Weak strongman: the limits of power in Putin's Russia
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| Format: | Buch |
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Princeton ; Oxford
Princeton University Press
[2021]
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| Beschreibung: | War zeitweise Open Access bei De Gruyter 1.7.2022 |
| Beschreibung: | ix, 269 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780691212463 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Information Warrior 2 1 Putinology and Exceptional Russia 15 З The Autocrat’s Dilemmas 37 4 Better to Be Feared and Loved: President Putins Popularity 50 5 The Surprising Importance of Russia’s Manipulated Elections 6 Neither as Strong nor as Weak as It Looks: Russia’s Economy 7 Hitting Them with Carrots: The Role of Repression 66 85 107 8 Mysterious Ways: Media Manipulation at Home ІЗ2 Great Power Posing: Russian Foreign Policy 15շ Ю Why Russia Hacks: Digital Persuasion and Coercion Abroad 175 11 Conclusion: The Death of Expertise? 9 Acknowledgments Notes 211 Index 251 V 196 209
INDEX abortion, 7 Abyzov, Mikhail, 198 and, zoo, 205; repression and, 112,130; scholarly study of, 6; U.S. public opinion Access Hollywood, 185 adat law, 116 on, 8 autocracy: Chavez and, 11, 23, 39,52, 70,72, 87,170; China and, 6; coercion and, 40, adhocracy, 24 advertisements, 4, 71,117-18, 233Ո31 47-48; constraints and, 200; corruption Afghanistan, 3,21,132,172-73; auni, 235Ш, and, 45; coups and, 12-13, Յ8-39,43֊49, 219Ո16, 220Ո24; courts and, 39-40,42; 24ЅШ African Americans, 181 Agora, 139-40 democracy and, 6,12,39,54,69,72,201, agriculture, 89, 95-96,167-68, 202, 229Ո46 Albats, Evgeniya, 126 dilemmas of, 37-49; dual threats to, 44-47; economic issues and, viii, 86-93,96-97, Alfa-Bank, 85 Alliance of Tolerance, 170 Amnesty International, 120 99,103,105; elections and, 38-39, 41, 44, 203,223Ո3; dictatorships and, 39,42-44; 48, 67-72, 76-77, 84; elites and, 40-41, 44-48,219Ո9; Erdoğan and, 11,21,23,39, Amuragrocenter, 66 Anderson, Perry, 53 52,70,72,117,135,171,232Ш125-26; foreign policy and, 14, 4°, iSi-53,1S6֊57, ւճՏ-74; human rights and, 12-13; Hungary and, 38-39; information, 134-40; Iran and, 6, 38; legalism and, 112-18; limits of, 37,41, 47-49; media and, 134-35; military and, Angola, 160 Anticorruption Foundation, 123-24 Applebaum, Anne, 7,212mi, 249m approval ratings, 47,5i֊S4, 57֊59, 61-65,92, 129 11,38-43,46-47,49; nuclear weapons Arashukov, Rauf, 198 and, 37,152; oligarchs and, 41; personal Argentina, 33,75,91 Armenia, 129,154,157,171 Aslund, Anders, 227Ո13 Assad, Bashar al-, 18 Associated Press, 57 Australia, 166,172 ist, 11-14, 23, 37-Si, 84, 87-91, 97,
99,13s, 153,170-71,174, 200-1; police and, 48; political economy of, 96-99; polls and, 54-58; powerftil minorities and, 244Ո71; protests and, 38, 42-48, 220Ո24, 220Ո27; public opinion and, 6, 49, 51,54, 64,134, 222Ո34, 244Ո71; Putinology and, 16,19, Austria, 159 authoritarianism, 14; elections and, 67,69; exceptional Russia and, 9-10; media and, 144; Putinology and, 32, 35; reassessment 22-23, 25, 28, 35-36; Putins popularity and, 51-54, 64-65; reassessment and, 200-5; repression and, 12-14,38,40, 251
252 autocracy (continued) INDEX Bolivia, 10,40,157 47-49» 108-9,115-16,119,122,125,129,131, Bolotnaya Square (Swampy Square), 78 220Ո24; term limits and, 17,23,50-51,130, Bolshoi Theater, 126 199; Venezuela and, 6, ю-11,23,39-40, Borisova, Ekaterina, 126 52,70,87,99,115,170; weak institutions Borogan, Irina, 141 and, 12, 40-44 Bortnikov, Alexander, 110 Azerbaijan, 39,171,226Ո41 Boycko, Maxim, 29 Brazil, 38-39,91,95,237Ո17 Baker, James, 187 Brest, 183 Balkans, 159,164 Brezhnev, Leonid, 2, 27,38,41,56,112,157 Baltics, 21,155,157,166,173 bribery, 28,48,93,99,102-3,112» 198 Banker (magazine), 86 Bank Rossiya, 96 Britain, 32,91,111,124,15s, 159,165» 179,183 British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 177 banks, 5; Alfa-Bank, 85; Anticorruption brokers, 5,18,75,172 Foundation and, 123; European Bank for Brondum, Kevin, 224Ո19 Reconstruction and Development, 94; Brown, Archie, 215Ո41 hackers and, 176,188; modernization of, Browning, Robert, 152 161; money laundering and, 23, 85-86; Browder, William, 212Ո20 Putins popularity and, 18; reduced num Bryan, James D., 159 ber of licenses and, 86; Russian Central Buckley, Noah, 103,232ՈՈ19-20 Bank, 86,149,161; Sberbank, 85; Wall Bush, George W, 21,149,162 Street and, 4; weak position of, 91; World Buzin, Andrei, 224Ո19 Bank, x, 91,95,102,167 Byrne, David, 3 Bank VTB, 85 BankYugra, 86 Calvey, Michael, 198,235Ո64 Bashkirova and Partners, 54 Canada, 30,91,166,172 Bashneft’, 100 Cannes, 126 Bechev, Dimitar, 164 capital flight, 22,43,100 Belarus, 23,39,154,156-57,169 capitalism, 4,133,157 Bellingcat, 190 Carnaghan, Ellen, 67 Belton, Catherine,
212Ո20,214Ո24 Caro, Robert, 19 Benford s law, 73 Carothers, Tom, 180 Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Carroll, Rory, 87 Society, 138,185 Casey, Adam, 183,247Ո23 Berlin Wall, 4-5 Castro, Fidel, 24 Beslan attacks, 143 cell phones, 34,143 Bible, 7 censorship, 12,117,119,135,141-44» 148-49, billionaires, 9,61,89,94-95,143,210,212П16 blackmail, 99,129 Blaydes, Lisa 232Ո16 blogs, 121-22,138-40,143 222Ո19,239Ո56 Center for Economic and Political Reform, 31,142 Central Election Commission, 80 Bloomberg, 101 Chad, 10 Boligarchs, 87 Channel One, 146,148-49
INDEX Chávez, Hugo: autocracy and, 6,10-11,23, 39-40, $2,70,72, 87,99,11s, 170; courts and, 39,232Ո26; economic issues and, 87; elections and, 70,72,· foreign policy and, 253 repression and, 17,47-48,108-9,112-17, 121,130; social costs of, 113; targeted, 112-16 170; legislative powers and, 39; media Colbert, Stephen, 66 Cold War, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68,160-62,180, and, 13s; Putinology and, 21,23; Putin s popularity and, 65; Venezuela and, 11,21, Colton, Timothy, 71, 84,223Ո4, 22бп4б, 23,39, 52, 65,70,72,87,135,170, 232Ո26 cheating: arms control treaties and, 165; ballot box stuffing and, 67,69,73-74,78,80; elec tions and, 12-13, 67-69,73-74,76,78, 79-82,80,84,200; foreign policy and, 165 Chechnya, 107-8,114-16,138,141 chemical weapons, 18,124 Chernenko, Konstantin, 3 Chernobyl, 133 Chile, 109 China, ss; autocracy and, 6; Communist Party and, 38; Cultural Revolution and, 112; economic issues and, 33,95,98-99, 200-1; foreign policy and, 154-56,166; great firewall of, 140; hackers and, 190, 193; media and, 140; repression and, 112; Tiananmen Square and, 117; Xi Jinping and, 154 Churov, Vladimir, 80 CIA, 138 Citizen Observer, 74 civil liberties, 54,64,118 Clapper, James, 28,176,184 Clemson University, 180-81 Clinton, Bill, 187 Clinton, Hillary, 61,140,184-85,187 CNN, 54 coercion: autocracy and, 40,47-48; black mail and, 99,129; digital coercion and, 177, 188-94; digital persuasion and, 177-88, 191-92,195,245Ո3; economic issues and, 99; elections and, 66-69,74~75, 80-81; hackers and, 175,177,188-95,245Ո3; in creased, 17; intimidation and, 13,36,54, 67,75,108,118,130,138; jail
and, 54; legal ism and, 112-18; media and, 135; 206,245Ո86,250Ո15 250Ո14 Columbia University, 4-5,106,112,163,176, 209 Committee to Protect Journalists, 138 commodity prices, 59,90-91,96 Communist Party: Brezhnev and, 112; Chernenko and, 3; China and, 38; coups and, 5; fall of, 33; KGB and, 110; Khrush chev and, 24,41; national character and, 31; politburo of, 41, 48; public debate and, 2; Soviet Union and, 2-3,5,24,30, 33, 38,41, 76-77,110,112-13,12s; travel restrictions and, 33,125; voter turnout and, 30-31; Yeltsin and, 76 Communist Party of the Russian Federa tion, 77,98,104,143 Communist Youth Organization (Komsomol), 133 Constitution: international law and, 50; Parliamentary powers and, 50; referen dum and, 52,221П6; State Council and, 50,199; term limits and, 17,23, so-51,130, 199 Constitutional Court, 51 continuity thesis, 159-65 corporate raiding, 6,99-101,128 corruption: acceptance of, 28; Anticorrup tion Foundation and, 123; autocracy and, 45; blackmail, 99,129; Brezhnev and, 1-2; bribery, 28,48,93,99,102-3,112,198; cheating, 12-13,67-69,73-74» 76,78-82,84, 165,200; coercion, 17,40,47-48,68-69, 74, 80, 99,108-9,112-17,121,130,13s, 175, 177,188-95,245Ո3; corporate raiding, 6, 99-101,128; cronyism, 9,12,22,45-47, 87, 95» 97,105,200,227Ո12; digital persuasion,
254 corruption (continued) economic issues and, 102; elections and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 245Ո3; economic is sues and, 101-6,229Ո50; elections and, extent of, foreign policy and, 157,165-66; 67,69,73-74» 78-83,87-88,90; 14,199; fraud, 6 (see also fraud); government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86, 194; hackers and, 179; INDEX kickbacks, 102,105; legitimacy and, 52,67,69-72,122,153,22in8, 225Ո26; media and, 5-6,135-38,196; money laundering, 23,85-86; murder, 8,107-8, 112,116,138,198,237Ո17; protection rackets, 5; Putinology and, 18,28,45; Putins pop ularity and, 56,58,60,63; reassessment of, 200, 202; repression, 108,111,114,117, 121-24, 127-30; security agencies (siloviki) and, 47,108-12,114,117,165,231Ո5; societal costs of, 101-2 Costfan tutte (opera), 126 Council on Foreign Relations, 190,195 coups: autocracy and, 12-13,38-39, 43-49, 219Ո16, 220Ո24; Communist Party and, s; democracy and, 219Ո16; foreign policy and, 13; Red Army and, 5; repression and, 117, 220Ո24 courts: autocracy and, 39-40,42; Chavez and, Constitutional Court, 51; dis mantling of, 36; economic issues and, 86, 39, 232Ո26; Erdoğan and, 232Ո26; European Court on Human Rights, 120, 123, 233Ո41; media and, 149; Putin’s popu 88,99,101,229Ո50; larity and, 51,57,63; repression and, 108, 115-16,118,120,122-23; Russian Supreme Court, 233Ո41 COVED pandemic: autocratic pathologies and, 93, 239Ո62; ban on protests and, 121; economic effects of, S2, 89-90, 96,105, 130,167,231Ո74; extent of, 34; public opinion and, 17,46; vaccines and, 93-94 Credit Suisse, 94 Crimea: annexation of, vii, 17-18,52-53,58-62,
foreign policy and, 1S3֊54,157, hackers and, 188-89; media and, 145-46; popularity 81-82,84; 159-69,171, 240Ո6, 24ՏՈ86; issues and, 52-53,58-62, 65; Putinology and, 17-18, 21, 214Ո22; Putins popularity and, 17,52-53,58-62, 65; reassessment and, 197; repression and, 107,130; sanc tions and, 60-61,160,166,189; Ukraine and, 21,59,107,146,154,162-66,169,188; United States and, vii, 60-61,157,163,166, 189,245Ո86 Croatia, 164 cronyism, 9,12, 22, 45-47, 87, 95,97,105, 200, 227Ո12 crowdsourcing, 75,122 Cuba, 3, 24,157,160, 222Ո34 cyberattacks, 13,154,177,187,190-95 czars, 15, 28, 65,134,156-57,159, 220Ո28 Czech Republic, 94-95,162,183 Davenport, Christian, 130 “Day of Health” (Amuragrocenter), 66 Day of the Defenders of the Motherland, 80 Death ofExpertise, The (Nichols), 196 democracy: authoritarianism and, 8; autoc racy and, 6,12,39,54,69,72,201,203,223Ո3; coups and, 219Ո16; cultural values and, 32; current state of, 196,201; elections and, 69, 72,76-77, 223Ո3; foreign policy and, 157; hackers and, 180,183-84,188; media and, 133,142,145; nationalization and, 9; powerfill minorities and, 244Ո71; Putinology and, 30-32; surveys and, 250Ո14; United States and, vii, 32,133,188,196,203 Democrats, 7, 24-25,184-85,192 denial-of-service attacks, 176,191 Denmark, 180,189-90 Deripaska, Oleg, 167, 243Ո53 devaluation, 33, 88, 226m 65, 81-82, 84,107,130,14S-4Ğ, 153-54, W, dictatorships: autocracy and, 39, 42-44; constraints and, 8; elections and, 69, 71; 160,162-69,171,188-89,197,240Ո6,245Ո86; media and, 6,134; Putinology and, 35
INDEX digital coercion, 177,188-94 digital persuasion; effectiveness of, 181-88; hackers and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 245Ո3; scope of, 177-81 Dissernet.ru, 104 dissidents, 54,112,178 Donetsk, 147,157 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 216Ո48 Dubai, 10 Dud’, Yuri, 143 Dugin, Aleksandr, 18,213Ո16 Duterte, Rodrigo, 39 East Germany, 3-4,16,21,29,48,112 economic issues: autocracy and, viii, 86-93, 96-97, 99, юз, 105; banks and, 4-5,18, 85-86, 90-91, 94-96,102,123,149,161, 167,176,188; billionaires and, 9, 61, 89, 94-95,143,210,212П16; bribery, 28, 48, 93, 99.102-3,112,198; capital flight and, 22, 43,100; capitalism and, 4,133,157; Chavez and, 87; China and, 33,95, 98-99, 200-1; coercion and, 99; commodity prices and, 59,90-91,96; corporate raiding and, 6, 99-101,128; corruption and, 101-6,229ՈՏ0; 255 142; millionaires and, 94; offshoring and, ιοί, 202-3; oil prices and, 18,155,166 (see abo oil prices); oligarchs and, 87,101, 106; pensions, 18,51, S3,58,75,92,96,149; political economy and, 96-99; polls and, 93; poverty and, 8, 33, 89, 92; protests and, 86; public opinion and, 93; purchas ing power parity and, 33,156,226m; Putin s popularity and, 130; Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum and, 127; sanctions and, 60 (see also sanctions); stagnation, 87,96,130,199; surveys and, 93-94,100-1,103; taxes and, 97,101,103; Turkey and, 87,91,95,99; Ukraine and, 90; United States and, 94-95,98-99; Venezuela and, 87,91,99; Wall Street film and, 4; wealth ofPutins inner circle, 96-97 Ecuador, 10 education, 25,94,97,102-4,128,202,211П5 Egypt, 6 elections; appearance of legitimacy and, 69-72;
authoritarianism and, 67,69; au tocracy and, 38-39,42,44,48,67-72, 76-77,84; ballot box stuffing and, 67, 69, courts and, 86,88,99,101,229ՈՏ0; COVID 73-74,78,80; bias in, 77; Chavez and, 70, pandemic and, 52,89-90,96,105,130,167, 231Ո74; Crimea and, 102; devaluation and, 33, 88,22бш; education and, 25,94, 72; cheating and, 67,69,73-74,78-82,200; 97.102-4,128,202,211Ո5; elections and, 93, 97,100,103; elites and, 87, 89, 97; en ergy sector and, 10,59,91-92,95,97,10s, 15S-56,167,172-73,2°S; Erdoğan and, 52; foreign direct investment (FDI) and, 89, 165; foreign policy and, 153-54,156,159-60, 164-68,173-74; fraud and, 104,113; Ger many and, 91,95,98-99; hackers and, 183, 191-92,195; Hungary and, 33,87,94-95, 99; inequality, 58, 94-95,128, 202; infla tion, 86,90,149; Hving standards, 17,25, 33, 35,46,48,64,88,113,165,171; Malaysia and, 91; May Decrees and, 25; media and, 13s, 142,148-50; middle class and, 34,62, cheating in, 12-13, 68-69,76, 84; Churov and, 80; coercion and, 66-69,74-75,80-81; corruption and, 67,69,73-74,78-80,82-83, 87-88,90; Crimea and, 81-82,84; crowdsourced violations and, 75; democracy and, 69,72,76-77,223Ո3; dictatorships and, 69,71; economic issues and, 93,97, 100,103; ehtes and, 84; Erdoğan and, 70, 72; fair, 12,38-39,42,51-52,67,69,76-77, 79, 93,224Ш6; foreign policy and, 155, 166; fraud and, 6,45,67-84,122,126,136, 139,180, 204, 224Ո14, 225Ո26, 226Ո41; free, 3,38, 68-69,77; gerrymandering and, 71; Golos and, 67,75; GRU and, 111; hackers and, 24֊z5,155,175-94, 245ПЗ; Hungary and, 70,72; internet and, 78;
25б elections (continued) intimidation and, 67,7s; Levada Center and, 55,222Ո20; media and, 134-36,140-41, 145,149-50; menu of manipulation for, 72-76; military and, 82; misfire of De cember 2011 and, 76-82; monitoring, 67, 74,76, 81; Navalny and, 122-23; oligarchs and, 17; police and, 78-79; popularity and, 68,77,81-82; pressured employees and, 66-67,74-75, 81; protests and, 68, 77-80, 83; Putin’s popularity and, 51-52, 55) 65,77; reassessment and, 200; redis tricting and, 81; repression and, 111,113-14, 121-24,129-3°; social media and, 71, 78; Soviet Union and, 77, 82; statistics and, INDEX Enikolopov, Ruben, 224Ո19,238Ո43 Erdoğan, Tayyip: autocracy and, 11, 21, 23, 39) 52) 7O) 72) 117) 135) 17L 232ՈՈ2Տ֊շ6; courts and, 232Ո26; economic issues and, elections and, 70,72; foreign policy and, 171; media and, 135; Putinology and, 21,23; repression and, 117 Ernst, Konstantin, 239Ո51 52; espionage: Cold War and, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68, 160-62,180, 206,245Ո86, 250Ո15; Federal Security Service (FSB), 17,35, 99,110-11, 124,190,192,198; hackers and, 176 (see also hackers); KGB and, 9 (see also KGB); 225Ո30; poisoning and, 111,113,123֊24 14Յ) 57, 179; Trump election and, 176 Estemirova, Natalya, 114 Estonia, 154,176,191 192; Euromoney (magazine), 86 73-74; surveys and, 67,74-75,77,79, 223ՈՅ) Trump and, 7,176,181,184-88, Turkey and, 232Ո25; United States and, 14,24,30,70-71, in, 155; 175) 18°) 183, 187-88,191-94; Venezuela and, 70,155 elites: autocracy and, 40-41,44-48,219Ո9; business, 20, 212П16; cronyism and, 12, 22, 45-46, 97,105; cues from, 197; economic issues and, 87, 89, 97;
elections and, 84; foreign policy and, 13,157,159-60,167, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 94 European Convention on Human Rights, 120 European Court of Human Rights, 120,123, 233Ո41 European Union, 156,171 170-71, 201; influence of, 8,13; managing conflicts between, 41; media and, 137; military, 41,110,201; offshoring and, 202-3; one-party regimes and, 41; polls and, 49; exceptional Russia, 9,11,205; classical litera ture and, 27-28; foreign policy and, 160, 164; Homo Sovieticus and, 28-32; men tality of, 28; Putinology and, 26-33 Putins inner circle and, 33; Putins popu larity and, 51-52; reassessment and, 202-3; etile, 43 repression and, 109-11,114,116,121; suc cessors to Putin and, 199 emails, 18,98,117,141,180,184-85,190, 192-93 energy sector: Bashneft’ and, 100; economic issues and, 91-92, 95, 97,105; foreign pol icy and, 155-56,167,172-73; Gazprom and, 92, 227Ո21; Putins popularity and, 59; re assessment and, 205; Rosneft’ and, 92,100, 198, 236Ո16; Saudi Arabia and, 155; Yukos and, 9-10,95,99 Engels, Friedrich, 33 Facebook, 137,140,177,179,181,185,23ՏՈ65 fake news, 185-86 Far Right, 181,196-97 FBI, 184 Federal Security Service (FSB), 17,35,99, 110-11,124,190,192,198 Finifter, Ada, 29 Finland, 95,102 First Person (Putin), 20-21 Fitzpatrick, Ryan, 132 FOM, 54,169 Forbes (magazine), 95-96,137
INDEX foreign direct investment (FDI), 89,165 foreign policy: autocracy and, 14, 40,152-53, 156-57,165-74; Chavez and, 170; cheating and, 165; China and, 154-56,166; conti nuity thesis and, 159-65; corruption and, 2.57 183; Navalny poisoning and, 124; nuclear arsenal of, 55 fraud: academic, 104; appearance of legiti macy and, 69-72; autocracy and, 45; dan gers of heavy-handed, 82-84; economic 157,165-66; coups and, 13; Crimea and, issues and, 104,113; elections and, 6, 45, 153-54,157,159-69,171, 240Ո6, 245Ո86; 67-84,122,126,136,139,180, 204, 224Ո14, democracy and, 157; derzhavnost (great 225Ո26,226Ո41; hackers and, 180-82; power status) and, 59, 6i, 153,158-61, media and, 136,139; menu of manipula tion for, 72-76; misfire of December 2011 164-65,168-70,244Ո71; diminished power and, 154-57; economic issues and, 153-54,156, i59֊6o, 164-68,173-74; elections and, 155,166; elites and, 13,157, 159-60,167,170-71,201; Erdoğan and, 171; exceptional Russia and, 160,164; gaining influence and, 153-56,160,164-65, 170; hackers and, 176-77,189,195; human rights and, 170; Hungary and, 162,171; han and, 164,172; media and, 134-35, 148; military and, 152-61,169,171-72; Monroe Doctrine and, 160; NATO and, 5, 21, 27, 61-63,66,155-56,161-63,166, 170-73,191,240Ո6; oil prices and, 166-67; oligarchs and, 167; opaque nature of, 240Ո5; playing weak hand and, 153; polls and, 157,169-70, 245Ո86; propaganda and, 6-7,170; protests and, 169; public opinion and, 157,168; Putins popularity and, 52-53, 59, 63; reassessment and, and, 76-82; repression and, 113,122,126; tax, 113,115 Fredheim, Rolf, 137
free press, 36, 38-39, 54,119,197 frenemy parties, 77 Fujimori, Alberto, 11,38,112 furbinza, 32 Future Is History, The (Gessen), 29 G-8 group, 160 Gaddy, Clifford, 35,213Ո6 Galeotti, Mark, 24 Gallup, 57,245Ո86 Gallyamov, Abbas, 141-42 gay rights, 157 Gazeta.Ru (newspaper), 137 Gazprom, 92,227Ո21 200-4; sanctions and, 1S4-55,160,166-67, Geddes, Barbara, 219П12 Gehlbach, Scott, 56,132 Geľman, Vladimir, 129-30,218Ո74 169, 243Ո53; social media and, 154-55; Georgia, 2, 4, 45,110,154-55,162,189,191, Soviet Union and, 154,156,159-64,173; 193, 222ՈՅՅ Germany: democratic cultural values and, surveys and, 159,168-69; Syria and, 154-57, 164,169,172; Trump and, 156,171-72; Tur key and, 171-72; Ukraine and, 154-57, 162-66,169,173; United States and, 154-74; UN Security and, 152,156; Venezuela and, 154- 55,157,170, 241П21 Fox News, 144,186 France, 34, 207; democratic cultural values and, 32; economic issues and, 91,94; elections and, 70,183,191; foreign policy and, 159,162,165; Macron and, 124,180, 32; East, 3-4,16, 21, 29, 48,112; economic issues and, 91,95,98-99; foreign policy and, 162,172; hackers and, 183,191; media and, 136; Navalny and, 124; Nazi, 48,176 gerrymandering, 71 Gessen, Masha, 29,212Ո20 GFK, 54 Gibson, James, 30 Giles, Keir, 160 Gini coefficient, 95
2S8 INDEX glasnost, і phone conversations and, 188; police Godfather (film), 196 and, 190; propaganda and, 181-82,186, 190,197; protests and, 181,186; public opinion and, 177,180,194; sanctions and, 189,195; social media and, 175,177-79, Goemans, Hein, 201 Golos, 67,75 Golunov, Ivan, 127 Google, 137 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1-3,132 Gore, Al, 149 graffiti, ix, 119 Graham, Thomas, 152,160 Gmni.Ru (newspaper), 137 great firewall, 140 Greece, 91,164 Greene, Samuel, 59-60,64,217Ո68,222Ո27, 222Ո29, 223Ш140-44 Gromyko, Andrei, 160 GRU, 111 Grudinin, Pavel, 143 Gudkov, Lev, 28-29,32 “Guess Who Won Russia’s Election?” (Colbert), 66 gulag, 143 Gunitsky, Seva, 160,164-65,237Ո24 Guriev, Sergei, 134, 212Ш9, 231Ո2 hackers: banks and, 176,188; China and, 190, 193; coercion and, 175,177,188-95,245Ո3; corruption and, 179; Crimea and, 188-89; cyberattacks and, 13,154,177,187,190-95; democracy and, 180,183-84,188; Demo cratic National Committee and, 24,184-85, 192; denial-of-service attacks and, 176,191; digital coercion and, 177,188-94; digital persuasion and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 24ՏՈ3; economic issues and, 183,191-92,195; elections and, 24-25,155,17Տ՜94, 245Ո3; emails and, 180,184-85,190,192-93; Estonia and, 154; false news and, 179-80, 185-86; foreign policy and, 176-77,189, 19s; fraud and, 180-82; Germany and, 183, 191; human rights and, 179; internet and, 176-81,185-89,191,193; Iran and, 193; malware and, 194; military and, 191; 183-87,192,194; Soviet Union and, 175-76, 178,182-83,187,191; stolen emails and, 180; surveys and, 181-82,186; trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194; Trump
election and, 7,176,181,184-88, 192; Ukraine and, 179,182-83,188-93; United States and, 24,110-11,155,175-83, 187-9S Hale, Henry, 67,71,219Ո9,223Ո3 Hårtog, Eva, 29,32 Hazard, John, 112 Healey, Jason, 176 health care, 25,93-94,102-3 Hemingway, Ernest, 42 Higher School of Economics (HSE), viii, 5, 33,105,127-28,136, 207,211Ո5,235Ո6Տ Hill, Fiona, 213ՈՈ6-11,231Ո73 Hitler, Adolf, 7 HIV, 143 homosexuality, 136,157 Homo Sovieticus, 28-32 Honecker, Erich, 48 honesty, 30,144,184,209 honor killings, 116 house arrest, 86,126-27 human rights: autocracy and, 12-13; Euro pean Court of Human Rights and, foreign policy and, 170; hackers and, 179; media and, 139,141; repression and, 113-15,118,120,123,127; Western gov ernments and, 203 Human Rights Watch, 118 Hume, David, 37 233Ո41; Humphrey, Hubert, 187 Hungary, 5,36; autocracy and, 38-39; cro nyism and, 87,227Ո12; economic issues and, 33,87,94-95,99; elections and, 70, 72; foreign policy and, 162,171; Kadar
INDEX and, 38; media and, 135; Orbán and, 11,21, 39,52,70, 72, 87,135,171; Putins popular ity and, 52; repression and, 115; Treaty of Trianon and, 171 Hussein, Saddam, 38,112 Ignat ev, Sergei, 149 Il’in, Ivan, 18-19 Imperial Russia, 15, 28, 65,134,159-60, 259 liberties and, 54; coercion and, 54; dissidents and, 54; Golunov and, 127; Khodorkovsky and, 9; Petrov and, 198; pretrial incarceration and, 101; repression and, 101,108,115,117,120-23,125,127; Ulyukayev and, 198; Yakobashvili and, 198 Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 184 Japan, 29,32,94,159 Jensen, Benjamin, 190-91 Indonesia, 32,75,91 Jews, 20 Johnson, Juhet, 226Ո3 Johnson, Lyndon, 19 inequality, 58, 94-95,128, 202 inflation, 86, 90,149 Joint Comprehensive Plan ofAction, 173 Jones, Alex, 186 informational autocracy, 134-40 Information USA (exhibit), 1,4 Judah, Ben, 54 Just Russia, 77 InfoWars, 186 Interior Ministry, 111,119 Kadar, Janos, 38 220Ո28 India, 32,56,155 international law, 50 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 180 internet: elections and, 78; government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194; hackers and, 176-81,185-89,191,193; in creased use of, 34; media and, 135,138-43, 150; privacy and, 139; Putins attitude against, 138; repression and, 117,124 Internet in Russian Society, 138 Internet Research Agency, 124,140-41,179, 181,185-86,246Ո7 intimidation, 13, 36, 54, 67, 75,108,118,130, 138 Investigative Committee, 111,123,198 Ioffe, Julia 212Ո20 Iran: autocracy and, 6,38; foreign policy and, 164,172; hackers and, 193; nuclear weapons and, 21,172-73, 19Յ; public opin ion and, 223Ո34 Iraq, 38,112,172 Ishayev,
Alexander, 198 Israel, 20,155,172,190,19Յ jail: autocracy and, 43; businessmen and, 9,101,198; Calveyand, 198, 235Ո64; civil Kadyrov, Ramzan, 107-8,115-16,141 Kalinin, Kirill, 73-74,224Ո16 Kaliningrad, 156 Karimov, Islam, 23 Kashin, Oleg, 138 Kazakhstan, 11, 23, 90,115,154 Kazun, Anton, 127 Kennedy, John F., 75,187 Kenya, 69 KGB: Communist Party and, no; Federal Security Service (FSB) and, 17,110; First Person and, 20-21; honey trap of, viii, 129; media and, 134; Putin and, 9,15-17,20-23, 26, 35, no, 134; repression and, 21,110,129, 134; superficial reform of, 35; weapons training and, 20 Khimki, 138 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 9,61,95,143,212П16 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 38 Khotin, Aleksei, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita, 1,24,41 kickbacks, 102,105 Kimjong-un, 38,190,193 King, Charles, 27 King, Larry, 179
2бо Kiselyov, Dmitry, 136-37 Kolokoltsev, Vladimir, 111 Kolyma, 143 Kommersant (newspaper), 137 Kon kov, Pavel, 198 Korobov, Vladimir, 29 Kosovo, 24ՕՈ6 Kotkin, Stephen, 27,163,215Ո43,242Ո43 Kovalchuk, Yuri, 96 Kuchins, Andrew, 33 Kudrin, Alexi, 143,167 Kuzminov, Vyacheslav 226Ո2,235Ո66 Kyrgyzstan, 45,154 Labor Code, 18 Ladas, 3 Lamberova, Natalia, 96-97 Lankina, Tornila, 125-26,234Ո53 Larrea, Oscar R. Benavides, 115 Latvia, 91,138,162 Lauper, Cyndi, 3 Lavrov, Sergei, 160-61 Lazarev, Egor, 115-16 Ledeneva, Alena, 25-26 legalism, 112-18 legitimacy, 52, 67,69-72,122,153, 221П8, 225Ո26 INDEX Lukin, Vladimir, 120 lying, viii, 57,119,197 McCain, John, 193 McFaul, Michael, 163,223Ո4,242Ո42,245Ո88 Mchelidze, Luke, 231Ո5 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 52 Macron, Emmanuel, 124,180,183 Maduro, Nicolas, 39, 65,117,154-55 Magomedov brothers, 141-42 Maidan Square, 118 Malaysia: economic issues and, 91; media and, 147; Mohamad and, 21; Pepinsky on, 8; Putinology and, 8, 21,24,32; rice farmer tactics in, 32; shot down airliner of, 24,147-48,190, 2.35Ո2, 2391151 Malofeev, Konstantin, 24 malware, 194 Maness, Ryan, 190-91 “Man Like Putin, A” (Yelin), 50 Marquardt, Kyle, 56 marriage, 51,104 Marten, Kim, 21 Marx, Karl, 33,160 May Decrees, 25 Mebane, Walter, 73-74, 224Ո16 media: agitainment and, 136; authoritarianism Legvold, Robert, 158 Lenin, Vladimir, 33,173 Lenta.Ru (newspaper), 137 and, 144; autocracy and, 134-35; BBC, 177; blogs, 121-22,138-40,143; censorship and, Le Pen, Marie, 183 Lerner, Alexis, 119 Levada Center, 53-58,62,146-47,151,168-70, 239Ո56; Chavez and, 135; China and, 140; coercion and,
135; Committee to Protect Journalists and, 138; corruption and, 5-6, 222Ո20 Levin, Dov, 187 Liberal Democratic Party, 76-77 life expectancy, 34 Lipman, Maria, 146 Litvinenko, Alexander, 113 living standards, 17,25» 33; 35; 46, 48, 64,88, 113,165,171 Luhansk, 157 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr, 23 12,117,119,135,141-44,148-49,222П19, courts and, 149; Crimea and, cutbacks and, 212Ո20; democracy and, 133,142,145; dictatorships and, 6,134; 135-38,196; 145-46; economic issues and, 135,142,148-50; elec tions and, 134-36,140-41,145,149-50; ehtes and, 137; Erdoğan and, 135; fake news and, 185-86; foreign policy and, 134-35, Ч-8; Fox News, 144,186; fraud and, 136,139; Germany and, 136; glasnost and, 1; govern ment trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,
INDEX 2бі 185-86,194; hackers and, 185-86 (see ako weapons); Putinology and, 21,24,32; hackers); human rights and, 139,141; Hun Putins popularity and, 52; reassessment and, 200-1; repression and, 109-10; US Pentagon and, 161 gary and, 135; information autocracy and, 134-40; internet and, 13s, 138-43» 15°; KGB and, 134; Malaysian airliner scandal and, 24,147,235Ո2,239Ո51; military and, 147; MSNBC, 144,186; murder of journal ists, 107,112,138,237Ո17; newspapers and, 115,127,13s, 137-38,141-41; oil prices and, 148; oligarchs and, 142; polls and, un popular writing and, 10-11; propaganda and, 4,132-33,136,144-46,150; protests and, 136,138-39,142,146; public opinion and, 134,141,148,151,211П7; radio, 3,79,135, 137,177-78; repression and, 134-35; sanc tions and, 148,150; social, 34, 71,78,127, 137-41, ИЗ, ISO, 154-55,175,177-79,183-87, 192,194,197,207,215Ո37; Soviet Union and, 132-34,141,14Ճ, 149,151,204; state television and, 59, 79,136-37,144,146,148-49,151, 177, 236Ո12, 239Ո51; surveys and, 150, 239Ո62; takeovers and, 137; Turkey and, 135; Ukraine and, 134,137,146-47; United States and, 136-37,149-50; Venezuela and, 135,232Ո24; weaponizing information and, 133-34 Meduza (news site), 138 Medvedev, Dmitry: Navalny exposé and, 63; as president, 52,63,138,199,215Ո29; as prime minister, 63,121,142,167,198-99; wealth of, 63,121 Medvedev, Sergei, гзѕпбб Menon, Rajan, i6o Mercier, Hugo, 144 Messing with the Enemy (Watts), 184 Mexico, 38,41,91 Mickiewicz, Ellen, 151 middle class, 34,62,142 military: autocracy and, 11, 38-43,46-47, 49; defense budget and, 155; elections and, 82;
foreign policy and, 152-61,169, 171-72; hackers and, 191; media and, 147; nuclear weapons and, 155 (see also nuclear millionaires, 94 Mironov, Nikolai, 142 Mironov, Sergei, 25 Mishustin, Mikhail, 111 Mitrokhina, Evhenia, 98 Moi, Daniel Arap, 69 money laundering, 23,85-86 Monroe, Marilyn, 4 Monroe Doctrine, 160 Montenegro, 164 Morales, Evo, 40 Morozov, Evgeny, 189 mortality rates, 34 Moscow City, 102-3 Moscow City Election Commission (MCEC), 82-83 Moscow School of Management, 101 Moscow State University, 112 Moscow Times, 28-29,85 Moskovský Komsommolets (newspaper), 142 MSNBC, 144,186 Mueller, Robert, 140 Munich Security Conference, 162 murder, 8,107-8,112,116,138,198,237Ո17 Mussolini, Benito, 7,19 “Myth of Mass Support for Autocracy, The” (Hale), 67 Nabiullina, Elvira Sakhipzadnova, 86 Nashi, 138 National Guard, 111,121 nationalization, 9-10,87 Native Americans, 181 Navalny, Aleksei: elections and, 225Ո26; mayoral campaign of, 122-23; Medvedev exposé and, 63; poisoning of, 123-24, i43, 234Ո47; repression and, 82-83,121-24, 127-28,143,233Ո38,23ՅՈ41 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 11,23
2Ő2 INDEX Nazis, 48,176 Obama, Barack, 18,54,160,163,173-74,189, Nemtsov, Boris, 107-8,127 nerve agents, 124 offshoring, 202-3 New START Treaty, 21,173 New Times (online outlet), 126 oil prices, 41,92; coronavirus and, 46; de valuation of ruble and, 33; foreign policy New York Times, 28,176 New York University, 186 Nezavisimaya Gazeta (newspaper), 142 Nicaragua, 157 Nichols, Tom, 196,211П9, 250Ո16 Nigeria, 75 Night Hockey League, 86 Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 175 Nivzolina, Irina, 98 192-93 and, 166-67; infrastructure development and, 88-89; inner circle of Putin and, 96-97; media and, 148; Putinology and, 17-18, 33; Putins popularity and, 65; sanc tions and, 18,155,166 oligarchs: autocracy and, 41; economic is sues and, 87,101,106; elections and, 17; foreign policy and, 167; Khodorkovsky, 9, Niyazov, Saparmurat, 23 Noble, Ben, 221П8 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 61,95,143, 210, 212Ո6; media and, 142; Putinology and, 17, 22, 24-25,33; Putins popularity and, 62; repression and, 123,128 Olympic Games, 193 55,74, no, 115,117-18, 232.Ո23, 233Ո31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Afghanistan and, 21; Baltics and, 155; cy bersecurity and, 191; Estonia and, 191; Orbán, Viktor, 11,21,39,52,70,72, 87,135,171 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 76, 94,167 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical foreign policy and, 5,21,27,155-56,161-63, 166,170-73,191, 240Ո6; Kosovo and, 240Ո6 Northern Distribution Network, 174-75 North Korea, 38, 69,157,190,193, 222Ո34 Weapons, 124 Orthodox Church, 32,121 Ostrovsky, Arkady 212Ո20 Our Albance, 117 Our
Home Is Russia Party, 76 Norway, 166,183,190 Nothing Is True and Everything is Possible Ozero, 96 (Pomerantsev), 133-34 Novatek, 227Ո21 Pakistan, 155,173 Panama Papers, 88 Paneyakh, Ella, 114-15 Novaya Gazeta (newspaper), 141,146 Novgorod, Nizhny, 82 novichok, 124 partisanship, 7,10-11,98,136,145,177,186, nuclear weapons: autocracy and, 37,152; de veloping new, 155-56; Gorbachev on, 132; passports, 2,118,129 Patrushev, Nikolai, 110 Iran and, 21,172-73,193; Kiselyov on, 137; military involvement in, 110; mutually assured destruction and, 191; New START Treaty and, 21,173; number of, 155; Rus sian legacy and, 37; START 1 Treaty and, 173; United States and, 3,132 Nuland, Victoria, 188 Nyhan, Brendan, 185 197,206,217Ո64 Paul, Rand, 180 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 42 Peace Data, 179 pensions, 18,51,53,58, 75; 92; 96, H9 People s Action Party, 38 Pepinsky, Tom, 8 Peru, 11, 38,112,115 Pesiakhin, Leonid, 182
INDEX Petrov, Sergei, 198 Pew Research Center, 181,245Ո86 Philippines, 39 Piketty, Thomas, 94 Pinkham, Sophie, 213Ո14 Pinochet, Augusto, 109 Plisetskaya, Maya, 119 Plymouth Voyager, 5 poison, 111,113,123-24,143,157,179 Poland, 5, 90,95,156,162,166,196,232Ո26 police: assaulting, 120; autocracy and, 48; 263 propaganda: agitainment and, 136; effective ness of, 14; foreign policy and, 6-7,170; hackers and, 181-82,186,190,197; lying and, 57,119,197; media and, 4,132-33,136, 144-46,150; Putinology and, 7 property rights, 5,91,100,130 protection rackets, 5 protests, 6; autocracy and, 38,42-48, 220Ո24, 220Ո27; economic issues and, 86; elections and, 68,77-80,83; fall of Soviet Union and, 5; foreign policy and, 169; hackers bribery and, 93,103; elections and, 78-79; and, 181,186; media and, 136,138-39,142, hackers and, 190; informers and, 113; Investigative Committee and, m, 123,198; Magnitsky death and, 113; Mishustins pay 146; political graffiti and, ix, 119; Putinol raise for, in; power struggles and, 198; Procuracy and, in, 198; public opinion 130,233Ո36; security agencies (siloviki) and, 57,63,93,113,116-17; repression and, 111,113-16,120,127-28; rights violations by, 114-15; Stasi, 48,202,220Ո27; super ficial reform of, 35; violence by, 78 Politbüro, 41,48 Politkovskaya, Anna, 114,127 polls: approval ratings and, 47,52-54,57-59» 61-65,92» 129; autocracy and, 54-58; credibility of, 6; economic issues and, 93; elections and, 68,74-75,78, 82,84; foreign policy and, 157,169-70,245Ո86; Gallup, 245Ո86; Gudkov and, 28; media and, 151; Putins popularity and, 221Ո17,222Ո20; ruhng
ehte and, 49 Pomerantsev, Peter, 133-34,2ՅՏՈ2 Pop-EIeches, Grigore, 31,68 Posner, Vladimir, 133 Potemkin vidages, 134,200 poverty, 8,33,89,91 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 124 prime minister: Medvedev as, 63,121,142, 167,198-99; Putin as, 17,22-23,63,78-79» 149,199, 21ՏՈ29, 24ՏՈ89 private property, 9 privatization, 5,9,95,168 Procuracy, in, 198 ogy and, 17,31; Putin s popularity and, 55, 61; repression and, 107,117-22,125-27, and, 47,108-12,114,117,165,231ns Prussia, 159 Pskov, 113,138,147 public opinion: approval ratings and, 47, 52-54,57-59, 61-65, 92,129; autocracy and, 6, 49,51,54, 64,134, 222Ո34, 244Ո71; digital persuasion and, 177-88,191-92, 195» 245Ո3; economic issues and, 93; for eign policy and, 157,168; hackers and, 177, 180,194; Iran and, 223Ո34; media and, 134, 141,148,151,211П7; police and, 116-17; polls and, 6, 28, 49, S4-5S, 57-58, 68, 74-7S, 78, 82, 84, 93, 151, 157, 169-70, 221Ш7, 222Ո20, 245Ո86; Putinology and, 50-65; Putins popularity and, viii-ix, 51,54,56-59,64, 221П17, 222Ո21; rapid changes in, 7; sanc tioned countries and, 222Ո32; social media and, 141,177,194,197; surveys and, 54 (see also surveys) purchasing power parity, 33,156,226m Pussy Riot, 61 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich: background of, 16; extended term limits for, 17, 23, 50-51,130,199; First Person and, 20-21; health of, 20, 214Ո20; Hitler and, 7; ide ologies of, 17-20; KGB and, 9,15-17,20-23, 26,35,110,134; Mussolini and, 7,19; as
2Ğ4 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (continued) prime minister, 17, 22-23,63, 78-79,149, 199; 215Ո29, 245Ո89; role of in foreign policy, 158-S9; Trump as puppet of, 7; as Vladimir the Lucky, 33; wealthy inner cir INDEX 222Ո19,222Ո21,222Ո34; United States and, 56, 60-61; Venezuela and, 65; verifi cation of, 54-56 QŞ university ranking, 94 cle of, 96-97; Xi Jinping and, 154; Yeltsin and, 16-17, 22,56-59; 76,107,157,161,180, 214Ո24 Putinology, 204-5; authoritarianism and, 32,35; autocracy and, 16,19,22-23,25,28, 35-36; Chavez and, 21, 23; corruption and, 18,28,45; Crimea and, 17-18,21; de mocracy and, 30-32; dictatorships and, 35; Erdoğan and, 21,23; exceptional Rus sia and, 26-33; Malaysia and, 8,21, 24,32; methodologies of, 17-20; military and, 21,24,32; national character and, 31; oil prices and, 17-18,33; oligarchs and, 17,22, 24-25,33; policy preferences and, 23-26; propaganda of, 7; protests and, 17,31; re pression and, 17,21,27; sanctions and, 18; surveys on, 28-31; Turkey and, 21, 23,36; radio, 3,79,13s, 137,177-78 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (FRE/RL), 178 Radio Moscow, 177 Rahmon, Emomali, 23 Rakhlin, Anatoly, 20 ration cards, 3 RBC (online news), 138 Reagan, Ronald, 3,132,158 reassessment: authoritarianism and, 200, 205; autocracy and, 200-5; Crimea and, 197; elections and, 200; elites and, 202-3; foreign policy and, 200-4; military and, 200-1; post-Putin Russia and, 201-2; sur veys and, 204; U.S. view of Russia and, Ukraine and, 21,24,29; United States and, 21,24,28-35; worldview of, vii-viii, 196-97, 207 recession, 90,167 Red Army, 5 9, 12, 15, 18, 33; 37;
109; 13L 152֊53, 159; 16З; 200; Yanukovych and, vii, 21,118,146,188 Red Web, The: The Kremlins War on the In ternet (Soldatov and Borogan), 141 Putins popularity: annexation of Crimea and, 17,58,65; approval ratings and, 47, 52-54; 57-59; 61-65, 9Һ 129; autocracy and, 51-54, 64-65; banks and, 18; Chávez and, 65; control of public and, 51-52; cor ruption and, 56,58, 60, 63; courts and, 51, 57,63; economic issues and, 130; elections and, 51-52,55, 65,77; ehtes and, 51-52; foreign policy and, 52-53,59, 63; Hun gary and, 52; lying and, viii; military and, 52; oil prices and, 65; oligarchs and, 62; police and, 113; polls and, 221Ո17, 222Ո20; protests and, 55, 61; public image and, 53, 58,151; public opinion and, viii-ix, 51,54, S6-59,64,221Ш7,222Ո21; reality of, 56-58; reasons for, 58-62; repression and, 57; surveys and, 17, 51,54-57, 60, 62, 221П17, religion, 7,15,61,116,164 Remnick, David, 212Ո20 repression: authoritarianism and, 112,130; autocracy and, 12-14,38,40,47֊49,108-9, 115-16,119,122,125,129,131, 220Ո24; cen sorship and, 12, И7,119,135,141-44,148-49, 222П19; China and, 112; coercion and, 17, 47-48,108-9,112-17; 12I; D0; corruption and, 108,111,114,117,121-24,127-3°; 2°°; 202; coups and, 117,220Ո24; courts and, Crimea and, elections and, in, 113-14,121-24, 129-30; ehtes and, 109-11,114,116,121; Erdoğan and, 117; extended presidential terms and, 17; fraud and, 113,122,126; Germany and, 162,172; house arrest and, 108,115-16,118,120,122-23; 107,130; 86,126-27; human rights and, 113-15,118,
INDEX Hungary and, 115; internet and, 117,124; intimidation and, 13,36,54, 120,123,127; 165 Russian Central Bank, 86,149,161 Russian Department of Defense, 190 67,75,108,118,130,138; jail and, 101,108, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 167 115,117,120-23,125,117; KGB and, 21,110, 129,134; legalism and, 112-18; media and, Russian Parliament (Duma), 17,50-51, 63, 234-35, military and, 109-10; murder and, 8,107-8,112,116,138,198, 237Ш7; National Guard and, ui, 121; Navalny and, Russian Securities and Bxchange Commis sion, viii, 5 82-83,121-24,127-18,143,233Ո38, 233Ո41; 76,79-82,100,104,113,139 Russian Supreme Court, 233Ո41 Russophobia, 8 number of deaths from, 232Ո17; oligarchs and, 123,128; overstating, 125-29; poison Sadovnikov, Peter, 216Ո48 ing and, ill, 113,123-24,143; police and, 111,113-16,120,127-28; political, 12, 27, 49, 57,113,125,130; pretrial incarceration and, Sagai, Oleg, 143 Saint Petersburg (Leningrad), 4,16, 21-22, protests and, 107,117-22,125-27, 130, 233Ո36; Putinology and, 17,21,27; role of, sanctions: commodity prices and, 96; Crimea and, 60-61,160,166,189; elites and, 89,95; foreign direct investment 101; 107-31; sanctions and, 124; security agen cies (siloviki) and, 47,108-12,114,117,165, social costs of, 113; Soviet Union and, 109-13,119,125,127,129; as substi 231Ո5; tute, 233Ո33; surveys and, 113,116,119,126, 130; Syria and, 110; targeted, 198; taxes and, 113,115-16,125; Turkey and, 115,117; Ukraine and, 107,110,114,118; Venezuela and, 115,117 Republicans, 7,54,185,187,197,212П13 Reuter, Ora John, 56,67-68,219Ո9,223Ո2, 223Ո4,223Ո6,
224Ո20,232Ո20 Right Cause, 76 Rink, Leonid, 124 Rivera, Sharon, 159 Robertson, Graeme, 59-60, 68, 217Ш168-69, 222Ո27, 222Ո29, 223Ո7, 224Ш9 Rochlitz, Michael, 98,232Ո20,238Ո43 Roldugin, Sergei, 88 Rolf, 198 Romania, 164 Rosenfeld, Bryn, 150 Rosneft’, 92,100,198,236Ո16 Rozenas, Arturas, 148,182 RT (Russia Today), 178-79 Russian Academy of Sciences, 168 Russian Audit Chamber, 167 95-96,127,132-33,140-41,179 and, 89; foreign policy and, 154-55,160, Germany and, 99; hackers and, 189,19s; media and, 148,150; oil prices and, 18,155,166; property rights 166-67,169, 243Ո53; and, 100; Putinology and, 18; Putin’s pop ularity and, 222Ո34; repression and, 124 Sanders, Bernie, 140 Sanger, David, 17 6 Saudi Arabia, 6,72,155,172,205 Sberbank, 85 Scaramucci, Anthony, 60 Scheppele, Kim Lane, 72,221Ո10 Scott, James C, 32 Sechin, Igor’, 198 Second Chechen War, 116 security agencies (siloviki), 47,108-12,114, H7,165,23ms Security Council, 111 Segal, Adam, 195 Senegal, 10 September 11 attacks, viii, 21,161 Serbia, 164 Serebrennikov, Kirill, 126-27 Sestanovich, Stephen, 163 Shabolov, Alexander, 98,229Ո46 Shamalov, Nikolai, 96
266 Shamiev, Kirill, 231ns Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz, 217ՈՏ8 sharia law, 116 Sharonov, Andrei, 101 Shen, Xiaoxiao, 55 Sherlock, Ihomas, 168 Shiller, Robert, 29 Shlosberg, Lev, 113-14 Shoigu, Sergei, 110 Shteyngart, Gary, 137,212Ո20 Siberia, 9,96,123 Silicon Valley, 138 Silver, Nate, 175,185,250Ш7 Singapore, 38 INDEX Sonin, Konstantin, 96-97,224Ո18 Sony, 190,193 South Korea, 3,30,91 South Ossetia, 189 Soviet Union: Afghanistan and, 3,211m, 235Ш, 245m; Brezhnev and, 2, 27, 38, 41, 56,112,157,- Cold War and, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68,160-62,180, 206,245Ո86,250Ш5; Communist Party and, 2-3,5,24,30,33, 38,41,7 6,77,110,112-13,115, ИЗ; elections and, 77,82; Engels and, 33; as Evil Empire, 3; exhibits of, 1-2; fall of, 4-5; foreign policy and, 154,156,159-64,173; Gor bachev and, 1-3,132; hackers and, 175-76, single-party systems, 11,38,41,49,87 Sjoberg, Fredrik, 226Ո41 Škripal family, 111,124,157,179 178,182-83,187,191; Higher School of Economics (HSE) and, viii, s, 33,105, Skype, 126,176 Slate (magazine), 189 127-28,136,207,211П5,235Ո6Տ; Homo Slepakov, Semyon, 92 Sovieticus and, 28-32; horrors of, 1,29; Khrushchev and, 1,24,41; Lenin and, 33,173; Marx and, 33,160; media manip Slovenia, 164 Snyder, Timothy, 19 ulation and, 132-34,141,146,149,151, 204; nuclear weapons and, 3; protest Sobchak, Anatoly, 16,22 Sobol, Lyubov, 83 Sobolev, Anton, 150 Sobyanin, Sergei, 122-23 and, 5; Putin s popularity and, 51; Red Army and, 5; repression and, 109-13,119, 125,127,129; Saint Petersburg (Leningrad), Sochi Olympics, 61,102,110 social media: blogs, 121-22,138-40,143; elections and, 71,78; Facebook,
137,140, 179; Sobchak and, 16; Stalin and, ix, 4,16, 21-22, 95-96,127,132-33,140-41, 16,27,56,112-13,204,220Ո28; travel 1S4-SS; Golunov and, 127; government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86, and, 34 Spain, 32,38,123 Sperling, Valerie, 23mi stagnation, 87,96,130,199 194; hackers and, 17s, 177-79,183-87, Stalin, Joseph, ix, 16,27,56,112-13,204, 177,179,181,185,23Sn6s; foreign policy and, 192,194; manipulation of, 137-38,140-41, 220Ո28 143,150; news from, 34, 215Ո37; public Stanford University, 186 opinion and, 141,177,194,197; rise of, 207; Skype, 126,176; Twitter, 140,144, 179,181,185-86; YouTube, 140,143,177, START 1 treaty, 173 Stasi, 48,202,220Ո27 179 Social Media and Political Participation Lab, 140 Soldatov, Andrei, 141,231Ո6 Some Like It Hot (film), 4 State Council, 50,199 state television, 59,79,136-37,144,146, 148-49,151,177,236Ո12,239Ո51 statistics, 5,35,73-74,93, 204 Stent, Angela 213Ո20,252Ո5 Stevenson, Adlai, 187
INDEX Stockholm Institute of Peace Research, 155 Stone, Ohver, 4 Stukal, Denis, 148 Stuxnet, 193 Sudan, 157, 222Ո34 surveillance, по surveys, 5; approval ratings and, 47,52-54, Bashkirova and Partners and, 54; control groups and, 57-59; 61-65,92,129; democratic values and, 250Ո14; economic issues and, 93-94,100-1,103; 56-57; elections and, 67,74-75, 77,79, ^З^З, 225Ո30; FOM, 54,169; foreign policy and, 159,168-69; Gallup and, 57,245Ո86; GFK, 54; hackers and, 181-82,186; Levada Center and, 53-58,62,146-47,151, media and, 150,239Ո62; Pew Research Center and, 181,245Ո86; 168-70, 222Ո20; polls and, 6,28,49,54-55,57-58,68,74-75, 78, 82, 84, 93,151, W, 169-7°, 22ІП17, 222Ո20,245Ո86; Putinology and, 28-31; Putins popularity and, 17,51,54-57, 60, 62, 221П17, 222П19, 222Ո21, 222Ո34; reas sessment and, 204; repression and, 113, 116,119,126,130; VTSIOM and, 54; World Values Survey and, 30,55 Svolik, Milan, 43,211П8,219Ш114-17 Sweden, 70,124 267 fraud and, 113,115; Khodorkovsky and, 9; misused funds and, 103; offshoring and, 101; repression and, 113, ns-16,125 Taylor, Brian, 158 Tepper, Yuri, 136 Tereshkova, Valentina, 50-51 terrorism, viii, 1-2, 21, 27, no, 113,143,161, 204, 232Ո25 Thailand, 39 That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science (Hume), 37 Tiananmen Square, 117 Tolz, Vera, 136 Treaty of Trianon, 171 Treisman, Daniel, 58,95,134,146, 215Ո31, 218Ո79 trolls, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194 Truex, Rory, ss Trump, Donald: election of, 7,176,181,184-88, 192; foreign policy and, 156,171-72; hack ers and, 7,176,181,184-88,192; media and, 140,144; as Putins puppet, 7; Russian
sanctions and, 60; Scaramucci and, 60 Tsygankov, Andrei, 164,164-65 Tucker, Joshua, 31, 217Ո64, 237Ո25, 238Ո40, 247Ո33 Turkey: autocracy and, 11,39; economic is sues and, 87,91,95,99; elections and, 70, 232Ո2Տ; ehtes and, 40-41, 44-48, 219Ո9; Switzerland, 166 Syria: chemical weapons and, 18; foreign Erdoğan and, 11,21,23,39,52,70,72,117, 135,171,232Ш125-26; foreign pohcy and, policy and, 154-57,164,169,172; repres sion and, 110 Szakonyi, David, 67-68,97, 223Ո2, 171-72; 224Ш120-21, 224Ո23 Tajikstan, 23 Taliban, 173 Talibova, Roya, 113 Talking Heads, 3 Tallinn, 175-76 taxes: cronyism and, 97; economic issues and, 97,101,103; evasion of, 9; flat, 18; media and, 135; Putinology and, Putins popularity and, 52; re 21,23,36; pression and, 115,117 Turkmenistan, 23 TV Rain, 139,145 Twin Towers, viii, 21,161 Twitter, 140,144,179,181,185-86 Ukraine: autocratic dilemmas and, 45; Crimea and, vii, 17-18,21,59,107,146,154, 162-66,169,188; economic issues and, 90; European Union and, vii; foreign pohcy
2б8 Ukraine (continued) INDEX USSR Chamber of Commerce, 129 Uzbekistan, 3,23,31,34,129 and, 154-57,162-66,169,173; hackers and, 179,182-83,188-93; Ivano-Frankivsk and, 188; Kyiv, vii, 146,179,188; Malaysian vaccines, 93-94 airliner scandal and, 24,147,148,190, Malofeev and, 24; media Valeriano, Brandon, 190-91,194 Vedomosti (newspaper), 138,141, 235Ո2,239Ո51; and, 134,137,146-47; popularity issues and, 58-59; power grid shutdown and, 188-89; Putinology and, 21,24,29; re pression and, 107,110,114,118; Yanu kovych and, vii, 21,118,146,188 Ulyanovsk, 89,173 Ulyukayev, Alexei, 198 United Russia, 67,71,100 United States: American Dream and, 7; capitalism and, 133; Cold War and, 1,3,8, 33,38-39,68,1Ć0-62,180,206,245Ո86, Crimea and, vii, 60-61,157,163, democracy and, vii, 32, 133,188,196,203; economic issues and, 250ШЅ; 166,189,245Ո86; 94-95) 98֊99; elections and, 14, 24,30, 236Ո16 Vekselberg, Viktor, 167 Venezuela, 36; Alliance of Tolerance and, 170; autocracy and, 6,39-40; Chávez and, 11, 21) 2З) 39) 52) 65) 7O) 72) 87) 135,170,232Ո26; economic issues and, 87,91,99; elections and, 70,155; energy companies and, 10; foreign policy and, 154-55,157,170,2411121; Maduro and, 39,65,117,154-55; media and, 135, 232Ո24; Putins popularity and, 65; repression and, 115,117; voter mobili zation and, 196 Victory Day, 176 Vietnam, 132,1Ć0 Vinogradov, Mikhail, 142,237Ո30 70-71,111,155,175-76,179-81,183,187-88, VKontakte (In Contact), 137 exhibits of, 1-2; foreign policy and, 1S4-74; gerrymandering and, 71; hackers Voice ofAmerica, 177 Volodin, Vyacheslav, 15,124 VTSIOM, 54 191-94; and,
24,110-11,155,175-83) 187-95; media and, 136-37,149-50; Monroe Doctrine and, 160; New START Treaty and, 21, 173; North Atlantic Treaty Organization Wall Street (film), 4 Wall Street Journal, 28 (NATO) and, 5,21,27,155-56,161-63, Warsaw Pact, s Watts, Clint, 184 Watts, Duncan, 11 Way, Lucan, 183, 247Ո23 nuclear weapons and, 3,21,132,173; partisanship of, 7; pos itive Russian view of, 244Ո69,24ՏՈ86; Putin’s popularity and, 56, 60-61; reas 166,170-73,191, 240Ո6; sessment of Russia and, 196-97,207; sanctions and, 124 (see also sanctions); START 1 Treaty and, 173 University of Rochester, 201 UN Security Council, 152,156 US Information Agency, 129 weak institutions, 12,40-44 WikiLeaks, 141,184 World Anti-Doping Agency, 190 World Bank, 90,91,95,102,167 World Cup, 102 World Health Organization (WHO), 93 US National Security Council, 194 US Pentagon, 161 World Trade Center, viii, 21,161 World Values Survey, 30,55 World War I era, 160 “US-Soviet Cooperation in Space as an Alter World War II era, 22,43,45-46,119,146,154, native to the Arms Race” (debate), 132-33 161,175-7Ճ
INDEX 269 Xerox copiers, 3 Xi Jinping, 154 YouTube, 140,143,177,179 Yabloko, 76,98 Zakharov, Alexei, 30 Yaffa, Joshua, 116,212Ո20,230Ո62,233Ո29, Zelensky, Volodymyr, 166 239Ո51 Yakobashvili, David, 198 Yukos, 9-ю, 95, 99 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 76 Zhuravaskaya, Ekaterina, 215Ո43 Yakovlev, Andrei, 5,100,127 Yakunin, Vladimir, 96 Yanukovych, Viktor, vii, 21,118,146,188 Zhukov, Yuri, 113 Yelin, Alexander, so Zolotov, Viktor, 121,233Ո39 Zurich Opera, 126 Yeltsin, Boris, 16-17,56-59/ 76,107,157, 161,180,214Ո24 Zimbabwe, 157 Zimmerman, William, 159 Zygar, Mikhail, 112
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CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Information Warrior 2 1 Putinology and Exceptional Russia 15 З The Autocrat’s Dilemmas 37 4 Better to Be Feared and Loved: President Putins Popularity 50 5 The Surprising Importance of Russia’s Manipulated Elections 6 Neither as Strong nor as Weak as It Looks: Russia’s Economy 7 Hitting Them with Carrots: The Role of Repression 66 85 107 8 Mysterious Ways: Media Manipulation at Home ІЗ2 Great Power Posing: Russian Foreign Policy 15շ Ю Why Russia Hacks: Digital Persuasion and Coercion Abroad 175 11 Conclusion: The Death of Expertise? 9 Acknowledgments Notes 211 Index 251 V 196 209
INDEX abortion, 7 Abyzov, Mikhail, 198 and, zoo, 205; repression and, 112,130; scholarly study of, 6; U.S. public opinion Access Hollywood, 185 adat law, 116 on, 8 autocracy: Chavez and, 11, 23, 39,52, 70,72, 87,170; China and, 6; coercion and, 40, adhocracy, 24 advertisements, 4, 71,117-18, 233Ո31 47-48; constraints and, 200; corruption Afghanistan, 3,21,132,172-73; auni, 235Ш, and, 45; coups and, 12-13, Յ8-39,43֊49, 219Ո16, 220Ո24; courts and, 39-40,42; 24ЅШ African Americans, 181 Agora, 139-40 democracy and, 6,12,39,54,69,72,201, agriculture, 89, 95-96,167-68, 202, 229Ո46 Albats, Evgeniya, 126 dilemmas of, 37-49; dual threats to, 44-47; economic issues and, viii, 86-93,96-97, Alfa-Bank, 85 Alliance of Tolerance, 170 Amnesty International, 120 99,103,105; elections and, 38-39, 41, 44, 203,223Ո3; dictatorships and, 39,42-44; 48, 67-72, 76-77, 84; elites and, 40-41, 44-48,219Ո9; Erdoğan and, 11,21,23,39, Amuragrocenter, 66 Anderson, Perry, 53 52,70,72,117,135,171,232Ш125-26; foreign policy and, 14, 4°, iSi-53,1S6֊57, ւճՏ-74; human rights and, 12-13; Hungary and, 38-39; information, 134-40; Iran and, 6, 38; legalism and, 112-18; limits of, 37,41, 47-49; media and, 134-35; military and, Angola, 160 Anticorruption Foundation, 123-24 Applebaum, Anne, 7,212mi, 249m approval ratings, 47,5i֊S4, 57֊59, 61-65,92, 129 11,38-43,46-47,49; nuclear weapons Arashukov, Rauf, 198 and, 37,152; oligarchs and, 41; personal Argentina, 33,75,91 Armenia, 129,154,157,171 Aslund, Anders, 227Ո13 Assad, Bashar al-, 18 Associated Press, 57 Australia, 166,172 ist, 11-14, 23, 37-Si, 84, 87-91, 97,
99,13s, 153,170-71,174, 200-1; police and, 48; political economy of, 96-99; polls and, 54-58; powerftil minorities and, 244Ո71; protests and, 38, 42-48, 220Ո24, 220Ո27; public opinion and, 6, 49, 51,54, 64,134, 222Ո34, 244Ո71; Putinology and, 16,19, Austria, 159 authoritarianism, 14; elections and, 67,69; exceptional Russia and, 9-10; media and, 144; Putinology and, 32, 35; reassessment 22-23, 25, 28, 35-36; Putins popularity and, 51-54, 64-65; reassessment and, 200-5; repression and, 12-14,38,40, 251
252 autocracy (continued) INDEX Bolivia, 10,40,157 47-49» 108-9,115-16,119,122,125,129,131, Bolotnaya Square (Swampy Square), 78 220Ո24; term limits and, 17,23,50-51,130, Bolshoi Theater, 126 199; Venezuela and, 6, ю-11,23,39-40, Borisova, Ekaterina, 126 52,70,87,99,115,170; weak institutions Borogan, Irina, 141 and, 12, 40-44 Bortnikov, Alexander, 110 Azerbaijan, 39,171,226Ո41 Boycko, Maxim, 29 Brazil, 38-39,91,95,237Ո17 Baker, James, 187 Brest, 183 Balkans, 159,164 Brezhnev, Leonid, 2, 27,38,41,56,112,157 Baltics, 21,155,157,166,173 bribery, 28,48,93,99,102-3,112» 198 Banker (magazine), 86 Bank Rossiya, 96 Britain, 32,91,111,124,15s, 159,165» 179,183 British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 177 banks, 5; Alfa-Bank, 85; Anticorruption brokers, 5,18,75,172 Foundation and, 123; European Bank for Brondum, Kevin, 224Ո19 Reconstruction and Development, 94; Brown, Archie, 215Ո41 hackers and, 176,188; modernization of, Browning, Robert, 152 161; money laundering and, 23, 85-86; Browder, William, 212Ո20 Putins popularity and, 18; reduced num Bryan, James D., 159 ber of licenses and, 86; Russian Central Buckley, Noah, 103,232ՈՈ19-20 Bank, 86,149,161; Sberbank, 85; Wall Bush, George W, 21,149,162 Street and, 4; weak position of, 91; World Buzin, Andrei, 224Ո19 Bank, x, 91,95,102,167 Byrne, David, 3 Bank VTB, 85 BankYugra, 86 Calvey, Michael, 198,235Ո64 Bashkirova and Partners, 54 Canada, 30,91,166,172 Bashneft’, 100 Cannes, 126 Bechev, Dimitar, 164 capital flight, 22,43,100 Belarus, 23,39,154,156-57,169 capitalism, 4,133,157 Bellingcat, 190 Carnaghan, Ellen, 67 Belton, Catherine,
212Ո20,214Ո24 Caro, Robert, 19 Benford s law, 73 Carothers, Tom, 180 Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Carroll, Rory, 87 Society, 138,185 Casey, Adam, 183,247Ո23 Berlin Wall, 4-5 Castro, Fidel, 24 Beslan attacks, 143 cell phones, 34,143 Bible, 7 censorship, 12,117,119,135,141-44» 148-49, billionaires, 9,61,89,94-95,143,210,212П16 blackmail, 99,129 Blaydes, Lisa 232Ո16 blogs, 121-22,138-40,143 222Ո19,239Ո56 Center for Economic and Political Reform, 31,142 Central Election Commission, 80 Bloomberg, 101 Chad, 10 Boligarchs, 87 Channel One, 146,148-49
INDEX Chávez, Hugo: autocracy and, 6,10-11,23, 39-40, $2,70,72, 87,99,11s, 170; courts and, 39,232Ո26; economic issues and, 87; elections and, 70,72,· foreign policy and, 253 repression and, 17,47-48,108-9,112-17, 121,130; social costs of, 113; targeted, 112-16 170; legislative powers and, 39; media Colbert, Stephen, 66 Cold War, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68,160-62,180, and, 13s; Putinology and, 21,23; Putin s popularity and, 65; Venezuela and, 11,21, Colton, Timothy, 71, 84,223Ո4, 22бп4б, 23,39, 52, 65,70,72,87,135,170, 232Ո26 cheating: arms control treaties and, 165; ballot box stuffing and, 67,69,73-74,78,80; elec tions and, 12-13, 67-69,73-74,76,78, 79-82,80,84,200; foreign policy and, 165 Chechnya, 107-8,114-16,138,141 chemical weapons, 18,124 Chernenko, Konstantin, 3 Chernobyl, 133 Chile, 109 China, ss; autocracy and, 6; Communist Party and, 38; Cultural Revolution and, 112; economic issues and, 33,95,98-99, 200-1; foreign policy and, 154-56,166; great firewall of, 140; hackers and, 190, 193; media and, 140; repression and, 112; Tiananmen Square and, 117; Xi Jinping and, 154 Churov, Vladimir, 80 CIA, 138 Citizen Observer, 74 civil liberties, 54,64,118 Clapper, James, 28,176,184 Clemson University, 180-81 Clinton, Bill, 187 Clinton, Hillary, 61,140,184-85,187 CNN, 54 coercion: autocracy and, 40,47-48; black mail and, 99,129; digital coercion and, 177, 188-94; digital persuasion and, 177-88, 191-92,195,245Ո3; economic issues and, 99; elections and, 66-69,74~75, 80-81; hackers and, 175,177,188-95,245Ո3; in creased, 17; intimidation and, 13,36,54, 67,75,108,118,130,138; jail
and, 54; legal ism and, 112-18; media and, 135; 206,245Ո86,250Ո15 250Ո14 Columbia University, 4-5,106,112,163,176, 209 Committee to Protect Journalists, 138 commodity prices, 59,90-91,96 Communist Party: Brezhnev and, 112; Chernenko and, 3; China and, 38; coups and, 5; fall of, 33; KGB and, 110; Khrush chev and, 24,41; national character and, 31; politburo of, 41, 48; public debate and, 2; Soviet Union and, 2-3,5,24,30, 33, 38,41, 76-77,110,112-13,12s; travel restrictions and, 33,125; voter turnout and, 30-31; Yeltsin and, 76 Communist Party of the Russian Federa tion, 77,98,104,143 Communist Youth Organization (Komsomol), 133 Constitution: international law and, 50; Parliamentary powers and, 50; referen dum and, 52,221П6; State Council and, 50,199; term limits and, 17,23, so-51,130, 199 Constitutional Court, 51 continuity thesis, 159-65 corporate raiding, 6,99-101,128 corruption: acceptance of, 28; Anticorrup tion Foundation and, 123; autocracy and, 45; blackmail, 99,129; Brezhnev and, 1-2; bribery, 28,48,93,99,102-3,112,198; cheating, 12-13,67-69,73-74» 76,78-82,84, 165,200; coercion, 17,40,47-48,68-69, 74, 80, 99,108-9,112-17,121,130,13s, 175, 177,188-95,245Ո3; corporate raiding, 6, 99-101,128; cronyism, 9,12,22,45-47, 87, 95» 97,105,200,227Ո12; digital persuasion,
254 corruption (continued) economic issues and, 102; elections and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 245Ո3; economic is sues and, 101-6,229Ո50; elections and, extent of, foreign policy and, 157,165-66; 67,69,73-74» 78-83,87-88,90; 14,199; fraud, 6 (see also fraud); government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86, 194; hackers and, 179; INDEX kickbacks, 102,105; legitimacy and, 52,67,69-72,122,153,22in8, 225Ո26; media and, 5-6,135-38,196; money laundering, 23,85-86; murder, 8,107-8, 112,116,138,198,237Ո17; protection rackets, 5; Putinology and, 18,28,45; Putins pop ularity and, 56,58,60,63; reassessment of, 200, 202; repression, 108,111,114,117, 121-24, 127-30; security agencies (siloviki) and, 47,108-12,114,117,165,231Ո5; societal costs of, 101-2 Costfan tutte (opera), 126 Council on Foreign Relations, 190,195 coups: autocracy and, 12-13,38-39, 43-49, 219Ո16, 220Ո24; Communist Party and, s; democracy and, 219Ո16; foreign policy and, 13; Red Army and, 5; repression and, 117, 220Ո24 courts: autocracy and, 39-40,42; Chavez and, Constitutional Court, 51; dis mantling of, 36; economic issues and, 86, 39, 232Ո26; Erdoğan and, 232Ո26; European Court on Human Rights, 120, 123, 233Ո41; media and, 149; Putin’s popu 88,99,101,229Ո50; larity and, 51,57,63; repression and, 108, 115-16,118,120,122-23; Russian Supreme Court, 233Ո41 COVED pandemic: autocratic pathologies and, 93, 239Ո62; ban on protests and, 121; economic effects of, S2, 89-90, 96,105, 130,167,231Ո74; extent of, 34; public opinion and, 17,46; vaccines and, 93-94 Credit Suisse, 94 Crimea: annexation of, vii, 17-18,52-53,58-62,
foreign policy and, 1S3֊54,157, hackers and, 188-89; media and, 145-46; popularity 81-82,84; 159-69,171, 240Ո6, 24ՏՈ86; issues and, 52-53,58-62, 65; Putinology and, 17-18, 21, 214Ո22; Putins popularity and, 17,52-53,58-62, 65; reassessment and, 197; repression and, 107,130; sanc tions and, 60-61,160,166,189; Ukraine and, 21,59,107,146,154,162-66,169,188; United States and, vii, 60-61,157,163,166, 189,245Ո86 Croatia, 164 cronyism, 9,12, 22, 45-47, 87, 95,97,105, 200, 227Ո12 crowdsourcing, 75,122 Cuba, 3, 24,157,160, 222Ո34 cyberattacks, 13,154,177,187,190-95 czars, 15, 28, 65,134,156-57,159, 220Ո28 Czech Republic, 94-95,162,183 Davenport, Christian, 130 “Day of Health” (Amuragrocenter), 66 Day of the Defenders of the Motherland, 80 Death ofExpertise, The (Nichols), 196 democracy: authoritarianism and, 8; autoc racy and, 6,12,39,54,69,72,201,203,223Ո3; coups and, 219Ո16; cultural values and, 32; current state of, 196,201; elections and, 69, 72,76-77, 223Ո3; foreign policy and, 157; hackers and, 180,183-84,188; media and, 133,142,145; nationalization and, 9; powerfill minorities and, 244Ո71; Putinology and, 30-32; surveys and, 250Ո14; United States and, vii, 32,133,188,196,203 Democrats, 7, 24-25,184-85,192 denial-of-service attacks, 176,191 Denmark, 180,189-90 Deripaska, Oleg, 167, 243Ո53 devaluation, 33, 88, 226m 65, 81-82, 84,107,130,14S-4Ğ, 153-54, W, dictatorships: autocracy and, 39, 42-44; constraints and, 8; elections and, 69, 71; 160,162-69,171,188-89,197,240Ո6,245Ո86; media and, 6,134; Putinology and, 35
INDEX digital coercion, 177,188-94 digital persuasion; effectiveness of, 181-88; hackers and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 245Ո3; scope of, 177-81 Dissernet.ru, 104 dissidents, 54,112,178 Donetsk, 147,157 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 216Ո48 Dubai, 10 Dud’, Yuri, 143 Dugin, Aleksandr, 18,213Ո16 Duterte, Rodrigo, 39 East Germany, 3-4,16,21,29,48,112 economic issues: autocracy and, viii, 86-93, 96-97, 99, юз, 105; banks and, 4-5,18, 85-86, 90-91, 94-96,102,123,149,161, 167,176,188; billionaires and, 9, 61, 89, 94-95,143,210,212П16; bribery, 28, 48, 93, 99.102-3,112,198; capital flight and, 22, 43,100; capitalism and, 4,133,157; Chavez and, 87; China and, 33,95, 98-99, 200-1; coercion and, 99; commodity prices and, 59,90-91,96; corporate raiding and, 6, 99-101,128; corruption and, 101-6,229ՈՏ0; 255 142; millionaires and, 94; offshoring and, ιοί, 202-3; oil prices and, 18,155,166 (see abo oil prices); oligarchs and, 87,101, 106; pensions, 18,51, S3,58,75,92,96,149; political economy and, 96-99; polls and, 93; poverty and, 8, 33, 89, 92; protests and, 86; public opinion and, 93; purchas ing power parity and, 33,156,226m; Putin s popularity and, 130; Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum and, 127; sanctions and, 60 (see also sanctions); stagnation, 87,96,130,199; surveys and, 93-94,100-1,103; taxes and, 97,101,103; Turkey and, 87,91,95,99; Ukraine and, 90; United States and, 94-95,98-99; Venezuela and, 87,91,99; Wall Street film and, 4; wealth ofPutins inner circle, 96-97 Ecuador, 10 education, 25,94,97,102-4,128,202,211П5 Egypt, 6 elections; appearance of legitimacy and, 69-72;
authoritarianism and, 67,69; au tocracy and, 38-39,42,44,48,67-72, 76-77,84; ballot box stuffing and, 67, 69, courts and, 86,88,99,101,229ՈՏ0; COVID 73-74,78,80; bias in, 77; Chavez and, 70, pandemic and, 52,89-90,96,105,130,167, 231Ո74; Crimea and, 102; devaluation and, 33, 88,22бш; education and, 25,94, 72; cheating and, 67,69,73-74,78-82,200; 97.102-4,128,202,211Ո5; elections and, 93, 97,100,103; elites and, 87, 89, 97; en ergy sector and, 10,59,91-92,95,97,10s, 15S-56,167,172-73,2°S; Erdoğan and, 52; foreign direct investment (FDI) and, 89, 165; foreign policy and, 153-54,156,159-60, 164-68,173-74; fraud and, 104,113; Ger many and, 91,95,98-99; hackers and, 183, 191-92,195; Hungary and, 33,87,94-95, 99; inequality, 58, 94-95,128, 202; infla tion, 86,90,149; Hving standards, 17,25, 33, 35,46,48,64,88,113,165,171; Malaysia and, 91; May Decrees and, 25; media and, 13s, 142,148-50; middle class and, 34,62, cheating in, 12-13, 68-69,76, 84; Churov and, 80; coercion and, 66-69,74-75,80-81; corruption and, 67,69,73-74,78-80,82-83, 87-88,90; Crimea and, 81-82,84; crowdsourced violations and, 75; democracy and, 69,72,76-77,223Ո3; dictatorships and, 69,71; economic issues and, 93,97, 100,103; ehtes and, 84; Erdoğan and, 70, 72; fair, 12,38-39,42,51-52,67,69,76-77, 79, 93,224Ш6; foreign policy and, 155, 166; fraud and, 6,45,67-84,122,126,136, 139,180, 204, 224Ո14, 225Ո26, 226Ո41; free, 3,38, 68-69,77; gerrymandering and, 71; Golos and, 67,75; GRU and, 111; hackers and, 24֊z5,155,175-94, 245ПЗ; Hungary and, 70,72; internet and, 78;
25б elections (continued) intimidation and, 67,7s; Levada Center and, 55,222Ո20; media and, 134-36,140-41, 145,149-50; menu of manipulation for, 72-76; military and, 82; misfire of De cember 2011 and, 76-82; monitoring, 67, 74,76, 81; Navalny and, 122-23; oligarchs and, 17; police and, 78-79; popularity and, 68,77,81-82; pressured employees and, 66-67,74-75, 81; protests and, 68, 77-80, 83; Putin’s popularity and, 51-52, 55) 65,77; reassessment and, 200; redis tricting and, 81; repression and, 111,113-14, 121-24,129-3°; social media and, 71, 78; Soviet Union and, 77, 82; statistics and, INDEX Enikolopov, Ruben, 224Ո19,238Ո43 Erdoğan, Tayyip: autocracy and, 11, 21, 23, 39) 52) 7O) 72) 117) 135) 17L 232ՈՈ2Տ֊շ6; courts and, 232Ո26; economic issues and, elections and, 70,72; foreign policy and, 171; media and, 135; Putinology and, 21,23; repression and, 117 Ernst, Konstantin, 239Ո51 52; espionage: Cold War and, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68, 160-62,180, 206,245Ո86, 250Ո15; Federal Security Service (FSB), 17,35, 99,110-11, 124,190,192,198; hackers and, 176 (see also hackers); KGB and, 9 (see also KGB); 225Ո30; poisoning and, 111,113,123֊24 14Յ) '57, 179; Trump election and, 176 Estemirova, Natalya, 114 Estonia, 154,176,191 192; Euromoney (magazine), 86 73-74; surveys and, 67,74-75,77,79, 223ՈՅ) Trump and, 7,176,181,184-88, Turkey and, 232Ո25; United States and, 14,24,30,70-71, in, 155; 175) 18°) 183, 187-88,191-94; Venezuela and, 70,155 elites: autocracy and, 40-41,44-48,219Ո9; business, 20, 212П16; cronyism and, 12, 22, 45-46, 97,105; cues from, 197; economic issues and, 87, 89, 97;
elections and, 84; foreign policy and, 13,157,159-60,167, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 94 European Convention on Human Rights, 120 European Court of Human Rights, 120,123, 233Ո41 European Union, 156,171 170-71, 201; influence of, 8,13; managing conflicts between, 41; media and, 137; military, 41,110,201; offshoring and, 202-3; one-party regimes and, 41; polls and, 49; exceptional Russia, 9,11,205; classical litera ture and, 27-28; foreign policy and, 160, 164; Homo Sovieticus and, 28-32; men tality of, 28; Putinology and, 26-33 Putins inner circle and, 33; Putins popu larity and, 51-52; reassessment and, 202-3; etile, 43 repression and, 109-11,114,116,121; suc cessors to Putin and, 199 emails, 18,98,117,141,180,184-85,190, 192-93 energy sector: Bashneft’ and, 100; economic issues and, 91-92, 95, 97,105; foreign pol icy and, 155-56,167,172-73; Gazprom and, 92, 227Ո21; Putins popularity and, 59; re assessment and, 205; Rosneft’ and, 92,100, 198, 236Ո16; Saudi Arabia and, 155; Yukos and, 9-10,95,99 Engels, Friedrich, 33 Facebook, 137,140,177,179,181,185,23ՏՈ65 fake news, 185-86 Far Right, 181,196-97 FBI, 184 Federal Security Service (FSB), 17,35,99, 110-11,124,190,192,198 Finifter, Ada, 29 Finland, 95,102 First Person (Putin), 20-21 Fitzpatrick, Ryan, 132 FOM, 54,169 Forbes (magazine), 95-96,137
INDEX foreign direct investment (FDI), 89,165 foreign policy: autocracy and, 14, 40,152-53, 156-57,165-74; Chavez and, 170; cheating and, 165; China and, 154-56,166; conti nuity thesis and, 159-65; corruption and, 2.57 183; Navalny poisoning and, 124; nuclear arsenal of, 55 fraud: academic, 104; appearance of legiti macy and, 69-72; autocracy and, 45; dan gers of heavy-handed, 82-84; economic 157,165-66; coups and, 13; Crimea and, issues and, 104,113; elections and, 6, 45, 153-54,157,159-69,171, 240Ո6, 245Ո86; 67-84,122,126,136,139,180, 204, 224Ո14, democracy and, 157; derzhavnost' (great 225Ո26,226Ո41; hackers and, 180-82; power status) and, 59, 6i, 153,158-61, media and, 136,139; menu of manipula tion for, 72-76; misfire of December 2011 164-65,168-70,244Ո71; diminished power and, 154-57; economic issues and, 153-54,156, i59֊6o, 164-68,173-74; elections and, 155,166; elites and, 13,157, 159-60,167,170-71,201; Erdoğan and, 171; exceptional Russia and, 160,164; gaining influence and, 153-56,160,164-65, 170; hackers and, 176-77,189,195; human rights and, 170; Hungary and, 162,171; han and, 164,172; media and, 134-35, 148; military and, 152-61,169,171-72; Monroe Doctrine and, 160; NATO and, 5, 21, 27, 61-63,66,155-56,161-63,166, 170-73,191,240Ո6; oil prices and, 166-67; oligarchs and, 167; opaque nature of, 240Ո5; playing weak hand and, 153; polls and, 157,169-70, 245Ո86; propaganda and, 6-7,170; protests and, 169; public opinion and, 157,168; Putins popularity and, 52-53, 59, 63; reassessment and, and, 76-82; repression and, 113,122,126; tax, 113,115 Fredheim, Rolf, 137
free press, 36, 38-39, 54,119,197 frenemy parties, 77 Fujimori, Alberto, 11,38,112 furbinza, 32 Future Is History, The (Gessen), 29 G-8 group, 160 Gaddy, Clifford, 35,213Ո6 Galeotti, Mark, 24 Gallup, 57,245Ո86 Gallyamov, Abbas, 141-42 gay rights, 157 Gazeta.Ru (newspaper), 137 Gazprom, 92,227Ո21 200-4; sanctions and, 1S4-55,160,166-67, Geddes, Barbara, 219П12 Gehlbach, Scott, 56,132 Geľman, Vladimir, 129-30,218Ո74 169, 243Ո53; social media and, 154-55; Georgia, 2, 4, 45,110,154-55,162,189,191, Soviet Union and, 154,156,159-64,173; 193, 222ՈՅՅ Germany: democratic cultural values and, surveys and, 159,168-69; Syria and, 154-57, 164,169,172; Trump and, 156,171-72; Tur key and, 171-72; Ukraine and, 154-57, 162-66,169,173; United States and, 154-74; UN Security and, 152,156; Venezuela and, 154- 55,157,170, 241П21 Fox News, 144,186 France, 34, 207; democratic cultural values and, 32; economic issues and, 91,94; elections and, 70,183,191; foreign policy and, 159,162,165; Macron and, 124,180, 32; East, 3-4,16, 21, 29, 48,112; economic issues and, 91,95,98-99; foreign policy and, 162,172; hackers and, 183,191; media and, 136; Navalny and, 124; Nazi, 48,176 gerrymandering, 71 Gessen, Masha, 29,212Ո20 GFK, 54 Gibson, James, 30 Giles, Keir, 160 Gini coefficient, 95
2S8 INDEX glasnost, і phone conversations and, 188; police Godfather (film), 196 and, 190; propaganda and, 181-82,186, 190,197; protests and, 181,186; public opinion and, 177,180,194; sanctions and, 189,195; social media and, 175,177-79, Goemans, Hein, 201 Golos, 67,75 Golunov, Ivan, 127 Google, 137 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1-3,132 Gore, Al, 149 graffiti, ix, 119 Graham, Thomas, 152,160 Gmni.Ru (newspaper), 137 great firewall, 140 Greece, 91,164 Greene, Samuel, 59-60,64,217Ո68,222Ո27, 222Ո29, 223Ш140-44 Gromyko, Andrei, 160 GRU, 111 Grudinin, Pavel, 143 Gudkov, Lev, 28-29,32 “Guess Who Won Russia’s Election?” (Colbert), 66 gulag, 143 Gunitsky, Seva, 160,164-65,237Ո24 Guriev, Sergei, 134, 212Ш9, 231Ո2 hackers: banks and, 176,188; China and, 190, 193; coercion and, 175,177,188-95,245Ո3; corruption and, 179; Crimea and, 188-89; cyberattacks and, 13,154,177,187,190-95; democracy and, 180,183-84,188; Demo cratic National Committee and, 24,184-85, 192; denial-of-service attacks and, 176,191; digital coercion and, 177,188-94; digital persuasion and, 177-88,191-92,19s, 24ՏՈ3; economic issues and, 183,191-92,195; elections and, 24-25,155,17Տ՜94, 245Ո3; emails and, 180,184-85,190,192-93; Estonia and, 154; false news and, 179-80, 185-86; foreign policy and, 176-77,189, 19s; fraud and, 180-82; Germany and, 183, 191; human rights and, 179; internet and, 176-81,185-89,191,193; Iran and, 193; malware and, 194; military and, 191; 183-87,192,194; Soviet Union and, 175-76, 178,182-83,187,191; stolen emails and, 180; surveys and, 181-82,186; trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194; Trump
election and, 7,176,181,184-88, 192; Ukraine and, 179,182-83,188-93; United States and, 24,110-11,155,175-83, 187-9S Hale, Henry, 67,71,219Ո9,223Ո3 Hårtog, Eva, 29,32 Hazard, John, 112 Healey, Jason, 176 health care, 25,93-94,102-3 Hemingway, Ernest, 42 Higher School of Economics (HSE), viii, 5, 33,105,127-28,136, 207,211Ո5,235Ո6Տ Hill, Fiona, 213ՈՈ6-11,231Ո73 Hitler, Adolf, 7 HIV, 143 homosexuality, 136,157 Homo Sovieticus, 28-32 Honecker, Erich, 48 honesty, 30,144,184,209 honor killings, 116 house arrest, 86,126-27 human rights: autocracy and, 12-13; Euro pean Court of Human Rights and, foreign policy and, 170; hackers and, 179; media and, 139,141; repression and, 113-15,118,120,123,127; Western gov ernments and, 203 Human Rights Watch, 118 Hume, David, 37 233Ո41; Humphrey, Hubert, 187 Hungary, 5,36; autocracy and, 38-39; cro nyism and, 87,227Ո12; economic issues and, 33,87,94-95,99; elections and, 70, 72; foreign policy and, 162,171; Kadar
INDEX and, 38; media and, 135; Orbán and, 11,21, 39,52,70, 72, 87,135,171; Putins popular ity and, 52; repression and, 115; Treaty of Trianon and, 171 Hussein, Saddam, 38,112 Ignat ev, Sergei, 149 Il’in, Ivan, 18-19 Imperial Russia, 15, 28, 65,134,159-60, 259 liberties and, 54; coercion and, 54; dissidents and, 54; Golunov and, 127; Khodorkovsky and, 9; Petrov and, 198; pretrial incarceration and, 101; repression and, 101,108,115,117,120-23,125,127; Ulyukayev and, 198; Yakobashvili and, 198 Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 184 Japan, 29,32,94,159 Jensen, Benjamin, 190-91 Indonesia, 32,75,91 Jews, 20 Johnson, Juhet, 226Ո3 Johnson, Lyndon, 19 inequality, 58, 94-95,128, 202 inflation, 86, 90,149 Joint Comprehensive Plan ofAction, 173 Jones, Alex, 186 informational autocracy, 134-40 Information USA (exhibit), 1,4 Judah, Ben, 54 Just Russia, 77 InfoWars, 186 Interior Ministry, 111,119 Kadar, Janos, 38 220Ո28 India, 32,56,155 international law, 50 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 180 internet: elections and, 78; government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194; hackers and, 176-81,185-89,191,193; in creased use of, 34; media and, 135,138-43, 150; privacy and, 139; Putins attitude against, 138; repression and, 117,124 Internet in Russian Society, 138 Internet Research Agency, 124,140-41,179, 181,185-86,246Ո7 intimidation, 13, 36, 54, 67, 75,108,118,130, 138 Investigative Committee, 111,123,198 Ioffe, Julia 212Ո20 Iran: autocracy and, 6,38; foreign policy and, 164,172; hackers and, 193; nuclear weapons and, 21,172-73, 19Յ; public opin ion and, 223Ո34 Iraq, 38,112,172 Ishayev,
Alexander, 198 Israel, 20,155,172,190,19Յ jail: autocracy and, 43; businessmen and, 9,101,198; Calveyand, 198, 235Ո64; civil Kadyrov, Ramzan, 107-8,115-16,141 Kalinin, Kirill, 73-74,224Ո16 Kaliningrad, 156 Karimov, Islam, 23 Kashin, Oleg, 138 Kazakhstan, 11, 23, 90,115,154 Kazun, Anton, 127 Kennedy, John F., 75,187 Kenya, 69 KGB: Communist Party and, no; Federal Security Service (FSB) and, 17,110; First Person and, 20-21; honey trap of, viii, 129; media and, 134; Putin and, 9,15-17,20-23, 26, 35, no, 134; repression and, 21,110,129, 134; superficial reform of, 35; weapons training and, 20 Khimki, 138 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 9,61,95,143,212П16 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 38 Khotin, Aleksei, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita, 1,24,41 kickbacks, 102,105 Kimjong-un, 38,190,193 King, Charles, 27 King, Larry, 179
2бо Kiselyov, Dmitry, 136-37 Kolokoltsev, Vladimir, 111 Kolyma, 143 Kommersant (newspaper), 137 Kon kov, Pavel, 198 Korobov, Vladimir, 29 Kosovo, 24ՕՈ6 Kotkin, Stephen, 27,163,215Ո43,242Ո43 Kovalchuk, Yuri, 96 Kuchins, Andrew, 33 Kudrin, Alexi, 143,167 Kuzminov, Vyacheslav 226Ո2,235Ո66 Kyrgyzstan, 45,154 Labor Code, 18 Ladas, 3 Lamberova, Natalia, 96-97 Lankina, Tornila, 125-26,234Ո53 Larrea, Oscar R. Benavides, 115 Latvia, 91,138,162 Lauper, Cyndi, 3 Lavrov, Sergei, 160-61 Lazarev, Egor, 115-16 Ledeneva, Alena, 25-26 legalism, 112-18 legitimacy, 52, 67,69-72,122,153, 221П8, 225Ո26 INDEX Lukin, Vladimir, 120 lying, viii, 57,119,197 McCain, John, 193 McFaul, Michael, 163,223Ո4,242Ո42,245Ո88 Mchelidze, Luke, 231Ո5 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 52 Macron, Emmanuel, 124,180,183 Maduro, Nicolas, 39, 65,117,154-55 Magomedov brothers, 141-42 Maidan Square, 118 Malaysia: economic issues and, 91; media and, 147; Mohamad and, 21; Pepinsky on, 8; Putinology and, 8, 21,24,32; rice farmer tactics in, 32; shot down airliner of, 24,147-48,190, 2.35Ո2, 2391151 Malofeev, Konstantin, 24 malware, 194 Maness, Ryan, 190-91 “Man Like Putin, A” (Yelin), 50 Marquardt, Kyle, 56 marriage, 51,104 Marten, Kim, 21 Marx, Karl, 33,160 May Decrees, 25 Mebane, Walter, 73-74, 224Ո16 media: agitainment and, 136; authoritarianism Legvold, Robert, 158 Lenin, Vladimir, 33,173 Lenta.Ru (newspaper), 137 and, 144; autocracy and, 134-35; BBC, 177; blogs, 121-22,138-40,143; censorship and, Le Pen, Marie, 183 Lerner, Alexis, 119 Levada Center, 53-58,62,146-47,151,168-70, 239Ո56; Chavez and, 135; China and, 140; coercion and,
135; Committee to Protect Journalists and, 138; corruption and, 5-6, 222Ո20 Levin, Dov, 187 Liberal Democratic Party, 76-77 life expectancy, 34 Lipman, Maria, 146 Litvinenko, Alexander, 113 living standards, 17,25» 33; 35; 46, 48, 64,88, 113,165,171 Luhansk, 157 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr, 23 12,117,119,135,141-44,148-49,222П19, courts and, 149; Crimea and, cutbacks and, 212Ո20; democracy and, 133,142,145; dictatorships and, 6,134; 135-38,196; 145-46; economic issues and, 135,142,148-50; elec tions and, 134-36,140-41,145,149-50; ehtes and, 137; Erdoğan and, 135; fake news and, 185-86; foreign policy and, 134-35, Ч-8; Fox News, 144,186; fraud and, 136,139; Germany and, 136; glasnost and, 1; govern ment trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,
INDEX 2бі 185-86,194; hackers and, 185-86 (see ako weapons); Putinology and, 21,24,32; hackers); human rights and, 139,141; Hun Putins popularity and, 52; reassessment and, 200-1; repression and, 109-10; US Pentagon and, 161 gary and, 135; information autocracy and, 134-40; internet and, 13s, 138-43» 15°; KGB and, 134; Malaysian airliner scandal and, 24,147,235Ո2,239Ո51; military and, 147; MSNBC, 144,186; murder of journal ists, 107,112,138,237Ո17; newspapers and, 115,127,13s, 137-38,141-41; oil prices and, 148; oligarchs and, 142; polls and, un popular writing and, 10-11; propaganda and, 4,132-33,136,144-46,150; protests and, 136,138-39,142,146; public opinion and, 134,141,148,151,211П7; radio, 3,79,135, 137,177-78; repression and, 134-35; sanc tions and, 148,150; social, 34, 71,78,127, 137-41, ИЗ, ISO, 154-55,175,177-79,183-87, 192,194,197,207,215Ո37; Soviet Union and, 132-34,141,14Ճ, 149,151,204; state television and, 59, 79,136-37,144,146,148-49,151, 177, 236Ո12, 239Ո51; surveys and, 150, 239Ո62; takeovers and, 137; Turkey and, 135; Ukraine and, 134,137,146-47; United States and, 136-37,149-50; Venezuela and, 135,232Ո24; weaponizing information and, 133-34 Meduza (news site), 138 Medvedev, Dmitry: Navalny exposé and, 63; as president, 52,63,138,199,215Ո29; as prime minister, 63,121,142,167,198-99; wealth of, 63,121 Medvedev, Sergei, гзѕпбб Menon, Rajan, i6o Mercier, Hugo, 144 Messing with the Enemy (Watts), 184 Mexico, 38,41,91 Mickiewicz, Ellen, 151 middle class, 34,62,142 military: autocracy and, 11, 38-43,46-47, 49; defense budget and, 155; elections and, 82;
foreign policy and, 152-61,169, 171-72; hackers and, 191; media and, 147; nuclear weapons and, 155 (see also nuclear millionaires, 94 Mironov, Nikolai, 142 Mironov, Sergei, 25 Mishustin, Mikhail, 111 Mitrokhina, Evhenia, 98 Moi, Daniel Arap, 69 money laundering, 23,85-86 Monroe, Marilyn, 4 Monroe Doctrine, 160 Montenegro, 164 Morales, Evo, 40 Morozov, Evgeny, 189 mortality rates, 34 Moscow City, 102-3 Moscow City Election Commission (MCEC), 82-83 Moscow School of Management, 101 Moscow State University, 112 Moscow Times, 28-29,85 Moskovský Komsommolets (newspaper), 142 MSNBC, 144,186 Mueller, Robert, 140 Munich Security Conference, 162 murder, 8,107-8,112,116,138,198,237Ո17 Mussolini, Benito, 7,19 “Myth of Mass Support for Autocracy, The” (Hale), 67 Nabiullina, Elvira Sakhipzadnova, 86 Nashi, 138 National Guard, 111,121 nationalization, 9-10,87 Native Americans, 181 Navalny, Aleksei: elections and, 225Ո26; mayoral campaign of, 122-23; Medvedev exposé and, 63; poisoning of, 123-24, i43, 234Ո47; repression and, 82-83,121-24, 127-28,143,233Ո38,23ՅՈ41 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 11,23
2Ő2 INDEX Nazis, 48,176 Obama, Barack, 18,54,160,163,173-74,189, Nemtsov, Boris, 107-8,127 nerve agents, 124 offshoring, 202-3 New START Treaty, 21,173 New Times (online outlet), 126 oil prices, 41,92; coronavirus and, 46; de valuation of ruble and, 33; foreign policy New York Times, 28,176 New York University, 186 Nezavisimaya Gazeta (newspaper), 142 Nicaragua, 157 Nichols, Tom, 196,211П9, 250Ո16 Nigeria, 75 Night Hockey League, 86 Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 175 Nivzolina, Irina, 98 192-93 and, 166-67; infrastructure development and, 88-89; inner circle of Putin and, 96-97; media and, 148; Putinology and, 17-18, 33; Putins popularity and, 65; sanc tions and, 18,155,166 oligarchs: autocracy and, 41; economic is sues and, 87,101,106; elections and, 17; foreign policy and, 167; Khodorkovsky, 9, Niyazov, Saparmurat, 23 Noble, Ben, 221П8 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 61,95,143, 210, 212Ո6; media and, 142; Putinology and, 17, 22, 24-25,33; Putins popularity and, 62; repression and, 123,128 Olympic Games, 193 55,74, no, 115,117-18, 232.Ո23, 233Ո31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Afghanistan and, 21; Baltics and, 155; cy bersecurity and, 191; Estonia and, 191; Orbán, Viktor, 11,21,39,52,70,72, 87,135,171 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 76, 94,167 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical foreign policy and, 5,21,27,155-56,161-63, 166,170-73,191, 240Ո6; Kosovo and, 240Ո6 Northern Distribution Network, 174-75 North Korea, 38, 69,157,190,193, 222Ո34 Weapons, 124 Orthodox Church, 32,121 Ostrovsky, Arkady 212Ո20 Our Albance, 117 Our
Home Is Russia Party, 76 Norway, 166,183,190 Nothing Is True and Everything is Possible Ozero, 96 (Pomerantsev), 133-34 Novatek, 227Ո21 Pakistan, 155,173 Panama Papers, 88 Paneyakh, Ella, 114-15 Novaya Gazeta (newspaper), 141,146 Novgorod, Nizhny, 82 novichok, 124 partisanship, 7,10-11,98,136,145,177,186, nuclear weapons: autocracy and, 37,152; de veloping new, 155-56; Gorbachev on, 132; passports, 2,118,129 Patrushev, Nikolai, 110 Iran and, 21,172-73,193; Kiselyov on, 137; military involvement in, 110; mutually assured destruction and, 191; New START Treaty and, 21,173; number of, 155; Rus sian legacy and, 37; START 1 Treaty and, 173; United States and, 3,132 Nuland, Victoria, 188 Nyhan, Brendan, 185 197,206,217Ո64 Paul, Rand, 180 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 42 Peace Data, 179 pensions, 18,51,53,58, 75; 92; 96, H9 People s Action Party, 38 Pepinsky, Tom, 8 Peru, 11, 38,112,115 Pesiakhin, Leonid, 182
INDEX Petrov, Sergei, 198 Pew Research Center, 181,245Ո86 Philippines, 39 Piketty, Thomas, 94 Pinkham, Sophie, 213Ո14 Pinochet, Augusto, 109 Plisetskaya, Maya, 119 Plymouth Voyager, 5 poison, 111,113,123-24,143,157,179 Poland, 5, 90,95,156,162,166,196,232Ո26 police: assaulting, 120; autocracy and, 48; 263 propaganda: agitainment and, 136; effective ness of, 14; foreign policy and, 6-7,170; hackers and, 181-82,186,190,197; lying and, 57,119,197; media and, 4,132-33,136, 144-46,150; Putinology and, 7 property rights, 5,91,100,130 protection rackets, 5 protests, 6; autocracy and, 38,42-48, 220Ո24, 220Ո27; economic issues and, 86; elections and, 68,77-80,83; fall of Soviet Union and, 5; foreign policy and, 169; hackers bribery and, 93,103; elections and, 78-79; and, 181,186; media and, 136,138-39,142, hackers and, 190; informers and, 113; Investigative Committee and, m, 123,198; Magnitsky death and, 113; Mishustins pay 146; political graffiti and, ix, 119; Putinol raise for, in; power struggles and, 198; Procuracy and, in, 198; public opinion 130,233Ո36; security agencies (siloviki) and, 57,63,93,113,116-17; repression and, 111,113-16,120,127-28; rights violations by, 114-15; Stasi, 48,202,220Ո27; super ficial reform of, 35; violence by, 78 Politbüro, 41,48 Politkovskaya, Anna, 114,127 polls: approval ratings and, 47,52-54,57-59» 61-65,92» 129; autocracy and, 54-58; credibility of, 6; economic issues and, 93; elections and, 68,74-75,78, 82,84; foreign policy and, 157,169-70,245Ո86; Gallup, 245Ո86; Gudkov and, 28; media and, 151; Putins popularity and, 221Ո17,222Ո20; ruhng
ehte and, 49 Pomerantsev, Peter, 133-34,2ՅՏՈ2 Pop-EIeches, Grigore, 31,68 Posner, Vladimir, 133 Potemkin vidages, 134,200 poverty, 8,33,89,91 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 124 prime minister: Medvedev as, 63,121,142, 167,198-99; Putin as, 17,22-23,63,78-79» 149,199, 21ՏՈ29, 24ՏՈ89 private property, 9 privatization, 5,9,95,168 Procuracy, in, 198 ogy and, 17,31; Putin s popularity and, 55, 61; repression and, 107,117-22,125-27, and, 47,108-12,114,117,165,231ns Prussia, 159 Pskov, 113,138,147 public opinion: approval ratings and, 47, 52-54,57-59, 61-65, 92,129; autocracy and, 6, 49,51,54, 64,134, 222Ո34, 244Ո71; digital persuasion and, 177-88,191-92, 195» 245Ո3; economic issues and, 93; for eign policy and, 157,168; hackers and, 177, 180,194; Iran and, 223Ո34; media and, 134, 141,148,151,211П7; police and, 116-17; polls and, 6, 28, 49, S4-5S, 57-58, 68, 74-7S, 78, 82, 84, 93, 151, 157, 169-70, 221Ш7, 222Ո20, 245Ո86; Putinology and, 50-65; Putins popularity and, viii-ix, 51,54,56-59,64, 221П17, 222Ո21; rapid changes in, 7; sanc tioned countries and, 222Ո32; social media and, 141,177,194,197; surveys and, 54 (see also surveys) purchasing power parity, 33,156,226m Pussy Riot, 61 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich: background of, 16; extended term limits for, 17, 23, 50-51,130,199; First Person and, 20-21; health of, 20, 214Ո20; Hitler and, 7; ide ologies of, 17-20; KGB and, 9,15-17,20-23, 26,35,110,134; Mussolini and, 7,19; as
2Ğ4 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (continued) prime minister, 17, 22-23,63, 78-79,149, 199; 215Ո29, 245Ո89; role of in foreign policy, 158-S9; Trump as puppet of, 7; as Vladimir the Lucky, 33; wealthy inner cir INDEX 222Ո19,222Ո21,222Ո34; United States and, 56, 60-61; Venezuela and, 65; verifi cation of, 54-56 QŞ university ranking, 94 cle of, 96-97; Xi Jinping and, 154; Yeltsin and, 16-17, 22,56-59; 76,107,157,161,180, 214Ո24 Putinology, 204-5; authoritarianism and, 32,35; autocracy and, 16,19,22-23,25,28, 35-36; Chavez and, 21, 23; corruption and, 18,28,45; Crimea and, 17-18,21; de mocracy and, 30-32; dictatorships and, 35; Erdoğan and, 21,23; exceptional Rus sia and, 26-33; Malaysia and, 8,21, 24,32; methodologies of, 17-20; military and, 21,24,32; national character and, 31; oil prices and, 17-18,33; oligarchs and, 17,22, 24-25,33; policy preferences and, 23-26; propaganda of, 7; protests and, 17,31; re pression and, 17,21,27; sanctions and, 18; surveys on, 28-31; Turkey and, 21, 23,36; radio, 3,79,13s, 137,177-78 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (FRE/RL), 178 Radio Moscow, 177 Rahmon, Emomali, 23 Rakhlin, Anatoly, 20 ration cards, 3 RBC (online news), 138 Reagan, Ronald, 3,132,158 reassessment: authoritarianism and, 200, 205; autocracy and, 200-5; Crimea and, 197; elections and, 200; elites and, 202-3; foreign policy and, 200-4; military and, 200-1; post-Putin Russia and, 201-2; sur veys and, 204; U.S. view of Russia and, Ukraine and, 21,24,29; United States and, 21,24,28-35; worldview of, vii-viii, 196-97, 207 recession, 90,167 Red Army, 5 9, 12, 15, 18, 33; 37;
109; 13L 152֊53, 159; 16З; 200; Yanukovych and, vii, 21,118,146,188 Red Web, The: The Kremlins War on the In ternet (Soldatov and Borogan), 141 Putins popularity: annexation of Crimea and, 17,58,65; approval ratings and, 47, 52-54; 57-59; 61-65, 9Һ 129; autocracy and, 51-54, 64-65; banks and, 18; Chávez and, 65; control of public and, 51-52; cor ruption and, 56,58, 60, 63; courts and, 51, 57,63; economic issues and, 130; elections and, 51-52,55, 65,77; ehtes and, 51-52; foreign policy and, 52-53,59, 63; Hun gary and, 52; lying and, viii; military and, 52; oil prices and, 65; oligarchs and, 62; police and, 113; polls and, 221Ո17, 222Ո20; protests and, 55, 61; public image and, 53, 58,151; public opinion and, viii-ix, 51,54, S6-59,64,221Ш7,222Ո21; reality of, 56-58; reasons for, 58-62; repression and, 57; surveys and, 17, 51,54-57, 60, 62, 221П17, religion, 7,15,61,116,164 Remnick, David, 212Ո20 repression: authoritarianism and, 112,130; autocracy and, 12-14,38,40,47֊49,108-9, 115-16,119,122,125,129,131, 220Ո24; cen sorship and, 12, И7,119,135,141-44,148-49, 222П19; China and, 112; coercion and, 17, 47-48,108-9,112-17; 12I; D0;' corruption and, 108,111,114,117,121-24,127-3°; 2°°; 202; coups and, 117,220Ո24; courts and, Crimea and, elections and, in, 113-14,121-24, 129-30; ehtes and, 109-11,114,116,121; Erdoğan and, 117; extended presidential terms and, 17; fraud and, 113,122,126; Germany and, 162,172; house arrest and, 108,115-16,118,120,122-23; 107,130; 86,126-27; human rights and, 113-15,118,
INDEX Hungary and, 115; internet and, 117,124; intimidation and, 13,36,54, 120,123,127; 165 Russian Central Bank, 86,149,161 Russian Department of Defense, 190 67,75,108,118,130,138; jail and, 101,108, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 167 115,117,120-23,125,117; KGB and, 21,110, 129,134; legalism and, 112-18; media and, Russian Parliament (Duma), 17,50-51, 63, 234-35,' military and, 109-10; murder and, 8,107-8,112,116,138,198, 237Ш7; National Guard and, ui, 121; Navalny and, Russian Securities and Bxchange Commis sion, viii, 5 82-83,121-24,127-18,143,233Ո38, 233Ո41; 76,79-82,100,104,113,139 Russian Supreme Court, 233Ո41 Russophobia, 8 number of deaths from, 232Ո17; oligarchs and, 123,128; overstating, 125-29; poison Sadovnikov, Peter, 216Ո48 ing and, ill, 113,123-24,143; police and, 111,113-16,120,127-28; political, 12, 27, 49, 57,113,125,130; pretrial incarceration and, Sagai, Oleg, 143 Saint Petersburg (Leningrad), 4,16, 21-22, protests and, 107,117-22,125-27, 130, 233Ո36; Putinology and, 17,21,27; role of, sanctions: commodity prices and, 96; Crimea and, 60-61,160,166,189; elites and, 89,95; foreign direct investment 101; 107-31; sanctions and, 124; security agen cies (siloviki) and, 47,108-12,114,117,165, social costs of, 113; Soviet Union and, 109-13,119,125,127,129; as substi 231Ո5; tute, 233Ո33; surveys and, 113,116,119,126, 130; Syria and, 110; targeted, 198; taxes and, 113,115-16,125; Turkey and, 115,117; Ukraine and, 107,110,114,118; Venezuela and, 115,117 Republicans, 7,54,185,187,197,212П13 Reuter, Ora John, 56,67-68,219Ո9,223Ո2, 223Ո4,223Ո6,
224Ո20,232Ո20 Right Cause, 76 Rink, Leonid, 124 Rivera, Sharon, 159 Robertson, Graeme, 59-60, 68, 217Ш168-69, 222Ո27, 222Ո29, 223Ո7, 224Ш9 Rochlitz, Michael, 98,232Ո20,238Ո43 Roldugin, Sergei, 88 Rolf, 198 Romania, 164 Rosenfeld, Bryn, 150 Rosneft’, 92,100,198,236Ո16 Rozenas, Arturas, 148,182 RT (Russia Today), 178-79 Russian Academy of Sciences, 168 Russian Audit Chamber, 167 95-96,127,132-33,140-41,179 and, 89; foreign policy and, 154-55,160, Germany and, 99; hackers and, 189,19s; media and, 148,150; oil prices and, 18,155,166; property rights 166-67,169, 243Ո53; and, 100; Putinology and, 18; Putin’s pop ularity and, 222Ո34; repression and, 124 Sanders, Bernie, 140 Sanger, David, 17 6 Saudi Arabia, 6,72,155,172,205 Sberbank, 85 Scaramucci, Anthony, 60 Scheppele, Kim Lane, 72,221Ո10 Scott, James C, 32 Sechin, Igor’, 198 Second Chechen War, 116 security agencies (siloviki), 47,108-12,114, H7,165,23ms Security Council, 111 Segal, Adam, 195 Senegal, 10 September 11 attacks, viii, 21,161 Serbia, 164 Serebrennikov, Kirill, 126-27 Sestanovich, Stephen, 163 Shabolov, Alexander, 98,229Ո46 Shamalov, Nikolai, 96
266 Shamiev, Kirill, 231ns Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz, 217ՈՏ8 sharia law, 116 Sharonov, Andrei, 101 Shen, Xiaoxiao, 55 Sherlock, Ihomas, 168 Shiller, Robert, 29 Shlosberg, Lev, 113-14 Shoigu, Sergei, 110 Shteyngart, Gary, 137,212Ո20 Siberia, 9,96,123 Silicon Valley, 138 Silver, Nate, 175,185,250Ш7 Singapore, 38 INDEX Sonin, Konstantin, 96-97,224Ո18 Sony, 190,193 South Korea, 3,30,91 South Ossetia, 189 Soviet Union: Afghanistan and, 3,211m, 235Ш, 245m; Brezhnev and, 2, 27, 38, 41, 56,112,157,- Cold War and, 1,3,8,33,38-39, 68,160-62,180, 206,245Ո86,250Ш5; Communist Party and, 2-3,5,24,30,33, 38,41,7 6,77,110,112-13,115, ИЗ; elections and, 77,82; Engels and, 33; as Evil Empire, 3; exhibits of, 1-2; fall of, 4-5; foreign policy and, 154,156,159-64,173; Gor bachev and, 1-3,132; hackers and, 175-76, single-party systems, 11,38,41,49,87 Sjoberg, Fredrik, 226Ո41 Škripal family, 111,124,157,179 178,182-83,187,191; Higher School of Economics (HSE) and, viii, s, 33,105, Skype, 126,176 Slate (magazine), 189 127-28,136,207,211П5,235Ո6Տ; Homo Slepakov, Semyon, 92 Sovieticus and, 28-32; horrors of, 1,29; Khrushchev and, 1,24,41; Lenin and, 33,173; Marx and, 33,160; media manip Slovenia, 164 Snyder, Timothy, 19 ulation and, 132-34,141,146,149,151, 204; nuclear weapons and, 3; protest Sobchak, Anatoly, 16,22 Sobol, Lyubov, 83 Sobolev, Anton, 150 Sobyanin, Sergei, 122-23 and, 5; Putin s popularity and, 51; Red Army and, 5; repression and, 109-13,119, 125,127,129; Saint Petersburg (Leningrad), Sochi Olympics, 61,102,110 social media: blogs, 121-22,138-40,143; elections and, 71,78; Facebook,
137,140, 179; Sobchak and, 16; Stalin and, ix, 4,16, 21-22, 95-96,127,132-33,140-41, 16,27,56,112-13,204,220Ո28; travel 1S4-SS; Golunov and, 127; government trolls and, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86, and, 34 Spain, 32,38,123 Sperling, Valerie, 23mi stagnation, 87,96,130,199 194; hackers and, 17s, 177-79,183-87, Stalin, Joseph, ix, 16,27,56,112-13,204, 177,179,181,185,23Sn6s; foreign policy and, 192,194; manipulation of, 137-38,140-41, 220Ո28 143,150; news from, 34, 215Ո37; public Stanford University, 186 opinion and, 141,177,194,197; rise of, 207; Skype, 126,176; Twitter, 140,144, 179,181,185-86; YouTube, 140,143,177, START 1 treaty, 173 Stasi, 48,202,220Ո27 179 Social Media and Political Participation Lab, 140 Soldatov, Andrei, 141,231Ո6 Some Like It Hot (film), 4 State Council, 50,199 state television, 59,79,136-37,144,146, 148-49,151,177,236Ո12,239Ո51 statistics, 5,35,73-74,93, 204 Stent, Angela 213Ո20,252Ո5 Stevenson, Adlai, 187
INDEX Stockholm Institute of Peace Research, 155 Stone, Ohver, 4 Stukal, Denis, 148 Stuxnet, 193 Sudan, 157, 222Ո34 surveillance, по surveys, 5; approval ratings and, 47,52-54, Bashkirova and Partners and, 54; control groups and, 57-59; 61-65,92,129; democratic values and, 250Ո14; economic issues and, 93-94,100-1,103; 56-57; elections and, 67,74-75, 77,79, ^З^З, 225Ո30; FOM, 54,169; foreign policy and, 159,168-69; Gallup and, 57,245Ո86; GFK, 54; hackers and, 181-82,186; Levada Center and, 53-58,62,146-47,151, media and, 150,239Ո62; Pew Research Center and, 181,245Ո86; 168-70, 222Ո20; polls and, 6,28,49,54-55,57-58,68,74-75, 78, 82, 84, 93,151, W, 169-7°, 22ІП17, 222Ո20,245Ո86; Putinology and, 28-31; Putins popularity and, 17,51,54-57, 60, 62, 221П17, 222П19, 222Ո21, 222Ո34; reas sessment and, 204; repression and, 113, 116,119,126,130; VTSIOM and, 54; World Values Survey and, 30,55 Svolik, Milan, 43,211П8,219Ш114-17 Sweden, 70,124 267 fraud and, 113,115; Khodorkovsky and, 9; misused funds and, 103; offshoring and, 101; repression and, 113, ns-16,125 Taylor, Brian, 158 Tepper, Yuri, 136 Tereshkova, Valentina, 50-51 terrorism, viii, 1-2, 21, 27, no, 113,143,161, 204, 232Ո25 Thailand, 39 That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science (Hume), 37 Tiananmen Square, 117 Tolz, Vera, 136 Treaty of Trianon, 171 Treisman, Daniel, 58,95,134,146, 215Ո31, 218Ո79 trolls, 140,150,176-77,179,181,185-86,194 Truex, Rory, ss Trump, Donald: election of, 7,176,181,184-88, 192; foreign policy and, 156,171-72; hack ers and, 7,176,181,184-88,192; media and, 140,144; as Putins puppet, 7; Russian
sanctions and, 60; Scaramucci and, 60 Tsygankov, Andrei, 164,164-65 Tucker, Joshua, 31, 217Ո64, 237Ո25, 238Ո40, 247Ո33 Turkey: autocracy and, 11,39; economic is sues and, 87,91,95,99; elections and, 70, 232Ո2Տ; ehtes and, 40-41, 44-48, 219Ո9; Switzerland, 166 Syria: chemical weapons and, 18; foreign Erdoğan and, 11,21,23,39,52,70,72,117, 135,171,232Ш125-26; foreign pohcy and, policy and, 154-57,164,169,172; repres sion and, 110 Szakonyi, David, 67-68,97, 223Ո2, 171-72; 224Ш120-21, 224Ո23 Tajikstan, 23 Taliban, 173 Talibova, Roya, 113 Talking Heads, 3 Tallinn, 175-76 taxes: cronyism and, 97; economic issues and, 97,101,103; evasion of, 9; flat, 18; media and, 135; Putinology and, Putins popularity and, 52; re 21,23,36; pression and, 115,117 Turkmenistan, 23 TV Rain, 139,145 Twin Towers, viii, 21,161 Twitter, 140,144,179,181,185-86 Ukraine: autocratic dilemmas and, 45; Crimea and, vii, 17-18,21,59,107,146,154, 162-66,169,188; economic issues and, 90; European Union and, vii; foreign pohcy
2б8 Ukraine (continued) INDEX USSR Chamber of Commerce, 129 Uzbekistan, 3,23,31,34,129 and, 154-57,162-66,169,173; hackers and, 179,182-83,188-93; Ivano-Frankivsk and, 188; Kyiv, vii, 146,179,188; Malaysian vaccines, 93-94 airliner scandal and, 24,147,148,190, Malofeev and, 24; media Valeriano, Brandon, 190-91,194 Vedomosti (newspaper), 138,141, 235Ո2,239Ո51; and, 134,137,146-47; popularity issues and, 58-59; power grid shutdown and, 188-89; Putinology and, 21,24,29; re pression and, 107,110,114,118; Yanu kovych and, vii, 21,118,146,188 Ulyanovsk, 89,173 Ulyukayev, Alexei, 198 United Russia, 67,71,100 United States: American Dream and, 7; capitalism and, 133; Cold War and, 1,3,8, 33,38-39,68,1Ć0-62,180,206,245Ո86, Crimea and, vii, 60-61,157,163, democracy and, vii, 32, 133,188,196,203; economic issues and, 250ШЅ; 166,189,245Ո86; 94-95) 98֊99; elections and, 14, 24,30, 236Ո16 Vekselberg, Viktor, 167 Venezuela, 36; Alliance of Tolerance and, 170; autocracy and, 6,39-40; Chávez and, 11, 21) 2З) 39) 52) 65) 7O) 72) 87) 135,170,232Ո26; economic issues and, 87,91,99; elections and, 70,155; energy companies and, 10; foreign policy and, 154-55,157,170,2411121; Maduro and, 39,65,117,154-55; media and, 135, 232Ո24; Putins popularity and, 65; repression and, 115,117; voter mobili zation and, 196 Victory Day, 176 Vietnam, 132,1Ć0 Vinogradov, Mikhail, 142,237Ո30 70-71,111,155,175-76,179-81,183,187-88, VKontakte (In Contact), 137 exhibits of, 1-2; foreign policy and, 1S4-74; gerrymandering and, 71; hackers Voice ofAmerica, 177 Volodin, Vyacheslav, 15,124 VTSIOM, 54 191-94; and,
24,110-11,155,175-83) 187-95; media and, 136-37,149-50; Monroe Doctrine and, 160; New START Treaty and, 21, 173; North Atlantic Treaty Organization Wall Street (film), 4 Wall Street Journal, 28 (NATO) and, 5,21,27,155-56,161-63, Warsaw Pact, s Watts, Clint, 184 Watts, Duncan, 11 Way, Lucan, 183, 247Ո23 nuclear weapons and, 3,21,132,173; partisanship of, 7; pos itive Russian view of, 244Ո69,24ՏՈ86; Putin’s popularity and, 56, 60-61; reas 166,170-73,191, 240Ո6; sessment of Russia and, 196-97,207; sanctions and, 124 (see also sanctions); START 1 Treaty and, 173 University of Rochester, 201 UN Security Council, 152,156 US Information Agency, 129 weak institutions, 12,40-44 WikiLeaks, 141,184 World Anti-Doping Agency, 190 World Bank, 90,91,95,102,167 World Cup, 102 World Health Organization (WHO), 93 US National Security Council, 194 US Pentagon, 161 World Trade Center, viii, 21,161 World Values Survey, 30,55 World War I era, 160 “US-Soviet Cooperation in Space as an Alter World War II era, 22,43,45-46,119,146,154, native to the Arms Race” (debate), 132-33 161,175-7Ճ
INDEX 269 Xerox copiers, 3 Xi Jinping, 154 YouTube, 140,143,177,179 Yabloko, 76,98 Zakharov, Alexei, 30 Yaffa, Joshua, 116,212Ո20,230Ո62,233Ո29, Zelensky, Volodymyr, 166 239Ո51 Yakobashvili, David, 198 Yukos, 9-ю, 95, 99 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 76 Zhuravaskaya, Ekaterina, 215Ո43 Yakovlev, Andrei, 5,100,127 Yakunin, Vladimir, 96 Yanukovych, Viktor, vii, 21,118,146,188 Zhukov, Yuri, 113 Yelin, Alexander, so Zolotov, Viktor, 121,233Ո39 Zurich Opera, 126 Yeltsin, Boris, 16-17,56-59/ 76,107,157, 161,180,214Ո24 Zimbabwe, 157 Zimmerman, William, 159 Zygar, Mikhail, 112 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047235820 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:02:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T16:16:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780691212463 |
| language | English |
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| physical | ix, 269 Seiten Diagramme |
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| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
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| spellingShingle | Frye, Timothy Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)122188926 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia |
| title_auth | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia |
| title_exact_search | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia |
| title_full | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia Timothy Frye |
| title_fullStr | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia Timothy Frye |
| title_full_unstemmed | Weak strongman the limits of power in Putin's Russia Timothy Frye |
| title_short | Weak strongman |
| title_sort | weak strongman the limits of power in putin s russia |
| title_sub | the limits of power in Putin's Russia |
| topic | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- Außenpolitik Politik Russland |
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