The Parthians: the forgotten empire
"This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the history and culture of the Parthian Empire, which existed for almost 500 years from 247 BC to 224 AD. The Parthians were Rome's great opponents in the east, but comparatively little is known about them. The Parthians focuses on the rise...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Peoples of the ancient world
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the history and culture of the Parthian Empire, which existed for almost 500 years from 247 BC to 224 AD. The Parthians were Rome's great opponents in the east, but comparatively little is known about them. The Parthians focuses on the rise, expansion, flowering, and decline of the Parthian Empire and covers both the wars with the Romans in the west and the nomads in the east. Sources include the small amount from the Empire itself, as well as those from outside the Parthian world, such as Greek, Roman and Chinese documents. Ellerbrock also explores the Parthian military, social history, religions, art, architecture, and numismatics, all supported by a great number of images and maps. The Parthians is an invaluable resource for those studying the Ancient Near East during the period of the Parthian Empire, as well as for more general readers interested in this era"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xxviii, 331 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9780367473099 9780367481902 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the history and culture of the Parthian Empire, which existed for almost 500 years from 247 BC to 224 AD. The Parthians were Rome's great opponents in the east, but comparatively little is known about them. The Parthians focuses on the rise, expansion, flowering, and decline of the Parthian Empire and covers both the wars with the Romans in the west and the nomads in the east. Sources include the small amount from the Empire itself, as well as those from outside the Parthian world, such as Greek, Roman and Chinese documents. Ellerbrock also explores the Parthian military, social history, religions, art, architecture, and numismatics, all supported by a great number of images and maps. The Parthians is an invaluable resource for those studying the Ancient Near East during the period of the Parthian Empire, as well as for more general readers interested in this era"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182406942425088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS Detailed table of contents List offigures List of tables Image credits Foreword Glossary of historic place names 1 The Parthian Empire: a first approach ix XV xxi xxii xxiv xxvi 1 2 History of the great empires in Iran 13 3 History of the Parthian Empire 22 4 The structure of the Parthian Empire 71 5 Vassal states and kingdoms under Parthian influence 103 6 The Parthian Empire and the peoples of Eurasia 115 7 Cities and architecture in the Parthian Empire 125 8 Trade and business in the Parthian Empire 158
vili Contents 9 Insights into social life in Parthia 181 10 Parthian art: art in the Arsacid kingdom 213 11 The Parthian Empire and its religions 254 Bibliography Recommended websites General index Names index Geographical names index 298 320 321 327 329
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 The Parthian Empire: a first approach 1.1 Documentary sources from within the Parthian world 4 1.2 Greek - Roman - Chinese literary sources 5 1.3 Ancient sources: historical truths or distorted images? 7 1.4 The Parthians: nomads - Hellenes - Iranians? 8 1.5 Geography of the Parthian Empire 10 2 History of the great empires in Iran 2.1 The empire of Elam 13 2.2 The Medes and Persians 15 2.3 The empire of the Achaemenids 16 2.4 Alexander the Great (356—323 BC) - the Hellenistic period 18 2.5 The empire of the Seleucids 20 3 History of the Parthian Empire 3.1 Phase 1: Development from a Seleucid vassal state to the Parthian Empire: from Arsaces I to Phraates I (c. 247—165 BC) 24 3.1.1 Arsaces I (c. 247-2lí BC) 21 3.1.2 Arsaces II (c. 211-191 BC) 28 3.1.3 Phriapatius(c.l91—176BC) 28 3.1.3.1 Arsaces IV (c. 170-168 BC) 28 3.1.4 Phraates I (c. 168—164 BC) 28 3.2 Phase 2: Expansion of the Parthian Empire: from Mithradates I to Darius of Media Atropatene (c. 165—70 BC) 29 3.2.1 Mithradates I (c. 165/ 164—132 BC) 31 3.2.2 Phraates II (c. 132-27 BC) 32
x Detailed table of contents 3.2.3 Inter- regnal Issue (c. 127 BC) 33 3.2.4 Artabanus I (c. 127-123 BC)-Arsaces X (122-121 BC) 33 3.2.5 Mithradates II (c. 121—91 BC) 34 3.2.6 Gotarzes 1 (c. 91-87 BC) 36 3.2.7 Orodes I (c. 90-80 BC) 36 3.2.8 Unknown King I (c. 80 BC) and Unknown King II (c. 80-70 BC) 36 3.2.9 Sinatruces (c. 93/ 92-c. 69/ 68 BC) 36 3.2.10 Darius (?) of Media Atropatene (c. 70 BC) 37 3.3 Phase 3: Parthia as a great power: from Phraates III to Vonones II (c. 70 BC-c. 51 AD) 37 3.3.1 Phraates III (c. 70-57 BC) 40 3.3.2 Mithradates III (c. 57-54 BC) 41 3.3.3 3.3.4 Orodes II (c. 57-38 BC) 41 Paeorus I (c. 39 BC) 43 3.3.5 Phraates IV (c. 38-2 BC) 43 3.3.6 Queen Musa and Phraataces, c. 2 BC—4AD 46 3.3.7 Tiridates I (c. 29-26 BC) 47 3.3.8 Orodes III (c. 6 AD) 48 3.3.9 Vonones I (c. 8—12 AD) 48 3.3.10 Artabanus II (c. 10-38 AD) 49 3.3.11 Tiridates II (c. 35-36AD) 50 3.3.12 Vardams I (c. 40-45 AD) and Gotarzes II (c. 40-51 AD) 51 3.3.13 Gotarzes II (c. 40-51 AD) 52 3.3.14 Vonones II (c. 51 AD) 52 3.4 Phase 4: Phases of stability — inner turmoil — decline of the Parthian Empire: fromVologases I (c. 51-79 AD) to Artabanus IV (c. 216-224 AD) 52 3.4.1 Vologases I (c. 50/ 51—79 AD) 56 3.4.2 Son of Vardams (c. 55—58 AD) 3.4.3 3.4.4 Vologases II (listed by Sellwood, but did not exist) 58 Paeorus II (c. 75-110 AD) 58 = Vardams II (Sellwood) 58 3.4.5 Artabanus III (c. 80-80/ 81 AD) 59 3.4.6 Vologases III (c. 105-147 AD) 60 3.4.7 Osroes I (c. 109-129 AD) 60 3.4.8 Parthamaspates (c. 116 AD) 61 3.4.9 Mithradates IV (c. 129-140 AD) 61 3.4.10 Unknown King III (c. 140 AD) 61 3.4.11
Vologases IV (c. 147-191 AD) 61 3.4.12 Osroes II (c. 190 AD) 62 3.4.13 Vologases V (c. 191-208 AD) 62 3.4.14 Vologases VI (c. 208-228 AD) 63
Detailed table of contents xl 3.4.15 Artabcmus IV (c. 216-224 AD) 63 3.4.16 Tiridates III (c. 216-224 AD?) 64 3.5 Ardashir I and the newly founded Şaşardan Empire 64 3.6 The end of the Parthian Empire — reasons for the downfall 65 4 The structure of the Parthian Empire 71 4.1 The king 72 4.1.1 The ruler’s image as an agent ofpropaganda 73 4.1.2 The king’s image — iconography on Parthian coins 13 4.1.3 Investiture of the kings 78 4.1.4 Ancestral cult of the Parthian kings — were kings deified as gods? 82 4.2 The nobility 83 4.3 The Parthian army - standing army — Parthian shot 83 4.3.1 War tactics — light cavalry — cataphracts — elephants 85 4.3.2 Weapons — depictions of weapons —finds of real weapons 89 4.3.3 Parthian legionnaires in the service of Rome — Parthian soldiers on the Rhine? 94 4.4 Administrative structure of the empire 95 4.4.1 The Parthian language and the unification of administrative structures in the empire 96 4.5 Parthian queens and marriage policy 97 4.5.1 5 Vassal states and kingdoms under Parthian influence 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6 Clothing of women/ofgoddesses shown on coins 98 103 The kingdom of Osrhoene 103 The kingdom of Commagene 105 Gordyene 107 Adiabene and Media Atropatene 107 Characene 109 Elymais 110 Persis 111 The kingdom of Hatra 112 The Parthian Empire and the peoples of Eurasia 6.1 Migration of peoples from China to the eastern border of Parthia — the construction of the Great Wall and its influence as far as the Parthian Empire 116 6.2 Saka 117 6.3 Sarmatians 118 6.4 Graeco-Bactrian kingdom 119 6.5 Indo-Greek kingdom 120 6.6
Indo-Scythian kingdom of the Saka 121 115
xii Detailed table of contents 6.7 Indo-Parthian kingdom 121 6.8 Kushan Empire 122 7 Cities and architecture in the Parthian Empire 7.1 Structure and architecture of the cities 125 7.1.1 Circular cities 125 7.1.2 Iwan 126 7.1.3 Dome 126 7.1.4 Stucco technique and stucco decoration 127 7.2 Cities in the homeland of the Parthians and in Iran 128 7.2.1 Nisa 128 7.2.2 Mérv 136 7.2.3 Herat 137 7.2.4 Shahr- e Qumis (Hecatompylos) 137 7.2.5 Rhagae 138 7.2.6 Ecbatana 138 7.2.7 Susa 138 7.3 Cities in Syria and Mesopotamia 139 8 7.3.1 Seleucia on the Tigris 140 7.3.2 Ctesiphon 141 7.3.3 Dura-Europos 143 7.3.4 Hatra 146 7.3.5 Palmyra 152 Trade and business in the Parthian Empire 8.1 Parthian coins and the genealogy of Parthian kings — basic information 160 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9 8.1.1 Cataloguing Parthian coins according to Sellwood and Assar 160 8.1.2 Parthian denominations 166 8.1.3 Value of Parthian money 167 8.1.4 Mints 168 8.1.5 Inscriptions on coins 169 Mineral resources — mining 175 Agriculture in Parthia 175 Wine and trade 176 Water management ֊ underground qanats in Parthia 177 Catde breeding among the Parthians 178 Parthian markets 179 Insights into social life in Parthia 9.1 The Parthian language 181 9.2 Parthian literature — an epic with heroes 183
Detailed table of contents 9.2.1 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 xiii The Hymn of the Pearl 184 9.2.2 The story of Vis and Ramin 185 9.2.3 Shāhnāme — heroic legends 186 9.2.4 Parthian literature and Europe 186 Equality between men and women — women and law - property 187 Education 187 Slaves and prisoners of war 189 Music of the Parthians 189 Medical knowledge in Parthian times 191 Living conditions - income - salary payments 194 The kitchen of the Parthians: recipe for chicken in Parthian style 194 Clothing in Parthia: kandys — chlamys — tunic and trousers 196 9.10.1 Kandys 196 9.10.2 Chlamys 196 9.10.3 Parthian tunic and trousers 198 9.10.4 Women: beauty and clothing: chiton /himation /peplos 199 9.11 Astronomy - calendars 203 9.11.1 The Seleucid calendar 205 9.11.2 The Parthian calendar 205 9.11.3 The Zoroastrian calendar 207 9.11.4 Year and month dates on Parthian coins 207 9.11.5 Coins with intercalated years/months (ΕΜΒΟΛΙΜΟΥ) 208 9.11.6 Conversion of the Seleucid Era into the Dionysian or Common Era 209 9.11.7 Conversion of the Parthian Era into the Dionysian or Common Era 210 10 Parthian art: art in the Arsacid kingdom 10.1 Art finds in Nisa — rhyta — sculptures 215 10.2 Rock reliefs 221 10.3 Stone reliefs 221 10.4 Mural painting — frescoes 231 10.5 Sculptures 233 10.6 Jewellery: torque, earrings, belt buckles and other art 234 10.7 Parthian vessels — bowls — glass 235 213 11 The Parthian Empire and its religions 11.1 An overview of Zoroastrianism and the Avesta 254 254 11.1.1 The religious concept of Zoroastrianism 256 11.1.2 Magi — priests of the Medes — the wise
men from the east 257 11.1.3 Zoroastrianism in Achaemenid times 258 11.1.4 References to the Zoroastrianism of the Parthians 259
xiv Detailed table of contents 11.1.5 Mithra 261 11.1.6 Anahita 263 11.1.7 Nana — Nanaia 264 11.1.8 Ardochscho (— Ashi) 265 11.1.9 Verethragna — Heracles 265 11.1.10 Khvarenah 269 11.1.11 The sacredfire of the Zoroastrians — archaeologicalfinds 270 11.1.12 Fire cult: archaeological evidence in the Parthian Empire 271 11.1.13 Funerals performed by Zoroastrians 272 11.1.14 Burials in Parthian times 274 11.2 Iconography of Parthian coins — references to the Zoroastrian faith, Deities on Parthian coins, Gods in Hellenistic robes — Parthian deities?, Summary: Zoroastrianism among the Parthians 278 11.2.1 Deities on Parthian coins 278 11.2.2 Phase 1: Arsaces I to Piiraates I (c. 247—171 BC) 278 11.2.3 Phase 2: Mithradates I to Phraates III (c. 165—70 BC) 281 11.2.4 Phase 3: Phraates III to Vonones II (c. 70 BC—51 AD) 283 11.2.5 Phase 4: Vologases I to Artabanus IV (c. 51 AD to the end of the Parthian Empire in 224 AD) 285 11.2.6 Inscriptions with divine epithets 285 11.2.7 The transformation from the ‘Hellenistic Tyche’ to the 11.2.8 Gods in Hellenistic robes 11.2.9 The ‘Parthian Tyche’ — which Zoroastrian goddess is meant to be Parthian Tyche’ 285 — Parthian deities? 287 portrayed? 289 11.2.10 Summary: Zoroastrianism among the Parthians 289 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Manichaeism ֊ religion with Parthian origins 289 Mithraism ֊ Mithras cult 291 Judaism in Parthia 291 Christianity in Parthia: the proselytising of the Aposde Thomas 293
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Detailed table of contents List offigures List of tables Image credits Foreword Glossary of historic place names 1 The Parthian Empire: a first approach ix XV xxi xxii xxiv xxvi 1 2 History of the great empires in Iran 13 3 History of the Parthian Empire 22 4 The structure of the Parthian Empire 71 5 Vassal states and kingdoms under Parthian influence 103 6 The Parthian Empire and the peoples of Eurasia 115 7 Cities and architecture in the Parthian Empire 125 8 Trade and business in the Parthian Empire 158
vili Contents 9 Insights into social life in Parthia 181 10 Parthian art: art in the Arsacid kingdom 213 11 The Parthian Empire and its religions 254 Bibliography Recommended websites General index Names index Geographical names index 298 320 321 327 329
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 The Parthian Empire: a first approach 1.1 Documentary sources from within the Parthian world 4 1.2 Greek - Roman - Chinese literary sources 5 1.3 Ancient sources: historical truths or distorted images? 7 1.4 The Parthians: nomads - Hellenes - Iranians? 8 1.5 Geography of the Parthian Empire 10 2 History of the great empires in Iran 2.1 The empire of Elam 13 2.2 The Medes and Persians 15 2.3 The empire of the Achaemenids 16 2.4 Alexander the Great (356—323 BC) - the Hellenistic period 18 2.5 The empire of the Seleucids 20 3 History of the Parthian Empire 3.1 Phase 1: Development from a Seleucid vassal state to the Parthian Empire: from Arsaces I to Phraates I (c. 247—165 BC) 24 3.1.1 Arsaces I (c. 247-2lí BC) 21 3.1.2 Arsaces II (c. 211-191 BC) 28 3.1.3 Phriapatius(c.l91—176BC) 28 3.1.3.1 Arsaces IV (c. 170-168 BC) 28 3.1.4 Phraates I (c. 168—164 BC) 28 3.2 Phase 2: Expansion of the Parthian Empire: from Mithradates I to Darius of Media Atropatene (c. 165—70 BC) 29 3.2.1 Mithradates I (c. 165/ 164—132 BC) 31 3.2.2 Phraates II (c. 132-27 BC) 32
x Detailed table of contents 3.2.3 Inter- regnal Issue (c. 127 BC) 33 3.2.4 Artabanus I (c. 127-123 BC)-Arsaces X (122-121 BC) 33 3.2.5 Mithradates II (c. 121—91 BC) 34 3.2.6 Gotarzes 1 (c. 91-87 BC) 36 3.2.7 Orodes I (c. 90-80 BC) 36 3.2.8 Unknown King I (c. 80 BC) and Unknown King II (c. 80-70 BC) 36 3.2.9 Sinatruces (c. 93/ 92-c. 69/ 68 BC) 36 3.2.10 Darius (?) of Media Atropatene (c. 70 BC) 37 3.3 Phase 3: Parthia as a great power: from Phraates III to Vonones II (c. 70 BC-c. 51 AD) 37 3.3.1 Phraates III (c. 70-57 BC) 40 3.3.2 Mithradates III (c. 57-54 BC) 41 3.3.3 3.3.4 Orodes II (c. 57-38 BC) 41 Paeorus I (c. 39 BC) 43 3.3.5 Phraates IV (c. 38-2 BC) 43 3.3.6 Queen Musa and Phraataces, c. 2 BC—4AD 46 3.3.7 Tiridates I (c. 29-26 BC) 47 3.3.8 Orodes III (c. 6 AD) 48 3.3.9 Vonones I (c. 8—12 AD) 48 3.3.10 Artabanus II (c. 10-38 AD) 49 3.3.11 Tiridates II (c. 35-36AD) 50 3.3.12 Vardams I (c. 40-45 AD) and Gotarzes II (c. 40-51 AD) 51 3.3.13 Gotarzes II (c. 40-51 AD) 52 3.3.14 Vonones II (c. 51 AD) 52 3.4 Phase 4: Phases of stability — inner turmoil — decline of the Parthian Empire: fromVologases I (c. 51-79 AD) to Artabanus IV (c. 216-224 AD) 52 3.4.1 Vologases I (c. 50/ 51—79 AD) 56 3.4.2 Son of Vardams (c. 55—58 AD) 3.4.3 3.4.4 Vologases II (listed by Sellwood, but did not exist) 58 Paeorus II (c. 75-110 AD) 58 = Vardams II (Sellwood) 58 3.4.5 Artabanus III (c. 80-80/ 81 AD) 59 3.4.6 Vologases III (c. 105-147 AD) 60 3.4.7 Osroes I (c. 109-129 AD) 60 3.4.8 Parthamaspates (c. 116 AD) 61 3.4.9 Mithradates IV (c. 129-140 AD) 61 3.4.10 Unknown King III (c. 140 AD) 61 3.4.11
Vologases IV (c. 147-191 AD) 61 3.4.12 Osroes II (c. 190 AD) 62 3.4.13 Vologases V (c. 191-208 AD) 62 3.4.14 Vologases VI (c. 208-228 AD) 63
Detailed table of contents xl 3.4.15 Artabcmus IV (c. 216-224 AD) 63 3.4.16 Tiridates III (c. 216-224 AD?) 64 3.5 Ardashir I and the newly founded Şaşardan Empire 64 3.6 The end of the Parthian Empire — reasons for the downfall 65 4 The structure of the Parthian Empire 71 4.1 The king 72 4.1.1 The ruler’s image as an agent ofpropaganda 73 4.1.2 The king’s image — iconography on Parthian coins 13 4.1.3 Investiture of the kings 78 4.1.4 Ancestral cult of the Parthian kings — were kings deified as gods? 82 4.2 The nobility 83 4.3 The Parthian army - standing army — Parthian shot 83 4.3.1 War tactics — light cavalry — cataphracts — elephants 85 4.3.2 Weapons — depictions of weapons —finds of real weapons 89 4.3.3 Parthian legionnaires in the service of Rome — Parthian soldiers on the Rhine? 94 4.4 Administrative structure of the empire 95 4.4.1 The Parthian language and the unification of administrative structures in the empire 96 4.5 Parthian queens and marriage policy 97 4.5.1 5 Vassal states and kingdoms under Parthian influence 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6 Clothing of women/ofgoddesses shown on coins 98 103 The kingdom of Osrhoene 103 The kingdom of Commagene 105 Gordyene 107 Adiabene and Media Atropatene 107 Characene 109 Elymais 110 Persis 111 The kingdom of Hatra 112 The Parthian Empire and the peoples of Eurasia 6.1 Migration of peoples from China to the eastern border of Parthia — the construction of the Great Wall and its influence as far as the Parthian Empire 116 6.2 Saka 117 6.3 Sarmatians 118 6.4 Graeco-Bactrian kingdom 119 6.5 Indo-Greek kingdom 120 6.6
Indo-Scythian kingdom of the Saka 121 115
xii Detailed table of contents 6.7 Indo-Parthian kingdom 121 6.8 Kushan Empire 122 7 Cities and architecture in the Parthian Empire 7.1 Structure and architecture of the cities 125 7.1.1 Circular cities 125 7.1.2 Iwan 126 7.1.3 Dome 126 7.1.4 Stucco technique and stucco decoration 127 7.2 Cities in the homeland of the Parthians and in Iran 128 7.2.1 Nisa 128 7.2.2 Mérv 136 7.2.3 Herat 137 7.2.4 Shahr- e Qumis (Hecatompylos) 137 7.2.5 Rhagae 138 7.2.6 Ecbatana 138 7.2.7 Susa 138 7.3 Cities in Syria and Mesopotamia 139 8 7.3.1 Seleucia on the Tigris 140 7.3.2 Ctesiphon 141 7.3.3 Dura-Europos 143 7.3.4 Hatra 146 7.3.5 Palmyra 152 Trade and business in the Parthian Empire 8.1 Parthian coins and the genealogy of Parthian kings — basic information 160 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9 8.1.1 Cataloguing Parthian coins according to Sellwood and Assar 160 8.1.2 Parthian denominations 166 8.1.3 Value of Parthian money 167 8.1.4 Mints 168 8.1.5 Inscriptions on coins 169 Mineral resources — mining 175 Agriculture in Parthia 175 Wine and trade 176 Water management ֊ underground qanats in Parthia 177 Catde breeding among the Parthians 178 Parthian markets 179 Insights into social life in Parthia 9.1 The Parthian language 181 9.2 Parthian literature — an epic with heroes 183
Detailed table of contents 9.2.1 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 xiii The Hymn of the Pearl 184 9.2.2 The story of Vis and Ramin 185 9.2.3 Shāhnāme — heroic legends 186 9.2.4 Parthian literature and Europe 186 Equality between men and women — women and law - property 187 Education 187 Slaves and prisoners of war 189 Music of the Parthians 189 Medical knowledge in Parthian times 191 Living conditions - income - salary payments 194 The kitchen of the Parthians: recipe for chicken in Parthian style 194 Clothing in Parthia: kandys — chlamys — tunic and trousers 196 9.10.1 Kandys 196 9.10.2 Chlamys 196 9.10.3 Parthian tunic and trousers 198 9.10.4 Women: beauty and clothing: chiton /himation /peplos 199 9.11 Astronomy - calendars 203 9.11.1 The Seleucid calendar 205 9.11.2 The Parthian calendar 205 9.11.3 The Zoroastrian calendar 207 9.11.4 Year and month dates on Parthian coins 207 9.11.5 Coins with intercalated years/months (ΕΜΒΟΛΙΜΟΥ) 208 9.11.6 Conversion of the Seleucid Era into the Dionysian or Common Era 209 9.11.7 Conversion of the Parthian Era into the Dionysian or Common Era 210 10 Parthian art: art in the Arsacid kingdom 10.1 Art finds in Nisa — rhyta — sculptures 215 10.2 Rock reliefs 221 10.3 Stone reliefs 221 10.4 Mural painting — frescoes 231 10.5 Sculptures 233 10.6 Jewellery: torque, earrings, belt buckles and other art 234 10.7 Parthian vessels — bowls — glass 235 213 11 The Parthian Empire and its religions 11.1 An overview of Zoroastrianism and the Avesta 254 254 11.1.1 The religious concept of Zoroastrianism 256 11.1.2 Magi — priests of the Medes — the wise
men from the east 257 11.1.3 Zoroastrianism in Achaemenid times 258 11.1.4 References to the Zoroastrianism of the Parthians 259
xiv Detailed table of contents 11.1.5 Mithra 261 11.1.6 Anahita 263 11.1.7 Nana — Nanaia 264 11.1.8 Ardochscho (— Ashi) 265 11.1.9 Verethragna — Heracles 265 11.1.10 Khvarenah 269 11.1.11 The sacredfire of the Zoroastrians — archaeologicalfinds 270 11.1.12 Fire cult: archaeological evidence in the Parthian Empire 271 11.1.13 Funerals performed by Zoroastrians 272 11.1.14 Burials in Parthian times 274 11.2 Iconography of Parthian coins — references to the Zoroastrian faith, Deities on Parthian coins, Gods in Hellenistic robes — Parthian deities?, Summary: Zoroastrianism among the Parthians 278 11.2.1 Deities on Parthian coins 278 11.2.2 Phase 1: Arsaces I to Piiraates I (c. 247—171 BC) 278 11.2.3 Phase 2: Mithradates I to Phraates III (c. 165—70 BC) 281 11.2.4 Phase 3: Phraates III to Vonones II (c. 70 BC—51 AD) 283 11.2.5 Phase 4: Vologases I to Artabanus IV (c. 51 AD to the end of the Parthian Empire in 224 AD) 285 11.2.6 Inscriptions with divine epithets 285 11.2.7 The transformation from the ‘Hellenistic Tyche’ to the 11.2.8 Gods in Hellenistic robes 11.2.9 The ‘Parthian Tyche’ — which Zoroastrian goddess is meant to be 'Parthian Tyche’ 285 — Parthian deities? 287 portrayed? 289 11.2.10 Summary: Zoroastrianism among the Parthians 289 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Manichaeism ֊ religion with Parthian origins 289 Mithraism ֊ Mithras cult 291 Judaism in Parthia 291 Christianity in Parthia: the proselytising of the Aposde Thomas 293 |
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| author | Ellerbrock, Uwe |
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| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 247 v. Chr.-224 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 247 v. Chr.-224 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047258802 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:10:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:07:03Z |
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| spelling | Ellerbrock, Uwe Verfasser (DE-588)1238602444 aut Parther - die vergessene Grossmacht The Parthians the forgotten empire Uwe Ellerbrock London ; New York Routledge 2021 xxviii, 331 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Peoples of the ancient world "This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the history and culture of the Parthian Empire, which existed for almost 500 years from 247 BC to 224 AD. The Parthians were Rome's great opponents in the east, but comparatively little is known about them. The Parthians focuses on the rise, expansion, flowering, and decline of the Parthian Empire and covers both the wars with the Romans in the west and the nomads in the east. Sources include the small amount from the Empire itself, as well as those from outside the Parthian world, such as Greek, Roman and Chinese documents. Ellerbrock also explores the Parthian military, social history, religions, art, architecture, and numismatics, all supported by a great number of images and maps. The Parthians is an invaluable resource for those studying the Ancient Near East during the period of the Parthian Empire, as well as for more general readers interested in this era"-- Geschichte 247 v. Chr.-224 gnd rswk-swf Partherreich (DE-588)4200334-9 gnd rswk-swf Parthians Arsacid dynasty / 247 B.C.-224 A.D. Parthia / History Art, Parthian Iran / History / To 640 Iran Iran / Parthia To 640 History Parther, Randkulturen (DE-2581)TH000003478 gbd Partherreich (DE-588)4200334-9 g Geschichte 247 v. Chr.-224 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-003-03855-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032662701&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ellerbrock, Uwe The Parthians the forgotten empire |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200334-9 |
| title | The Parthians the forgotten empire |
| title_alt | Parther - die vergessene Grossmacht |
| title_auth | The Parthians the forgotten empire |
| title_exact_search | The Parthians the forgotten empire |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Parthians the forgotten empire |
| title_full | The Parthians the forgotten empire Uwe Ellerbrock |
| title_fullStr | The Parthians the forgotten empire Uwe Ellerbrock |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Parthians the forgotten empire Uwe Ellerbrock |
| title_short | The Parthians |
| title_sort | the parthians the forgotten empire |
| title_sub | the forgotten empire |
| topic_facet | Partherreich |
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