God save the USSR: Soviet Muslims and the Second World War
It surprises many to learn that millions of Soviet Muslims fought on the frontlines against Hitler's armies. During the Second World War, as the Soviet Red Army was locked in brutal combat against the Nazis, Stalin ended the state's violent, decades-long persecution of religion. Religious...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford scholarship online
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | It surprises many to learn that millions of Soviet Muslims fought on the frontlines against Hitler's armies. During the Second World War, as the Soviet Red Army was locked in brutal combat against the Nazis, Stalin ended the state's violent, decades-long persecution of religion. Religious elites of all faiths were suddenly tasked with rallying Soviet citizens to a Holy War against Hitler. Using evidence from many sources (in several languages including Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, Uzbek, and Persian), God Save the USSR recounts the wartime religious revolution that ensued, with a focus on the Soviet Union's Muslims |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | x,253 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780190076276 |
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments List ofAbbreviations A BriefNote on Transliteration Introduction: Debating the Wartime “Religious Revolution” vii ix xi 1 1. The Setting: From the Years of Repression to Stalin’s “New Deal” 31 2. Praying with Stalin: Soviet Islamic Propaganda of the Second World War 63 3. Negotiating Stalins Tolerance: Muslim Institutions in Wartime 89 4. Red Army Prayers and Homefront Lyrics: Glimpses of Soviet Muslim Life in Wartime 106 5. Bureaucrats Bewildered: Monitoring Muslims in Postwar Kazakhstan 133 Conclusion Appendix—Soviet Religious Propaganda and Wartime Documents: A Selection Notes Bibliography Index 154 169 185 235 247
Bibliography Archival Abbreviations AkadNkKaz: The National Academy of Sciences ofthe Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty. AkadNkTat: The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan. GARF: State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow. HPSSS: The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Cambridge, MA. NatArchGE: National Archives of Georgia, Tbilisi. RGASPI: Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Moscow. Interviews, www.iremember.ru Annenkov, Vladimir Tikhonovich Belyaev, Fedor Ivanovich Degen, Ion Lazarevich Garshtia, Ivan Grubov, Ivan Vladimirovich Kalychev, Asral Komaritsyna (Baranova), Antonina Maksimovna Komov, Yuri Ilyich Krasnonos, Grigory Sergeevich Krylov, Anatoly Pavlovich Shurakov Mikhail Nikolaevich Strelkov, Georgii Aleksandrovich Styazhkin, Stepan Alexandrovich Zonov, Arsenij Websites https://rbvekpros.livejournal.com/23511 ,html#_ftnre£2 https://islamperspectives.org/rpi/ http://islamrb.ru/cheremkhovskij-mulla/
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Abdurakhmanov, Aziz, 173 Abyssinia, 71-72 Abyzgil’din, Dzhikhangir, 33-34,39 Adamiani, Katsii (pen-name of E.M. Iaroslavskii), 50-51 Afghanistan, 15,84,88,181 Aga Khan, 83,84,86,87 Agha-yi Buzurg, 77 Akhunbabayev, Yoldash, 75 Akush, 96 Albania, 71-72 Alexii (Metropolitan), 50,53-59 Algeria, 172-73 ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 77 Aliev, Museib, 171,173 Alizada, Akhund Aga, 9-13,82-83 All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 35-36,45 All-Union Census (1937), 47-49 Alma-Ata (Almaty), 181 Amir Kulal, 77 AndronnikofPerm’ (Archbishop), 31 Ankara, 103 anti-religious campaigns, 27 against Muslims, 32-42 against the Russian Orthodox Church, 31-32,37,38,50 Araks River, 170 Armenia, 169,170,171 Ashgabat, 78 Aslanov, Hazi, 171,173 Atabat, 11-12,174 Austria, 20 Avars, 22,34-35,40-41,117,130 Awliya Ata, 78 Azerbaijan, 46,169,170,171,172,175 Azeris, 6,10 Babakhanov, Ishan, 4,26,87,89,96-97, 98,102,156-57,159-60,173-74, 180,181-84 meeting with Stalin, 75,76 propaganda speeches, 1 —2,7-9, 63-64,74-82,156 release from prison, 75-76 trip to Mecca, 103 Babakhanov, Shamsuddin-Khan, 159 Babakhanov, Ziyauddin, 159-60 Badakhshan, 83,84,86 Bagaev, Kh.S., 133-34,152,153 Baghdad, 102-3 Baghirov, Jafar, 12,175 Baku, 6,169,173-74 Balasaguni, Yusuf Khass Hajib, 181 Barakkhan Madrasa (Tashkent), 75-76 Bashkirs, 17,41,63,65,71,96,121,127, 129-30,165 Bashkortostan, 36,42-43 Baymagambetov, Kulash, 89 Belarus, 46 Belarussians, 16-17 Belgorod, 76 Beria, Lavrentii, 53,54-55,68
Berlin, 6,23-24,52,121 Battle of, 98-99,176 Bezbozhnik (journal), 48 Bibi Khanim Mosque, 181 al-Biruni, 181 Bishkek, 78,181 Bolshevik Revolution, 8 Botlikh, 97 Brandgendler, L.S., 48-49 Britain, 13,83,86,87,172 British Ministry of Information, 6-7,52 Buddhism, 5,7,92-93,176-78
248 INDEX Bukhara, 38,75-76,77,78,84,104,181 Bulgaria, 54 Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status (ZAGS), 22,28,40 Buryats, 176,177 Callender, Harold, 13-14 CARC. See Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults CAROC. See Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Caucasus, 9,10,72,76-77,85,121, 125-26,159,169-75,182 deportations from, 5,121-22 soldiers from, 17,67,114 cemeteries, 12-13,95,149,174 Central Administration for National Economic Accounting (TsUNKhU), 47 Central Asia, 1,7,8,16-17,25,32,39, 63-64,67,68,74-75,76-82,85, 87,89,91,96-97,99,104,114,121, 125-26,133-53,156-57,159,163, 164,165-66,180,181-84 Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Russia (TsDUM), 21,42, 52,64,65,73-74,92,95,99 Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of the North Caucasus (DUMSK), 82,96,98,158-59 Chechens, 6,22-23,28 Cheka, 53 Cheliabinsk, 109-10,129-30 China, 15,84,160 Chincharadze, İsrail, 171 Chkalov. See Orenburg Cholpan ( Abdulhamid Sulayman-ughli), 39 Christianity. See also Russian Orthodox Church Baptist, 125 Evangelical, 125 Greek Orthodox, 92-93 Hitler’s opinion of, 16 Lutheran, 92-93 Pentecostal, 125 Protestant, 9,71,182 Renovationist, 5,31-32 ritual life, 40-41,107,110-12 Roman Catholic, 5,92-93,125 Seventh Day Adventist, 125 Chuikov, V.N., 112 churches closing or destruction of, 23,45,46, 49-50,51-52,176-77 reopening of, 2-3,46,49,50, 51-52,60-62 Churchill, Winston, 23-24,76 circumcision, 39-40,41,128,157-58 Collective farm. See kolkhoz Commissariat of Enlightenment, 35 Communist International (Comintern), 13-14 Communist Party of the Soviet
Union (CPSU), 1-2,46,127,128 constitution, 41,43-44,175,182 Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC), 9-10,39,60-61,92-94, 103-4,105,131,133-53,159-61, 162,163-64 Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church (CAROC), 57,59, 60-61,160-61 Council of People’s Commissars (SNK), 92-93,98-99 Crimea, 6-7,9,32,39-40,71-72, 182 deportations from, 52,129-30 Cripps, Stafford, 6 Czechoslovakia, 52 Dagestan, 3,40-41,96,97,116,119,124, 127,129-31 Dargins, 40-41 dhikr, 124,125-26 District Committee Secretary (propaganda film), 51-52 Dnieper, Battle of, 109 Donbass, 176 DUMZAK. See Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Transcaucasia Dzhabaev, Dzhambul, 6 Egypt, 172-73,181 Eid al-Adha, 41,99,114,124,127,136 Eid al-Fitr, 93-94,124,136
INDEX Fakhretdinov, Rizaetdin, 35-36,39,42 al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 181 Fergana, 77,127-28,161-62,181 al-Fergani (Alfraganus), 181 Filipp (Archbishop of Astrakhan), 50 Finland, 117 Fiţrat, ‘Abdurrauf, 39 France, 71 funerals,42,117,129,157-58,175 Garbett, Cyril (Archbishop of York), 13-14 Gebekov, Khizri, 82-83,96,98,173-74 Georgia, 39,169,170,171 Germany, 5-6,13,20,49,69-70,71,81, 103,137,139,171,179,180,182 Germogen of Tobolsk (Bishop), 31 Ghijduvan, 35 Gh ilmani, Saduaqas, 159 Gosbank, 136-37 Govorov, Marshal L.A., 112 GPU. See State Political Directorate (GPU) Great Terror, 5,20-21,38,43,47, 122-23,133 Greece, 52 Guliaeva, N., 133-34 Guliev, Mekhti, 171 hadith, 1 -2 “Hairy Ishans,” 140 hajj, 37,63,75-76,100-4 “Hero of the Soviet Union,” 10,69,80,109, 171,183 Hitler, Adolf. 1,6-7,12,13,49,50-51,68, 79,80,81-82,84-87,154-55,158, 169-71,172-73,177 Hungary, 107,109 al-Husseini, Hajj Amin, 15 Hussein, Sharif, 101 Iaroslavskii, E.M., 45-46,47,65 Ibn Sacud, 101-2 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 181 cIbrat (Ishaq Khan Tura Junaydullah-ughli), 39 icons, 27-28,31-32,110-11,112 imam role in Muslim ritual life, 26-27 249 Imam al-Bukhari Islamic Institute, 161-62 India, 15,181 Ingushetia, 121 Iran, 9-10,11-12,84,103,160, 172-75,181 Iraq, 15,84,174 Iroltuev, Choinzon-Dorzho, 176-77 Iskra Revoliutsiei (press), 14 IsmaTlis, 15 propaganda directed at, 82-88 Italy, 71,81,183 Itigilov, Dashi-Dorzho, 176-77 Izvestiia (journal), 89 Jadids, 39,64,159-60 Japan, 31,32 Jeddah, 101,102-3 Jerusalem, 15,23-24,54 jihad, 1 —2,72,79-80,86 Judaism, 5,6,16,72,92-93,125,178-79 Kabardians, 40 Kabardino-Balkaria,
40,164-65 Kalinin, M.I., 35-36,42,74-75 Kalininskii, M., 98 Karakalpaks, 7,78,181 Karimov, M.S., 103,161-62 Karpov, G.G., 53-59,60-61 Kashgar, 181 al-Kashghari, Mahmud, 181 Kazakhs, 6,7,15,67,78,133-53,159 Kazakhstan, 2,16-17,33-34,42-43,78, 79,89,102-3,114,133-53,180,182 Kazan, 41,42-43,133,153 Kazimov, Salahaddin, 173 Khakimov, Karim, 101-2 Khalidi Naqshbandis, 64 Kharkov, 23,76,85,183 Khatskevich, A.I., 44,46 Khavand-i Tahúr, 77 Khiva, 181 al-Khorezmi, Muhammad Ibn Musa, 182 Khujand, 78 Khurasan, 181 Khushtada (village in Dagestan), 124 Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, 77,181 Khwaja Ahrar, 77,181 Kiev (Kyiv), 23,176,183
250 INDEX Kirov, Sergei, 37 Kizimov, Salattiin, 171 kolkhoz, 28,80,97,98,127,128-29,130, 136,150,174,177 Komsomol, 27-28,46,88,109, 127,128 Krasikov, P.A., 43-47 Krasnodar, 76-77,85,183 Kubistán, 84,86 Kuibyshev (Samara), 128,135,136, 149,152 Kuliev, Adil, 173 Kuliev, Mehdi, 173 Kumyks, 40-41,116,130 Kura River, 170 Kurban Bairam. See cEid al- Adha Kursk, Battle of, 76 Kvitkin, O.A., 48-49 Kyiv. See Kiev Kyrgyz, 7,17,78,154,181 Kyrgyzstan, 180,182 Lakhuti, Abulkasim, 6 Lab, 40-41 League ofMilitant Atheists, 14,33,37,41, 45-46,65,133 Lenin, Vladimir, 31-32 Leningrad, 23 Lezgis, 6,40-41 Libya, 71-72 madrasas, 7,8,11-12,100,104,115,116, 144,161-62,164,174,181 Mageramov, Melik, 171,173 Malenkov, G.M., 47,53,54-55,88 Mashhad, 90 mawlid, 126 Mecca, 11-12,37,39,63,100-4, 160 Medina, 102-3 Melitopol’, 171 Merkulov, V., 74-75 Middle East, 6,25,37,52,102 Mir-і Arab (madrasa), 161-62 Mirzaev, Sakhratullah, 97 Molotov, V.M., 5-6,15,52,58,59, 60-61,102 Mordvins, 20 Moscow, 6,13,23,38-39,41,47,53,63, 74-75,110,124,126-27,129,157, 159-60,173-74 mosques, 7,11-12,65-66,96,97,134, 148-49,150,175 closure or destruction of, 35-62,71-72, 92,129 Red Army soldiers attending, 135,157-58 reopening of, 2-3,40,72,90,92-93, 98-99,104,105,122-24,137-38, 151,153,154,157 surveillance of, 46,92-93,134-35,140 women in, 126-27,129,131 muftiates creation of, 10-11,12,19,52-53 significance, 156-62 Muhammad (Prophet), 1-2,8,11,66,69, 70,72,79,171,179 Muhammad Ibn Ismacil Bukhari, 77 Muhammad Yusuf, Muhammad Sodiq, 161-62 Munawwar Qari Abdurrashid Khan-ughli, 39 Musaiev, Marvan, 173 Muslims ofthe Soviet East,
15 Mustafaev, Khidir, 171 Mustafaev, Zuber, 173 Naqshband, Baha5 al-Din 77,181 Naqshbandis, 64,124,125-26 Nasretdinov, Khalil, 42 Nazis, 1,5-6,7,9-10,66-67,84-87,107, 109,117,118 propaganda, 6-7,15,24,26,49,51-52 invasion of the Soviet Union, 6-7,21, 49,50,64,73,154-55,166-67, 169-71,172-73,175,182 Nevskii, Alexander, 164-65,166-67,176 Nikolai (Metropolitan), 50,53-59 Nizhni Kazanishcha, 98 NKGB. See People’s Commissariat for State Security NKID. See People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs NKVD. See People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs nomads, 134,146-47 North Africa, 72,183
INDEX Odessa, 23 Old Believers, 20-21,38,92-93,125 Orenburg, 36,91,93-94,97,104-5,128 Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly, 160-61 Ossetians, 6 Pahlavi, Riza Shah, 103 Pamirs, 84,86,88 Paranga, 42 Patriarchate, 19 Patriarch Sergius of Moscow. See Sergii Pavlodar, 136-53 Penza, 150,151-52 People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, 6 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 47,53,59,60, 68,73-74,92-93,100-1,106, 110-11,112-13 People’s Commissariat for State Security (NKGB), 15,73-74,92-93 Perm’, 108-9,129-30 Pishnemazada, Akhund Mirza Faradzhola, 173 Poetry Soviet Muslim, 3,106-7,114-23 Polianskii, I.V., 9-10,15,92-93,98,102, 124-25,149 Political Administration of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (PURKKA), 68,71 polygamy, 21-22,128 Potma, 38-39 prayer, 40,41,72,175 in the Red Army, 106,107-12,135 in secret, 21-22,23,39-40,49-50, 61-62,130-31,145-46 women leading, 127,129,149 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 75,173-74 propaganda anti-religious, 22-23,33,40-41,65 and patriotism, 4,63-88,96,98 publishing, 14,15,100,173 religious, 2-3,5-18,24-26,51,63-88, 96,155-56,169-84 secular, 1-2,66-67,68,164-65 251 PURKKA. See Political Administration of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army Qadiri, Abdullah, 39 Qaffal Shashi, Imam, 77-78 Qur’an, 1-2,7,9,11-12,66-67,72,78-79, 80,106,113-14,118,123,127, 148-49,171,172,173,174-75 Qusam Ibn Abbas, 77,181 Rafiev, Nadzhafkoli, 173 Rakhmankulov, Ziyatdin Mukhamedzhanovich, 93-94,104 Ramadan, 40,93-94,154 Rasulev, Gabdrahman, 42,68,87,89,90, 92-93,96-97,156,159,160-61, 173-74,179-80 folktales about, 63,88 meeting with
Stalin, 64 propaganda speeches, 15,52, 63-64,65-67 rise to prominence, 64-74 rivalry with Tardzhimani, 42-43 service to the Muslim community, 94-97 trip to Mecca, 103 Rasuli, Shaykh Zaynullah, 64 Red Army casualties, 16-17,76 desertion from, 16-17 donations to, 89-91,93-94,96,97-98, 99,104-5,136-37,142,158,171 letters, 49,112-14 morale of, 16-17,67,68 religion in, 19,49,106-32,157-58, 163-64,165 registration, 35,46,134,135,146-47,154 Romania, 52,54,171,182 Rome, 6-7,23-24,52 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 13-14,23-24 Rosh Hashanah, 178-79 Rostov, 110 Russian Orthodox Church, 5,21,107,156, 160-61,166-67 and the 1937 All-Union Census, 48-49 repression of, 31-32,37 Stalin’s negotiations concerning, 53-59 wartime propaganda, 51 Russo-Japanese War, 119-20,122-23
252 INDEX Sabitov, N., 133-34 SADŮM. See Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan Safarov, Fariz, 171,173 Saksin, G., 52 Salikhov, Kharis Salikhuly, 106 Samarkand, 8,77,181 Saray Tash Madrasa (Bukhara), 75-76 Sayfal-Din Bakharzi, 77,181 Schadenko, E, 16-17 Seidov, Mirakhmed, 96 Semipalatinsk, 143 Sergii (Patriarch Sergius of Moscow), 6 jailed, 14 meeting with Stalin, 53-59 promotion to Patriarch, 21,55,156 and propaganda, 14,25-26,50,52 reconciliation with Bolsheviks, 32 Sevastopol, 95,96 Shah-i Žinda (shrine), 77,181 Shahimardan, 77,181 Shamshi, 114 Shamsutdinov, ‘Abdullah Khasanovich, 38-39,41 Shcherbakov, A.S., 52,69 Shir Dor (madrasa), 181 Simferopol, 171,173 Sirhindi, Ahmad, 159-60 Smidovich, P, 35-36 Smolensk, 64 SNK. See Council of People’s Commissars Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 18,162 Soviet Information Bureau, 6,52 Spain, 71 Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM), 8,74-75,76,89,99,100, 159,180 Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Transcaucasia (DUMZAK), 9-10, 82-83,172-75 Stalin, Joseph, 1-3,5,6-7,8,10,18,19,49, 68,90-91,107-8,133,147,152-53, 154-55,162,165-67,171,172,173, 175,182 folktales about, 63,88 and the “friendship of the peoples,” 38 meeting with Metropolitans, 50-51, 53-59,64 meeting with I. Babakhanov, 75,76 meeting with G. Rasulev, 64 and the muftiates, 52-53,74,75 and the 1937 All-Union Census, 48-49 and the Tehran Conference, 13-14,23-24 telegrams to and from, 41,89,96,137, 178-79,180 Stalingrad, Battle of, 76,110,112 State Political Directorate (GPU), 53 Sufism folklore, 63,88 lineages,
64,75-76,94-95,125-26, 159-60,164 saints, 76-82,126 shrines, 7,76-82,124,159-60,181 Sufis, 3-4,39-41,88,140,158-60,164 Suleimanov, Amir Kara-Ogly, 89 Suleimanov, Idris, 171,173 Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III), 83 Suvorov, Alexander, 176 Sverdlovsk, 41,114,129-30 Syria, 15,84 al-Taftazani, Sacd al-Din, 181 Taganrog, 171,173 Tajikistan, 21-22,83,88,102-3,180,182 Tajiks, 6,7,17,37,78,85,181 Tardzhimani, Kashshafuddin, 42-43 Tashkent, 75-76,77,78,104,171, 173-74,181 Tatars, 17,38-40,41,42,71-72,85,106, 107,108,114,127,129-30 Tatarstan, 42-43,113-14,120,133, 135,153 Tehran, 102-3 Tehran Conference, 13-14,23-24 Tikhon (Patriarch), 31-32,53,54-55 Tilliä Kari (madrasa), 181 Tiumen (oblast), 151 Tiuriakulov, N., 37 Tripoli, 71-72 Troitsk, 93-94 Trud (journal), 69,70,71,73 Truman, Harry S. 13
INDEX TsDUM. See Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Russia Tuguzbaev, Baymukhamet, 93-94 Tunisia, 172-73 Turkmenistan, 89,180,182 Turkmens, 6,7,17,33,37,78,85,181 Ufa, 33-34,39,42,71,96,126-27,173-74 TJkasha Ibn Muhsin, 77,181 Ukraine, 176,183 Ukrainians, 16-17,20,27-28,49,85 Ulugh Beg, 8,181,182 United States, 13,172 Urgench, 78 cUthman, 181 Uyghurs, 7,15,27,181 Uzbekistan, 16-17,46,75,102-3,127-28, 161-62,180,182 Uzbeks, 6,7,17,67,78,85,128, 129-30,181 Vakhitov, Musa Vakhitov, 38-39,42 Vasily (Archbishop), 31 veiling, 21-22,33,41 V. 253 Veniamin of St. Petersburg (Metropolitan), 31 Verkhnie Chebenki, 97 Vienna Offensive, 107-8,112 Vladimir of Kiev (Metropolitan), 31 Volga-Urals, 17,32,71,73,76-77,87,89, 114,115 VTsIK. See All-Russian Central Executive Committee weddings, 22,28,125,157-58,175 World War 1,120,122-23 Xinjiang, 7,15,27,181-84 Yasavi, Ahmad. See Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi Yelokhovo Cathedral (Moscow), 50 Yugoslavia, 52,54 ZAGS. See Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status zakat, 90,99,104-5,154,158 Zayn al-Din, Shaykh, 77 Zhukov, Marshal G.K., 112 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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Contents Acknowledgments List ofAbbreviations A BriefNote on Transliteration Introduction: Debating the Wartime “Religious Revolution” vii ix xi 1 1. The Setting: From the Years of Repression to Stalin’s “New Deal” 31 2. Praying with Stalin: Soviet Islamic Propaganda of the Second World War 63 3. Negotiating Stalins Tolerance: Muslim Institutions in Wartime 89 4. Red Army Prayers and Homefront Lyrics: Glimpses of Soviet Muslim Life in Wartime 106 5. Bureaucrats Bewildered: Monitoring Muslims in Postwar Kazakhstan 133 Conclusion Appendix—Soviet Religious Propaganda and Wartime Documents: A Selection Notes Bibliography Index 154 169 185 235 247
Bibliography Archival Abbreviations AkadNkKaz: The National Academy of Sciences ofthe Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty. AkadNkTat: The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan. GARF: State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow. HPSSS: The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Cambridge, MA. NatArchGE: National Archives of Georgia, Tbilisi. RGASPI: Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Moscow. Interviews, www.iremember.ru Annenkov, Vladimir Tikhonovich Belyaev, Fedor Ivanovich Degen, Ion Lazarevich Garshtia, Ivan Grubov, Ivan Vladimirovich Kalychev, Asral Komaritsyna (Baranova), Antonina Maksimovna Komov, Yuri Ilyich Krasnonos, Grigory Sergeevich Krylov, Anatoly Pavlovich Shurakov Mikhail Nikolaevich Strelkov, Georgii Aleksandrovich Styazhkin, Stepan Alexandrovich Zonov, Arsenij Websites https://rbvekpros.livejournal.com/23511 ,html#_ftnre£2 https://islamperspectives.org/rpi/ http://islamrb.ru/cheremkhovskij-mulla/
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Shkarovskii, M.V. “Stalinskaia religioznaia politika і Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ v 1943-1953 godakh.” Acta Slavica Iaponica 27 (2009), 1 -27. Shkarovskii, M.V. Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ pri Staline і Khrushcheve— Gosudarstvenno-tserkovnye otnosheniia v SSSR v 1939-1964 godakh. Moscow: Krutitskoe Patriarshee Podvor’e; Obshchestvo liubitelei tserkovnoi istorii, 1999. Smolkin, Victoria. A Sacred Space is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. Letter to the Soviet Leaders. New York: Harper Row, 1975. Starostin, A.N. Islam v Sverdlovskoi oblasti. Moscow: Logos, 2007. Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Sulaev, I.Kh. "Musul’manskoe dukhovenstvo v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine 1941-1945 gg.” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal 5 (2007), 24-26. Tasar, Eren. “Soviet and Muslim: The Institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia, 19431991.” PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 2010. Tasar, Eren. Soviet and Muslim: The Institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Tasar, Eren. “Unregistered: Gray Spaces in the Soviet Regulation of Islam.” In Islam, Society and Politics in Central Asia, edited by Pauline Jones, 127-148. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017. Tasar, Eren. ‘Tslamically Informed Soviet Patriotism in Postwar Kyrgyzstan,” Cahiers du monde russe 52/2-3 (2011), 387-404. Usmanova, Dilyara, Ilnur Minnullin, and Rafik Mukhmetshin.
“Islamic Education in Soviet and Post-Soviet Tatarstan.” In Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and its Successor States, edited by Michael Kemper, Raoul Motika, and Stephan Reichmuth, 21-67. New York: Routledge, 2010. Vasiľeva, O.Iu., LI. Kudriavtsev, and L.A. Lykova, eds. Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, 1941-1945 gg. Sborník documentov. Moscow: Izd. Krutitskogo podvor’ia Obshchestvo liubitelei tserkovnoi istorii, 2009. Werth, Paul W. The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Werth, Paul W. “Conformity and Defiance in a Religious Key.” Kritika 17/4 (2016), 869-896. Yakovlev, Alexander N. A Century ofViolence in Soviet Russia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Yakupov, R.I. Russian Islamic University CSDM of Russia: History and Nowadays. Ufa: RIU.2011. Zaripov, I.A., and M.A. Safarov. Akhmetzian Müstafin: iz istorii İslama v SSSR. Moscow: Medina, 2017. Zhiromskaia, V.B. “Religioznost’ naroda v 1937 godu.” Istoricheskii vestnik 5/1 (2000), 105-114.
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Abdurakhmanov, Aziz, 173 Abyssinia, 71-72 Abyzgil’din, Dzhikhangir, 33-34,39 Adamiani, Katsii (pen-name of E.M. Iaroslavskii), 50-51 Afghanistan, 15,84,88,181 Aga Khan, 83,84,86,87 Agha-yi Buzurg, 77 Akhunbabayev, Yoldash, 75 Akush, 96 Albania, 71-72 Alexii (Metropolitan), 50,53-59 Algeria, 172-73 ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 77 Aliev, Museib, 171,173 Alizada, Akhund Aga, 9-13,82-83 All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 35-36,45 All-Union Census (1937), 47-49 Alma-Ata (Almaty), 181 Amir Kulal, 77 AndronnikofPerm’ (Archbishop), 31 Ankara, 103 anti-religious campaigns, 27 against Muslims, 32-42 against the Russian Orthodox Church, 31-32,37,38,50 Araks River, 170 Armenia, 169,170,171 Ashgabat, 78 Aslanov, Hazi, 171,173 Atabat, 11-12,174 Austria, 20 Avars, 22,34-35,40-41,117,130 Awliya Ata, 78 Azerbaijan, 46,169,170,171,172,175 Azeris, 6,10 Babakhanov, Ishan, 4,26,87,89,96-97, 98,102,156-57,159-60,173-74, 180,181-84 meeting with Stalin, 75,76 propaganda speeches, 1 —2,7-9, 63-64,74-82,156 release from prison, 75-76 trip to Mecca, 103 Babakhanov, Shamsuddin-Khan, 159 Babakhanov, Ziyauddin, 159-60 Badakhshan, 83,84,86 Bagaev, Kh.S., 133-34,152,153 Baghdad, 102-3 Baghirov, Jafar, 12,175 Baku, 6,169,173-74 Balasaguni, Yusuf Khass Hajib, 181 Barakkhan Madrasa (Tashkent), 75-76 Bashkirs, 17,41,63,65,71,96,121,127, 129-30,165 Bashkortostan, 36,42-43 Baymagambetov, Kulash, 89 Belarus, 46 Belarussians, 16-17 Belgorod, 76 Beria, Lavrentii, 53,54-55,68
Berlin, 6,23-24,52,121 Battle of, 98-99,176 Bezbozhnik (journal), 48 Bibi Khanim Mosque, 181 al-Biruni, 181 Bishkek, 78,181 Bolshevik Revolution, 8 Botlikh, 97 Brandgendler, L.S., 48-49 Britain, 13,83,86,87,172 British Ministry of Information, 6-7,52 Buddhism, 5,7,92-93,176-78
248 INDEX Bukhara, 38,75-76,77,78,84,104,181 Bulgaria, 54 Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status (ZAGS), 22,28,40 Buryats, 176,177 Callender, Harold, 13-14 CARC. See Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults CAROC. See Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church Caucasus, 9,10,72,76-77,85,121, 125-26,159,169-75,182 deportations from, 5,121-22 soldiers from, 17,67,114 cemeteries, 12-13,95,149,174 Central Administration for National Economic Accounting (TsUNKhU), 47 Central Asia, 1,7,8,16-17,25,32,39, 63-64,67,68,74-75,76-82,85, 87,89,91,96-97,99,104,114,121, 125-26,133-53,156-57,159,163, 164,165-66,180,181-84 Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Russia (TsDUM), 21,42, 52,64,65,73-74,92,95,99 Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of the North Caucasus (DUMSK), 82,96,98,158-59 Chechens, 6,22-23,28 Cheka, 53 Cheliabinsk, 109-10,129-30 China, 15,84,160 Chincharadze, İsrail, 171 Chkalov. See Orenburg Cholpan ('Abdulhamid Sulayman-ughli), 39 Christianity. See also Russian Orthodox Church Baptist, 125 Evangelical, 125 Greek Orthodox, 92-93 Hitler’s opinion of, 16 Lutheran, 92-93 Pentecostal, 125 Protestant, 9,71,182 Renovationist, 5,31-32 ritual life, 40-41,107,110-12 Roman Catholic, 5,92-93,125 Seventh Day Adventist, 125 Chuikov, V.N., 112 churches closing or destruction of, 23,45,46, 49-50,51-52,176-77 reopening of, 2-3,46,49,50, 51-52,60-62 Churchill, Winston, 23-24,76 circumcision, 39-40,41,128,157-58 Collective farm. See kolkhoz Commissariat of Enlightenment, 35 Communist International (Comintern), 13-14 Communist Party of the Soviet
Union (CPSU), 1-2,46,127,128 constitution, 41,43-44,175,182 Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC), 9-10,39,60-61,92-94, 103-4,105,131,133-53,159-61, 162,163-64 Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church (CAROC), 57,59, 60-61,160-61 Council of People’s Commissars (SNK), 92-93,98-99 Crimea, 6-7,9,32,39-40,71-72, 182 deportations from, 52,129-30 Cripps, Stafford, 6 Czechoslovakia, 52 Dagestan, 3,40-41,96,97,116,119,124, 127,129-31 Dargins, 40-41 dhikr, 124,125-26 District Committee Secretary (propaganda film), 51-52 Dnieper, Battle of, 109 Donbass, 176 DUMZAK. See Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Transcaucasia Dzhabaev, Dzhambul, 6 Egypt, 172-73,181 'Eid al-Adha, 41,99,114,124,127,136 'Eid al-Fitr, 93-94,124,136
INDEX Fakhretdinov, Rizaetdin, 35-36,39,42 al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 181 Fergana, 77,127-28,161-62,181 al-Fergani (Alfraganus), 181 Filipp (Archbishop of Astrakhan), 50 Finland, 117 Fiţrat, ‘Abdurrauf, 39 France, 71 funerals,42,117,129,157-58,175 Garbett, Cyril (Archbishop of York), 13-14 Gebekov, Khizri, 82-83,96,98,173-74 Georgia, 39,169,170,171 Germany, 5-6,13,20,49,69-70,71,81, 103,137,139,171,179,180,182 Germogen of Tobolsk (Bishop), 31 Ghijduvan, 35 Gh'ilmani, Saduaqas, 159 Gosbank, 136-37 Govorov, Marshal L.A., 112 GPU. See State Political Directorate (GPU) Great Terror, 5,20-21,38,43,47, 122-23,133 Greece, 52 Guliaeva, N., 133-34 Guliev, Mekhti, 171 hadith, 1 -2 “Hairy Ishans,” 140 hajj, 37,63,75-76,100-4 “Hero of the Soviet Union,” 10,69,80,109, 171,183 Hitler, Adolf. 1,6-7,12,13,49,50-51,68, 79,80,81-82,84-87,154-55,158, 169-71,172-73,177 Hungary, 107,109 al-Husseini, Hajj Amin, 15 Hussein, Sharif, 101 Iaroslavskii, E.M., 45-46,47,65 Ibn Sacud, 101-2 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 181 cIbrat (Ishaq Khan Tura Junaydullah-ughli), 39 icons, 27-28,31-32,110-11,112 imam role in Muslim ritual life, 26-27 249 Imam al-Bukhari Islamic Institute, 161-62 India, 15,181 Ingushetia, 121 Iran, 9-10,11-12,84,103,160, 172-75,181 Iraq, 15,84,174 Iroltuev, Choinzon-Dorzho, 176-77 Iskra Revoliutsiei (press), 14 IsmaTlis, 15 propaganda directed at, 82-88 Italy, 71,81,183 Itigilov, Dashi-Dorzho, 176-77 Izvestiia (journal), 89 Jadids, 39,64,159-60 Japan, 31,32 Jeddah, 101,102-3 Jerusalem, 15,23-24,54 jihad, 1 —2,72,79-80,86 Judaism, 5,6,16,72,92-93,125,178-79 Kabardians, 40 Kabardino-Balkaria,
40,164-65 Kalinin, M.I., 35-36,42,74-75 Kalininskii, M., 98 Karakalpaks, 7,78,181 Karimov, M.S., 103,161-62 Karpov, G.G., 53-59,60-61 Kashgar, 181 al-Kashghari, Mahmud, 181 Kazakhs, 6,7,15,67,78,133-53,159 Kazakhstan, 2,16-17,33-34,42-43,78, 79,89,102-3,114,133-53,180,182 Kazan, 41,42-43,133,153 Kazimov, Salahaddin, 173 Khakimov, Karim, 101-2 Khalidi Naqshbandis, 64 Kharkov, 23,76,85,183 Khatskevich, A.I., 44,46 Khavand-i Tahúr, 77 Khiva, 181 al-Khorezmi, Muhammad Ibn Musa, 182 Khujand, 78 Khurasan, 181 Khushtada (village in Dagestan), 124 Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, 77,181 Khwaja Ahrar, 77,181 Kiev (Kyiv), 23,176,183
250 INDEX Kirov, Sergei, 37 Kizimov, Salattiin, 171 kolkhoz, 28,80,97,98,127,128-29,130, 136,150,174,177 Komsomol, 27-28,46,88,109, 127,128 Krasikov, P.A., 43-47 Krasnodar, 76-77,85,183 Kubistán, 84,86 Kuibyshev (Samara), 128,135,136, 149,152 Kuliev, Adil, 173 Kuliev, Mehdi, 173 Kumyks, 40-41,116,130 Kura River, 170 Kurban Bairam. See cEid al- Adha Kursk, Battle of, 76 Kvitkin, O.A., 48-49 Kyiv. See Kiev Kyrgyz, 7,17,78,154,181 Kyrgyzstan, 180,182 Lakhuti, Abulkasim, 6 Lab, 40-41 League ofMilitant Atheists, 14,33,37,41, 45-46,65,133 Lenin, Vladimir, 31-32 Leningrad, 23 Lezgis, 6,40-41 Libya, 71-72 madrasas, 7,8,11-12,100,104,115,116, 144,161-62,164,174,181 Mageramov, Melik, 171,173 Malenkov, G.M., 47,53,54-55,88 Mashhad, 90 mawlid, 126 Mecca, 11-12,37,39,63,100-4, 160 Medina, 102-3 Melitopol’, 171 Merkulov, V., 74-75 Middle East, 6,25,37,52,102 Mir-і Arab (madrasa), 161-62 Mirzaev, Sakhratullah, 97 Molotov, V.M., 5-6,15,52,58,59, 60-61,102 Mordvins, 20 Moscow, 6,13,23,38-39,41,47,53,63, 74-75,110,124,126-27,129,157, 159-60,173-74 mosques, 7,11-12,65-66,96,97,134, 148-49,150,175 closure or destruction of, 35-62,71-72, 92,129 Red Army soldiers attending, 135,157-58 reopening of, 2-3,40,72,90,92-93, 98-99,104,105,122-24,137-38, 151,153,154,157 surveillance of, 46,92-93,134-35,140 women in, 126-27,129,131 muftiates creation of, 10-11,12,19,52-53 significance, 156-62 Muhammad (Prophet), 1-2,8,11,66,69, 70,72,79,171,179 Muhammad Ibn Ismacil Bukhari, 77 Muhammad Yusuf, Muhammad Sodiq, 161-62 Munawwar Qari 'Abdurrashid Khan-ughli, 39 Musaiev, Marvan, 173 Muslims ofthe Soviet East,
15 Mustafaev, Khidir, 171 Mustafaev, Zuber, 173 Naqshband, Baha5 al-Din 77,181 Naqshbandis, 64,124,125-26 Nasretdinov, Khalil, 42 Nazis, 1,5-6,7,9-10,66-67,84-87,107, 109,117,118 propaganda, 6-7,15,24,26,49,51-52 invasion of the Soviet Union, 6-7,21, 49,50,64,73,154-55,166-67, 169-71,172-73,175,182 Nevskii, Alexander, 164-65,166-67,176 Nikolai (Metropolitan), 50,53-59 Nizhni Kazanishcha, 98 NKGB. See People’s Commissariat for State Security NKID. See People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs NKVD. See People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs nomads, 134,146-47 North Africa, 72,183
INDEX Odessa, 23 Old Believers, 20-21,38,92-93,125 Orenburg, 36,91,93-94,97,104-5,128 Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly, 160-61 Ossetians, 6 Pahlavi, Riza Shah, 103 Pamirs, 84,86,88 Paranga, 42 Patriarchate, 19 Patriarch Sergius of Moscow. See Sergii Pavlodar, 136-53 Penza, 150,151-52 People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, 6 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 47,53,59,60, 68,73-74,92-93,100-1,106, 110-11,112-13 People’s Commissariat for State Security (NKGB), 15,73-74,92-93 Perm’, 108-9,129-30 Pishnemazada, Akhund Mirza Faradzhola, 173 Poetry Soviet Muslim, 3,106-7,114-23 Polianskii, I.V., 9-10,15,92-93,98,102, 124-25,149 Political Administration of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (PURKKA), 68,71 polygamy, 21-22,128 Potma, 38-39 prayer, 40,41,72,175 in the Red Army, 106,107-12,135 in secret, 21-22,23,39-40,49-50, 61-62,130-31,145-46 women leading, 127,129,149 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 75,173-74 propaganda anti-religious, 22-23,33,40-41,65 and patriotism, 4,63-88,96,98 publishing, 14,15,100,173 religious, 2-3,5-18,24-26,51,63-88, 96,155-56,169-84 secular, 1-2,66-67,68,164-65 251 PURKKA. See Political Administration of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army Qadiri, 'Abdullah, 39 Qaffal Shashi, Imam, 77-78 Qur’an, 1-2,7,9,11-12,66-67,72,78-79, 80,106,113-14,118,123,127, 148-49,171,172,173,174-75 Qusam Ibn 'Abbas, 77,181 Rafiev, Nadzhafkoli, 173 Rakhmankulov, Ziyatdin Mukhamedzhanovich, 93-94,104 Ramadan, 40,93-94,154 Rasulev, Gabdrahman, 42,68,87,89,90, 92-93,96-97,156,159,160-61, 173-74,179-80 folktales about, 63,88 meeting with
Stalin, 64 propaganda speeches, 15,52, 63-64,65-67 rise to prominence, 64-74 rivalry with Tardzhimani, 42-43 service to the Muslim community, 94-97 trip to Mecca, 103 Rasuli, Shaykh Zaynullah, 64 Red Army casualties, 16-17,76 desertion from, 16-17 donations to, 89-91,93-94,96,97-98, 99,104-5,136-37,142,158,171 letters, 49,112-14 morale of, 16-17,67,68 religion in, 19,49,106-32,157-58, 163-64,165 registration, 35,46,134,135,146-47,154 Romania, 52,54,171,182 Rome, 6-7,23-24,52 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 13-14,23-24 Rosh Hashanah, 178-79 Rostov, 110 Russian Orthodox Church, 5,21,107,156, 160-61,166-67 and the 1937 All-Union Census, 48-49 repression of, 31-32,37 Stalin’s negotiations concerning, 53-59 wartime propaganda, 51 Russo-Japanese War, 119-20,122-23
252 INDEX Sabitov, N., 133-34 SADŮM. See Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan Safarov, Fariz, 171,173 Saksin, G., 52 Salikhov, Kharis Salikhuly, 106 Samarkand, 8,77,181 Saray Tash Madrasa (Bukhara), 75-76 Sayfal-Din Bakharzi, 77,181 Schadenko, E, 16-17 Seidov, Mirakhmed, 96 Semipalatinsk, 143 Sergii (Patriarch Sergius of Moscow), 6 jailed, 14 meeting with Stalin, 53-59 promotion to Patriarch, 21,55,156 and propaganda, 14,25-26,50,52 reconciliation with Bolsheviks, 32 Sevastopol, 95,96 Shah-i Žinda (shrine), 77,181 Shahimardan, 77,181 Shamshi, 114 Shamsutdinov, ‘Abdullah Khasanovich, 38-39,41 Shcherbakov, A.S., 52,69 Shir Dor (madrasa), 181 Simferopol, 171,173 Sirhindi, Ahmad, 159-60 Smidovich, P, 35-36 Smolensk, 64 SNK. See Council of People’s Commissars Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 18,162 Soviet Information Bureau, 6,52 Spain, 71 Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM), 8,74-75,76,89,99,100, 159,180 Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Transcaucasia (DUMZAK), 9-10, 82-83,172-75 Stalin, Joseph, 1-3,5,6-7,8,10,18,19,49, 68,90-91,107-8,133,147,152-53, 154-55,162,165-67,171,172,173, 175,182 folktales about, 63,88 and the “friendship of the peoples,” 38 meeting with Metropolitans, 50-51, 53-59,64 meeting with I. Babakhanov, 75,76 meeting with G. Rasulev, 64 and the muftiates, 52-53,74,75 and the 1937 All-Union Census, 48-49 and the Tehran Conference, 13-14,23-24 telegrams to and from, 41,89,96,137, 178-79,180 Stalingrad, Battle of, 76,110,112 State Political Directorate (GPU), 53 Sufism folklore, 63,88 lineages,
64,75-76,94-95,125-26, 159-60,164 saints, 76-82,126 shrines, 7,76-82,124,159-60,181 Sufis, 3-4,39-41,88,140,158-60,164 Suleimanov, Amir Kara-Ogly, 89 Suleimanov, Idris, 171,173 Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III), 83 Suvorov, Alexander, 176 Sverdlovsk, 41,114,129-30 Syria, 15,84 al-Taftazani, Sacd al-Din, 181 Taganrog, 171,173 Tajikistan, 21-22,83,88,102-3,180,182 Tajiks, 6,7,17,37,78,85,181 Tardzhimani, Kashshafuddin, 42-43 Tashkent, 75-76,77,78,104,171, 173-74,181 Tatars, 17,38-40,41,42,71-72,85,106, 107,108,114,127,129-30 Tatarstan, 42-43,113-14,120,133, 135,153 Tehran, 102-3 Tehran Conference, 13-14,23-24 Tikhon (Patriarch), 31-32,53,54-55 Tilliä Kari (madrasa), 181 Tiumen (oblast), 151 Tiuriakulov, N., 37 Tripoli, 71-72 Troitsk, 93-94 Trud (journal), 69,70,71,73 Truman, Harry S. 13
INDEX TsDUM. See Central Spiritual Directorate of the Muslims of Russia Tuguzbaev, Baymukhamet, 93-94 Tunisia, 172-73 Turkmenistan, 89,180,182 Turkmens, 6,7,17,33,37,78,85,181 Ufa, 33-34,39,42,71,96,126-27,173-74 TJkasha Ibn Muhsin, 77,181 Ukraine, 176,183 Ukrainians, 16-17,20,27-28,49,85 Ulugh Beg, 8,181,182 United States, 13,172 Urgench, 78 cUthman, 181 Uyghurs, 7,15,27,181 Uzbekistan, 16-17,46,75,102-3,127-28, 161-62,180,182 Uzbeks, 6,7,17,67,78,85,128, 129-30,181 Vakhitov, Musa Vakhitov, 38-39,42 Vasily (Archbishop), 31 veiling, 21-22,33,41 V. 253 Veniamin of St. Petersburg (Metropolitan), 31 Verkhnie Chebenki, 97 Vienna Offensive, 107-8,112 Vladimir of Kiev (Metropolitan), 31 Volga-Urals, 17,32,71,73,76-77,87,89, 114,115 VTsIK. See All-Russian Central Executive Committee weddings, 22,28,125,157-58,175 World War 1,120,122-23 Xinjiang, 7,15,27,181-84 Yasavi, Ahmad. See Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi Yelokhovo Cathedral (Moscow), 50 Yugoslavia, 52,54 ZAGS. See Bureau for the Registration of Acts of Civil Status zakat, 90,99,104-5,154,158 Zayn al-Din, Shaykh, 77 Zhukov, Marshal G.K., 112 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV047236320 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:02:41Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:06:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190076276 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032640684 |
| oclc_num | 1268180505 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 |
| physical | x,253 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210917 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford scholarship online |
| spelling | Eden, Jeff ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1073227073 aut God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War Jeff Eden God save the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics New York, NY Oxford University Press [2021] © 2021 x,253 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford scholarship online Includes bibliographical references It surprises many to learn that millions of Soviet Muslims fought on the frontlines against Hitler's armies. During the Second World War, as the Soviet Red Army was locked in brutal combat against the Nazis, Stalin ended the state's violent, decades-long persecution of religion. Religious elites of all faiths were suddenly tasked with rallying Soviet citizens to a Holy War against Hitler. Using evidence from many sources (in several languages including Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, Uzbek, and Persian), God Save the USSR recounts the wartime religious revolution that ensued, with a focus on the Soviet Union's Muslims Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd rswk-swf Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd rswk-swf Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd rswk-swf Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1939-1945 ; Soviet Union ; Religious aspects Muslims ; Soviet Union ; History ; 20th century Soviet Union ; Ethnic relations Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 s Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 s Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 s Geschichte 1941-1945 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-007630-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Eden, Jeff ca. 20./21. Jh God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049416-0 (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4076906-9 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War |
| title_alt | God save the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics |
| title_auth | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War |
| title_exact_search | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War |
| title_full | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War Jeff Eden |
| title_fullStr | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War Jeff Eden |
| title_full_unstemmed | God save the USSR Soviet Muslims and the Second World War Jeff Eden |
| title_short | God save the USSR |
| title_sort | god save the ussr soviet muslims and the second world war |
| title_sub | Soviet Muslims and the Second World War |
| topic | Religionspolitik (DE-588)4049416-0 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Religionspolitik Muslim Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032640684&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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