Piast spear or the so-called Spear of St. Maurice, 185-86,187-88 piece of the Holy Cross carried before army at Fyrileiv battle (1134), 229
INDEX Přemyslit! spear or the so-called Spear of St. Václav, 152,157n79,185,187 relics, 18, 62, 72,172,179-80, 228, 229, 238n43 royal banner stored in basilica of the Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár, 152 spear in Vincentius of Krakow’s narrative on the campaign against the Pomeranians, 163,168,168n37,178, 181,185-86 St. Mary’s banner, 250 St. Olav’s battle-axe called "Неї’’, 283n43 St. Olav’s sword, 239 St. Procopius's banner, 152 St. Vaclav’s banner, 152 St. Vojtěch-Adalberťs banner, 152 Visigothic royal Holy Cross, 179-81 signifier. See standard-bearers Sigtuna (city, Dominican convent), 103,106, 107,113 Sigurd I Magnusson / Sigurd the Crusader / Sigurd Jerusalem-Traveller / Sigurd Jórsalafari, king of Norway, 227, 228-29, 230 Sigurd II Haraldsson / Sigurd Munn, tóng of Norway, 238, 239 Sigurd of Rør, Norwegian nobleman, 235 Simon of Kéza, royal notary and chronicler, 147-48,152 Simon, bishop of Oradea, 43 Simon, bishop of Płock, 75, 78-81, 79nl7, 84, 89,90 Skänninge (city, Dominican convent), 103, 112 Skara (city, Dominican convent), 103 Skibiński, Edward, 174n60 Skradin (city, bishopric), 31 Skuodas, battle of (1259), 259 Slavs, Slavic, 14,183,196, 223, 275. See also Bohemians, Abodrites, Luticians, Mazovians, Poles, Pomeranians, Rani / Rugians, Wends Smith, Caroline, 256 Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic chieftain and saga writer, 229-30 305 Soběslav I, Bohemian prince, 157n79, 217, 218n58 Song ofRoland, 57n2; 125, 229, 247. See also Chansons de geste Sophia, Saint (Holy Wisdom), 268 Spain, Spanish, 6,93,160-61,182, 248, 250-5ІП34 Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque
Spalatinorum pontificum. See Thomas of Split, the so-called Archdeacon, chronicler Spear of St. Maurice, See Signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), Piast spear or the so-called Spear of St. Maurice Spear of St. Václav. See Signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), Přemyslid spear or the so-called Spear of St. Václav Split / Spalato (city, archbishopric, port), 16-17, 25-37,41, 41nl3,46n47,153 standard-bearers (miraculous), 163, 164,168,175n45, 238-39, 239n45. See also angels; banners, military; divine and saints’ agency in war; signa victricia (victory-bringing objects); supernatural aids in war; warrior-saints standard-bearers, 73,152,167-68,167n33, 168n35,166n36,170n45,172,173, 178,180-81,184ПІ01,186,187, 221, 229. See also banners, military; rites of war standards. See banners, military Stanisław of Skarbimierz, scholar and rector of the University of Kraków, 93, 94 Stanisław, Saint, bishop of Kraków and martyr, 90,159 Staraya Rusa / Stara Russa (city in the Novgorod Land), 269 Stedingers, German rebel peasants, heretics, 100-102,104 Stephen II, king of Croatia, 26 Stephen III, king of Hungary, 151-52 Stephen IV, king of Hungary, 151 Stephen of Orvieto, papal legate, 230
306 INDEX Stephen of Perm / Apostle of the Permians, bishop of Perm, painter and missionary, 264 Stephen V, king of Hungary, 48, 49 Stephen, archbishop of Kalocsa, 50 Stephen, archbishop-elect of Split, bishop of Zagreb, 29, 35 Stephen, bishop of Vác, 43,47 Stephen, Saint / Stephen I / Szent István, tóng of Hungary, 11,12,18, 32, 37, 141-42,144-46,149,150,157 Stephen, Saint, proto-martyr, 257 Steppes (region), 168-73 Stiklestad, battle of (1030), 240-41 Sula (river), 171 Summa Theologica. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church supernatural aids in war, 4,12,15,157-88, 238-39, 250,268. See also angels; divine and saints’ agency in war; standardbearers (miraculous); warrior-saints Svantevit / Svetovid / Świętowit, Slavic diety, god of Rani, 199, 203 Svatopluk / Menumorout, mythical Romanian ruler, 21ІПІ4 Svatopluk / Svatopluk the Lion, Bohemian and Moravian prince, 216 Svatopluk I, Moravian prince, 213 Sven Aggesen, chronicler, 193,194 Sven II Estridsson, king of Denmark, 194 Sven III Grathe, king of Denmark, 194, 203 Sverre Sigurdsson, king of Norway and cleric, 205, 205n82, 229, 233, 234-35 Sverris saga /Saga ofKing Sverri ofNorway. See Karl Jönsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pingeyrar Sviatopolk Iziaslavich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 168-73,174n60, 221 Sweden, Swedes, Swedish, 59n6, 60, 60nl4, 66, 69-71,99nl2,100nl5,102-3, 111, 112, 266, 268, 274, 276 Sword Brothers. See Military Orders and confraternities; Livonian Brothers of the Militia of Christ / Sword Brothers Szeged, congregation in (1282), 52 Szekcső (castle), 53 Székesfehérvár (city,
royal residence), 47, 147,152,155 take the Cross, become a crusader, Crusade vow, 41, 59n8, 97,108,109,112,113, 131,132,155, 239, 255 redemption of Crusade vows, 104, 111 See also rites of war Talava (region), 270-71, 272, 274 Talibald, leader of Talava people, 271 Tamm, Marek, 252 Tancred of Hauteville, crusader, 66n40 Tartu / Dorpat (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 68, 276 Tatars. See Mongols Tavastia, Tavastians (region, people), 101-2, 272-73 Tedald, archbishop of Milan and imperial chaplain, 186 Templars. See Military Orders and confraternities; Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars Tertullian, early Christian author, 246 Teutonia, Dominican province of, 17, 98,99, 107-8 Teutonic Knights / Order. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem / Teutonic Order Thangmar of Hildesheim, chronicler, 163nl4,186 Theoderic ofTreyden, Cistercian monk and abbot, bishop of Estonia, 58n4, 68 Theodoricus Monachus / Theodoricthe Monk, chronicler, 228, 228n5, 229-30, 229n7 Theodosius of Kiev / Theodosius of the Caves, Saint, 171 Theodosius the Great, Eastern emperor, 142 Theotokos. See Virgin Maty Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg and chronicler, 14,15, 215n34
INDEX Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church, 93,94,136 Thomas Becket, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury, 117-24,118n4,125,130, 132,137 Thomas of Split, called Archdeacon, chronicler, 28nll, 31, 35-36, 37,43, 44, 46, 46n47, 47, 54,87-88,153, 153n58,155 Thomas, bishop of Eger, 42-43 Thrugots (Danish kindred), 193 Thurstan, archbishop of York, 80 Tihany (city, abbey), 49 Tivoli (city), 186 Tomasina, Hungarian princess, 53 Tønsberg (city), 227, 235 Transdanubia (region), 44 Transylvania (region), 46,48, 49-50. See also Alba Iulia / Gyulafehérvár (city, bishopric) Tribsees (village in Mecklenburg), 204 Trier (city, archbishopric), 234 triumph, victory, idea of, 5, 64, 80,147,163, 164,170,179,181, 200, 219 Trogir / Trau (city, bishopric, port), 26, 29, 31,35,37,47 troparia (hymns). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Trpimirovići (Croatian dynasty), 30 True Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross Trutina (river), battle of (1110), 150n42, 157n79 Turaida (region), 68, 72 Turks, 62, 66n40 Turku / Åbo (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 60nl4 Turpin, Charlemagne’s bishop (fictional), 57n2, 65, 65n34 Tyge, bishop of Århus, 105 Tyro, duke of Bohemians (mythical), 208 Ugaunia, Ugaunians, Ugandi (region, people), 68, 271-72 307 Ugljan’s St. Michael (fortress), 36n48 Ugrin (Csák kindred), archbishop of Kalocsa and royal chancellor, 17, 35, 37,44-45, 46, 54-55 Ugrin (Csák kindred), archbishop of Split, 29, 35-36 Ulf Fase, Swedish earl, 112 Ulrich of Augsburg, Saint, bishop of Augsburg, 11 Ümera, battle of
(1220), 257 Uppsala (city, archbishopric), 59n6 Urban II, pope, 62, 246n9 Urban IV, pope, 105, 111 Urban VI, pope, 107n56 Urban, William, 259 Urias, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pannonhalma, 42 Üxküll (city, bishopric, castle), 58, 68, 68n56 Vacek, Bohemian nobleman, 217 Václav / Wenceslaus, Saint, prince and patron of Bohemia, 14,152,157n79, 159,187,215,216,223 Väinäjoki (region), 68 Valdemar I, king of Denmark, 19,189-206 Valdemar II, tóng of Denmark, 101,196 Valdemars (Danish dynasty), 58,101 Valhalla (mythical), 14 Varangians, Varangian, 14, 238-39, 239n45 Varaždin / Varasd (city), 42n20 Västerås (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,106 Vedeman / Wethemann, Danish nobleman from Roskilde, seafarer (pirate) and founder of a lay guild against Wends, 200 Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers and poet, 22n90 Venice, Venetians, Venetian, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37 Veszprém (city, bishopric), 42, 49 vexiila. See banners, military Viborg (city, Dominican convent), 103 Victor IV, anti-pope, 205 Victory (Roman goddess), 181
308 INDEX victory-bringing objects. See signa victrícia (victory-bringing objects) Viljandi / Feliin (Estonian fortress), 256 Vincent, bishop of Oradea, 47 Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler, 19, 75, 75n3, 78, 78nl3, 79, 81-82,19, 75, 78, 80-82, 84, 89, 95,161,161n9,162-68, 162nl2,163ПІ4,163nl6,167n32, 169,172,178,179,184,186,187,188, 220n72, 266 Vincentius of Prague, chronicler, 151-52 Virgin Mary, 12,15, 32,123,135,145,149, 150,156,157,157n78,171,176n69, 177n77,183, 238, 250-51, 250-51n34, 258, 262 Vironia, Vironians, Vironian, 67, 265-66 Visby (city and Dominican convent), 99, 99n9,103 Visigoths, Visigothic, 179-80,184 Vita Bernwardi episcopi Hildesheimensis auctore Thangmaro / Life ofBernward, bishop ofHildesheim, by Thangmar. See Thangmar of Hildesheim, chronicler Vita S. Uoudalrici / Life ofSaint Ulrich by Gerhard of Augsburg, 11 Vita sancti Heinrici regis et confessons / Life ofSaint Henry, King and Confessor (anonymous), 183,183n96 Vitae episcoporum Cracoviensium / Catalogue of the Bishops ofKraków. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Vitae episcoporum Plocensium / Catalogue of the Bishops ofPłock See Jan Długosz, chronicler; Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler Vitus, Saint, monk in Corvey, 199,199n45, 199n46 Vladimir (city), 273 Vladimir I the Great, Rusian prince and prince of Kiev, 11,12,14, 221 Vladimir II Monomakh Vsevolodich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 168-73, 221 Vladimir Vseslavich, prince of Polotsk, 270, 272 Vladislav I, Bohemian prince, 216-17
Vladislav II, Bohemian prince and king of Bohemia, 151-52 Vlastislav, duke of Luczane (mythical), 207-8, 213 Vojtěch-Adalbert, Saint, bishop of Prague and martyr, 14, 79nl8,152,159, 159nl, 214, 216 Volhynia (region), 276 Vordingborg (city, Dominican convent), 103, ІОЗпЗО Vrana (city), 37 Vranjić (Dalmatian island), 36 Vratislav II, Bohemian prince and king of Bohemia, 212,215-16,217 Vršovci (Bohemian kindred), 216 Vsevolod 1 Iaroslavich, Rusian prince, grand prince of Kiev, 173-74 war, fighting absence of, peace, 35, 37,48, 50, 55, 60, 61nl5, 64, 72,136,146,151-52, 153,156,172,196,197-98, 208, 210, 211-12, 217, 221, 222, 231-32, 235, 236, 240-42, 248 Christian dimension of, 4,9, 20,142-43, 157-88, 218-21,196-206 Christian (Eastern, Western) influence on, 5-10,15-16,18,19, 69,166,174, 183-84,185,187, 263-78 in Church’s (ethical, theological) doctrine, 5, 9,124-29, 61-62,142-43, 204-5, 228, 232, 252, 266-67 civil, 8, 20, 40,48-50,190,193,194, 194nl6,196,197, 205, 214-18, 227-43 defensoiy (as defence of the Christians/ Church /patria), 43-47, 62, 64,
INDEX 78-79, 84, 87, 88-89, 92-95, 153-57,178, 213-14,196-98, 205, 218-20, 236, 250, 252, 274 depiction in narrative sources, 14,19, 20, 46, 57-73, 75-95,159-88,189-206, 207-25, 227-43, 252-62, 263-78 as God's ordeal, 5, 81 as a holy vengeance, 69,162,162nl2, 166,178 in iconography, 8,18,117-38,173, 173n56 imagined as negative, critique of, 212-225, 228-29 imagined as positive and/or necessary, legitimization of/praise of, 19, 129-30,142-43,192,196-201, 208, 212-225,230,234-35 just, just cause in, concepts of, 20,40,150, 208, 219-20, 224, 229, 235-36, 239 as a medium of baptism and Christianization, 12-13, 20, 218n59, 197-206, 249, 263-78 as a medium of secular subjugation, 20, 60, 69, 70,102,190,194,195-96, 249, 263-78 missionary, 9, 66,198, 247nll, 263-78 Orthodox notion of, 20, 263-78 against pagans and/or heretics and/or bad Christians, 17,19, 54-55, 60, 63, 63n29, 63n31, 64-71, 77nll, 78-79, 83-84, 93-94,131n27,153-57, 159-88, 97-114,190-191,194, 196-206, 232, 233-34, 235-36, 238-39, 245-62, 263-78 parallels between Christian and pagan notions of, 15 as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice, 117,118-29,130,136,137,197, 202, 232, 258 See also clerical armsbearing, use of material weapons or violence; clerical involvement in warfare; crusades; God’s war; holy war, idea of 309 warrior-saints, 157,176n69, 224, 239n45. See also angels; divine and saint's agency in war; George, Saint; holy patrons of polities and peoples; Martin, Saint; Maurice, Saint; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous) Wawel Hill (princely and royal residence), 175,176,177n75. See
also Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric) weapons/armour, spiritual, idea of, 131, 142,156 Weber, Gerd Wolfgang, 239 Wends, Wendic, 11,14,110,190,191,192, 194-202, 203, 234, 238, 238n43. See also Luticians; Polabia; Rani / Rugians Wenno, master of the Sword Brothers, 72 Wenrich of Trier, polemicist, 62n21 Werner, bishop of Płock, 85,90,92 Weser (river), 100 Western Europe, West, 3,4, 6,17,18,19,40, 61-62, 64, 69, 72,92-93,143,154-55, 161,183,185, 224, 265, 274 Westphalia (region), 250, 251 Wichmann II Billung / Wichmann the Younger, Saxon count and rebel, 218 Wickbert, Sword Brother, 72 Widukind of Corvey, chronicler, 19,160, 182, 209-10, 210nll, 211, 218, 222 Wien (city), 146n25 William II, count of Holland and Zeeland, anti-king of Germany, 101 William Longsword, duke of Normandy, 224n87 William of Modena / William of Sabina / Guglielmo de Chartreaux / Guglielmo de Savoy, papal legate and diplomat, 99, 255-56 Wipo of Burgundy, chronicler, 145 Wirpirk of Tengling / Wilburga / Hildburga, Bohemian princess, 215-16 Wiszewski, Przemysław, 186 Władysław I Herman, prince of Poland, 177 Wolverton, Lisa, 214
310 INDEX Ymaut, pagan Liv, 68 Ymera (people, region), 271 York (city, archbishopric), 80 Zadar / Zara, Zaratins (city, port), 26, 28, 36-37, 41nl3 Zagreb (city, bishopric), 41,154 Zawichost, battle of (1205), 78nl3 Zderad (official of Vratislav II), 215 Zealand (Danish island), Zealandic, 192, 194,197 Zvonimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia, 26 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations. vii Editors’ Preface. ix List of Abbreviations. xi Christianity and War in Medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia: An Introduction RADOSŁAW KOTECKI, CARSTEN SELCH JENSEN, and STEPHEN BENNETT.1 PART ONE: THE CHURCH AND WAR Chapter 1. The Role of the Dalmatian Bishops and Archbishops in Warfare During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Archbishops of Split JUDIT GÁL. 25 Chapter 2. Thirteenth-Century Hungarian Prelates at War GÁBOR BARABÁS. 39 Chapter 3. The Image of "Warrior-Bishops” in the Northern Tradition of the Crusades SINI KANGAS. 57 Chapter 4. Memory of the "Warrior-Bishops" of Płock in the Writings of Jan Długosz JACEK MACIEJEWSKI. 75 Chapter 5. Preachers of War: Dominican Friars as Promoters of the Crusades in the Baltic
Region in the Thirteenth Century JOHNNY GRANDJEAN GØGSIG JAKOBSEN 97
vi CONTENTS Chapter 6. Depictions of Violence in Late Romanesque Mural Paintings in Denmark MARTIN WANGSGAARD JURGENSEN.117 PART TWO: RELIGION IN WAR AND ITS CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS Chapter 7. Religious Rituals of War in Medieval Hungary Under the Árpád Dynasty DUŠAN ZUPKA. 141 Chapter 8. Pious Rulers, Princely Clerics, and Angels of Light: "Imperial Holy War” Imagery in Twelfth-Century Poland and Rus’ RADOSŁAW KOTECKI. 159 Chapter 9. Religion and War in Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum·. The Examples of Bishop Absalon and King Valdemar I CARSTEN SELCH JENSEN.189 Chapter 10. Rhetoric of War: The Imagination of War in Medieval Written Sources (Central and Eastern Europe in the High Middle Ages) DAVID KALHOUS and LUDMILA LUŇÁKOVA.207 Chapter 11. Civil War as Holy War? Polyphonic Discourses of Warfare During the Internal Struggles in Norway in the Twelfth Century BJØRN BANDLIEN. 227 Chapter 12. Martyrdom on the Field of Battle in Livonia During Thirteenth-Century Holy Wars and Christianization: Popular Belief and the Image of a Catholic Frontier KRISTJAN
KALJUSAAR.245 Chapter 13. Orthodox Responses to the Baltic Crusades ANTI SELART. 263 Selected Bibliography. 279 Index.285
INDEX A. (full name unknown), archbishop of Split, 28 Aachen (Imperial city), 101 Aaron, Israelite prophet and high-priest (biblical), 134-35 Abel (biblical), 121,123-24,134 Abel Valdemarsen, duke of Schleswig, king of Denmark, 101 Abodrites, Abodrite, 195 Abraham, patriarch of Israel (biblical), 178 Absalom, archbishop of Split, 27-28, 28nl0, 32 Absalon (Hvide kindred), archbishop of Lund and bishop of Roskilde, 19, 189-206, 234, 234n29 Achilles, bishop of Pécs, 47 Acontius / Acuntio of Viterbo, papal emissary, 54 Acre / Akko / Akka, siege of (1291), 106, 112,113 Adalbert, Saint. See Vojtěch-Adalbert, Saint, bishop of Prague and martyr Adam (biblical), 121,124 Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 266 Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay, 57n2, 65-66, 65n37, 66n50, 68 Admonitions ofSaint Stephen, the so-called. See Libellus sancii Stephani regis de institutione morum ad Emericum ducem Adorján (castle), 50 Ágasvár (stronghold), 48-49 Aggesen, Sven. See Sven Aggesen, chronicler Airlie, Stuart, 223 Alain of Lille, theologian and poet, 136-37 Alba Iulia / Gyulafehérvár (city, bishopric), 44,49. See also Transylvania (region) Alberic (cleric), 73n81 Alberic, abbot of Trois-Fontaines, chronicler, 255 Albero, archbishop ofTrier, 234, 234n29 Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 65n37 Albert of Buxhoevden, bishop of Riga, 58, 66, 67-68, 72, 73, 251-52, 254, 272 Alebrand (priest in Livonia), 72 Alexander III, pope, 28, 59n6, 205, 233 Alexander IV, pope, 59n7, 99,104 Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev and Vladimir, 273 Alexander of Malonne, bishop of Płock, 75, 79-80, 81-82,
89,95 Alexander the Great, Greek basileus, 82-83 Alexander the Physician, archbishop of Split, 29 Álmos, Hungarian prince, 26,151 Alphonse, count of Poitiers and count of Toulouse (as Alphonse II), 113 Amalekites (biblical), 81 Ambrose, Saint, 81,83 Anastasios of Kherson, Kievan cleric, 12 Anders Sünesen / Andreas Suneson / Andreas Sunonis, archbishop of Lund, 192, 254 angels in Bible, 164-65,169n42,170 of light, 164,166,169-70,181, 221 role in war, imagination of, 149,150, 150n39,157-188,16ІПІ0,164nl7, 164ПІ8,164n20,182,184nl01, 221, 268 St. Michael / Archistrategos / "chiefgeneral,” archangel, 160-61,16ІПІ0, 164,164nl9,173-79,173n56, 174n60,175n64,175n65,176n69, 177n75,178n79,183,183n96, 184ПІ01,188 in war liturgy, 178-81
286 INDEX See also divine and saint's agency in war; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous); holy patrons of polities and peoples; warrior-saints Andrew II / Andrew of Jerusalem / II. Andras, tóng of Hungary and Croatia, 28, 29, 40,41-43, 41nl3, 54, 55 Andrew III / Andrew the Venetian / III. Velencei András, king of Hungary and Croatia, 53 Andrew of Bnin, bishop of Poznań, 77nll Andrew, bishop of Eger, 50 Annales Altahenses maiores / Annals of Niederaltaich, 146-47 Annales Bohemorum / Annals of the Bohemians. See Vincentais of Prague, chronicler Annales Claustroneoburgenses / Klosterneuburg Annals (anonymous), 42n20 Annales Posonienses / Annals ofBratislava (anonymous), 149 Annales seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae / Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom ofPoland. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Annales capituli Cracoviensis / Annals of the Kraków Chapter (anonymous), 85 Anonymus, Gallus, the so-called. See Gallus Anonymus, chronicler Anonymus, notary of King Béla III and chronicler, 154n63 Antioch, battle of (1098), 65-66 Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy, 48, 50, 70, 71, 97-114,154-55, 231, 233-34, 235n35, 246, 248, 254-56, 262 Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church Århus (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,105 Arkona (city, temple of Rani), 190,196, 199-200, 203, 204 Arles (city, archdiocese), 98 Arnold of Lübeck, Benedictine abbot in Lubeck and chronicler, 68, 255 Arnold, marshal of the Sword Brothers, 256-57 Árpáds (Hungarian dynasty), 12, 25, 26, 31, 32, 53,141,146,152,156,157 Asser Rig (Hvide kindred), jarl and chieftain
from Zealand, 194 Atzele (Lettish province), 271 Augustine, Saint / Augustine of Hippo, theologian and Father of the Church, 232, 246 Austria, Austrian, 49,149,155, 210nll Babenbergs (Austrian dynasty), 210nlll Bachrach, David S., 4,143 Bagge, Sverre, 23lni5 Bakhtin, Mikhail M., 230 Baldric of Bougueil, chronicler, 65n37 Baldwin of Boulogne / Baldwin I, king of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 73 Baldwin of Courtenay / Baldwin the Broke / Baldwin II, Latin emperor in Constantinople, 104 Baltic Crusades. See Crusades, Baltic/ Northern Baltic Sea Region, 7,17-18, 20, 57, 66, 68, 72, 73,93, 97-115, 249-52, 263-78 Banaszkiewicz, Jacek, 166.166n28,186 banners, military, 10,15, 62,151,152,153, 160,178,185-86, 241. See also signa victricia (victory-bringing objects) Baranya (city), 49 Bartholomew, bishop of Pécs, 46-47 battle speeches. See rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations Baudovinia, Benedictine nun in Poitiers, 224n90 Béla II / Béla the Blind / Vak Béla, king of Hungary and Croatia, 27 Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia, 28, 36, 41, 54 Béla IV, king of Hungary and Croatia, 27, 29, 35, 37,44-46, 47, 48,153-56,155n71, 157n77,157n78 Benedict, bishop of Oradea, 44 Benedict, provost in Székesfehérvár and archbishop of Esztergom, 47
INDEX Benedictines. See Order of St. Benedict, Benedictines Bengtsson, Herman, 125 Berend, Nora, 8 Bergen (city, Dominican convent), 103, 229 Bergen, battle of (1135), 229 Bern, Benedictine monk and abbot of Richenau, 183 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, Doctor of the Church, 196,247 Bernard of Lippe, Cistercian monk and abbot, bishop of Livonia, 250 Bernard of Perugia, archbishop of Split, 28, 29,31,37-37,41-42 Bernstein (castle), 52 Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, Imperial court chaplain and tutor to Otto III, 186 Berthold, Cistercian monk and abbot at Loccum, bishop of Livonia, 58, 67, 68-69, 68n55, 68n56, 73, 253-57 Berthold, archbishop of Kalocsa, 42 Bible, Old and New Testaments, 9, 61, 71, 81,97,109,125,130,133-34,136, 143,164,169,173n56,178n79,181, 191, 212, 219n70, 223, 235 Book of Deuteronomy, 169n42 Book of Exodus, 81,169n43,170,178n79 Book of Jeremiah, 237, 237n40 Book of Jesse, 237n40 Book of Jonas, 143 Book of Joshua, 173 Book ofNehemiah, 169n42 Book of Numbers, 169n42 Book of Psalms, 169 Epistle to the Ephesians, 131,142 Epistle to the Romans, 212 First Book of Kings, 143 First Epistle of Peter, 212 First Epistle to the Corinthians, 212, 234n27 First Epistle to the Thessalonians, 212 Gospel according to Luke, 213, 219n70 Second Book of Maccabees, 164-65 Second Epistle to the Corinthians, 212 Biograd (city), 26 287 Birger Jarl / Birger Magnusson, Swedish statesman and jarl, 102 Birten, battle of (939), 185nl04 Boeslunde (village on Zealand), 197 Boguslav I, duke of Pomerania, 196 Bohemia, Bohemian, Bohemians / Bohemi, 3, 6,14, 99,144,152,155,157n79,159, 187,
207-8, 208n3, 209, 213-18, 219, 222 Boieslav I, Bohemian prince, 215 Boleslav 11 the Pious / Boleslav Pobožný, prince of Bohemia, 11, 213n23, 215n34 Boleslav ill, Bohemian prince, 215n34 Bolesław I the Brave / Bolesław Chrobry, prince and king of Poland, 11,12,13, 13n37,185,210 Bolesław II the Generous / Bolesław Szczodry / Bolesław Śmiały, prince and tóng of Poland, 175 Bolesław III the Wrymouth / Bolesław Krzywousty, prince of Poland, 92, 157n79,162,162Ո-11,163,165-66, 170,170n45,172,173,177,177n75, 178,185,186, 210, 217, 219 Bolesław IV the Curly / Bolesław Kędzierzawy, grand prince of Poland, 176, 266 Bologna (city, university), 254 Boris I, king (khan) of Bulgaria, 10 Boris Kalamanos, pretender to the Hungarian throne, 148 Bořivoj II, Bohemian prince, 216 Bosnia, 28, 32, 33, 54-55 Botvild, Saint, missionary and martyr, 60nl4 Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city), 48, 148 Bremen (city, archdiocese), 100,100nl8, 103 Břetislav I, Bohemian prince, 157n79, 213, 213n23, 216 Břetislav 11, Bohemian prince, 215-16, 217, 222 Bridget, Saint / Bridget of Sweden / Birgitta of Vadstena, 114 Brittany (region), 103
288 INDEX Brno (rity), 215 Brown, Peter, 246 Bruno of Querfurt, archbishop and hagiographer, 12,13,13n37 Buda (city, royal residence), 52 Bulcsú, bishop of Csanád, 45 Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 184nl01 Burchard, bishop of Lausanne and chancellor of Italy, 186 Byzantine Empire, Byzantium, Byzantine, 6, 18,19, 26, 28,143,144,151,152,164, 183-84, 264, 267, 269, 275-76 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Cistercian monk and prior in Heisterbach, preacher and writer, 257, 257n74 Cain (biblical), 121,123-24,134, 215 Canaan, Promised Land (biblical), 134-35, 181 Canon of Vyšehrad, the so-called, chronicler (Cosmas's continuator), 157n79, 187ПІ13 Cánones Nidrosienses, 15n46, 231-32, 23ІПІ5, 234, 235-36 Canterbury (city, archbishopric), 120 capella. See chapel monarch’s Carolingian patterns, 18,166n31,177n75, 181,188, 222, 224-25, 246 Carolingians (Frankish dynasty), 188,194 Catalogue of the Bishops ofKraków. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Catalogue of the Bishops ofPłock See Jan Długosz, chronicler; Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler Catholic Church. See Latin Church Čazma (city), 35 Celestine IH, pope, 233-34 Celestine IV, pope, 155n67 Chanson d'Antioche, 65-67. See also chansons de geste Chanson de Jérusalem, 57ո2. See also chansons de geste chansons de geste, 57, 65, 247, 248, 257. See also Chanson d'Antioche, Chanson de Jérusalem; Song ofRoland chapel, monarch’s, 172,172n52,176-77, 179,186,188,188nll5 .See also clerical order, clergy: chaplaincy and spiritual sustenance to the army chaplains. See clerical order, clergy: chaplaincy and spiritual
sustenance to the army, chapel monarch’s Charlemagne, king of Franks and emperor, 13n37,160,199, 220, 241 Chełmno Land / Culm Land (region), 86 Chełmża / Culmsee (city, bishopric), 92n74 chivalric culture, 124-28, 222-23, 247, 257-58. See also piety, knightly Chlumec, battle of (1126), 157n79,187nll3 Christ. See Jesus Christ Christian, bishop of Prussia, 85,98,99n7 Christopher I, king od Denmark, 101 Chronica Boemorum / Chronicle of the Bohemians. See Cosmas of Prague, chronicler Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles (anonymous Silesian chronicle), 176, 176n70 Chronicon Livoniae / Chronicle ofLivonia. See Henry of Livonia / Henricus de Lettis, chronicler Chronicon Roskildense / Roskilde Chronicle (anonymous), 193 Chronicon terrae Prussiae / Chronicle of the Prussian Land. See Peter of Dusburg, chronicler Civitate, battle of (1053), 246 churches inAal, 126-27,128 in Arkona, 200 Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár, 152 Cathedral of Alba Iulia, 49 Cathedral of Canterbury, 120,122 Cathedral of Gniezno, 214 Cathedral of Lincoln, 102-3 Cathedral of Pereyaslavl, 174
INDEX Cathedral of Płock, 82,91 Cathedral of Prague, 208 Cathedral of Riga, 255 Cathedral of Ringsted, 193 Cathedral of St. Sophia (Holy Wisdom] in Kiev, 173,173n56 Cathedral of Turku, 60 Cathedral of Üxküll, 58, 253 Cathedral of Vác, 43, 43nl9, 44 Cathedral of Veszprém, 49 Caves Monastery in Kiev / Pechersk Lavra, 169,171,209,221 in Constantinople (St. Michael's, Michaelion), 175 in Gniezno (St. Michael’s), 175n64 Golden-Domed Monastery (St. Michael's), 174,175 in Hornslet (Hornslet Church), 128-29 in Kastel Gomilica (Sts. Cosmas and Damian’s), 32 in Kraków (at Skałka, St. Michael’s), 175 in Kruszwica (St. Vitus’s), 163,166n28, 170,176,176n73 next to the battlefield of battle of Leitha, 148-49 in Nidaros (Christ Church), 238n43 in Oviedo (Sts. Peter and Paul’s), 179 in Płock (St. Michael’s), 175n64,176 in Poznań (St. Michael's), 175n64 in Poznań Castle (St. Mary’s), 176, 176n71,176n72 in Prague (St. Vaclav's), 152 in Ravattula, 60nll in Sanderum (Sanderum Church), 133-37 in Skibet (Skibet Church), 129 in Sønder Nærå, 118-24,125,126,128, 129-30,132,137 in Spycimierz, 162nl2 Tithe Church in Kiev, 12 in Villatuerta (St. Michael’s), 182 in Vrana, 37 Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev (St. Michael’s), 173-74,175 on Wawel Hill in Kraków (St. Michael’s), 175-76,175n66,176,177n75 in Wrocław (St. Michael’s), 175n64 289 Clarendon near Salisbury (palace, estate), 119 Clementul, 233 Clement IV, pope, 105 Clement V, pope, 106 clerical armsbearing, use of material weapons or violence, 9,46, 50, 57, 64-73, 78nl4, 79nl8, 81-82, 85-88, 89,94-95,196-201, 203, 205, 232-34, 253, 269-70 ban of,
60-63, 63n28, 72, 73, 78, 79nl8, 80, 88, 232-33, 253-54 in canon law, 40, 61-63, 68,82, 83,93, 208, 231-32, 253-54 justification of, 40, 79nl8,92,143, 196- 201, 233, 235, 234n26 clerical involvement in warfare, 6-7, 9, 20, 30, 33-37, 39-55, 57-83, 75-95, 147n31,148-50,197, 203-6, 231-35, 234n28, 235-36, 253, 268-70 declaring and waging war, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, 65, 73, 86-87, 88-89, 92-93,197, 203,233,277 in defence of the Church and/or polity and/or peace and/or in self-defence of, 34,43-50, 62-63, 63n29, 63n31, 67, 77-81, 79nl8, 84, 85-86, 88-90, 92-95,197-98, 203, 205, 231-32, 233-35 deliberate reduction or avoiding in narrative sources, 67, 78, 80-82, 93-94 seen as allowed and/or positive and justification/praise of, 64, 65-71, 79-80, 79nl8, 80, 82, 89,94,197, 201-2, 203-6, 231-32, 233-35, 235-39, 243 seen as negative and/or critique of, 36, 63-64, 71-72, 73, 78-81, 78nl4,88, 93, 231, 234, 262 clerical order, clergy apostasy from, to be a knight, 73, 205, 234 as crusaders, 57, 57n2, 65-71, 85, 85n44, 197-98,251,253, 269 as "double/mixed persons” (personae mixtae), 82,197, 201-2, 234
290 INDEX chaplaincy and spiritual sustenance to the army by, 4,10, 66, 67, 72,148-50, 157,167-68,167n33,168n35, 171-72,172n52,176-77,176n68, 179,184ПІ01,186,188, 202, 231-32,270 death in combat of, 44, 46-47, 58, 58n4, 62-63, 68-69, 88,154, 206, 251, 253-57, 269 deposition because of using violence of, 62-63, 62n24, 233 knightly or worldly behavior or lifestyle of, 35, 36, 44, 46, 48-49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 68-69, 73, 78, 78nl4, 81-82, 85, 88-89,190,196, 203-6, 233, 253, 256-57, 269-70, 277 military power and resources of, 15, 34-35,47,49, 58, 92, 205-6, 253. See also retinues/household knights at clergy's disposal military service to monarchy by, obligations with regalia of (or the immunity from), 10,15, 30, 33-37, 39-55, 61, 63, 73, 80, 88, 92, 197-202, 203-4, 231-32 Clermont, council of (1095), 62 Coloman the Learned / Coloman BookLover / Könyves Kálmán, king of Hungary and Croatia, 16, 25, 26, 30, 31, 39n3,148,150 Coloman of Galicia / Kálmán, king of Galicia (Halych) and prince of Slavonia, 45-46, 154 compellere intrare, idea of, 13 Compendiosa regum Daniae historia / Compendium of the Danish Kings. See Sven Aggesen, chronicler Concordia discordantium canonum. See Gradan, canonist Conrad I, Bohemian prince and prince of Brno, 215 Conrad II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 12,144,146,146n23 Conrad of Mazovia, duke of Mazovia, Cuiavia and Kraków, 86,92, 98 Constantine the Great, Eastern emperor, 10, 12, 61,142,167n33 Constantinople (city), 175,184 Contra Petrobrusianos heréticos /Against the Petrobrusians. See Peter the Venerable, Benedictine monk and abbot of Cluny
Cosmas of Prague, chronicler, 19,157n79, 207-10, 210nll, 213-18, 214n32, 215n35, 215n37, 217n55, 222 Cosmas, Saint, 32 Courland / Curonia, Curonians, Curonian, 99,196n27, 260 Cracow. See Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric) Croatia, Croats, Croatian, 3, 26, 27, 34 Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principům Polonorum / Chronicles and Deeds of the Dukes or Princes of the Poles. See Gallus Anonymus, chronicler crucesignati/ crucesignatio. See take the Cross crusaders, 37, 58, 65-66, 67, 70, 72, 85, 16ІПІ0,197-99, 248, 249, 249n24, 250-51, 253, 255, 257, 258, 262, 271-72 Crusades of Andrew II, king of Hungary (1217), 29, 40,42-43, 55 Baltic/Northern (twelfth-thirteenth centuries), 7,17-18, 20, 57-81, 66n46,98-114,190,196,196n27, 245-62, 263-78 chronicles of, 64-65, 65n37, 71, 71n76, 16ІПІ0 Fifth, 29,40,41, 42-43 against Finns (twelfth-thirteenth centuries), 59-60, 274 First, 6, 26, 62, 65-66, 71, 73, 97,16ІПІ0, 246, 264n9 Fourth, 36 of Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor (1241) (unrealized), 155 of Louis IX, king of France, first (1245), 104 against Mongols, proclaimed (1241), 155
INDEX against Mongols, proclaimed (1258), 99 against Novgorod (1348), 276 Orthodox responses to, 20, 263-78 Second, 106 Sixth (Frederick II’s crusade), 97 Stedinger (1233-1234), 100-101 against Wends (1108,1120s-1130s, 1147, later Danish "raids"), 190-191, 194-206 crusading ideology of, Crusade Movement, 4, 6,18, 20,97-114,144,16ІПІ0,166, 166n31,183n96,191, 221, 239, 246-49, 268 Csák (Hungarian kindred), 49 Cuman Laws, the so-called (1278), 51-52 Cumans, Cuman, 26, 45, 51-53, 275 Czechs. See Bohemia, Bohemian, Bohemians / Bohemi Dacia, Dominican province of, 17, 97-114 Daibert / Daimbert of Pisa, archbishop of Pisa and patriarch of Jerusalem, 57n2, 73 Dalmatia (region), 3,16, 25-37, 41nl3, 43, 54-55,154 Damian, Saint, 32 Damietta, siege of (1218), 43, 248 Daniel, bishop of Prague, 151 Danube (river), 44,48 David Sviatoslavich, Rusian prince and prince of Murom and Chernigov, 168-73 David, king of Israel (biblical), 71,126,169, 178,183, 235 De Bello Civile / Civil War. See Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, ancient author De planetu naturae / The Plaint ofNature. See Alain of Lille, theologian and poet De predicanone crucis contra Saracenos / On Preaching the Cross against Saracens. See Humbert of Romans, OP, master general of the Order of Preachers death in combat honorable, 213, 218 29 as martyrdom, 20, 68-69, 206, 223, 229, 235, 240, 245-62, 249n24, 268 See also martyrdom, idea of; war, fighting; as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice Decretum Gratiani. See Gratian, canonist dectetists, 93 defensio terrae (military obligation, kind of), 92 Degeya (stream in Steppes), 170 Denis,
bishop of Győr, 49 Denmark, Danes, Danish, 3, 7, 8,12,13,15, 18,19, 66,99nl2,100nl5,101-103, ІОЗпЗІ, 104,107n56,112,117-38, 189-206, 248-49, 251, 254, 265-66 devil, Satan, Antichrist, 98,106,131,173, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242 Di Kronike von Pruzinlant / Chronicle of Prussia. See Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler divine and saints’ agency in war in Bible, 173,173n56 as grace and support in war, 4, 5,11,12, 80, 84,142,143,144-48,147n31, 149-50,152,163,164,165,166n31, 167,169-71,173,183,191, 201-3, 219,238-39,250,268 miraculous, epiphanies, 12, 69, 79, 80, 81, 146-47,147n31,159,159n3,161, 162-66,168-73,176,183 as punishment for Christians, 5, 88, 268, 276 See also angels; holy patrons of polities and peoples; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous); warrior-saints Długosz, Jan. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Dobrzyńcy, See Military Orders and confraternities: Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Dominic, Saint, 60nl2 Dominicans. See Order of Preachers Don (river), 169,171 Duggan, Lawrence G., 63, 63n31, 254n52
292 INDEX Düna / Dvina / Daugava (river), 58, 247, 270, 272, 274 Durbe, battle of (1260), 112, 258, 259 Durendal (Roland's legendary sword), 229 Dzierzgowo (stronghold), 85-86, 86n51, 89,94 East Central Europe, 5-6, 7-9,13,16, 20, 152,166n31,183, 185, 208 Eastern Europe, 161, 208, 267 Eberhard, OP, friar, 108 Egypt, 43, 248, 251 Einarr Skúlason, Icelandic priest and skald, 238-39 Eirik Ivarsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 233-34 Elbe / Labe (river), 190 Elias, Israelite prophet (biblical), 71 Elisabeth, queen consort of Hungary, 49 Emeric, Saint / Szent Imre, Hungarian prince, 141-42,157 Emeric / Imre, king of Hungary, 28,41-42, 42n20, 55 England, British Isles, English, 6,17, 80, 93, 113,118,155, 227, 238, 248 Ephesus (ancient city), 234 Epistola in miserabile carmen super destructione regni Hungarie per Tartaros facta / Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament Upon the Destruction of the Kingdom ofHungary by the Tatars. See Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler Erades, crusader bishop (fictional), 57n2 Erdmann, Carl, 3 Eric I Egoth / Eric the Good, tóng of Denmark, 194 Eric II Emune / Eric the Memorable, king of Denmark, 195,195n24 Eric IV Plovpenning / Eric the Ploughpenny, king of Denmark, 101 Eric IX Jedvardson / Eric the Holy, king of Sweden, 69-71 Eric Olofsson / Ericus Olai, chronicler, 106 Erling Skakke, Norvegian jarl, 229, 234-35, 240 Esbern Snare / Esbern the Resolute (of Hvide hindred), Danish chieftain, royal chancellor and crusader, 194 Eskil, bishop of Roskilde, archbishop of Lund and monk in Clairvaux, 193, 200-201, 204, 205 Eskil, Saint, English
missionary and martyr, 60nl4 Estonia, Dominican province of, 17 Estonia, Estonians, Estonian, 7,17, 58-59, 64, 66, 67, 73,101,102,190,196n27, 245n3, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 271, 274, 275 Esztergom (city, archbishopric), 44, 48,49, 50,145 Eugenius III, pope, 196 Euphrosyne of Kiev, queen consort of Hungary, 151,152 Eve (biblical), 121,124 Evremar / Ehremar / Ebramar, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, 73 expeditio publica, ledung / leding (military obligation, kind of), 71, 71n74, 92 Faroe Islands, Faroes, 205 Fenrir (mythical monstrous wolf), 238 Fimreite, battle of (1184), 235 Finland, Finns, Finnic / Finnish, 3,17, 59-60, 59n6, 69-71, 73,101-2, 253n47, 263, 264, 272-73, 275 Five Martyr Brothers, saints and martyrs, 12 Folke Karlsson, Swedish nobleman and justiciar, 111 France, French, 71,91,105,119, 246, 251, 256 Francia, Dominican province of, 104 Franciscans. See Order of Friars Minor Frankia, Franks, Frankish, 64,160,181, 211, 220 Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 43,91, 268 Frederick II / Frederick the Quarrelsome / Friedrich der Streitbare, duke of Austria and Styria, 45
INDEX Frederick II, king of Sicily, tóng of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 97,100,101, 155, 260 Frederick, bishop of Schleswig, 205-6 Frisa [region), 104 Funen (Danish island), 117,121,194 Fyrileiv, battle of (1134), 229 Gaeta, Gaetans, 36-37 Gallus Anonymus, chronicler, 13,19, 75, 78-79, 79nl7, 79nl8,80-81, 90, 157n79,162,162nl2,162ШЗ, 177, 177n77,185-86, 209-10, 210nll, 213, 218-20 Gąsawa, assembly at (1227), 87 Gaudinus, archbishop of Split, 27-28, 32 Gediminas, king of Lithuania, 107 Gedko, bishop of Płock, 83-84, 83n35, 89, 90,93 Geisli. See Einarr Skúlason, Icelandic priest and skald Gellone Sacramentary, 181 Gemeinhardt, Peter, 260n97 George, Saint, 157,176n69 Georgia, Georgian, 168n35 Gerald of Aurillac, Saint, 223 Gerhard II, archbishop of Bremen, 100 Gerhard of Augsburg, chronicler, 11 Germany, Germans, German, 15, 64, 66, 67, 67n46, 68,91, 97,99,100-101,104, 107,144,147,147n31,148,155, 160-61,182,183,185,195, 203, 247, 249, 251, 266, 268-69,270, 274-76. See also Holy Roman Empire Gertrude / Olisava / Gertrude of Poland, grand princess consort of Kiev, 174-75, 174n60,176,177,177n76,178,178n79 Gesta Chuonradi II. Imperatoris/ Deeds ofEmperor Conrad II. See Wipo of Burgundy, chronicler Gesta Danorum / Deeds of the Danes. See Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler Gesta Friderici imperatoris / Deeds of Emperor Frederick. See Otto, bishop of Freising, chronicler 293 Gesta Hungarorum / Deeds of the Hungarians. See Anonymus, notary of King Béla III and chronicler Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia, 148-49 Géza, prince of Hungary, 141 Gideon, leader of the Israelites
(biblical), 241 Gilbert of Tournai / Guibert de Tournai OFM, preacher, 252 Gilboa, battle of (biblical), 235 Gleichen, battle of (1089), 186 Gniezno (city, archbishopric), 185, 214 God, 9,19,40, 59n6, 64, 80, 84,124,137, 142,144-48,146n23,149,150,156, 157,164,167,169,170,170n45,171, 174n62,178n79,180,181,183,188, 197, 201-2, 206, 219, 221, 228, 235, 236, 241, 252, 255, 258, 260, 266. 268, 276. See also divine agency in war; Jesus Christ; Holy Ghost, Holy Trinity God’s war, 6, 202-3. See also Crusade; holy war, idea of gods, pagan, 15,166,167,181,199, 204. See also pagans, pagan, paganism Golta (river), 171 Gotfredsen, Lise, 132 Gotland (Baltic island), 99,99n7, 99nl2 Grathe Moor, battle of (1157), 154 Gratian, canonist, 62-63, 81,82,93, 232 Graus, František, 159-60,171, 224 Greece, Greek (ancient), 218 Gregory (Bicske kindred), archbishop of Esztergom, p. 53 Gregory IX, pope, 55, 98,102,104,107,110, 111, 154-55,155n67 Gregory the Great, Saint, pope, 94 Gregory VII, pope, 62, 62n21 Gregory X, pope, 106,108n63 Gregory XII, pope, 107 Gregory, provostin Esztergom, 51 Grýla (first part of Sverris saga). See Karl Jónsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Mngeyrar Guibert of Nogent, chronicler, 66n40, 73n81
294 INDEX Guido of Ferrara, polemicist, 62ո21 Güncel (Kán kindred), archbishop of Split, 29 Gunter, bishop of Płock, 76, 77nl0, 85-87, 88-91, 92,93,94 Guttorm, nephew of St. Olav, 238-39 Győr (city, bishopric, castle), 41, 46, 48 Haakon II Sigurdsson / Haakon Herdebrei / Haakon Broad-Shouldered, king of Norway, 235 Haastrup, Ulla, 118,119-20 Håkon Håkonsson, tóng of Norway, 101,105 Harald Bluetooth / Harald Blåtand, king of Denmark and Norway, 13,195 Harald IV / Harald Gille, king of Norway, 227, 229, 238, 243 Hartvic / Arduin, bishop of Győr (probably), hagiographer, 145 Hartwig II, archbishop of Bremen, 58 Heidenreich, bishop of Chełmża / Culmsee, 92n74 Heimskringla. See Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic chieftain and saga writer hell, 235 Helmold of Bosau / Bozowo, priest and chronicler, 199,199n45,199n46, 266 Henry I the Fowler, king of Germany, 160, 182 Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, 120, 122 Henry II, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 12,183 Henry III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 146-48,183 Henry IV, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 186 Henry Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, 148 Henry of Livonia / Henricus de Lettis, chronicler, 20, 58-59, 66-68, 249, 249n25, 252-57, 265-66, 270-72 Henry of Sandomierz, Polish prince, 249n24 Henry, Saint, bishop of Uppsala and bishop of Finland (possibly fictional), 17, 58, 60, 69-71, 69n62, 73 Hermann von Salza, grandmaster of Teutonic Order, 99 Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium / Account of the Ancient History of the Norwegian kings. See Theodoricus Monachus / Theodoric the Monk, chronicler
Historia Iherosolimitana /Jerusalemite History. See Robert the Monk, chronicler Historia Norwegie / History ofNorway (anonymous), 12 Hód-lake, battle of (1282), 52 Holm (fortress in Livonia), 257 Holme (city, Cistercian abbey), 111 Holy Communion. See rites of war: viaticum Holy Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord's Cross, True Cross Holy Ghost, 121,129,134-35,137. See also God; Jesus Christ; Holy Trinity Holy Grail, legend of, 128-29 Holy Lance. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Lance, Imperial Lance Holy Land, 17-18, 29, 41-43, 55, 59n8, 64-66, 69, 71, 73,93,97,102,103-7, 110,110n70, 111, 112,155. See also Crusades holy patrons of polities and peoples, 15, 152,157,159-61,173-78,177n77, 188, 215, 216, 229, 236-43, 250-51, 251n34, 268-69 Holy Roman Empire, 17,90,144-45,152, 183,194-95, 203. See also Germany, Germans, German Holy Trinity, 268. See also God; Holy Ghost; Jesus Christ holy war, idea of, 6, 8,19, 20, 59n6, 71, 97, 161,166,188,191,195, 220, 227-43, 229, 235, 238-39, 243, 249-52, 268n33. See also Crusades; God’s war; war, fighting Honorius III, pope, 54-55 Honorius IV, pope, 52
INDEX Hospitallers. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers Housley, Norman, 258 Hrabanus Maurus, Benedictine monk and theologian, archbishop of Mainz, 221-22Ո78 Hugh, called the Great, count of Vermandois, 65 Humbert of Romans, OP, master general of the Order of Preachers, 109-10,110n70 Hungary, Hungarians, Hungarian, 3, 6,13, 17, 25-37, 39-56, 87-88,141-57,160, 183, 209, 210nll, 21ІПІ4 Huns, 141 Hussites, Hussite, 77nll Hvar (city, bishopric}, 31 Hvide (Danish kindred), 192,193,194 Hypatian Chronicle, 170-71, 268. See also Povesť vremennych let / Tale ofBygone Years / Primary Chronicle iaropolk II Vladimirovich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 172-73 Iaropolk iziaslavich, Rusian prince, 174, 174n60 Iaroslav the Wise, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 11,173,173n56 Iaroslav Vsevolodovich, prince of Novgorod, 272 Iberia, Iberian. See Spain, Spanish imitatio Christi (imitation of Christ, life in Christ), 18, 236-38, 260-62. See also chivalric culture; piety, knightly Inge 1 Haraldsson, king of Norway, 238 Ingria (region), 276 Innocent III, pope, 41, 41nl5, 234, 248 Innocent IV, pope, 29,100-101,104, 155n67, 262 Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine emperor, 55 Island of Rabbits (in Budapest) / Margaret Island, 52,157n78 Israel Erlandi / Israel Erlandsson, OP, bishop of Västerås and preacher, 106, 107-8,107n58 295 Israel, Israelites, Israelite, Chosen People (ancient), 164-65,169,178n79,181, 224 Italy, Italian, 6,43, 46n47,91 iudicium Dei. See war, fighting: as God's ordeal Ivar Kalvsson / Ivar
"ornamented hasp” / Ivar skrauthanki, bishop of Nidaros, 233 Ivo, bishop of Chartres and canonist, 62 Izhorians (people), 276 Iziaslav I laroslavich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 174,175 James I the Conqueror, king of Aragon and count of Barcelona, 98 Jan Długosz, chronicler, 17, 76-95 Annales seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae / Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom ofPoland, 76-77, 77nl0, 78, 78nl3, 80-81, 82, 83,87-88, 164nl7 Vitae episcoporum Cracoviensium / Catalogue of the Bishops of Kraków, 78, 78nl3, 84 Vitae episcoporum Plocensium / Catalogue of the Bishops of Płock, 75-76, 77, 78, 81, 82-84, 87, 88-89,94 Jarler, archbishop of Uppsala, 102 Jatvingia, Jatvings, Jatvingian, 14 Jean of Joinville, chronicler, 67n45, 251 Jean of Vosey (priest), 67n45 Jelling Stones, 13 Jensen, Kurt Villads, 6, 6nl3, 8-9,14,166 Jeremiah, Israelite prophet (biblical), 237 Jericho, battle of (biblical), 173 Jerusalem, Holy City, 69,97,105,106,109, 136, 224, 268 Jerusalem, Kingdom of, 63,97 Jesus Christ, 65, 69, 70,117-18,121, 123-24,125,129,130,131,132, 134-36,137,145,149,156, 178,185, 195,197, 221, 238, 253, 260, 266. See also God; Holy Ghost; Holy Trinity Job (biblical), 275 Job, bishop of Pécs, 48-49
296 INDEX John [Kálóján), lord of Syrmia, 55 John (Csák kindred), archbishop of Split, bishop of Skradin, 29 John (Hahót-Buzád kindred), archbishop of Split, 29 John Ebbesen, Danish nobleman and crusader, 112 John Elovsson, Swedish nobleman and Teutonic Knight, 112 John of Piacenza, papal chaplain, 104, 111 John of Salisbury, author, philosopher and diplomat, 232, 235 John of Wildeshausen / Johannes Teutonicus, OP, master general of Dominican Order and bishop of Bosnia, 97,100nl8 John XXI, pope, 50 John XXII, pope, 107 John XXIII, anti-pope, 107 John, archbishop of Esztergom, 42 John, archbishop of Gniezno, 165-66 John, archbishop of Kalocsa, 53 Joshua (biblical), 173 Judas Maccabeus, priest and king of the Jews (biblical), 71,125,164-65, 182-83, 220, 220n72 Judith, queen consort of Bohemia, 151-52 Jugurthine War. See Sallust, Roman author Julius Caesar, Roman general and statesman, 215 Jutland (Danish island), 126,128,129,194 Kaljundi, Linda, 69 Kalmar (city, Dominican convent), 103 Kalocsa (city, archbishopric), 48 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 181 Karelia, Karelians (region, people), 59n7, 102, 264, 273-74 Karl Jónsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pingeyrar (author of Sverris Saga), 234n26, 235, 240-43 Karl Ulfsson, Swedish nobleman and Teutonic Knight, 112 Karuse, battle of (1270), 259, 260 Kazimierz I the Restorer / Kazimierz Odnowiciel, prince of Poland, 175,176 Kazimierz III the Great / Kazimierz Wielki, king of Poland, 276 Kazimierz III, bishop of Płock, 93 Keller, Hagen, 182 Kętrzyński, Wojciech, 84 Khorol (river), 171 Kiev / Kyiv (city), 12,169,170,171,173,
174,175,220,221, 268 Kievan Chronicle (anonymous), 172-73 Kievan Rus’. See Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians Knin (city, bishopric), 31 Knut Lavard, Saint / Knut of Ringsted, Saint, Danish prince and duke of Schleswig, 192,194 Knut V / Knut Magnussen, king of Denmark, 194 Knut VI / Knut Valdemarsøn, Danish prince and king of Denmark, 192-93,196 Knýtlinga Saga / Saga ofCnut's Descendants, 198n37, 248-49 Komi (peoples), 264 kontakia (hymns). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Koppány, some Hungarian bishop, 39n3 Kornerup, Jacob, 118,133 Korpela, Jukka, 273 Kőszegi (Hungarian kindred), 49, 52, 53 Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric), 78, 78nl3,175,175n63 Krawiec, Adam, 15n44 Krbava (city, bishopric), 31 Kressenbrunn, battle of (1260), 150n42,152 Kruszwica (city stronghold), 163,166n28, 170,172,176-77,176n73,177n73, 177n75 Krystyn, governor of Mazovia, 84-85, 92 Kvarner Gulf, 26 Kyriawan, Estonian, 66-67 Kyrie, eleison (trope). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Labuda, Gerard, 91-92 Ladislaus (Kán kindred), Hungarian count, 47
INDEX Ladislaus I the Saint / Saint Ladislas / Szent László, king of Hungary, 26,150n51, 157 Ladislaus III / III. László, king of Hungary, 31 Ladislaus IV / Ladislaus the Cuman / IV. (Kun) László, king of Hungary, 27, 49-50, 51-53,152 Ladoga (castle), 276 Lalli, alleged killer of St. Henry, bishop of Finland, 70 Landskrona (fortress), 276 Landulf of Milan, chronicler, 185nl04,186 Langensalza, battle of (1075), 185nl04 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 63, 63n31, 254, 254n52 Latin Church, 20, 64, 65, 66, 73,131-32, 263, 266-67, 269, 276-78 Latvia, Latvians / Letts, Latvian, 245n3, 263, 264, 270-71 Laurentian Chronicle, 39n3,169, 272-73. See also Povesť vremennych let / Tale of Bygone Years / Primary Chronicle Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler, 76,94 Law of Succession, Norwegian, 230, 232-33, 232nl9, 236 Lawrence, Saint, 162nl3 Laws of Ladislaus I the Saint, 150n41 Laws of the Coloman the Learned, 150-51 Lazarus (biblical), 129 Lechfeld, battle of (955), 160,182, 220 Ledung. See expeditio publica, ledung / leding Legenda maior sancti Stephani regis / Major Legend ofKing Saint Stephen (anonymous), 145-46 Legenda Margaritae / Legend of [Saint) Margaret (anonymous), 156-57 Legenda sancti Stephani regis ab Hartvico episcopo conscripta / Legend ofKing Saint Stephen by Bishop Hartvic. See Hartvic / Arduin, bishop of Győr (probably), hagiographer Leitha (river), battle of (1146), 148-50 297 Lembitu, Estonian chieftain, 68n53 Leo IV, pope, 232 Leo IX, pope, 246 Libellus sancti Stephani regis de institutione morum ad Emericum ducem,
141-42 Liber Ordinum, Visigothic, 179-81,184 Liber precum Gertrudae ducissae / Book ofPrayers of the Princess Gertrude. See Gertrude / Olisava / Gertrude of Poland, grand princess consort of Kiev. Lind, John, 112, 273 Lippiflorium (anonymous), 250 Lithuania, Lithuanians, Lithuanian, 107, 110, 259, 260, 261, 268, 269, 275 Litold, Moravian duke, 216 liturgy of war. See rites of war Liutprand of Cremona, chronicler, 185nl04 Livländische Reimchronik/ Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (anonymous), 69, 20, 249, 249n26, 251, 257-62 Livonia, Livonians / Livs, Livonian, 3, 7,17, 20, 58-59, 64, 66-69, 72, 73, 99,100, 104,107, 111, 112, 245-62, 245n3, 253Ո47, 263, 269-70, 272, 274, 275-76, 277 Lodomér, archbishop of Esztergom, 52-53 Lödöse (city, Dominican convent), 103 Lombards, 160 Lord’s Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross Lothar of Supplinburg / Lothar III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 157n79 Louis IX / Saint Louis, king of France, 104, 109,113, 256 Louis VII, king of France, 120 Lübeck (city, port), 99,100nl8 Lübke, Christian, 15 Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus, ancient author, 215,215η 35, 229n7 Luczane / Lučané (people), 207-8, 213 Ludvíkovský Jaroslav, 224ո88 Lund (city, archbishopric, Dominican convent), 101, 111, 192 Luticians, 14,15,146n23. See also Wends
298 INDEX Lyon (city, archbishopric), 109 Lyon, first council of (1245), 101 Lyrskogshede / Lyrskov Heath, battle of (1043), 238 Lysias, governor of Syria, 164 Maccabees, leaders of the Israel (biblical), 71, 164-65, 125, 182-83, 220, 220n72 MacKay, Angus, 250n34 Magdeburg (city, archbishopric), 59 Magistri Vincentu dicti Kadłubek Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles by Master Vincentius nicknamed Kadłubek. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Magnus Erlingsson, tóng of Norway, 227, 229, 230, 231-32, 23ІПІ5, 233, 235, 240, 242 Magnus Erlingsson's Coronation Oath and Letter of Privileges to the Church, 231, 234,235,236-37 Magnus 1 Nilsson, Danish prince, king of Sweden, 194 Magnus IV Eriksson, king of Sweden and king of Norway (as Manus VII), 114, 276 Magnus IV Sigurdsson / Magnus the Blind, king of Norway, 227, 229, 230, 233 Magnus Olavsson / Magnus the Good, king of Norway and Denmark, 238, 238n43, 241 Magnus, governor of Mazovia, 78-81 Maier, Christoph T., 17-18 Manasses, archbishop of Split, 25, 27, 36, 37 Manuel Comnenos, Byzantine emperor, 151-52 Margaret Island. See Island of Rabbits (in Budapest) / Margaret Island Margaret, Saint / Margaret of Hungary, princes and Dominican nun, 156-57, 157n78 Mars (Roman god), 167 Martin IV, pope, 111 Martin, archbishop of Gniezno, 162,162nll, 178 Martin, Saint, 157,176n69 martyrdom, idea of, 117-38, 238, 245-62. See also clerical order, clergy: death in combat; death in combat; war, fighting: as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice Mary Laskaris, queen consort
of Hungary, 156-57,157n78 Mary, Saint. See Virgin Mary Master Roger. See Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler Master Vincentius. See Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler Mathilda of Swabia, duchess of Carinthia and duchess of Upper Lorraine, 13 Matilda of Ringelheim, queen of Germany, holy woman, 224 Matthew of Paris / Matthew Paris, Benedictine monk and chronicler, 113 Matthew, bishop of Kraków, 165-66 Matthias, archbishop of Esztergom, 45, 46 Maurice, Saint, 160,176n69 Mazovia, Mazovians, Mazovian, 17, 75-95, 176,210,218-19 McCormick, Michael, 4,18,143,184, 184nl01 Mecklenburg (region), 98,103 Medvedgrad / Medvevár (city castle), 47 Meinhard, bishop of Livonia, 58, 58n4, 66, 67, 68, 253, 255 Ménfő, battle of (1044), 146-47,150n42, 183 Metz (city and bishopric), 203 Michael Attaleiates, chronicler, 178n79, 184nl01 Michael VII Doukas / Michael Parapinakes, Byzantine emperor, 178n79,184nl01 Michael, archangel. See angels: St. Michael / Archistrategos / "chief-general," archangel Michałowski, Roman, 11 Michelsberg (Benedictine abbey in Bamberg), 177n75,183n96 Miechovia. See Samuel Nakielski, chronicler
INDEX Mieszko I, prince of Poland, 11,176, 210 Mieszko II, king of Poland, 13,175,177n76 miles Christianus (Christian knight, defender of Christianity), 124-33,192, 236, 238-39, 246, 257, 258, 269. See also chivalric culture; piety, knightly Military Orders and confraternities Livonian Brothers of the Militia of Christ / Sword Brothers, 58, 64, 66, 68, 72, 247, 259, 260, 271, 272 Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem / Teutonic Order, 7,18, 59n8, 64, 66, 69, 84, 87, 92n74,98-100,102, 103,104,107,110, 111, 112,114, 177n77, 247, 249, 250, 257-62, 263, 276 Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers, 18, 107,114 Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars, 37, 46, 73, 247 Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy, 86 Roskilde confraternity founded by Vedeman against Wends, 200 military saints. See warrior-saints milites Mauriciani (servile knights of Magdeburg archbishopric), 15 milites sancii Martini (servile knights of Mainz archbishopric), 15 Miriam, Israelite prophetess (biblical), 134-35 Mizse, palatine of Hungary, 53 Modzelewski, Karol, 14 Mogyoród, battle of (1074), 150n42 Mohács, battle of (1526), 153 Mongols, 17, 29, 35, 40, 43-47, 51, 52, 53, 55,87-88,99,153-57 attack on Hungary (1285), 52, 53, 87-88 invasion of Hungary (1241-1242), 17, 29, 35, 40,43-47, 51, 55, 87,153-57 Invasion of Rus' (1237-1241), 275, 277 Monoszló (Hungarian kindred), 50 Moravia, Moravians, Moravian, 99,152, 215 299 Moravské pole / Marchfeld, battle of (1278), 150n42,152 Moroz, Irina, 184
Morris, Colin, 247n9 Moscow / Moskva (city), 264 Moses, prophet and patriarch of Israel (biblical), 66n40, 81,135,169,178n79 Mstivoj, Abodrite duke, 195 Muhi, battle of (1241), 35, 44,45-46,47, 55, 87,153-54 Murray, Alan V., 261 Muslims, Muslim, 93,110, 246, 248, 251, 268 Nablus, canons of (1120), 63 Nakielski, Samuel. See Samuel Nakielski, chronicler Nakło (stronghold), battle of (1109), 162-68,162nl3,170,172,173,176, 177,178,179,185,186 Naples (city), 37 Narbonne (city, archdiocese), 98 Navarre, 182 Netherlands, 103 Neva (river), 276 New Jerusalem, idea of, 133-37 Nicholas (Kán kindred), archbishop-elect of Kalocsa, 49, 50,51 Nicholas Arnesson, bishop of Oslo and magnate, 233-34, 234n26, 242 Nicholas I, pope, 10, 232 Nicholas III, pope, 50, 51 Nicholas IV, pope, 52, 53,106 Nicholas, Saint, 126,130,137 Nicholson, Helen, 247n9 Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler, 259n87 Nidaros / Trondheim (city, archbishopric, Dominican convent), 60,103,105, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235-36, 235n35, 238, 240 Niels, king of Denmark, 194 Nikaia, 178n79,184nl01 Nils Ubbesson, Swedish nobleman and crusader, 113 Nin (city, bishopric), 31 Nitra / Nyitra (city, bishopric), 46
зоо INDEX Norn, Otto, 128 North-Eastern Europe, 245n3 Northern Europe, North, 98,100,102,103, 104,107,196, 237, 248 North-Western Europe, 101,104 Norway, Norwegians, Norwegian, Norse, 3, 8,12,13,99nl2,102-3,104,105, 205, 227-43 Novgorod the Great / Veliky Novgorod (city, bishopric), 66,102,114, 264, 268, 271-4, 276-78 Novgorod Chronicle, 269, 272-73, 275, 276 Novgorodian Rus’. See Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians Nowakowski, Tomasz, 91 Nuremberg (city, bishopric), 155 Odense (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 60, 111 Odin (Germanic god), 167 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 17, 57n2 Oesilians, 102 Olafs saga hins Helga / Legendary Saga ofSt. Olav (anonymous), 240-43 Olav, OP, provincial of Dacia, 106 Olav / Olaf, Saint, king of Norway, 12, 229, 230, 231, 235, 236-43, 238n43 Old Norwegian Homily Book (anonymous), 242 Oldenburg (city, bishopric), 205-5 Oldřich-Udalrich, Bohemian prince, 215n34, 216 Omiš / Almissa (Dalmatian island), 54 Oradea / Várad (city, bishopric), 42, 44 Order of Cistercians, 58, 59,114, 255, 255n60 Order of Dobrzyń. See Military Orders and confraternities: Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Order of Friars Minor, Franciscans, 98, 100-101,100nl5,103,104-5,107, 108,114, 252 Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem / Hospitallers Order of Preachers, Dominican friars, 17-18, 35, 60nl2,91,91n74, 97-115, 252 Order of St. Benedict, Benedictines, 41, 111, 113,177n75 Orderic Vitalis, chronicler, 247 Orthodox
Church, 20, 263-78 Oslo (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,227, 233 Otepää (city), 271, 272 Otto I the Great, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 160, 220 Otto ill, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, 175,185,186 Otto, bishop of Freising, chronicler, 148-49 Ottomans (Saxon dynasty), 188,194-95 Oxford (city, university), 254, 261 Øystein / Eistein II Haraldsson, king of Norway, 238 Øystein / Eystein Erlendsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 228, 228n5, 230, 231, 232-33, 235, 236, 243 Pagans, pagan, paganism, 10,11,14-15, 17,19, 45, 58, 62, 66, 70, 78-81, 79nl8, 84, 86, 87, 88-89, 93-95,110, 114,154,157-88,101-2,190-92, 195-206, 218-20, 221, 222, 237, 238-39, 250-62, 253n50, 256, 270, 273, 276. See also Cumans; Curonians; Estonians; Izhorians; Livonians / Livs; Luticians; Mongols; Pomeranians; Polovtsi; Prussians; Rani / Rugians, Samogitians; Semigallians; Slavs; Turks, Wends Pamplona (city), 182 Pannonhalma (Benedictine abbey), 41 Pannónia (region), 141 papacy. See Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy papal bulls, 41nl5, 54-55, 59n6, 98-99, 104,105,110 Paradise, Garden of Eden, Heavenly Kingdom, New Jerusalem, Promised
INDEX Land, 14, 65,109,121,124,133-37, 232, 250,256,258 Paris (city, university), 35,104, 228, 233, 236, 254 Paschal II, pope, 63ո29 Passio et miracula beati Olaui / Passion and Miracles of the Blessed Olav (anonymous), 237-38, 237ո38 Pater noster (prayer-song). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery (anonymous), 171 patrons, saints. See holy patrons of polities and peoples Paul of Przemyków, bishop of Kraków, 78nl4 Paul the Apostle, Saint, 234 Paul, bishop of Pécs, 53 Peipus (lake), 276 Pełka, bishop of Kraków, 78, 78nl3 Pelops (mythical), 217 Pereyaslavl (city, bishopric), 174 Pest (city), 44 Peter (Kán kindred), archbishop of Split and archbishop of Kalocsa, 28 Peter (Kőszegi kindred), bishop of Veszprém, 49, 52 Peter (Monoszló kindred), bishop of Alba lulia, 49-50 Peter I (Csák kindred), palatine of Hungary, 49 Peter of Dacia / Petrus de Dacia, OP, lector in Skänninge and prior of St. Nicholas’s church in Gotland, 112 Peter of Dusburg, chronicler, 259n87, 260, 261 Peter Orseolo, king of Hungary, 146-48 Peter the Apostle, Saint, 126,145,174n60, 176n73 Peter the Venerable, Saint, Benedictine monk and abbot of Cluny, 136 Peter, bishop of Győr, 42,43 Peter, called Lombard, archbishop of Split, bishop od Narni, 28 Peter, pretender to Dalmatian throne, 26 301 Petrilo, priest from Staraya Rusa (in the Novgorod Land), 269 Pharsalia. See Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus (ancient author) Phelpstead, Carl, 229-30 Philip (Tűrje kindred), provost in Dömös, bishop of Zagreb and archbishop of Esztergom, 47, 49 Philip IV / Philip the Fair
/ Philippe le Bel, king of France, 107 Philip of Fermo / Filippo da Fermo, bishop of Fermo and papal legate, 51-52 Philip, baptised Liv, interpreter and martyr, 68 Philip, bishop of Ratzeburg, 72 Piasts (Polish dynasty), 11,12,14,19,112, 161,177,179,183,185,186,188, 210, 218-20 piety, knightly, 18,19,124-25,129-33,192, 208, 250-51, 269. See also chivalric culture; miles Christianus (Christian knight, defender of Christianity) Planctus destructionis Hungáriám per Tartaros / The Lamentfor the Destruction of Hungary by the Tartars (anonymous), 155-56 Płock (city, bishopric, princely castle), 75-95,176 Pohl, Walter, 4,184 Polabia (region), 14. See also Rügen / Rugia (Baltic island) Poland, Poles, Polish, 3, 6,13,14,15,19, 82, 86, 93,99,103, ЮЗпЗІ, 104,144, 150n39,152,157,157n79,157-188, 209, 213, 214, 217n57, 218-20, 222, 249n24 Policraticus. See John of Salisbury, author, philosopher and diplomat Polonia, Dominican province of, 98,99 Polotsk (city), 66, 272, 277 Polovtsi, 19,161,168-73,174n57,179, 221 Pomerania, Pomeranians, Pomeranian, 13, 19, 78,81,92,98,99n7, ІОЗпЗІ, 162-68,162nl2,170,177,178,186, 187, 210, 218-19, 249n24
302 INDEX Pontificale Cracoviense / Kraków Pontifical, 177-79,178ո79 Pontìgny (city, abbey), 119 Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon. See Military Orders and confraternities: Poor FellowSoldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars Poppe, Andrzej, 174 Povesť vremennych let / Tale ofBygone Years / Primary Chronicle, 19,161, 168-73,178,184,188, 209-11, 212, 220-21. See also Hypatian Chronicle·, Laurentian Chronicle Požega / Pozsega (castle), 55 Pozsony. See Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city) Prague (city, bishopric), 152, 208, 209, 214, 216 prayers for protection or mercy or martyrdom, 142,145,154,156,164,171,174, 174n62,177,185nl04, 256 public, “home front,” on behalf of the ruler/state, 10,18, 80,102-3,145, 146,146n23,149,150,151-52,155, 172,201 as thanksgiving, 147 for victory, 18, 78, 79,80, 83-84, 88, 89, 131n27,149,152,164,169,171, 179,185nl04, 202, 205, 235, 238-39 as weapon, 81, 83, 202, 205 See also rites of far preaching war or crusades, 17-18, 59n7, 67-68,97-114,132, 231-32, 251-52 practice of, 107-9 sermons as a tool for, 109-10,109n66, 252 See also rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations; sermons Přemysl Otakar II, Bohemian prince and tóng of Bohemia, 49,152 Pressburg. See Bratislava / Pozsony / Pressburg (city) princes of darkness (biblical), 166 primipilarius. See standard-bearers primipilus, Roman highest-ranking centurion in the first cohort of a legion, 167,167n33 Procopius, Saint, 152 Provance, Provençals, Provençal, 71, 71ո76 Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ. See Military Orders and confraternities:
Prussian Cavaliers of Jesus Christ / Order of Dobrzyń / Dobrzyńcy Przasnysz (village), 86 Przemyśl (city), 39ո3 Psalterium Egberti / Egbert Psalter (also known as Gertrude Psalter or Trier Psalter) 174-75 Pskov (city), 268-71, 274, 276-78 Psyol / Psel (river), 171 Pułtusk (stronghold), 86,92 Ptak, Jan, 78nl3 Přemyslids (Bohemian dynasty), 12,14, 185, 208,212,214,214-18 Prussia, Prussians, Prussian, 13,17, 78, 81, 83-86, 89, 98-103, ІОЗпЗІ, 104,107, 219, 249n24, 266 Prinz, Friedrich, 6-7 The Questions ofCyricus (Novgorodian canonical collection), 267 Rába (river), 146 Radegund, Merovingian queen and holy woman, 224, 224n90 Rainald von Dassel, archbishop of Cologne and chancellor of Italy, 17, 91 Rákos, congregation of (1277), 50 Ralph of Caen, chronicler, 71n76 Rambald of Carumb, master of the Hungarian Templars, 46 Rani / Rugians, 199n45. See also Arkona; Rügen / Rugia; Wends Raymond of Penyafort, OP, Catalan friar and canonist, 98 Raymond, count of Saint-Gilles and crusader, 65n37 Re (in Vestfold, Norway), battle at (1163), 235
INDEX relics, reliquaries, 32, 60, 62, 70,172,179, 184, 214, 214ո29, 228, 229, 238ո43. See also signa victricia, relics Rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri tres. See Widukind of Corvey, chronicler retinues/household knights at clergy’s disposal, 34, 36, 45, 47, 58, 92,197 Reval / Tallinn [city, Dominican convent), 58, 66 Reynold, Hungarian count, 152 Rhineland [region), 175 Riade, battle of [933), 160,182 Ribe [city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 101 Richeza of Lotharingia / Rycheza / Ryksa, queen of Poland, 175 Riedegost / Rethra [city, Rani’s temple), 15 Riga [city, bishopric, port), Rigan, 58,68, 68n58, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 257, 262, 265-66, 269, 270, 271-72 rites of war, 4, 9,10,14,15,18,19,141-157, 171,173-88,211-12,228 absolution, 80, 200, 235, 252 battle cries, 241 battle speeches and exhortations, 65, 73, 79, 84,153,157n79,164,170,182, 207-8, 235, 242 blessing the arms, 18, 62,148-49,157, 178 blessing, clerical, before battle, 18, 148-49,157,171 celebrating victory, adventus, 147,152 confession, 150 crusading, 19,188,188nll4 devotion during campaign [or the lack of), [un)ethical behaviour, 18, 77-80, 150,150n41,157Ո79,162nl3,169, 171-72, 202, 204-5, 221, 241-42, 257, 276 fasting, 18, 80,144,151 gestures, 211-12 gird with a sword, knighting, 148-49, 148n34 Holy Mass in the field, 72,157n79, 202 kiss of peace, 212, 212nl8 303 kissing the Cross, 171-72, 212nl8 liturgy of war, in liturgical texts, 18, 71, 143,177-81,177n79,178n81, 178n82,188, 202 penitential, 72, 72n80,146n23,147, 200, 252 pouring tears, 66n40, 79, 80, 83-84, 83n37, 88,13ІП27,164,171 pre-Christian,
pagan, 14,166-68,186 profectio bellica [departure and march for war), 19,171,179-83,184nl01 singing and performing liturgical songs, 109.154.171-72, 72n51,173, 221, 235 spiritual preparation for battle/war, 72, 80,146n23,148-49,157n79,16465.171- 72,179,184, 200, 200n55, 235 submission to victors, 154 taking vows to God/saints, if granted victory, 11,156-57,157n77,171, 238-39 thanksgiving for victory, 11,13,14,18, 145,146-47,149,150,152 viaticum, 4,19, 62, 72,157,157n79, 200, 229 See also prayers; signa victricia (victory bringing objects) Robert the Monk, chronicler, 16ІПІ0 Robert, bishop of Veszprém, 42 Rodulfus Glaber, chronicler, 147n31, 183n94 Roger Bacon, Oxford scholar, 261-62 Roger of Apulia, archbishop of Split and chronicler, 29, 43,44, 45,46-47, 46n47,43,87,153,155 Roger Wendover, chronicler, 248 Rome (city), 58n4, 60, 70,104, 223, 246. See also Apostolic See / Holy See / papacy Rome, Romans, Roman, Roman Empire, Roman Republic (ancient), 50, 142-43,168,179,181,190,192, 215n35, 217n55, 218, 220, 224, 228 Roskilde (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 112,194,197
304 INDEX Rubin, Miri, 251 Ruda, priest from Pskov, 269-70 Rudolf of Habsburg, king of the Romans (Germany), 152 Rudolf, master of Sword Brothers, 67, 72 Rufinus of Bologna, decretist, 63 Rügen / Rugia (Baltic island), 190,195, 199-200, 203, 205. See also Arkona; Polabia; Rani / Rugians Rurikids (Rusian dynasty), 19,161,177, 179,183,185, 221 Rus’ (Kievan, Novgorodian), Rusian, Rusians, 3, 6,12,13,14,19, 46, 66, 87, 101-2,150n39,157n79,161,168-73, 179,181,183-85,188, 209, 213, 219-21, 222, 264, 266-78 Sajó (river), 45, 87,153,154 Saaremaa (region), 58,102 Saccalians, 67 Saint-Denis (near Paris), Benedictine abbey 236 Saint-Victor’s in Paris, Cistercian abbey, 228, 233, 236 Salimbene of Parma, Franciscan friar and chronicler, 260 Sallust, Roman author, 220n72 Samogitians, 258 Samuel Aba / Obó / Ovo, king of Hungary, 146-47,147n31 Samuel Nakielski, chronicler, 84 Samuel, Israelite prophet, 240 Sandaaker, Odd, 23ІПІ5 Satagundie / Satakunta (region), 70 Saul, king of Israel and Judah (biblical), 235 Saule, battle of (1236), 259, 260 Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler, 19,110, 189-206 Saxons, Transylvanian, 49 Saxony, Saxons, Saxon, 15,155, 209, 211, 218, 218n59,222,254, 266 Scandinavia, Scandinavian, Scandinavians, 3, 6, 7-9,16, 20, 64,99,101-3,104,106, 111, 112,114,117,132n30,189-206, 228, 234 Scania (Danish island), 194 Schleswig (city, Dominican convent), 103 Scots, 80 Scytians, 141 Segeberg (city, Aygustinian monastery), 58, 254 Selencia (region), 13 Selja (island in Vestland associated with St. Olav), 241 Semigallia, Semigallians, 251 Semkowicz, Aleksander, 90 Senj (city,
bishopric), 31 Sennacherib, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 183 sermons. See rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations; preaching war or crusades Sharukan (city), 171 Šibenik (city, bishopric, port), 26, 35, 35n44 Sibiu / Szeben (city), 46, 49 Sigebert of Gembloux, chronicler and polemicist, 63n29 signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), 4-5,10,18,152,167n33,168, 172-173,179,185 Árpádian spear or Saint Stephen’s Spear, 185 banner (or effigy) depicting St. Michael, used by Lombards, 160 banner depicting angel (St, Michael?), used by Ottoman kings, 160,160n7, 182 banners depicting St. Michael, used by Franks, 160 Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross, 10, 73,147,168n35,169,171-73, 178, 179-80,182,183,184nl01, 229 Holy Lance, Imperial Lance, 160,163nl4, 185-86,185nl04 Holy Lance of Antioch, 65-66, 66n40 Piast spear or the so-called Spear of St. Maurice, 185-86,187-88 piece of the Holy Cross carried before army at Fyrileiv battle (1134), 229
INDEX Přemyslit! spear or the so-called Spear of St. Václav, 152,157n79,185,187 relics, 18, 62, 72,172,179-80, 228, 229, 238n43 royal banner stored in basilica of the Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár, 152 spear in Vincentius of Krakow’s narrative on the campaign against the Pomeranians, 163,168,168n37,178, 181,185-86 St. Mary’s banner, 250 St. Olav’s battle-axe called "Неї’’, 283n43 St. Olav’s sword, 239 St. Procopius's banner, 152 St. Vaclav’s banner, 152 St. Vojtěch-Adalberťs banner, 152 Visigothic royal Holy Cross, 179-81 signifier. See standard-bearers Sigtuna (city, Dominican convent), 103,106, 107,113 Sigurd I Magnusson / Sigurd the Crusader / Sigurd Jerusalem-Traveller / Sigurd Jórsalafari, king of Norway, 227, 228-29, 230 Sigurd II Haraldsson / Sigurd Munn, tóng of Norway, 238, 239 Sigurd of Rør, Norwegian nobleman, 235 Simon of Kéza, royal notary and chronicler, 147-48,152 Simon, bishop of Oradea, 43 Simon, bishop of Płock, 75, 78-81, 79nl7, 84, 89,90 Skänninge (city, Dominican convent), 103, 112 Skara (city, Dominican convent), 103 Skibiński, Edward, 174n60 Skradin (city, bishopric), 31 Skuodas, battle of (1259), 259 Slavs, Slavic, 14,183,196, 223, 275. See also Bohemians, Abodrites, Luticians, Mazovians, Poles, Pomeranians, Rani / Rugians, Wends Smith, Caroline, 256 Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic chieftain and saga writer, 229-30 305 Soběslav I, Bohemian prince, 157n79, 217, 218n58 Song ofRoland, 57n2; 125, 229, 247. See also Chansons de geste Sophia, Saint (Holy Wisdom), 268 Spain, Spanish, 6,93,160-61,182, 248, 250-5ІП34 Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque
Spalatinorum pontificum. See Thomas of Split, the so-called Archdeacon, chronicler Spear of St. Maurice, See Signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), Piast spear or the so-called Spear of St. Maurice Spear of St. Václav. See Signa victricia (victory-bringing objects), Přemyslid spear or the so-called Spear of St. Václav Split / Spalato (city, archbishopric, port), 16-17, 25-37,41, 41nl3,46n47,153 standard-bearers (miraculous), 163, 164,168,175n45, 238-39, 239n45. See also angels; banners, military; divine and saints’ agency in war; signa victricia (victory-bringing objects); supernatural aids in war; warrior-saints standard-bearers, 73,152,167-68,167n33, 168n35,166n36,170n45,172,173, 178,180-81,184ПІ01,186,187, 221, 229. See also banners, military; rites of war standards. See banners, military Stanisław of Skarbimierz, scholar and rector of the University of Kraków, 93, 94 Stanisław, Saint, bishop of Kraków and martyr, 90,159 Staraya Rusa / Stara Russa (city in the Novgorod Land), 269 Stedingers, German rebel peasants, heretics, 100-102,104 Stephen II, king of Croatia, 26 Stephen III, king of Hungary, 151-52 Stephen IV, king of Hungary, 151 Stephen of Orvieto, papal legate, 230
306 INDEX Stephen of Perm / Apostle of the Permians, bishop of Perm, painter and missionary, 264 Stephen V, king of Hungary, 48, 49 Stephen, archbishop of Kalocsa, 50 Stephen, archbishop-elect of Split, bishop of Zagreb, 29, 35 Stephen, bishop of Vác, 43,47 Stephen, Saint / Stephen I / Szent István, tóng of Hungary, 11,12,18, 32, 37, 141-42,144-46,149,150,157 Stephen, Saint, proto-martyr, 257 Steppes (region), 168-73 Stiklestad, battle of (1030), 240-41 Sula (river), 171 Summa Theologica. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church supernatural aids in war, 4,12,15,157-88, 238-39, 250,268. See also angels; divine and saints’ agency in war; standardbearers (miraculous); warrior-saints Svantevit / Svetovid / Świętowit, Slavic diety, god of Rani, 199, 203 Svatopluk / Menumorout, mythical Romanian ruler, 21ІПІ4 Svatopluk / Svatopluk the Lion, Bohemian and Moravian prince, 216 Svatopluk I, Moravian prince, 213 Sven Aggesen, chronicler, 193,194 Sven II Estridsson, king of Denmark, 194 Sven III Grathe, king of Denmark, 194, 203 Sverre Sigurdsson, king of Norway and cleric, 205, 205n82, 229, 233, 234-35 Sverris saga /Saga ofKing Sverri ofNorway. See Karl Jönsson, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pingeyrar Sviatopolk Iziaslavich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 168-73,174n60, 221 Sweden, Swedes, Swedish, 59n6, 60, 60nl4, 66, 69-71,99nl2,100nl5,102-3, 111, 112, 266, 268, 274, 276 Sword Brothers. See Military Orders and confraternities; Livonian Brothers of the Militia of Christ / Sword Brothers Szeged, congregation in (1282), 52 Szekcső (castle), 53 Székesfehérvár (city,
royal residence), 47, 147,152,155 take the Cross, become a crusader, Crusade vow, 41, 59n8, 97,108,109,112,113, 131,132,155, 239, 255 redemption of Crusade vows, 104, 111 See also rites of war Talava (region), 270-71, 272, 274 Talibald, leader of Talava people, 271 Tamm, Marek, 252 Tancred of Hauteville, crusader, 66n40 Tartu / Dorpat (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 68, 276 Tatars. See Mongols Tavastia, Tavastians (region, people), 101-2, 272-73 Tedald, archbishop of Milan and imperial chaplain, 186 Templars. See Military Orders and confraternities; Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon / Templars Tertullian, early Christian author, 246 Teutonia, Dominican province of, 17, 98,99, 107-8 Teutonic Knights / Order. See Military Orders and confraternities: Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem / Teutonic Order Thangmar of Hildesheim, chronicler, 163nl4,186 Theoderic ofTreyden, Cistercian monk and abbot, bishop of Estonia, 58n4, 68 Theodoricus Monachus / Theodoricthe Monk, chronicler, 228, 228n5, 229-30, 229n7 Theodosius of Kiev / Theodosius of the Caves, Saint, 171 Theodosius the Great, Eastern emperor, 142 Theotokos. See Virgin Maty Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg and chronicler, 14,15, 215n34
INDEX Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor of the Church, 93,94,136 Thomas Becket, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury, 117-24,118n4,125,130, 132,137 Thomas of Split, called Archdeacon, chronicler, 28nll, 31, 35-36, 37,43, 44, 46, 46n47, 47, 54,87-88,153, 153n58,155 Thomas, bishop of Eger, 42-43 Thrugots (Danish kindred), 193 Thurstan, archbishop of York, 80 Tihany (city, abbey), 49 Tivoli (city), 186 Tomasina, Hungarian princess, 53 Tønsberg (city), 227, 235 Transdanubia (region), 44 Transylvania (region), 46,48, 49-50. See also Alba Iulia / Gyulafehérvár (city, bishopric) Tribsees (village in Mecklenburg), 204 Trier (city, archbishopric), 234 triumph, victory, idea of, 5, 64, 80,147,163, 164,170,179,181, 200, 219 Trogir / Trau (city, bishopric, port), 26, 29, 31,35,37,47 troparia (hymns). See rites of war: singing and performing liturgical songs Trpimirovići (Croatian dynasty), 30 True Cross. See signa victricia (victory bringing objects): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross Trutina (river), battle of (1110), 150n42, 157n79 Turaida (region), 68, 72 Turks, 62, 66n40 Turku / Åbo (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 60nl4 Turpin, Charlemagne’s bishop (fictional), 57n2, 65, 65n34 Tyge, bishop of Århus, 105 Tyro, duke of Bohemians (mythical), 208 Ugaunia, Ugaunians, Ugandi (region, people), 68, 271-72 307 Ugljan’s St. Michael (fortress), 36n48 Ugrin (Csák kindred), archbishop of Kalocsa and royal chancellor, 17, 35, 37,44-45, 46, 54-55 Ugrin (Csák kindred), archbishop of Split, 29, 35-36 Ulf Fase, Swedish earl, 112 Ulrich of Augsburg, Saint, bishop of Augsburg, 11 Ümera, battle of
(1220), 257 Uppsala (city, archbishopric), 59n6 Urban II, pope, 62, 246n9 Urban IV, pope, 105, 111 Urban VI, pope, 107n56 Urban, William, 259 Urias, Benedictine monk and abbot in Pannonhalma, 42 Üxküll (city, bishopric, castle), 58, 68, 68n56 Vacek, Bohemian nobleman, 217 Václav / Wenceslaus, Saint, prince and patron of Bohemia, 14,152,157n79, 159,187,215,216,223 Väinäjoki (region), 68 Valdemar I, king of Denmark, 19,189-206 Valdemar II, tóng of Denmark, 101,196 Valdemars (Danish dynasty), 58,101 Valhalla (mythical), 14 Varangians, Varangian, 14, 238-39, 239n45 Varaždin / Varasd (city), 42n20 Västerås (city, bishopric, Dominican convent), 103,106 Vedeman / Wethemann, Danish nobleman from Roskilde, seafarer (pirate) and founder of a lay guild against Wends, 200 Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers and poet, 22n90 Venice, Venetians, Venetian, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37 Veszprém (city, bishopric), 42, 49 vexiila. See banners, military Viborg (city, Dominican convent), 103 Victor IV, anti-pope, 205 Victory (Roman goddess), 181
308 INDEX victory-bringing objects. See signa victrícia (victory-bringing objects) Viljandi / Feliin (Estonian fortress), 256 Vincent, bishop of Oradea, 47 Vincentius of Kraków / Master Vincentius / Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków and chronicler, 19, 75, 75n3, 78, 78nl3, 79, 81-82,19, 75, 78, 80-82, 84, 89, 95,161,161n9,162-68, 162nl2,163ПІ4,163nl6,167n32, 169,172,178,179,184,186,187,188, 220n72, 266 Vincentius of Prague, chronicler, 151-52 Virgin Mary, 12,15, 32,123,135,145,149, 150,156,157,157n78,171,176n69, 177n77,183, 238, 250-51, 250-51n34, 258, 262 Vironia, Vironians, Vironian, 67, 265-66 Visby (city and Dominican convent), 99, 99n9,103 Visigoths, Visigothic, 179-80,184 Vita Bernwardi episcopi Hildesheimensis auctore Thangmaro / Life ofBernward, bishop ofHildesheim, by Thangmar. See Thangmar of Hildesheim, chronicler Vita S. Uoudalrici / Life ofSaint Ulrich by Gerhard of Augsburg, 11 Vita sancti Heinrici regis et confessons / Life ofSaint Henry, King and Confessor (anonymous), 183,183n96 Vitae episcoporum Cracoviensium / Catalogue of the Bishops ofKraków. See Jan Długosz, chronicler Vitae episcoporum Plocensium / Catalogue of the Bishops ofPłock See Jan Długosz, chronicler; Laurentius of Wszerecz / Wawrzyniec z Wszerecza, Płock penitentiary and chronicler Vitus, Saint, monk in Corvey, 199,199n45, 199n46 Vladimir (city), 273 Vladimir I the Great, Rusian prince and prince of Kiev, 11,12,14, 221 Vladimir II Monomakh Vsevolodich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev, 168-73, 221 Vladimir Vseslavich, prince of Polotsk, 270, 272 Vladislav I, Bohemian prince, 216-17
Vladislav II, Bohemian prince and king of Bohemia, 151-52 Vlastislav, duke of Luczane (mythical), 207-8, 213 Vojtěch-Adalbert, Saint, bishop of Prague and martyr, 14, 79nl8,152,159, 159nl, 214, 216 Volhynia (region), 276 Vordingborg (city, Dominican convent), 103, ІОЗпЗО Vrana (city), 37 Vranjić (Dalmatian island), 36 Vratislav II, Bohemian prince and king of Bohemia, 212,215-16,217 Vršovci (Bohemian kindred), 216 Vsevolod 1 Iaroslavich, Rusian prince, grand prince of Kiev, 173-74 war, fighting absence of, peace, 35, 37,48, 50, 55, 60, 61nl5, 64, 72,136,146,151-52, 153,156,172,196,197-98, 208, 210, 211-12, 217, 221, 222, 231-32, 235, 236, 240-42, 248 Christian dimension of, 4,9, 20,142-43, 157-88, 218-21,196-206 Christian (Eastern, Western) influence on, 5-10,15-16,18,19, 69,166,174, 183-84,185,187, 263-78 in Church’s (ethical, theological) doctrine, 5, 9,124-29, 61-62,142-43, 204-5, 228, 232, 252, 266-67 civil, 8, 20, 40,48-50,190,193,194, 194nl6,196,197, 205, 214-18, 227-43 defensoiy (as defence of the Christians/ Church /patria), 43-47, 62, 64,
INDEX 78-79, 84, 87, 88-89, 92-95, 153-57,178, 213-14,196-98, 205, 218-20, 236, 250, 252, 274 depiction in narrative sources, 14,19, 20, 46, 57-73, 75-95,159-88,189-206, 207-25, 227-43, 252-62, 263-78 as God's ordeal, 5, 81 as a holy vengeance, 69,162,162nl2, 166,178 in iconography, 8,18,117-38,173, 173n56 imagined as negative, critique of, 212-225, 228-29 imagined as positive and/or necessary, legitimization of/praise of, 19, 129-30,142-43,192,196-201, 208, 212-225,230,234-35 just, just cause in, concepts of, 20,40,150, 208, 219-20, 224, 229, 235-36, 239 as a medium of baptism and Christianization, 12-13, 20, 218n59, 197-206, 249, 263-78 as a medium of secular subjugation, 20, 60, 69, 70,102,190,194,195-96, 249, 263-78 missionary, 9, 66,198, 247nll, 263-78 Orthodox notion of, 20, 263-78 against pagans and/or heretics and/or bad Christians, 17,19, 54-55, 60, 63, 63n29, 63n31, 64-71, 77nll, 78-79, 83-84, 93-94,131n27,153-57, 159-88, 97-114,190-191,194, 196-206, 232, 233-34, 235-36, 238-39, 245-62, 263-78 parallels between Christian and pagan notions of, 15 as sacrifice to Christ/God, self-sacrifice, 117,118-29,130,136,137,197, 202, 232, 258 See also clerical armsbearing, use of material weapons or violence; clerical involvement in warfare; crusades; God’s war; holy war, idea of 309 warrior-saints, 157,176n69, 224, 239n45. See also angels; divine and saint's agency in war; George, Saint; holy patrons of polities and peoples; Martin, Saint; Maurice, Saint; supernatural aids in war; standard-bearers (miraculous) Wawel Hill (princely and royal residence), 175,176,177n75. See
also Kraków / Cracow (city, bishopric) weapons/armour, spiritual, idea of, 131, 142,156 Weber, Gerd Wolfgang, 239 Wends, Wendic, 11,14,110,190,191,192, 194-202, 203, 234, 238, 238n43. See also Luticians; Polabia; Rani / Rugians Wenno, master of the Sword Brothers, 72 Wenrich of Trier, polemicist, 62n21 Werner, bishop of Płock, 85,90,92 Weser (river), 100 Western Europe, West, 3,4, 6,17,18,19,40, 61-62, 64, 69, 72,92-93,143,154-55, 161,183,185, 224, 265, 274 Westphalia (region), 250, 251 Wichmann II Billung / Wichmann the Younger, Saxon count and rebel, 218 Wickbert, Sword Brother, 72 Widukind of Corvey, chronicler, 19,160, 182, 209-10, 210nll, 211, 218, 222 Wien (city), 146n25 William II, count of Holland and Zeeland, anti-king of Germany, 101 William Longsword, duke of Normandy, 224n87 William of Modena / William of Sabina / Guglielmo de Chartreaux / Guglielmo de Savoy, papal legate and diplomat, 99, 255-56 Wipo of Burgundy, chronicler, 145 Wirpirk of Tengling / Wilburga / Hildburga, Bohemian princess, 215-16 Wiszewski, Przemysław, 186 Władysław I Herman, prince of Poland, 177 Wolverton, Lisa, 214
310 INDEX Ymaut, pagan Liv, 68 Ymera (people, region), 271 York (city, archbishopric), 80 Zadar / Zara, Zaratins (city, port), 26, 28, 36-37, 41nl3 Zagreb (city, bishopric), 41,154 Zawichost, battle of (1205), 78nl3 Zderad (official of Vratislav II), 215 Zealand (Danish island), Zealandic, 192, 194,197 Zvonimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia, 26 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | r k rk j c s jc jcs s j b sj sjb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1141193183 (DE-588)138492832 (DE-588)1036100359 |
| author_facet | Kotecki, Radosław Selch Jensen, Carsten 1964- Bennett, Stephen J. 1963- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047259288 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1263269178 (DE-599)KXP1738572943 |
| dewey-full | 947.000902 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.000902 |
| dewey-search | 947.000902 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.000902 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1300 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europe, Eastern / History, Military Scandinavia / History, Military Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd Skandinavien (DE-588)4055209-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europe, Eastern / History, Military Scandinavia / History, Military Ostmitteleuropa Skandinavien |
| id | DE-604.BV047259288 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:10:41Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-06T09:03:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781641891332 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032663183 |
| oclc_num | 1263269178 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210820 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Arc Humanities Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Beyond medieval Europe |
| spelling | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia edited by Radoslaw Kotecki, Carsten Selch Jensen, Stephen Bennett Leeds Arc Humanities Press [2021] © 2021 310 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beyond medieval Europe This collaborative collection provides fresh perspectives on Christianity and the conduct of war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia, investigating the intersection between religion, culture, and warfare in territories that were only integrated into Christendom in the Central Middle Ages. The contributors analyze cultures that lay outside Charlemagne's limes and the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire, to consider a region stretching from the Balkans to the Baltic and Scandinavia. The volume considers clerics as military leaders and propagandists, the role of Christian ritual and doctrine in warfare, and the adaptation and transformation of indigenous military cultures. It uncovers new information on perceptions of war and analyzes how local practices were incorporated into clerical narratives, enabling the reader to achieve a complete understanding of the period Geschichte 1100-1300 gnd rswk-swf Christianity and politics / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Christianity and politics / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Church and state / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Church and state / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern / History, Military Scandinavia / History, Military Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Skandinavien (DE-588)4055209-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Skandinavien (DE-588)4055209-3 g Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 s Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Geschichte 1100-1300 z DE-604 Kotecki, Radosław (DE-588)1141193183 edt Selch Jensen, Carsten 1964- (DE-588)138492832 edt Bennett, Stephen J. 1963- (DE-588)1036100359 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9781641891349 (DE-604)BV047371101 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032663183&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032663183&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia Christianity and politics / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Christianity and politics / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Church and state / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Church and state / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4010074-1 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4055209-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia |
| title_auth | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia |
| title_exact_search | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia |
| title_full | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia edited by Radoslaw Kotecki, Carsten Selch Jensen, Stephen Bennett |
| title_fullStr | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia edited by Radoslaw Kotecki, Carsten Selch Jensen, Stephen Bennett |
| title_full_unstemmed | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia edited by Radoslaw Kotecki, Carsten Selch Jensen, Stephen Bennett |
| title_short | Christianity and war in medieval East Central Europe and Scandinavia |
| title_sort | christianity and war in medieval east central europe and scandinavia |
| topic | Christianity and politics / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Christianity and politics / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Church and state / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Church and state / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Christianity and politics / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Christianity and politics / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Church and state / Europe, Eastern / History / To 1500 Church and state / Scandinavia / History / To 1500 Christentum Krieg Europe, Eastern / History, Military Scandinavia / History, Military Ostmitteleuropa Skandinavien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032663183&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032663183&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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