Hitler's new disorder: the second world war in Yugoslavia
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| Beschreibung: | xix, 340 Seiten, ungezählte Seiten Tafeln |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS vii xii xiii Foreword Abbreviations List ofIllustrations Maps xv 1. The End of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia— August 1939-April 1941 2. Yugoslavia Broken Up: Hitler’s ‘New Disorder—1941 The Independent State ofCroatia and Italy’s three zones The German-controlled Serbian residual state’ Italian-held Montenegro; Albania’s, Bulgaria’s and Hungary’s annexations; Slovenia 3. Insurgents Left to Their Own Devices—1942 Mihailovič’s sabotage action in Serbia; the Ravna Gora Movement’ The Ttalian-Chetnik Condominium’ ofMontenegro Tito’s March’ across Bosnia; battle without mercy Thefailure ofthe policy offorced conversions in the NDH Slovenia divided between God, Satan and an uncommitted centre 4. The Allies Do Not Come; the Italians Withdraw—1943 In expectation ofan allied landing In expectation ofItaly’s withdrawal After the withdrawal ofItaly 5. The KPJ Liberates, Conquers and Restores Yugoslavia— January 1944-May 1945 Tito’s moves, from Jajce to Belgrade, via Bari, Vis and Moscow v 1 21 22 49 72 91 91 104 114 132 139 151 151 168 187 215 215
The long German withdrawalfrom Macedonia to Slovenia The end: thefinal withdrawal ofthe Germans and the communist takeover 238 252 Conclusion: The Death and Rebirth of Yugoslavia 271 Afterword 283 Dramatis Personae Chronology Bibliography Index 291 299 307 325 vi
BIBLIOGRAPHY What follows is a catalogue of the sources I have used in order to write this book. It is not an exhaustive list of sources, published and unpub lished, for the history of the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Unpublished Documents National Archives (Public Records Office), Kew: Foreign Office papers: FO 371 (General Correspondence, Southern European Department); FO 536 (Embassy and Consular Archives-Yugoslavia Correspondence); FO 898 (Political Warfare Executive). War Cabinet papers: CAB 65 (War Cabinet Minutes); CAB 66 (War Cabinet Memorandum WP CP Series); FO 67 (War Cabinet Memorandum WP [G] Series). Archivio storico dello Stato maggiore dell’Esercito, Rome: Fondo M 3: Documenti restituiti dagli alleati alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale ֊ II Armata; divisioni italiane in Jugoslavia. Fondo H 3, SIM: Notiziari stati esteri, bollerini seconda guerra mon diale -Jugoslavia. Fondo L 13: Documentazione acquisita dal 1968 - Jugoslavia. Fondo N 1-11: Diari storici della seconda guerra mondiale - Jugosla- Žujović, Mladen: Memorandum for Ambassador Stevenson, 8 Decem ber 1944. Interviews and Correspondence Interviews and correspondence (with occasional access to private letters and diaries indicated as ‘+ D’) with the following: 307
HITLER S NEW DISORDER Julian Amery (April 1974), Ivan Babič (December 1977), Milan Bandović (January 1973, April 1974, September 1975), Mrgud Bojanie (january-March 1974, December 1977, November 1979), Peter Boughey (October-November 1976), Professor Franco Catalano Øune 1971), Stephen Clissold (April 1974), Kosta Cukié (Zoukitch, November-December 1973, July 1974), Milovan Djilas (February 1990), Joco Eremie (December 1973, May 1974), Nenad Grisogono (November 1971, January-April 1974, January 1977, September 1977, +D), Radmilo Grdjić (August 1973, January 1974), D.T. Hudson (No vember 1983, January 1984), Radovan Ivaniševič (June-August 1974, June 1975), Lazar Janič (July-September 1978, September 1979), Ilija Jukič (October-December 1974), Zivan Knežević (February 1977, January 1984, +D), Števo Kosanović (December 1973, January 1974), Robert Lethbridge (April 1975), Salvatore Loi (September 1972, February 1973), Michael Lees (November 1986, April 1987), Guido Lucich-Rocchi (February-May 1974, +D), Rusko Matulić (December 1972, May 1974, January 1978, December 1978, January 1979), Vaso Miljuš (May 1972, November 1973, +D), James Millar (April 1974), Armando Moroni (January 1974, May 1974), Rudolf Perhinek (De cember 1978, August 1980), Vladimir Perič (Peritch, April-July 1974, May 1981, +D), Mane Pešut (September 1973, May 1981), Ambas sador Detalmo Pirzio Biroli (February 1981, +D), Vladimir Predavec (September 1971), Bořivoje Radulovič (May 1974, January 1975), Mihailo Radusinović (October 1973, June 1974), Stanislav Rapotec (September-November 1973, May 1974,
October 1977, July 1980, March 1982), Miloš Saičić (August 1975), General Umberto Salva tores (December 1973, +D), Professor Hugh Seton-Watson (May 1974, July 1977, October 1977, January 1981, May 1981), Ljubo Sire (April 1974), Angelo Varalli (February 1974, October 1974), Zvon imir Vučkovič (November 1981, March 1985). Unpublished. Doctoral Theses Brashaw, Nicholas C., ‘Signals Intelligence, the British and the War in Yugoslavia, 1941-1944’, University of Southampton, 2001. Fattig, Richard Cavili, ‘Reprisals. The German Army and the Execu tion of Hostages during the Second World War’, University of California, San Diego, 1980. 308
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ford, Thomas Kirkwood, Jr, ‘Pawns and Powerbrokers. OSS and the Yugoslav Resistance during the Second World War’, University of Mississippi, 1980. Kay, Margaret Anne, ‘The British Attitude to the Yugoslav Government-in-Exile, 1941-1945’, University of Southampton, 1986. Palmer, Peter, ‘The Communists and the Roman Catholic Church in Yugoslavia, 1941-1946’, Oxford University, 2000. Scrase, Gavin M., ‘Britain, the Balkans, and the Politics of the Wartime Alliance. Great-Power Collaboration and the Pre-Percentages Agreement of May 1944’, University of Southampton, 1997. Published Documents Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale, Pierre Blet et al., ed., Vatican City, 1 (1965), 4 (1967), 5 (1969), 6 (1972), 7 (1973). Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918-1945, E 1941-1945, Göt tingen, 1969-1979. Das Ende auf dem Balkan, 1944/45. Die militärische Räumung Jugos lawiens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Karl Hnilicka, ed., Göttin gen, 1970. Documenti diplomatici italiani, IX, 1939-1943, Rome, 1960-1987. Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegsführung, 1939-1945. Dokumente des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Walter Hubatsch, ed., Frankfurt am Main, 1983. Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940-1945, Hans- AdolfJacobsen et al., ed., Frankfurt am Main Munich, 19611969. Jugoslovenska demokratska narodna zajednica, Odluke Svetosavskog kon gresa u slobodnim srpskim planinama (printed in the ‘free Serbian mountains’), 1944. La vicenda italo-croata nei documenti di Aimone di Savoia, 1941-1943, Gian Nicola Amoretti, ed., Rapallo,
1979. Memorijalni centar ‘Josip Broz Tito’ бс Arhivjosipa Broza Tita, Zapisnici NKOJa i Privremene vlade DFJ, 1943-1945, Branko Petranovič бс Ljiljana Markovič, ed., Belgrade, 1991. Mihailovič, Dragoljub, Izdajnik i ratni zločinac Draža Mihailovič pred sudom, Belgrade, 1946, is the first (selected) edition of the steno309
HITLER S NEW DISORDER graphic minutes of the Mihailovič trial. Also available in English as The Trial ofDragoljub-Draža Mihailovič, Belgrade, 1946. The full version, Ne osećam se krivim. Draža Mihailovič pred sudom. Stenografske beleške sa sudjenja vodji četničkog pokreta, Jovan Kesar бс Dragoje Lukié, ed. were published in Belgrade, 1990. Mihailovič, Dragoljub, Dragoljub M. Mihailovič. Rat і mir Djenerala. Izabrani ratni spisi, Milan Vesović et al., ed., Belgrade, 1998. Petranović, Branko Nikola Żutić, ed., 27. mart 1941. Tematska zbirka dokumenata, Belgrade, 1990. Službene novine Kraljevine Jugoslavije, Belgrade to 1941, London 19411945. Stato maggiore dell’Esercito, Ufficio storico, Le operazioni delle unità italiane nel settembre-ottobre 1943, General Mario Torsiello, ed., Rome, 1975. --------Le operazioni delle unità italiane in Jugoslavia, 1941-1943, Salva tore Loi, ed., Rome, 1978. -------- Verbali delle riunioni tenute dal Capo di Stato maggiore generale, volume IV, covering period 1 January-7 September 1943, pu blished in Rome in 1985. --------Dalmazia. Ona cronaca per la storia, Oddone Talpo, ed., Rome, 1941 (1985), 1942 (1990), 1943-1944 (1994). ------- I rapporti fra Alleati e Italiani nella cobelligeranza, Salvatore Loi, ed., Rome, 1986. ------- Diario storico del Comando supremo, III, IV V (1941), Rome, 1989-1992. Zakoni, zakonske odredbe, naredbe i t. d. Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, I-XXXVUI, A. Mataić, ed., Zagreb, 1941-1943. Zbornik dokumenata i podataka о narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslaven skih naroda, I-XIV, Belgrade, 1949-1983. Published. Books
andArticles Afrić, Vjeko, U danima odluka i dilema, Belgrade, 1970. Alexander, Stella, The Triple Myth. A Life ofArchbishop Alojzije Stepinac, New York, 1987. Almuli, Jaša, Živi і mrtvi. Razgovori sa Jevrejima, 2nd ed., Belgrade, 2002. 310
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INDEX N.В. Yugoslavia’ and ‘Second World War’ are not entered. SerboCroatian and Slovenian letters are listed in the order: C and Ć after C, Dj after D, Lj after L, S after S and Z after Z. Ačimovič, Milan, 51, 58, 92 Action française, 5 Adriatic, 41, 150, 156, 163, 200, 241, 243; Adriatic Coastland (Adriatisches Küstenland), 200, 206,250 Aegean, 93, 98,112 Agrarian Party (Zemljoradnička stranka), 14, 223 Albania, 2, 8,11,13,17,22, 72-3, 78, 80-2, 92, 112-13, 171-2, 208-9, 232, 240-1 Albanians, 22, 78, 80-1,172,186, 198, 208-9, 233, 240-1, 268, 280; Albanian irregulars, 52, 75-6, 80,108,113, 209, 268 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 1, 2, 4, 5, 86-7,140 Alexander, Sir Harold, 261 Alexander, Stella, 36 Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia, 190, 219 Allies, Western Allies, viii, 1, 11֊ 12, 14, 31, 51, 54, 57, 64, 67, 88, 91-5, 99, 103, 111, 116, 124, 128, 134, 139, 142-57, 160-1, 167-70, 173-4, 17882, 186-9, 192-5, 198, 200-1, 206, 208, 210, 212, 215, 217, 219, 222, 224, 227, 230-7, 241, 246-57, 260-5, 275, 27980; Allied deception plans, 99, 146, 150-2, 164, 166-7, 238, 251-2, 276; landing in Normandy, see: Operation Overlord’; landing in southern Italy, 188 Ambrosio, Vittorio, 27, 43, 119, 141,152-3 Andrić, Ivo, 97 Anglo-Soviet Treaty, London 26 May 1942, see: treaties Ankara, 138 Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples’ Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 131, 210-12,216-17,221-4,238-9, 253, 265-6, 268-9 Aosta, Amedeo di Savoia Aosta, Duke of, 44 Armellini, Quirino, 127 Armstrong, Charles, 191-2, 195, 222 Aryans (and ‘honorary Aryans’), 31-2 Austria, 2, 4, 102, 112, 235, 262- 325
INDEX 4, 281 Austro-Hungarian armed forces, 4, 25, 28-9, 63, 99,135 Avakumović, Ivan, 162 Avšič, Jaka, 142 Avtovac, 125 Axis, 8, 12, 15, 22, 39, 53, 56, 88, 104, 123-6, 130, 135,139, 147-50, 153-5, 161, 167, 195, 212,268, 271, 273, 276, 281 Biondić, Mark, 136 Birčanin, see: Trifunovič Birčanin Bjelopavlići, Montenegrin clan, 105 Bleiburg, 262 Boban, Ljubo, 10 Böhme, Franz, 61, 63, 65, 67 Boka Kotorska, 76 Bor, see: mines Bosna, 254-5 Bosnia, 18, 35, 37-40, 43-4, 47-8, 53-4, 59, 66, 93, 105, 113-25, 129-30, 137-8, 147-9, 152, 156, 158, 161, 163-9, 176-7, 181, 195, 200, 202, 210, 216. 218, 232, 237, 241, 244, 248, 254, 258-9, 264, 266-7, 276, 278; Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8, 31, 34, 46-7,115, 176, 204, 211-12, 217-18,223 Bošnjaković, Ferdo, 13 Bottai, Giuseppe, 80 Brandenburg units, 219, 226 Brashaw, Nicholas C., 189 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 45, 64,195,201, 231 British Foreign Office, 150 Buć, Stjepan, 201 Budak, Milan, 32 Bujan, 209 Bulgaria, 11, 112, 230, 239-40; in April 1941 war, 18-20, 22, 82; occupation of Yugoslav territory, 49, 51, 61, 68, 71-2, 80, 82, 92,97-8,100-1,182-3, 185, 208, 218, 226-7, 235-7, 239-40; Bulgarian Communist Party, 83, 238; Bulgarian Exarchate, 82 Ba, 223-6 Babič, Ivan, 178, 245 Bačka, 84 Baćović, Petar, 125, 170, 189, 232, 241 Bader, Paul, 67, 117-21, 182 Badoglio, Pietro, 187, 189 Bailey, S.W., 152, 162, 166-8, 191-2 Bakarić, Vladimir, 135, 217 Balkan Wars, see: wars Baltic, 112 Banat, 49-50,100 Banjaluka, 48, 121, 137, 256 Bar, 108 Baranja, 84 Barbasetti di Prun, Curio, 172 Bari, 200, 218-19, 227, 233,245 Bastianini, Giuseppe,
41, 80, 170 BBC, see: British Broadcasting Corporation Belgrade, 6, 7, 13-15, 17-19, 26, 28, 31, 49- 50, 52-53, 60, 65, 68, 88, 91, 97, 100, 117-19, 131, 148, 196, 225, -6, 231, 233-7, 248, 251,266, 281 Berane, 193 Berlin, 30, 262; see also: treaties Bethell, Nicholas, 262 Bihać, 129,132,138,155, 210 Cairo, 191-2,237 326
INDEX Carinthia, 264 Casablanca conference, 167 Catholic Church, Catholicism, Catholics, 25, 31, 34-5, 37, 47-9, 86-7,143-5,172-3,178, 260, 262 Cavallero, Ugo, 153 Cazin, 138 Central National Committee of Yugoslav National Democratic Union, 55, 224-5, 229, 234, 256-7, 259,261 Cetinje, 72-4, 106-9, 114, 123, 171,194,255 Channel, 167 Chetniks, ix, 52-4, 94-5, 112-13, 132, 148, 152, 156-60, 1624, 166-7, 187, 205, 208, 238, 254, 258-9, 267, 276, 281; veterans ofirregular formations of earlier wars, 37, 41, 46, 52; of Kosta Pećanac, 52, 59; of Serbia and Macedonia, 617, 71-2, 95-6, 98-101, 106, 225, 228, 230, 232, 236-41; of Kosovo, 81, 232-3; of NDH, 37-8, 44-5, 48, 11420, 129-30, 133, 137-9, 176, 179-81, 195, 202-4, 216-18, 232, 248, 260; of Montenegro and Italian zone, 105-6, 109, 111-13, 120-5, 153-60, 1645, 168-9, 171-2, 187, 189-90, 192-3, 201-2, 233 Churchill, Randolph, 218, 246 Churchill, Winston, vii, 149,1678, 189, 191-2, 198, 218-21, 236, 251-3 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 13, 21, 26, 32 Clissold, Stephen, 105, 109, 130, 161 Comintern (Communist International), 6, 14, 56, 83, 95, 105, 116, 121, 130, 146, 148,160,168,170 Communist Party of Albania, 209, 240-1 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), communists, vii, 6-7, 14,17, 55-7, 75, 94,121,20813, 215, 218, 224, 254, 264, 266, 268, 273, 275-6, 278, 280-2; in Croatia and Bosnia, 26,38-9,43-6,114-17,121-3, 127, 130, 178, 180-1, 21617, 245; in Macedonia and Kosovo, 7, 83, 101, 183, 2089, 238-40; in Montenegro, 7, 73-80, 104-7, 109-11, 172; in Serbia, 59, 62, 64-5, 67-8, 71, 99-102, 227, 231, 237; in Slovenia, 87, 140, 142-3,
146, 172-4 Constituent Assembly, of 1920, 131-2; of 1945, 252, 268-9 Constitution of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921), 1; of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1931), 1-2, 5; of the Federal Peoples’ Republic of Yugoslavia (1946), 269 Cossack Cavalry Corps, 200, 263 Craiova, 236 Croatia, 24, 35, 38, 43, 55, 61, 100-1, 130, 132-3, 149, 175, 178-80, 185, 199, 202-3, 211, 216, 218, 224, 245-8, 276, 280; Banovina, 2-5, 15, 256, 37, 46; Independent State (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), 18, 20-46, 59, 61, 69, 327
INDEX 72-3, 84, 102, 117-18, 120, 125, 129-30, 132-3, 135, 137, 147, 151-2. 154-5, 159, 165, 174-7, 180-1, 185, 197, 2001, 203-4, 215, 219, 225, 242, 244, 249, 260-1, 263, 275; NDH army, see: Domobrans; massacres and rebellions, 34, 35, 37-40, 42-3, 51, 55, 63, 92-3,122,176,178 Croat Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS), 2-5, 13, 15, 25-6, 38, 44, 46, 48-9, 93,131,134-5,139,169,17881, 202-3, 217, 245-7, 258, 261, 276-7; HSS Guard, 4-5, 9, 22, 47,178 Croatian Orthodox Church, 136 Croats, 7-9, 15, 17, 21, 25, 30-1, 34,36-8,42,44,46,49,51,54, 56,112,114-15,122-3,127-8, 131,133,137,155-6,158,160, 180-1, 185, 187, 196, 202-3, 211-12, 217, 223-4, 231, 249, 258, 263, 276, 278 Czechoslovakia, 2, 8 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 10-12, 19, 51 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 2, 11, 12, 47, 51; Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 2-3, 6-8, 10, 15, 89 Dachau concentration camp, 86, 100, 230 Dalmatia, 22-4, 27-8, 39, 41, 43, 112, 122-3, 148, 156, 165, 169, 179, 197, 199-200, 225, 248,257,260 Damjanovič, Miodrag, 228, 257, 263-5 328 Dangić, Jezdimir, 59,117-19 Danube, 49, 97, 195, 230, 235, 241 Dapčević, Peko, 193, 259 Deakin, F.W.D., 168, 190-1, 198-9 Dedijer, Vladimir, 234 Democratic Party, 102-3, 131, 186, 223 Deva, Xhafer, 209 Dibra (Debar), 81 Divei, 65 Domazet, Sanja, x Domobranstvo, Domobrans (Hrvatsko domobranstvo), 2930, 40, 43, 48, 93, 121, 124, 128, 133-5, 138, 154-5, 158, 168-9, 177-9, 181, 187, 195, 201-4, 216-17, 238, 245-6, 248, 254, 256, 259, 263-5, 281 Drava 241; Drava Banovina, 8 Drenica revolt, 241 Drina, 37, 59,114,119,163,166, 195, 237,254-5, 267 Drljević, Sekuła, 74,256 Drvar,
39, 43-4,218-20 Dubrovnik, 45, 72,124,238, 254 Dulie, Tomislav, 34 Djilas, Milovan, xi, 74-6, 78, 106, 131, 147, 160-2, 170, 201, 217-18, 259, 267 Djordjević, Dimitrije, 225 Djujić, Momčilo, 46, 169, 199, 204, 225,255, 257, 260, 265 Djukanovic, Blažo, 107-10, 112, 123,171,192-4 Djukić, Svetomir, 196, 234, 260֊ 2 Djurić, Radoslav, 101, 209, 233 Djurišić, Pavle, 75-6, 79-80, 105,
INDEX 107-10, 112, 127, 158, 1645, 194-5, 197, 225, 233, 241, 254-6,260,265 Ecumenical Patriarchate, 82 Eden, Anthony, 191 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 235 El Álaméin, 99 Eremie, Joco, 217 Farolfi, Ivanko, 179-80, 246-7 Fascism, vii-viii, 25, 105, 140, 170, 274-5, 279 Fick, Ernst, 242 First World War, see: wars Filipovič, Sulejman, 202 Florence radio transmitter, used by Pavelič on the eve of his departure for Croatia, 24 Foča, 114-16,119,124,137 France, 1,53,112; fall of, 9,11,19, 166; Serbian francophilia, 53, 160, 222-3, 227, 254; German troops brought from, 61 Francetić, Jure, 47,119 Frank, Josip, 4 Free Yugoslavia, see: Radio Free Yugoslavia Friendländer, Saul, ix Gambara, Gastone, 172, 189 Gaulle, Charles de, 227, 237 Gavrilo, Patriarch, 71, 100,230, 257 Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo), 31, 50, 69-70, 98, 100, 136, 182,196,226, 250, 263 Germany, German Reich, 5, 8-10, 12-15, 21, 24, 28-9, 40, 88, 103, 134, 146, 154, 167, 170, 178, 198, 215, 227, 229, 231, 235, 247, 260, 271-2, 274-5; German Foreign Ministry, 50, 58,197 German armed forces, ix, 10, 40, 61,117,274; Command SouthEast (Wehrmachtsbefelshaber Südost), 50, 61, 95, 117, 118, 135, 152, 262; in Yugoslavia, 20,23,28,38,-9,46,48,50,53, 59, 61-2, 67-8, 95, 100, 118, 121-2, 163, 166, 174, 175-6, 182-4, 195-7, 200-1, 217, 227, 243; Military Intelligence (Abwehr), 50, 65, 117, 153, 159,197-8, 204, 217-8 German ‘Operation Punishment’, 17-8; reprisals orders, 601, 182, 244; anti-insurgent operations, 146, 151-2,154-5, 163-5,182,200,202,218,226, 239, 273; withdrawal from Balkans, 215, 221-2, 229-41, 248-49, 252, 255, 258.
261-3, 268; surrender proposals, 230, 259; surrender in Yugoslavia, 262; Gothic Line in Italy, 251 German ethnic minority in Yugoslavia (Volksdeutsche), 16-18, 22, 28, 50-1, 61, 68-9, 85, 99, 132-3, 165, 174—6, 186, 200, 217, 242, 248, 266, 268,280 Germogen, Bishop, 136 Gestapo, see: Geheime Staatspolizei Gestro, Stefano, 188 Giunta, Francesco, 170 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, 29, 40-1, 46, 117, 135, 139, 154, 159-62, 174, 177, 203, 205, 244-6 329
INDEX Glina, massacre, 34 Globočnik, Odilo, 257 Godeša, Bojan, 206 Gorizia, 174, 200 Gorjanci, 145 Grahovo, 255 Grazioli, Emilio, 87-8,140-1 Grčarice, 206 Grdjič, Radmilo, 45-6, 115, 123, 125,135, 200 Great Britain, British, 7, 11, 13, 16-17, 52-3, 63, 65, 71, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98-9, 104, 111, 116, 123, 125-7, 132, 140, 148-9, 155, 161-2, 166, 172, 181-2, 187, 189-90, 192, 198, 203, 215, 219-20, 222, 2245, 227-8, 232, 234, 236, 238, 245-6, 252-3, 262, 264-5, 275-6, 281; Foreign Office, 150; Intelligence services, 150, 167,198 Greece, 10-11, 13, 15-20, 52, 61, 64, 88, 231, 241,257 Gypsies, 29, 32, 34, 69-70,137 Hadžiefendić, Muhamed, 138 Hebrang, Andrija, 180, 217, 246 Helen, Queen of Italy, 72,112 Herzegovina, 37, 39, 46, 54, 75, 77, 107, 112-16, 118-19, 123, 125, 128, 138, 141, 147, 156, 163-4,178,181,187,194,204, 232,248,255, 258,267,276. Hilberg, Raul, 70 Himmler, Heinrich, 33, 85, 97, 138,174,176,182,242,249 Hitler, Adolf, vii, 1, 9-13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 34, 40-1, 46, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 82, 85-6, 91, 117, 135,138-9,152-4,162-3,167, 330 174-6, 182, 197, 204-5, 219, 229, 239, 243, 247-9, 271-2, 274, 279 Holy See, see: Rome Höttl, Wilhelm, 161 Howard, Sir Michael, 149 Hrvatski narod, 5 Hungary, 4, 11, 20, 21-2, 26, 49, 72, 83-4, 92, 112, 135, 186, 241-2,258 Husseini, Amin el-, 176 Ibar, 68, 93,222, 227, 230 Il resto del Carlino, 42 Independent Democratic Party (Samostalna demokratska stranka), 3, 38, 217, 223 International Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO, VMRO), 1-2,238-9 Isonzo (Soča), 265 Istanbul, 203,245 Istria, 200,207,250,257,259-60, 265, 268 Italy, vii, 5,
10-13, 14, 20-26, 28, 30, 32,41,102,107,112,1234, 141, 145, 151, 154, 167-8, 170, 174, 178, 180, 201, 210, 215,217,251,263-4,271,273; annexations and occupation, 27, 37, 39, 41-2, 44-5, 48, 63, 72, 93, 105, 120, 125, 135, 147, 161, 165, 169; Italian Foreign Ministry, 113, 170-2; Italian minority in Yugoslavia, 41, 207, 266, 280 Italian armed forces, Command Armed Forces Slovenia Dalmatia (Supersloda), 27, 43-4, 119, 122, 135, 141, 152, 166, 169, 171; in Yugoslavia,
INDEX ix, X, 20, 37, 39-46, 73, 75-6, 80, 105-7, 110, 112-13, 116, 121, 124, 127-8, 133, 140, 142-3, 145, 155-6, 160, 163, 171-2, 178, 188, 192-3, 199, 274; Military Intelligence, 152, 157, 162, 169; armistice, 188, 199, 201, 204; armed forces after armistice, 188-9, 192-3; prisoners of Germans and partisans, 70, 159, 166, 184,188,199 Ivkovič, Branislav, 186 Jacomoni di San Savino, Francesco, 81,172 Jagodina, 235 Jajce, 210-11, 216 Japan, 11-12 Jasenovac concentration camp, 30, 33-4, 47, 86,179 Jezerica, 267 Jevdjević, Dobroslav, 46, 120, 124-5, 135, 154, 157, 159, 163, 169, 189, 204-5, 225, 255,257, 265 Jews, in Bulgarian-occupied territory, 82; in Germanoccupied Serbia, 51, 61, 6870; in Hungarian-occupied territory, 84; in Italianoccupied territory, 32, 45, 70, 127, 137, 170-1; in Kosovo, 81, 233, in the NDH, 29-32, 34,48,134-7,177-9; Yugoslav prisoners of war in Germany and Italy, 21, 70 Joanikije, Metropolitan, 255 Jones, William, 173 Josif, Metropolitan, 71 Jovanovič, Slobodan, 8,15, 91,98, 104 Jukič, Ilija, 161 Kalabić, Nikola, 185,198, 228 Kalafatović, Danilo, 19 Kalinovik, 156,159,166 Kammerhofer, Konstantin, 175 Karchmar, Lucien, 113, 276 Kardelj, Edvard, 145, 207, 217 Karlovac, 24 Kasche, Siegfried, 29, 46, 160, 162,174,204-5,246-8 Kay, Margaret Anne, 190 Keitel, Wilhelm, 247 Kerestinac internment camp in Banovina of Croatia, 26 Kiszling, Rudolf, 161 Kitzbühel, 235 Knin, 39, 42 Kocbek, Edvard, 173 Kočevski Rog, 173, 264 Kočovič, Bogoljub, ix, 341 Kolar-Dimitrijevič, Mira, 9 Kolašin, 74, 105-7, 109-10, 1645,193-4, 233 Koliševski, Lazar, 83 Kopaonik, 165, 230
Kordun, 39,155,169,202-3,217 Kosovo, 7, 49, 80—2, 113, 209, 211,232-3,240-1,256,267-8; rebellion, 241, 268 Košutič, August, 47,179-80,198, 203, 245-6 Kotor, Provincia di Cattaro, 20, 27, 73, 77, 200 Kozara, 121 Kragujevac, 62 Krajinas, 120, 129, 217 Kraljevo, 62 Krek, Miha, 144 Krnj evie, Juraj, 4,15,178-80,224, 331
INDEX 245 Kulenović, Džafer, 47 Kulovec, Fran, 84 Kuntze, Walter, 61 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido, 29, 32-3, 135, 139 Kvaternik, Slavko, 22-5, 29, 35, 139 Lalich, Nicholas, 254 Lascelles, Sir Alan, 220 Lašić, Djordje, 75, 79, 110, 189, 193-4, 233 Lavant, episcopal see of, 86 League of Nations, 1 Leković, Mišo, 162 Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov, 57 Leskovac, 236 Lijevča Polje, 256 Lika, 39, 43, 123, 153, 155-6, 169,257 Lim, 127 Lipovo, 110,113, 164, 166 List, Wilhelm, 50, 61 Löhr, Alexander, 135, 139, 152, 154,160-1,163-4,174,261-2 London, 64, 91, 98,148, 232 Lorković, Mladen, 203, 205, 2467 Loveen, 73 Luburić, Vjekoslav Maks, 258, 262 Lukačević, Vojislav, 198, 232, 237 Lüters, Rudolf, 154,165,172 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 5,58,67, 71, 92, 94, 96, 98-9, 225, 241, 255-7, 265, 279 Ljubljana, 14, 84, 86-7, 139, 1401, 143, 172, 207, 250, 263-4; Provincia di Lubiana, 31, 86332 7; German occupation, 206-7; Catholic Church, 86-7, 13942,144-5,172,174, 200,206 Macedonia, 4,7,22,53,80-3,101, 126, 183, 208, 211, 218, 223, 233-42; Serbs in Macedonia, 7, 233, 239; Macedonians, 7, 24, 56, 83, 238,240 Maclean, Fitzroy, 62, 189, 191-2, 218 Maček, Vladko, 2-4, 7,13,15,19, 22-3,26,47,134,179-81,191, 203,234-6,261-2, 276 Majevica, 237 Malaparte, Curzio, 42 Mandič, Nikola, 204-5 Maribor, 28, 86 Marič, August, 30-1, 247 Maurras, Charles, 5 McDowell, Robert, 230-1, 234, 237,241,254,260-1, 263 Mediterranean, 49,167, 190 Mentasti, Luigi, 75, 106 Metohija, 76, 81,113, 268 Meyszner, August, 96, 99 Michael of Montenegro, Prince, 73,112-13 Mihailov, Ivan Vancha, 208, 23940 Mihailovič, Dragoljub Draža, 53-67, 71, 78-80,
87, 89, 914, 96, 98-108, 110-117, 120, 122-28,130, 132, 134-5, 1379, 142-3, 146-69, 156-8, 167, 169-70, 172, 180-91, 194-6, 198-9, 201, 203, 206, 208-9, 218-38, 241, 245, 247, 250, 252-8, 261, 264-7, 276-79; christening speech, 166-7; meeting with head of Abwehr,
INDEX 65-6; probable meeting with Nedič, 228; rewards for capture, 66,171,182; saving of Allied airmen, 227, 230, 254; trial 267 Mikuž, Metod, 146, 173 Milizia volontari anticomunisti (MVAC), 120, 124-5. 138, 143-4, 153-4, 156, 165, 168, 172-4, 206-7, 249 Miljkovič, Husnija Huska, 138, 216 Milovanovič Pećanac, Kosta, 52, 59, 65-6, 96 mines, 50, 68, 80, 97, 159, 161 163,175,184-5, 200, 217 Minié, Mihailo, 109 Mišić, Bishop Alojzije, 134 Mitrovica, 22 Moljevič, Stevan, 54-5, 102, 112, 186,196,224,229 Montenegro, 18, 21-2, 27, 35, 63-4, 72-9, 81, 93, 102, 1047, 109-15, 121, 123-4, 129, 141, 153, 155-6, 163-5, 171, 188, 192-94, 197, 211, 218, 222-3, 225, 232-3, 240, 2535, 266, 276, 278; Pirzio BiroliDjukanović agreement 24 July 1942,108 Montenegrin Federalists (Greens), 7, 72,107-9,171,197 Montenegrins, 56,103, 131, 211 Morava, 17,53, 93,195,222,227, 230 ‘Morgenluft’, see: Operation ‘Morgenluft’ Moscow, 55, 78, 149, 234, 237, 253 Mostar, 46, 48, 115, 134, 137-8, 148,158-9,163, 258 Mulalić, Mustafa, 138, 234 Mura, 21, 84 Musakadić, Fehim, 158, 177 Muslims, 31, 34, 37-9,42, 44,469, 51, 56, 76, 78, 80, 93, 106, 109, 112-15, 117, 119, 122-5, 127-8, 131, 133, 137-8, 156, 158, 163, 166, 172, 176-7, 187, 195, 202, 208, 211-12, 216, 223-4, 238, 248, 278, 281; Muslim irregulars, ix, 48, 75-6, 95, 138, 163, 176-7, 192, 198, 202, 216, 248, 254; Muslim notables, resolutions and appeals, 48,137, 176, 216 Mussolini, Benito, vii, 9, 11, 16, 22-3, 28, 40, 43, 46, 73, 75, 77,140, 153,155, 169,171-2, 174,180, 245,271, 273 National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, 211, 216,218, 235
National Committee of Montenegro, 108-9, 194 National Committee for Slovenia, 251, 261, 263 Natlačen, Marko, 84, 86-8, 142, 144 National-Socialism, Nazism, Nazi New Order, 25, 50, 176, 2712, 275-6 Navratil, Friedrich, 204, 244 Nazi-Soviet Pact of 23 August 1939, see: treaties Nazor, Vladimir, 132 Nedič, Milan, 10, 15, 53, 58-9, 65-68, 70, 92, 72, 95-8, 100, 118, 126, 182, 184, 186, 194, 197-9, 225, 227-9, 233, 235, 241 333
INDEX Nenadović, Aleksandar, 162 Neretva, 158-60, 163, 185, 254, 267 Neubacher, Franz, 197-9, 203, 228-30, 233, 235,256-7 Neuhausen, Franz, 50-1 Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 72, 74,107 Nikolaj, Bishop, 71, 100, 230, 257 Nikšić, 19, 59,105,193 Niš, 51, 68, 208, 240 North Africa, the war in, 91, 99, 147,150-1 Novak, Karel, 143-4, 173-4, 206, 249 Novi list, 32 Office of Strategic Services, 230 Opatija, 123 Operation ‘Morgenluft’, 182; Operation ‘Overlord’, 167, 190, 251; Operation ‘Ratweek’ 230; Operation ‘Schwarz’ 153, 162, 164-5, 168; Operation ‘Trio’ 118-19, 124; Operation “Weiss’, 152-3, 155-6, 161-2, 168 Organisation for the Protection of the People (OZNa), 242, 260, 269 Organisation of Yugoslav Nationalists (Orjuna) 46 Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy, Orthodox, 34-6, 40, 48-9, 59, 71, 78, 106, 113-14, 127, 129, 131, 134-7, 170, 209, 248; conversions in the NDH, 3506,134-5,178 OSS, see: Office of Strategic Services 334 Ostojič, Zaharije, 79, 156, 158-9, 170, 232, 241,255 Ostrog monastery, 109,194 Ott, Hans, 159,161,204-5,218 Overlord’, Normandy landing, see: Operation ‘Overlord’ Oxilia, Giovanni Battista, 192-3 OZNA (Organizacija za zaštitu naroda, OZNa), see: Organisation for the Protection of the People Ozren, 254 Pacific, the war in the, 91 Pact of Steel between Italy and Germany, 22 May 1939, see: treaties Pale, 19 Palmanova, 265 Pandža, Muhamed, 216 Parać, Matija, 238 Pariani, Alberto, 172 Paris, 5 partisans, ix, 37-40,44-5,57,60-6, 70-2, 77, 87, 94-6,100,105-7, 114-15, 117-19, 125, 127-30, 133-4, 138-56, 158, 160, 162-9, 172-4, 180-1, 186-95, 199—201, 204-7, 209, 212,
215-17, 220, 227-8, 230-33, 235-42,245-6,248-50,255-6, 258-60,262-68, 278 Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince, 2-4, 6, 10-15 Pavelič, Ante, 4-5, 22-3, 26-30, 32-6, 40-1, 47-8, 120, 1326, 139, 152, 174-5, 178, 187, 200, 204, 240, 242-4, 246-9, 256,259-62 Pećanac, see: Milovanovič Pećanac
INDEX People’s Defence Corps, 236 People’s Front, 1945, 269 Peoples’ Liberation Army (Narodnooslobodilačka vojska, NOV), 60,129,131,160,189, 191, 193, 199, 201-2, 205, 208, 210, 216, 220, 230, 232, 235, 237-42, 246, 248, 258-9, 261-6, 268,274-5, 280, 282 Peoples’ Liberation Movement (Narodnooslobodilački pokret, NOP), vii, 117, 129-31, 151, 155, 179-81, 185, 201-2, 210, 212-13,215-17,220,222,234, 238, 242, 245-6, 249-50, 252, 258, 275,280 Peoples’ Liberation Struggle (Narodnooslobodilačka borba, NOB), 117,268, 282 People’s Radical Party (Narodna radikalna stranka), 5, 223 Perhinek, Rudolf, 79-80, 171, 192, 226 Perié, Stijepo, 244 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia, 13, 18-19,58-9,63,87-8, 93,113, 123, 140, 190, 209, 211, 21822, 226-7, 231-2, 237, 241, 251-2, 263,278,282 Petrović-Njegoš dynasty of Montenegro, 72 Phleps, Arthur, 99 Pièche, Giuseppe, 170 Pietromarchi, Luca, 189 Pijade, Moša, 117 Pirot, 82 Pirzio Biroli, Alessandro, 75-7, 80,106-9,169,171-2 Piva, 165 Pievija, 105 Podgorica, 64, 76, 105-8, 192, 236 Poland, 1, 6, 8, 9,16,19, 281 Politika, 46 Il Popolo d’Italia, 89 Popovac, Ismet, 137-8 Popovič, Koča, 160-2,199 Popovič, Krsto, 107-9,113,197 Požega, 62 Prague, 53 Predavec, Vladimir, 196, 234, 260-62 Prezelj, Ivan, 207, 249 Prijepolje, 195 Proletarian Brigades, 105, 114, 117,160,199, 227 Provisional National Assembly, 1945,266-268 Prozor, 158 Prpič, 178,181, 244 Prützmann, Hans Adolf, 247 Pucelj, Ivan, 86-7 Pula (Pola), 200 Puric, Božidar, 190, 203, 220 Rab (Arbe), 171 Radio Free Yugoslavia, 130,195 railways, 68, 80, 98-9, 163, 195, 200, 206-7, 222, 230, 232, 236,240, 256
Rainer, Friedrich, 200 Ranković, Aleksandar, 218 Rapotec, Stanislav, 134, 148 ‘Ratweek’, see: Operation ‘Ratweek’ Ravna Gora, 53-4, 60, 66, 223 Ravna Gora Movement, 102-3, 186,196, 224-5, 229, 259 Red Army, 40,44,57, 59, 78,105, 116, 125, 155, 200, 220, 222, 229-30, 234, 236-7, 241, 261, 276 335
INDEX Rendulic, Lothar, 175, 248 105-7, 113, 120, 153, 163, Republican Party, 223 165, 171, 195, 197, 218, 232Ribar, Ivan, 131 3, 237, 240-1,255,258 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 13, 21, Sarajevo, 14, 28, 35, 37, 48, 117, 26,162,197, 244,260 119, 136-8, 156, 158, 163, Rijeka (Fiume), 27, 200, 256 176-7,195,216,258 Ristič, Marko, 97 Sava, 33, 121, 160, 241, 255-6, Roatta, Mario, 118-20, 124-6, 262 128, 141, 143, 152-4, 169 Schmider, Maus, 273 Roberts, Walter, 162 Schutzstaffeln, see: SS Robotti, Mario, 140-1, 144-5, ‘Schwarz’, see: Operation 153, 171 ‘Schwarz’ Rodogno, Davide, 189 Scotti, Giacomo, 193 Romania, 11, 20, 49, 61, 99, 112, SD, see: Sicherheitsdienst 222, 227, 234-7 Second Front, 91-2, 98,116,149, Romanija, 37 167,190,192,215 Rome, Holy See of, Vatican, 35, Serb Cultural Club (Srpski 87,143,178, 250,263 kulturni klub), 8, 54, 101-2, Rome Agreements between Italy 112,169,186 and the NDH, 18 May 1941, Serbia, 14, 17, 26, 35, 37, 43, 49, see: treaties 52-9, 61, 63, 67, 72, 78-9, 92Roncaglia, Ettore, 192 3, 95-100, 102,105, 107, ПО, Roosevelt, F.D., vii, 192, 230, 113-14, 117-18, 120-1, 126, 253 129, 147, 149, 154-6, 164, Rose, EM., 191 171, 182-7, 195-7, 199, 210Rosener, Erwein, 207, 249-50, 11, 218, 220-37, 241, 252-3, 263 255, 257-9,266-7, 278,280 Rožman, Bishop Gregorij, 86-7, Serbian Lands, proposed 142-4, 207, 250, 256, 263 Banovina, 8, 46, 102 Rupnik, Leon, 142-3,207-8,249- ‘Serbian residual state’, 50, 256,263-4 German-occupied, 22, 37, Russian Church Abroad, 136 49-50, 58, 61, 69, 80, 92, Russian Security Corps, 59, 99, 95, 97; Commissioners’ 236 administration,
71, 182; Russo, Alfio, 12, 32 Serbian Government of General Nedič, 58, 61, 70-1, Sajmište (Belgrade Fair) 80, 91, 96-8, 100-1, 149, 182, concentration camp, 69-70 194-5, 198-9, 226-7, 235-6; Salonika, 10, 12, 28, 50, 61, 77, refbgees, 33, 59, 72, 81, 101, 242 209, 226; German economic Sandžak, 48, 63, 73, 76-9, 93, 95, measures,80, 97-9, 184, 226 336
INDEX Serbian Orthodox Church, 5-6, 32-3, 71, 82, 92, 135-6, 185, 229 Serbian State Guard (Srpska državna straža), 58, 63, 67, 72, 95-101, 183, 185, 199, 226, 228,231, 235,253, 255, 265 Serbian Volunteer Corps (Srpski dobrovoljački korpus), 58, 62, 67, 69-70, 72, 96, 99-100, 182-3, 199, 226-8, 233, 235, 254, 256-7,264-5,281 Serbs, 7-8, 11-12, 16-17, 21, 34, 55-6,58, 77, 81-2, 89, 92,102, 112, 115, 124-5, 131, 146, 166-7, 178, 182, 186, 197, 209, 211-2, 217, 225, 231-2, 268, 276, 278,281 Serbs of the NDH, 26, 29-30, 32-42,44-5,48-9, 59,114-15, 122, 124-5, 128-9, 135, 137, 146, 156-7, 181, 202-3, 217, 260,280 Shkodra (Scutari, Skadar) 18, 75, 232 Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 50 Sicily, landing in, 170,177,181 Sidoti, Antoine, 274 Simič, Vjekoslav, 42 Simović, Dušan, 14-16, 18-19, 47, 54, 64, 84, 91,103 Skopje, 14, 18, 71, 82, 101, 238, 240 Slavism, Slavs, 5, 103, 131, 147, 272 Slavonia, 39, 161, 200, 244 Slovakia, 11, 139 Slovenia, 13, 18, 20-1, 27, 31, 53, 75, 84-5, 93, 101, 139, 144-7, 149, 153, 156, 174, 187, 206, 211, 218, 224, 249, 251-2, 255-6, 261-4, 266; German annexation of northern Slovenia, programme of ethnic engineering, reprisals, 35, 85, 139 Slovenian Alliance (Slovenska zaveza), 143, 174, 206, 249, 251; Christian Socialists, 173; Liberals, 87-8, 143, 145, 173; Liberation Front (Osvobodilna fronta, OF), 87-8, 142, 144, 146, 172-4, 207; Slovene People’s Party (Slovenska ljudska stranka), 2-3, 7-8, 84, 87-8,142-4, 250 Slovene Home Guard (Slovensko domobranstvo). 207-8, 249051,263-5, 281 Slovenec, 144 Slovenes, 8, 15, 21, 33, 56, 86, 112, 131, 206, 211, 223, 231, 250,
278; ethnic Slovenes in Italy, 86-7 Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, 87, 186, 223 Sofia, 53,101, 149, 240 Sokol, 46 Soviet War News, 149 Spaho, Mehmed, 47 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 64, 78-9, 110, 148-9, 152, 156, 166-8, 188-9, 193, 195, 208, 222, 225-6, 238, 264, 274 Split, 27, 41-2, 45-6, 120, 123, 126-7, 148, 156, 169, 199, 244 Spoleto, Aimone di Savoia Aosta, Duke of, 26,133 Srem, 39, 200, 241; Srem Front (Syrmien-Front), 241-2, 244, 337
INDEX 258-60, 268 Srpsko selo, 71 SS (Schutzstaffeln), 29, 51, 68, 86, 96, 99, 133, 165, 174-6, 200, 205-6, 208, 216-17, 226, 242-4, 247-50; ‘Handschar’ Division, 138, 176-7, 216; ‘Prinz Eugen’ Division, 99, 175, 199, ‘Skanderbeg’ Division, 233, 240 Stalin, Iosif Djugashvili, vii, 9, 57-8, 78, 92, 105, 130-2, 149, 167, 192, 211-12, 234-5, 237, 251, 253, 280 Stalingrad, 150-1 Stanišić, Bajo, 75-6, 105-10, 112, 194 Stepinac, Archbishop Alojzije, 35-6, 134, 144, 178-80, 205, 260, 262 Stilinović, Marijan, 205 Stojadinović, Milan, 2, 51, 87 Strecker, Arthur, 160 Sušak, 199 Sutjeska, 166 Sveti Prohor, 239 Switzerland, 20, 31, 129, 173, 178, 250 Šabac, 69 Šahovići, 112, 223 Šarić, Archbishop Ivan, 35 Šatorov Sarló, Metodije, 7, 83 Šubašić, Ivan, 4,220-22,227,229, 245,251-3 Šuvar, Mira, 162 Tara, 165 Tehran conference, 191-2, 200 Tirana, 80-1,114, 233 Tito, Josip Broz, vii, 6-7, 14, 557, 59, 60, 62-3, 65, 67, 75, 78, 338 83, 92, 96, 101, 105, 113-17, 119,121,128-32,147-9,1512,154-5,158,163,165-6,172, 180-1, 189, 191, 195, 197, 201-2, 208-12, 215-18, 220֊ 23, 230,232,234-8,245,248֊ 49,251-2,254-5,258,265-69, 275-6, 280; meetings with Mihailovič, 60, 62; relations with Comintern, 6, 105, 116, 162, 170, 205; negotiations with Germans, 159-62. 165-6; rewards for capture, 171, 182 Tito-Subašić agreements, 221, 250-2 Todorovič, Boško, 115-6 Todorovič, Zarko, 196 Todt, Nazi Organisation, 159, 184 Tolbukhin, Fyodor, 235,251 Tomasevich, Jozo, ix, 135, 243, 262 Tomašević, Ivan, 245 Tomašič, Ljudevit, 179, 245-7 Tomažič, Bishop Ivan Jožef, 86 Tooze, Adam, 272 Topalovič, Živko, 186, 223-4,
226-7,229 Topčić, Nedžad, 216 Topusko, 246 Travnik, 267 treaties: Anglo-Soviet Treaty, 149; Treaty of Berlin of 1878, 49; Nazi-Soviet Pact 2, 6, 52, 55, Pact of Steel, 2; Rome Agreements Italy-NDH, 26, 28,35,41,200; Tripartite Pact, 11-12, 15-17, 71; YugoslavHungarian Pact of Lasting Peace and Eternal Friendship, 11; Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty
INDEX of Non-Aggression and Friendship of 1941, 16; Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Flelp and Post-War Cooperation of 1945,253 Treblinka extermination camp, 83 Trepča, see: mines Trew, Simon, 66, 99,148 Trieste, 174, 200, 257, 265 Trifhnović, Miroslav, 93, 97, 102, 185,196, 253 Trifhnović Birčanin, Ilija, 41 44, 46, 52, 120, 123-7, 151, 154, 169 ‘Trio’, see: Operation ‘Trio’ Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan, 1940, see: treaties Tromedja, 43 Turjak castle, 207 Turkey, 138, 231 Turks (and ‘Turks’), 37, 79, 109, 115 Turner, Harald, 50-1, 97 Tuzla, 37,138,202, 216,237 Udine, 174, 200 Una, 33,129 United States of America, 11-13, 52, 91,148, 254, 275 US Fifth Army, 261 USSR, Soviet Union, 7, 9-10, 215, 218-22, 231, 234-7, 2412, 247, 251-2, 254, 259, 261, 269, 274-6, 279-81; German invasion, 39, 45, 55-7, 64, 82, 88, 912-2, 105, 116,123,131, 147, 149, 167, 181, 185, 190- 33-5, 37-8, 40-49, 66, 76, 78, 102, 114-18, 120-2, 124-5, 128-9, 133-5, 137, 146, 154, 166, 174-5, 176, 179-81, 197, 200, 202-3, 205, 216, 242-4, 246, 248, 255-60, 262, 266, 278-81; Ustasha Militia (Ustaška vojnica), 29, 31, 117, 119, 145,176-77,204, 259 Užice, 62-4,114; ‘Užice Republic’, 62, 78; Varaždin, 32 Vardar, 17 Vasié, Draglia, 54-5, 102, 112, 185 Vasojevići, Montenegrin clan, 78 Vauhnik, Vladimir, 30-1, 140, 173, 207,250 Velebit, Vladimir, 160-2, 191, 218 Venezia Giulia, 255-6 Vichy, government, regime, 50 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 73,140 Vienna, 12-13, 21, 25-6, 235 Viktring, 264 Vis, 219-20, 222, 227 Visegrad, 195 Vojvodina, 218, 267-8 Vokid, Ante, 244-5,247
Vranje, 82 Vrhbosna, see of, see: Sarajevo Vrnjačka Banja, 97 Vršac, 237 Vučkovič, Zvonimir, xi, 14, 53, 185-6 Vukmanović Tempo, Svetozar, 101,183,208-9, 241 1, 212 Ustashas, ix, 2, 4-5, 17, 25-6, 29, Warlimont, Walter, 243 339
INDEX wars: Balkan Wars, 49, 52, 82, 204; First World War, viii, 16, 34, 52-3, 64, 77, 82, 92, 255 Washington Conference, 167 Weichs, Maximilian Freiherr von, 183, 198, 204-5 ‘Weiss’, see: Operation “Weiss’ Williams, Heather, 166, 215, 264 Wilson, Sir Maitland, 221-2 Yalta conference, 253 Yugoslav capitulation April 1941, 19, 21, 51-3, 73 Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini), 54, 64, 67, 91-103, 110-11, 123-4, 127, 141-4, 148, 156, 158, 160, 169, 173, 179-80,185-7,189-90,193-6, 199, 218, 225, 227, 229, 2312, 235, 238-9, 249-50, 253-5, 261, 263, 265, 276, 278-9, 282; Yugoslav armed forces in Middle East, 64, 91,148 Yugoslav government in exile, 26, 31, 47, 53-4, 64, 87-9, 91, 93, 96,102-4, 111, 123, 130,134, 138-9,143,146-8,153-4,166, 170, 173, 178, 182, 187. 1901, 203, 206, 209, 211, 224, 229, 231, 236, 250,275-6 Yugoslav Muslim Organisation (Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija, JMO), 2-3, 8, 31, 47-8, 131, 138 Yugoslav National Democratic Union, 224, 229 Yugoslav National Party Øugoslovenska nacionalna stranka, JNS), 46, 223-4 Yugoslav-Hungarian Pact of Lasting Peace and Eternal Friendship, 1940, see: treaties Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of NonAggression and Friendship, 1941, see: treaties Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Help and Post-War Cooperation, 1945, see: treaties Yugoslav prisoners of war in Germany and Italy, 20-21, 52, 184 Yugoslav Radical Union Øugoslovenska radikalna zajednica, JRZ), 2-3, 7-8, 15, 43, 52, 87 Yugoslav workers in the Reich, 9, 28, 68, 95,122,133,184,243 Yugoslavism, Yugoslav idea, feelings, 1, 8, 25, 103,
123, 126-7, 130, 133, 139, 148, 186,206,209-10,224 Zadar, 27, 43, 236 Zagreb, 4, 5, 15, 18-19, 24, 28, 34, 46, 74, 132-4, 136, 139, 148, 159-61, 175, 179, 204, 234, 240, 242-3, 245, 247-9, 256,259-64, 277 Zbor, 5, 58, 62, 701,102 Zlatibor, 195 Zoli, Corrado, 42 Žerjavic, Vladimir, 262, 264 Žujović, 169, 200 340 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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CONTENTS vii xii xiii Foreword Abbreviations List ofIllustrations Maps xv 1. The End of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia— August 1939-April 1941 2. Yugoslavia Broken Up: Hitler’s ‘New Disorder—1941 The Independent State ofCroatia and Italy’s three zones The German-controlled 'Serbian residual state’ Italian-held Montenegro; Albania’s, Bulgaria’s and Hungary’s annexations; Slovenia 3. Insurgents Left to Their Own Devices—1942 Mihailovič’s sabotage action in Serbia; the 'Ravna Gora Movement’ The Ttalian-Chetnik Condominium’ ofMontenegro Tito’s March’ across Bosnia; battle without mercy Thefailure ofthe policy offorced conversions in the NDH Slovenia divided between God, Satan and an uncommitted centre 4. The Allies Do Not Come; the Italians Withdraw—1943 In expectation ofan allied landing In expectation ofItaly’s withdrawal After the withdrawal ofItaly 5. The KPJ Liberates, Conquers and Restores Yugoslavia— January 1944-May 1945 Tito’s moves, from Jajce to Belgrade, via Bari, Vis and Moscow v 1 21 22 49 72 91 91 104 114 132 139 151 151 168 187 215 215
The long German withdrawalfrom Macedonia to Slovenia The end: thefinal withdrawal ofthe Germans and the communist takeover 238 252 Conclusion: The Death and Rebirth of Yugoslavia 271 Afterword 283 Dramatis Personae Chronology Bibliography Index 291 299 307 325 vi
BIBLIOGRAPHY What follows is a catalogue of the sources I have used in order to write this book. It is not an exhaustive list of sources, published and unpub lished, for the history of the Second World War in Yugoslavia. Unpublished Documents National Archives (Public Records Office), Kew: Foreign Office papers: FO 371 (General Correspondence, Southern European Department); FO 536 (Embassy and Consular Archives-Yugoslavia Correspondence); FO 898 (Political Warfare Executive). War Cabinet papers: CAB 65 (War Cabinet Minutes); CAB 66 (War Cabinet Memorandum WP CP Series); FO 67 (War Cabinet Memorandum WP [G] Series). Archivio storico dello Stato maggiore dell’Esercito, Rome: Fondo M 3: Documenti restituiti dagli alleati alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale ֊ II Armata; divisioni italiane in Jugoslavia. Fondo H 3, SIM: Notiziari stati esteri, bollerini seconda guerra mon diale -Jugoslavia. Fondo L 13: Documentazione acquisita dal 1968 - Jugoslavia. Fondo N 1-11: Diari storici della seconda guerra mondiale - Jugosla- Žujović, Mladen: Memorandum for Ambassador Stevenson, 8 Decem ber 1944. Interviews and Correspondence Interviews and correspondence (with occasional access to private letters and diaries indicated as ‘+ D’) with the following: 307
HITLER S NEW DISORDER Julian Amery (April 1974), Ivan Babič (December 1977), Milan Bandović (January 1973, April 1974, September 1975), Mrgud Bojanie (january-March 1974, December 1977, November 1979), Peter Boughey (October-November 1976), Professor Franco Catalano Øune 1971), Stephen Clissold (April 1974), Kosta Cukié (Zoukitch, November-December 1973, July 1974), Milovan Djilas (February 1990), Joco Eremie (December 1973, May 1974), Nenad Grisogono (November 1971, January-April 1974, January 1977, September 1977, +D), Radmilo Grdjić (August 1973, January 1974), D.T. Hudson (No vember 1983, January 1984), Radovan Ivaniševič (June-August 1974, June 1975), Lazar Janič (July-September 1978, September 1979), Ilija Jukič (October-December 1974), Zivan Knežević (February 1977, January 1984, +D), Števo Kosanović (December 1973, January 1974), Robert Lethbridge (April 1975), Salvatore Loi (September 1972, February 1973), Michael Lees (November 1986, April 1987), Guido Lucich-Rocchi (February-May 1974, +D), Rusko Matulić (December 1972, May 1974, January 1978, December 1978, January 1979), Vaso Miljuš (May 1972, November 1973, +D), James Millar (April 1974), Armando Moroni (January 1974, May 1974), Rudolf Perhinek (De cember 1978, August 1980), Vladimir Perič (Peritch, April-July 1974, May 1981, +D), Mane Pešut (September 1973, May 1981), Ambas sador Detalmo Pirzio Biroli (February 1981, +D), Vladimir Predavec (September 1971), Bořivoje Radulovič (May 1974, January 1975), Mihailo Radusinović (October 1973, June 1974), Stanislav Rapotec (September-November 1973, May 1974,
October 1977, July 1980, March 1982), Miloš Saičić (August 1975), General Umberto Salva tores (December 1973, +D), Professor Hugh Seton-Watson (May 1974, July 1977, October 1977, January 1981, May 1981), Ljubo Sire (April 1974), Angelo Varalli (February 1974, October 1974), Zvon imir Vučkovič (November 1981, March 1985). Unpublished. Doctoral Theses Brashaw, Nicholas C., ‘Signals Intelligence, the British and the War in Yugoslavia, 1941-1944’, University of Southampton, 2001. Fattig, Richard Cavili, ‘Reprisals. The German Army and the Execu tion of Hostages during the Second World War’, University of California, San Diego, 1980. 308
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ford, Thomas Kirkwood, Jr, ‘Pawns and Powerbrokers. OSS and the Yugoslav Resistance during the Second World War’, University of Mississippi, 1980. Kay, Margaret Anne, ‘The British Attitude to the Yugoslav Government-in-Exile, 1941-1945’, University of Southampton, 1986. Palmer, Peter, ‘The Communists and the Roman Catholic Church in Yugoslavia, 1941-1946’, Oxford University, 2000. Scrase, Gavin M., ‘Britain, the Balkans, and the Politics of the Wartime Alliance. Great-Power Collaboration and the Pre-Percentages Agreement of May 1944’, University of Southampton, 1997. Published Documents Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale, Pierre Blet et al., ed., Vatican City, 1 (1965), 4 (1967), 5 (1969), 6 (1972), 7 (1973). Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918-1945, E 1941-1945, Göt tingen, 1969-1979. Das Ende auf dem Balkan, 1944/45. Die militärische Räumung Jugos lawiens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Karl Hnilicka, ed., Göttin gen, 1970. Documenti diplomatici italiani, IX, 1939-1943, Rome, 1960-1987. Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegsführung, 1939-1945. Dokumente des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Walter Hubatsch, ed., Frankfurt am Main, 1983. Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940-1945, Hans- AdolfJacobsen et al., ed., Frankfurt am Main Munich, 19611969. Jugoslovenska demokratska narodna zajednica, Odluke Svetosavskog kon gresa u slobodnim srpskim planinama (printed in the ‘free Serbian mountains’), 1944. La vicenda italo-croata nei documenti di Aimone di Savoia, 1941-1943, Gian Nicola Amoretti, ed., Rapallo,
1979. Memorijalni centar ‘Josip Broz Tito’ бс Arhivjosipa Broza Tita, Zapisnici NKOJa i Privremene vlade DFJ, 1943-1945, Branko Petranovič бс Ljiljana Markovič, ed., Belgrade, 1991. Mihailovič, Dragoljub, Izdajnik i ratni zločinac Draža Mihailovič pred sudom, Belgrade, 1946, is the first (selected) edition of the steno309
HITLER S NEW DISORDER graphic minutes of the Mihailovič trial. Also available in English as The Trial ofDragoljub-Draža Mihailovič, Belgrade, 1946. The full version, Ne osećam se krivim. Draža Mihailovič pred sudom. Stenografske beleške sa sudjenja vodji četničkog pokreta, Jovan Kesar бс Dragoje Lukié, ed. were published in Belgrade, 1990. Mihailovič, Dragoljub, Dragoljub M. Mihailovič. Rat і mir Djenerala. Izabrani ratni spisi, Milan Vesović et al., ed., Belgrade, 1998. Petranović, Branko Nikola Żutić, ed., 27. mart 1941. Tematska zbirka dokumenata, Belgrade, 1990. Službene novine Kraljevine Jugoslavije, Belgrade to 1941, London 19411945. Stato maggiore dell’Esercito, Ufficio storico, Le operazioni delle unità italiane nel settembre-ottobre 1943, General Mario Torsiello, ed., Rome, 1975. --------Le operazioni delle unità italiane in Jugoslavia, 1941-1943, Salva tore Loi, ed., Rome, 1978. -------- Verbali delle riunioni tenute dal Capo di Stato maggiore generale, volume IV, covering period 1 January-7 September 1943, pu blished in Rome in 1985. --------Dalmazia. Ona cronaca per la storia, Oddone Talpo, ed., Rome, 1941 (1985), 1942 (1990), 1943-1944 (1994). ------- I rapporti fra Alleati e Italiani nella cobelligeranza, Salvatore Loi, ed., Rome, 1986. ------- Diario storico del Comando supremo, III, IV V (1941), Rome, 1989-1992. Zakoni, zakonske odredbe, naredbe i t. d. Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, I-XXXVUI, A. Mataić, ed., Zagreb, 1941-1943. Zbornik dokumenata i podataka о narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslaven skih naroda, I-XIV, Belgrade, 1949-1983. Published. Books
andArticles Afrić, Vjeko, U danima odluka i dilema, Belgrade, 1970. Alexander, Stella, The Triple Myth. A Life ofArchbishop Alojzije Stepinac, New York, 1987. Almuli, Jaša, Živi і mrtvi. Razgovori sa Jevrejima, 2nd ed., Belgrade, 2002. 310
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INDEX N.В. Yugoslavia’ and ‘Second World War’ are not entered. SerboCroatian and Slovenian letters are listed in the order: C and Ć after C, Dj after D, Lj after L, S after S and Z after Z. Ačimovič, Milan, 51, 58, 92 Action française, 5 Adriatic, 41, 150, 156, 163, 200, 241, 243; Adriatic Coastland (Adriatisches Küstenland), 200, 206,250 Aegean, 93, 98,112 Agrarian Party (Zemljoradnička stranka), 14, 223 Albania, 2, 8,11,13,17,22, 72-3, 78, 80-2, 92, 112-13, 171-2, 208-9, 232, 240-1 Albanians, 22, 78, 80-1,172,186, 198, 208-9, 233, 240-1, 268, 280; Albanian irregulars, 52, 75-6, 80,108,113, 209, 268 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 1, 2, 4, 5, 86-7,140 Alexander, Sir Harold, 261 Alexander, Stella, 36 Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia, 190, 219 Allies, Western Allies, viii, 1, 11֊ 12, 14, 31, 51, 54, 57, 64, 67, 88, 91-5, 99, 103, 111, 116, 124, 128, 134, 139, 142-57, 160-1, 167-70, 173-4, 17882, 186-9, 192-5, 198, 200-1, 206, 208, 210, 212, 215, 217, 219, 222, 224, 227, 230-7, 241, 246-57, 260-5, 275, 27980; Allied deception plans, 99, 146, 150-2, 164, 166-7, 238, 251-2, 276; landing in Normandy, see: Operation Overlord’; landing in southern Italy, 188 Ambrosio, Vittorio, 27, 43, 119, 141,152-3 Andrić, Ivo, 97 Anglo-Soviet Treaty, London 26 May 1942, see: treaties Ankara, 138 Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples’ Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 131, 210-12,216-17,221-4,238-9, 253, 265-6, 268-9 Aosta, Amedeo di Savoia Aosta, Duke of, 44 Armellini, Quirino, 127 Armstrong, Charles, 191-2, 195, 222 Aryans (and ‘honorary Aryans’), 31-2 Austria, 2, 4, 102, 112, 235, 262- 325
INDEX 4, 281 Austro-Hungarian armed forces, 4, 25, 28-9, 63, 99,135 Avakumović, Ivan, 162 Avšič, Jaka, 142 Avtovac, 125 Axis, 8, 12, 15, 22, 39, 53, 56, 88, 104, 123-6, 130, 135,139, 147-50, 153-5, 161, 167, 195, 212,268, 271, 273, 276, 281 Biondić, Mark, 136 Birčanin, see: Trifunovič Birčanin Bjelopavlići, Montenegrin clan, 105 Bleiburg, 262 Boban, Ljubo, 10 Böhme, Franz, 61, 63, 65, 67 Boka Kotorska, 76 Bor, see: mines Bosna, 254-5 Bosnia, 18, 35, 37-40, 43-4, 47-8, 53-4, 59, 66, 93, 105, 113-25, 129-30, 137-8, 147-9, 152, 156, 158, 161, 163-9, 176-7, 181, 195, 200, 202, 210, 216. 218, 232, 237, 241, 244, 248, 254, 258-9, 264, 266-7, 276, 278; Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8, 31, 34, 46-7,115, 176, 204, 211-12, 217-18,223 Bošnjaković, Ferdo, 13 Bottai, Giuseppe, 80 Brandenburg units, 219, 226 Brashaw, Nicholas C., 189 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 45, 64,195,201, 231 British Foreign Office, 150 Buć, Stjepan, 201 Budak, Milan, 32 Bujan, 209 Bulgaria, 11, 112, 230, 239-40; in April 1941 war, 18-20, 22, 82; occupation of Yugoslav territory, 49, 51, 61, 68, 71-2, 80, 82, 92,97-8,100-1,182-3, 185, 208, 218, 226-7, 235-7, 239-40; Bulgarian Communist Party, 83, 238; Bulgarian Exarchate, 82 Ba, 223-6 Babič, Ivan, 178, 245 Bačka, 84 Baćović, Petar, 125, 170, 189, 232, 241 Bader, Paul, 67, 117-21, 182 Badoglio, Pietro, 187, 189 Bailey, S.W., 152, 162, 166-8, 191-2 Bakarić, Vladimir, 135, 217 Balkan Wars, see: wars Baltic, 112 Banat, 49-50,100 Banjaluka, 48, 121, 137, 256 Bar, 108 Baranja, 84 Barbasetti di Prun, Curio, 172 Bari, 200, 218-19, 227, 233,245 Bastianini, Giuseppe,
41, 80, 170 BBC, see: British Broadcasting Corporation Belgrade, 6, 7, 13-15, 17-19, 26, 28, 31, 49- 50, 52-53, 60, 65, 68, 88, 91, 97, 100, 117-19, 131, 148, 196, 225, -6, 231, 233-7, 248, 251,266, 281 Berane, 193 Berlin, 30, 262; see also: treaties Bethell, Nicholas, 262 Bihać, 129,132,138,155, 210 Cairo, 191-2,237 326
INDEX Carinthia, 264 Casablanca conference, 167 Catholic Church, Catholicism, Catholics, 25, 31, 34-5, 37, 47-9, 86-7,143-5,172-3,178, 260, 262 Cavallero, Ugo, 153 Cazin, 138 Central National Committee of Yugoslav National Democratic Union, 55, 224-5, 229, 234, 256-7, 259,261 Cetinje, 72-4, 106-9, 114, 123, 171,194,255 Channel, 167 Chetniks, ix, 52-4, 94-5, 112-13, 132, 148, 152, 156-60, 1624, 166-7, 187, 205, 208, 238, 254, 258-9, 267, 276, 281; veterans ofirregular formations of earlier wars, 37, 41, 46, 52; of Kosta Pećanac, 52, 59; of Serbia and Macedonia, 617, 71-2, 95-6, 98-101, 106, 225, 228, 230, 232, 236-41; of Kosovo, 81, 232-3; of NDH, 37-8, 44-5, 48, 11420, 129-30, 133, 137-9, 176, 179-81, 195, 202-4, 216-18, 232, 248, 260; of Montenegro and Italian zone, 105-6, 109, 111-13, 120-5, 153-60, 1645, 168-9, 171-2, 187, 189-90, 192-3, 201-2, 233 Churchill, Randolph, 218, 246 Churchill, Winston, vii, 149,1678, 189, 191-2, 198, 218-21, 236, 251-3 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 13, 21, 26, 32 Clissold, Stephen, 105, 109, 130, 161 Comintern (Communist International), 6, 14, 56, 83, 95, 105, 116, 121, 130, 146, 148,160,168,170 Communist Party of Albania, 209, 240-1 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), communists, vii, 6-7, 14,17, 55-7, 75, 94,121,20813, 215, 218, 224, 254, 264, 266, 268, 273, 275-6, 278, 280-2; in Croatia and Bosnia, 26,38-9,43-6,114-17,121-3, 127, 130, 178, 180-1, 21617, 245; in Macedonia and Kosovo, 7, 83, 101, 183, 2089, 238-40; in Montenegro, 7, 73-80, 104-7, 109-11, 172; in Serbia, 59, 62, 64-5, 67-8, 71, 99-102, 227, 231, 237; in Slovenia, 87, 140, 142-3,
146, 172-4 Constituent Assembly, of 1920, 131-2; of 1945, 252, 268-9 Constitution of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921), 1; of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1931), 1-2, 5; of the Federal Peoples’ Republic of Yugoslavia (1946), 269 Cossack Cavalry Corps, 200, 263 Craiova, 236 Croatia, 24, 35, 38, 43, 55, 61, 100-1, 130, 132-3, 149, 175, 178-80, 185, 199, 202-3, 211, 216, 218, 224, 245-8, 276, 280; Banovina, 2-5, 15, 256, 37, 46; Independent State (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), 18, 20-46, 59, 61, 69, 327
INDEX 72-3, 84, 102, 117-18, 120, 125, 129-30, 132-3, 135, 137, 147, 151-2. 154-5, 159, 165, 174-7, 180-1, 185, 197, 2001, 203-4, 215, 219, 225, 242, 244, 249, 260-1, 263, 275; NDH army, see: Domobrans; massacres and rebellions, 34, 35, 37-40, 42-3, 51, 55, 63, 92-3,122,176,178 Croat Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS), 2-5, 13, 15, 25-6, 38, 44, 46, 48-9, 93,131,134-5,139,169,17881, 202-3, 217, 245-7, 258, 261, 276-7; HSS Guard, 4-5, 9, 22, 47,178 Croatian Orthodox Church, 136 Croats, 7-9, 15, 17, 21, 25, 30-1, 34,36-8,42,44,46,49,51,54, 56,112,114-15,122-3,127-8, 131,133,137,155-6,158,160, 180-1, 185, 187, 196, 202-3, 211-12, 217, 223-4, 231, 249, 258, 263, 276, 278 Czechoslovakia, 2, 8 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 10-12, 19, 51 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 2, 11, 12, 47, 51; Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 2-3, 6-8, 10, 15, 89 Dachau concentration camp, 86, 100, 230 Dalmatia, 22-4, 27-8, 39, 41, 43, 112, 122-3, 148, 156, 165, 169, 179, 197, 199-200, 225, 248,257,260 Damjanovič, Miodrag, 228, 257, 263-5 328 Dangić, Jezdimir, 59,117-19 Danube, 49, 97, 195, 230, 235, 241 Dapčević, Peko, 193, 259 Deakin, F.W.D., 168, 190-1, 198-9 Dedijer, Vladimir, 234 Democratic Party, 102-3, 131, 186, 223 Deva, Xhafer, 209 Dibra (Debar), 81 Divei, 65 Domazet, Sanja, x Domobranstvo, Domobrans (Hrvatsko domobranstvo), 2930, 40, 43, 48, 93, 121, 124, 128, 133-5, 138, 154-5, 158, 168-9, 177-9, 181, 187, 195, 201-4, 216-17, 238, 245-6, 248, 254, 256, 259, 263-5, 281 Drava 241; Drava Banovina, 8 Drenica revolt, 241 Drina, 37, 59,114,119,163,166, 195, 237,254-5, 267 Drljević, Sekuła, 74,256 Drvar,
39, 43-4,218-20 Dubrovnik, 45, 72,124,238, 254 Dulie, Tomislav, 34 Djilas, Milovan, xi, 74-6, 78, 106, 131, 147, 160-2, 170, 201, 217-18, 259, 267 Djordjević, Dimitrije, 225 Djujić, Momčilo, 46, 169, 199, 204, 225,255, 257, 260, 265 Djukanovic, Blažo, 107-10, 112, 123,171,192-4 Djukić, Svetomir, 196, 234, 260֊ 2 Djurić, Radoslav, 101, 209, 233 Djurišić, Pavle, 75-6, 79-80, 105,
INDEX 107-10, 112, 127, 158, 1645, 194-5, 197, 225, 233, 241, 254-6,260,265 Ecumenical Patriarchate, 82 Eden, Anthony, 191 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 235 El Álaméin, 99 Eremie, Joco, 217 Farolfi, Ivanko, 179-80, 246-7 Fascism, vii-viii, 25, 105, 140, 170, 274-5, 279 Fick, Ernst, 242 First World War, see: wars Filipovič, Sulejman, 202 Florence radio transmitter, used by Pavelič on the eve of his departure for Croatia, 24 Foča, 114-16,119,124,137 France, 1,53,112; fall of, 9,11,19, 166; Serbian francophilia, 53, 160, 222-3, 227, 254; German troops brought from, 61 Francetić, Jure, 47,119 Frank, Josip, 4 Free Yugoslavia, see: Radio Free Yugoslavia Friendländer, Saul, ix Gambara, Gastone, 172, 189 Gaulle, Charles de, 227, 237 Gavrilo, Patriarch, 71, 100,230, 257 Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo), 31, 50, 69-70, 98, 100, 136, 182,196,226, 250, 263 Germany, German Reich, 5, 8-10, 12-15, 21, 24, 28-9, 40, 88, 103, 134, 146, 154, 167, 170, 178, 198, 215, 227, 229, 231, 235, 247, 260, 271-2, 274-5; German Foreign Ministry, 50, 58,197 German armed forces, ix, 10, 40, 61,117,274; Command SouthEast (Wehrmachtsbefelshaber Südost), 50, 61, 95, 117, 118, 135, 152, 262; in Yugoslavia, 20,23,28,38,-9,46,48,50,53, 59, 61-2, 67-8, 95, 100, 118, 121-2, 163, 166, 174, 175-6, 182-4, 195-7, 200-1, 217, 227, 243; Military Intelligence (Abwehr), 50, 65, 117, 153, 159,197-8, 204, 217-8 German ‘Operation Punishment’, 17-8; reprisals orders, 601, 182, 244; anti-insurgent operations, 146, 151-2,154-5, 163-5,182,200,202,218,226, 239, 273; withdrawal from Balkans, 215, 221-2, 229-41, 248-49, 252, 255, 258.
261-3, 268; surrender proposals, 230, 259; surrender in Yugoslavia, 262; Gothic Line in Italy, 251 German ethnic minority in Yugoslavia (Volksdeutsche), 16-18, 22, 28, 50-1, 61, 68-9, 85, 99, 132-3, 165, 174—6, 186, 200, 217, 242, 248, 266, 268,280 Germogen, Bishop, 136 Gestapo, see: Geheime Staatspolizei Gestro, Stefano, 188 Giunta, Francesco, 170 Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, 29, 40-1, 46, 117, 135, 139, 154, 159-62, 174, 177, 203, 205, 244-6 329
INDEX Glina, massacre, 34 Globočnik, Odilo, 257 Godeša, Bojan, 206 Gorizia, 174, 200 Gorjanci, 145 Grahovo, 255 Grazioli, Emilio, 87-8,140-1 Grčarice, 206 Grdjič, Radmilo, 45-6, 115, 123, 125,135, 200 Great Britain, British, 7, 11, 13, 16-17, 52-3, 63, 65, 71, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98-9, 104, 111, 116, 123, 125-7, 132, 140, 148-9, 155, 161-2, 166, 172, 181-2, 187, 189-90, 192, 198, 203, 215, 219-20, 222, 2245, 227-8, 232, 234, 236, 238, 245-6, 252-3, 262, 264-5, 275-6, 281; Foreign Office, 150; Intelligence services, 150, 167,198 Greece, 10-11, 13, 15-20, 52, 61, 64, 88, 231, 241,257 Gypsies, 29, 32, 34, 69-70,137 Hadžiefendić, Muhamed, 138 Hebrang, Andrija, 180, 217, 246 Helen, Queen of Italy, 72,112 Herzegovina, 37, 39, 46, 54, 75, 77, 107, 112-16, 118-19, 123, 125, 128, 138, 141, 147, 156, 163-4,178,181,187,194,204, 232,248,255, 258,267,276. Hilberg, Raul, 70 Himmler, Heinrich, 33, 85, 97, 138,174,176,182,242,249 Hitler, Adolf, vii, 1, 9-13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 34, 40-1, 46, 50, 52, 57, 59, 61, 82, 85-6, 91, 117, 135,138-9,152-4,162-3,167, 330 174-6, 182, 197, 204-5, 219, 229, 239, 243, 247-9, 271-2, 274, 279 Holy See, see: Rome Höttl, Wilhelm, 161 Howard, Sir Michael, 149 Hrvatski narod, 5 Hungary, 4, 11, 20, 21-2, 26, 49, 72, 83-4, 92, 112, 135, 186, 241-2,258 Husseini, Amin el-, 176 Ibar, 68, 93,222, 227, 230 Il resto del Carlino, 42 Independent Democratic Party (Samostalna demokratska stranka), 3, 38, 217, 223 International Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO, VMRO), 1-2,238-9 Isonzo (Soča), 265 Istanbul, 203,245 Istria, 200,207,250,257,259-60, 265, 268 Italy, vii, 5,
10-13, 14, 20-26, 28, 30, 32,41,102,107,112,1234, 141, 145, 151, 154, 167-8, 170, 174, 178, 180, 201, 210, 215,217,251,263-4,271,273; annexations and occupation, 27, 37, 39, 41-2, 44-5, 48, 63, 72, 93, 105, 120, 125, 135, 147, 161, 165, 169; Italian Foreign Ministry, 113, 170-2; Italian minority in Yugoslavia, 41, 207, 266, 280 Italian armed forces, Command Armed Forces Slovenia Dalmatia (Supersloda), 27, 43-4, 119, 122, 135, 141, 152, 166, 169, 171; in Yugoslavia,
INDEX ix, X, 20, 37, 39-46, 73, 75-6, 80, 105-7, 110, 112-13, 116, 121, 124, 127-8, 133, 140, 142-3, 145, 155-6, 160, 163, 171-2, 178, 188, 192-3, 199, 274; Military Intelligence, 152, 157, 162, 169; armistice, 188, 199, 201, 204; armed forces after armistice, 188-9, 192-3; prisoners of Germans and partisans, 70, 159, 166, 184,188,199 Ivkovič, Branislav, 186 Jacomoni di San Savino, Francesco, 81,172 Jagodina, 235 Jajce, 210-11, 216 Japan, 11-12 Jasenovac concentration camp, 30, 33-4, 47, 86,179 Jezerica, 267 Jevdjević, Dobroslav, 46, 120, 124-5, 135, 154, 157, 159, 163, 169, 189, 204-5, 225, 255,257, 265 Jews, in Bulgarian-occupied territory, 82; in Germanoccupied Serbia, 51, 61, 6870; in Hungarian-occupied territory, 84; in Italianoccupied territory, 32, 45, 70, 127, 137, 170-1; in Kosovo, 81, 233, in the NDH, 29-32, 34,48,134-7,177-9; Yugoslav prisoners of war in Germany and Italy, 21, 70 Joanikije, Metropolitan, 255 Jones, William, 173 Josif, Metropolitan, 71 Jovanovič, Slobodan, 8,15, 91,98, 104 Jukič, Ilija, 161 Kalabić, Nikola, 185,198, 228 Kalafatović, Danilo, 19 Kalinovik, 156,159,166 Kammerhofer, Konstantin, 175 Karchmar, Lucien, 113, 276 Kardelj, Edvard, 145, 207, 217 Karlovac, 24 Kasche, Siegfried, 29, 46, 160, 162,174,204-5,246-8 Kay, Margaret Anne, 190 Keitel, Wilhelm, 247 Kerestinac internment camp in Banovina of Croatia, 26 Kiszling, Rudolf, 161 Kitzbühel, 235 Knin, 39, 42 Kocbek, Edvard, 173 Kočevski Rog, 173, 264 Kočovič, Bogoljub, ix, 341 Kolar-Dimitrijevič, Mira, 9 Kolašin, 74, 105-7, 109-10, 1645,193-4, 233 Koliševski, Lazar, 83 Kopaonik, 165, 230
Kordun, 39,155,169,202-3,217 Kosovo, 7, 49, 80—2, 113, 209, 211,232-3,240-1,256,267-8; rebellion, 241, 268 Košutič, August, 47,179-80,198, 203, 245-6 Kotor, Provincia di Cattaro, 20, 27, 73, 77, 200 Kozara, 121 Kragujevac, 62 Krajinas, 120, 129, 217 Kraljevo, 62 Krek, Miha, 144 Krnj evie, Juraj, 4,15,178-80,224, 331
INDEX 245 Kulenović, Džafer, 47 Kulovec, Fran, 84 Kuntze, Walter, 61 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido, 29, 32-3, 135, 139 Kvaternik, Slavko, 22-5, 29, 35, 139 Lalich, Nicholas, 254 Lascelles, Sir Alan, 220 Lašić, Djordje, 75, 79, 110, 189, 193-4, 233 Lavant, episcopal see of, 86 League of Nations, 1 Leković, Mišo, 162 Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov, 57 Leskovac, 236 Lijevča Polje, 256 Lika, 39, 43, 123, 153, 155-6, 169,257 Lim, 127 Lipovo, 110,113, 164, 166 List, Wilhelm, 50, 61 Löhr, Alexander, 135, 139, 152, 154,160-1,163-4,174,261-2 London, 64, 91, 98,148, 232 Lorković, Mladen, 203, 205, 2467 Loveen, 73 Luburić, Vjekoslav Maks, 258, 262 Lukačević, Vojislav, 198, 232, 237 Lüters, Rudolf, 154,165,172 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 5,58,67, 71, 92, 94, 96, 98-9, 225, 241, 255-7, 265, 279 Ljubljana, 14, 84, 86-7, 139, 1401, 143, 172, 207, 250, 263-4; Provincia di Lubiana, 31, 86332 7; German occupation, 206-7; Catholic Church, 86-7, 13942,144-5,172,174, 200,206 Macedonia, 4,7,22,53,80-3,101, 126, 183, 208, 211, 218, 223, 233-42; Serbs in Macedonia, 7, 233, 239; Macedonians, 7, 24, 56, 83, 238,240 Maclean, Fitzroy, 62, 189, 191-2, 218 Maček, Vladko, 2-4, 7,13,15,19, 22-3,26,47,134,179-81,191, 203,234-6,261-2, 276 Majevica, 237 Malaparte, Curzio, 42 Mandič, Nikola, 204-5 Maribor, 28, 86 Marič, August, 30-1, 247 Maurras, Charles, 5 McDowell, Robert, 230-1, 234, 237,241,254,260-1, 263 Mediterranean, 49,167, 190 Mentasti, Luigi, 75, 106 Metohija, 76, 81,113, 268 Meyszner, August, 96, 99 Michael of Montenegro, Prince, 73,112-13 Mihailov, Ivan Vancha, 208, 23940 Mihailovič, Dragoljub Draža, 53-67, 71, 78-80,
87, 89, 914, 96, 98-108, 110-117, 120, 122-28,130, 132, 134-5, 1379, 142-3, 146-69, 156-8, 167, 169-70, 172, 180-91, 194-6, 198-9, 201, 203, 206, 208-9, 218-38, 241, 245, 247, 250, 252-8, 261, 264-7, 276-79; christening speech, 166-7; meeting with head of Abwehr,
INDEX 65-6; probable meeting with Nedič, 228; rewards for capture, 66,171,182; saving of Allied airmen, 227, 230, 254; trial 267 Mikuž, Metod, 146, 173 Milizia volontari anticomunisti (MVAC), 120, 124-5. 138, 143-4, 153-4, 156, 165, 168, 172-4, 206-7, 249 Miljkovič, Husnija Huska, 138, 216 Milovanovič Pećanac, Kosta, 52, 59, 65-6, 96 mines, 50, 68, 80, 97, 159, 161 163,175,184-5, 200, 217 Minié, Mihailo, 109 Mišić, Bishop Alojzije, 134 Mitrovica, 22 Moljevič, Stevan, 54-5, 102, 112, 186,196,224,229 Montenegro, 18, 21-2, 27, 35, 63-4, 72-9, 81, 93, 102, 1047, 109-15, 121, 123-4, 129, 141, 153, 155-6, 163-5, 171, 188, 192-94, 197, 211, 218, 222-3, 225, 232-3, 240, 2535, 266, 276, 278; Pirzio BiroliDjukanović agreement 24 July 1942,108 Montenegrin Federalists (Greens), 7, 72,107-9,171,197 Montenegrins, 56,103, 131, 211 Morava, 17,53, 93,195,222,227, 230 ‘Morgenluft’, see: Operation ‘Morgenluft’ Moscow, 55, 78, 149, 234, 237, 253 Mostar, 46, 48, 115, 134, 137-8, 148,158-9,163, 258 Mulalić, Mustafa, 138, 234 Mura, 21, 84 Musakadić, Fehim, 158, 177 Muslims, 31, 34, 37-9,42, 44,469, 51, 56, 76, 78, 80, 93, 106, 109, 112-15, 117, 119, 122-5, 127-8, 131, 133, 137-8, 156, 158, 163, 166, 172, 176-7, 187, 195, 202, 208, 211-12, 216, 223-4, 238, 248, 278, 281; Muslim irregulars, ix, 48, 75-6, 95, 138, 163, 176-7, 192, 198, 202, 216, 248, 254; Muslim notables, resolutions and appeals, 48,137, 176, 216 Mussolini, Benito, vii, 9, 11, 16, 22-3, 28, 40, 43, 46, 73, 75, 77,140, 153,155, 169,171-2, 174,180, 245,271, 273 National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, 211, 216,218, 235
National Committee of Montenegro, 108-9, 194 National Committee for Slovenia, 251, 261, 263 Natlačen, Marko, 84, 86-8, 142, 144 National-Socialism, Nazism, Nazi New Order, 25, 50, 176, 2712, 275-6 Navratil, Friedrich, 204, 244 Nazi-Soviet Pact of 23 August 1939, see: treaties Nazor, Vladimir, 132 Nedič, Milan, 10, 15, 53, 58-9, 65-68, 70, 92, 72, 95-8, 100, 118, 126, 182, 184, 186, 194, 197-9, 225, 227-9, 233, 235, 241 333
INDEX Nenadović, Aleksandar, 162 Neretva, 158-60, 163, 185, 254, 267 Neubacher, Franz, 197-9, 203, 228-30, 233, 235,256-7 Neuhausen, Franz, 50-1 Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 72, 74,107 Nikolaj, Bishop, 71, 100, 230, 257 Nikšić, 19, 59,105,193 Niš, 51, 68, 208, 240 North Africa, the war in, 91, 99, 147,150-1 Novak, Karel, 143-4, 173-4, 206, 249 Novi list, 32 Office of Strategic Services, 230 Opatija, 123 Operation ‘Morgenluft’, 182; Operation ‘Overlord’, 167, 190, 251; Operation ‘Ratweek’ 230; Operation ‘Schwarz’ 153, 162, 164-5, 168; Operation ‘Trio’ 118-19, 124; Operation “Weiss’, 152-3, 155-6, 161-2, 168 Organisation for the Protection of the People (OZNa), 242, 260, 269 Organisation of Yugoslav Nationalists (Orjuna) 46 Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy, Orthodox, 34-6, 40, 48-9, 59, 71, 78, 106, 113-14, 127, 129, 131, 134-7, 170, 209, 248; conversions in the NDH, 3506,134-5,178 OSS, see: Office of Strategic Services 334 Ostojič, Zaharije, 79, 156, 158-9, 170, 232, 241,255 Ostrog monastery, 109,194 Ott, Hans, 159,161,204-5,218 Overlord’, Normandy landing, see: Operation ‘Overlord’ Oxilia, Giovanni Battista, 192-3 OZNA (Organizacija za zaštitu naroda, OZNa), see: Organisation for the Protection of the People Ozren, 254 Pacific, the war in the, 91 Pact of Steel between Italy and Germany, 22 May 1939, see: treaties Pale, 19 Palmanova, 265 Pandža, Muhamed, 216 Parać, Matija, 238 Pariani, Alberto, 172 Paris, 5 partisans, ix, 37-40,44-5,57,60-6, 70-2, 77, 87, 94-6,100,105-7, 114-15, 117-19, 125, 127-30, 133-4, 138-56, 158, 160, 162-9, 172-4, 180-1, 186-95, 199—201, 204-7, 209, 212,
215-17, 220, 227-8, 230-33, 235-42,245-6,248-50,255-6, 258-60,262-68, 278 Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince, 2-4, 6, 10-15 Pavelič, Ante, 4-5, 22-3, 26-30, 32-6, 40-1, 47-8, 120, 1326, 139, 152, 174-5, 178, 187, 200, 204, 240, 242-4, 246-9, 256,259-62 Pećanac, see: Milovanovič Pećanac
INDEX People’s Defence Corps, 236 People’s Front, 1945, 269 Peoples’ Liberation Army (Narodnooslobodilačka vojska, NOV), 60,129,131,160,189, 191, 193, 199, 201-2, 205, 208, 210, 216, 220, 230, 232, 235, 237-42, 246, 248, 258-9, 261-6, 268,274-5, 280, 282 Peoples’ Liberation Movement (Narodnooslobodilački pokret, NOP), vii, 117, 129-31, 151, 155, 179-81, 185, 201-2, 210, 212-13,215-17,220,222,234, 238, 242, 245-6, 249-50, 252, 258, 275,280 Peoples’ Liberation Struggle (Narodnooslobodilačka borba, NOB), 117,268, 282 People’s Radical Party (Narodna radikalna stranka), 5, 223 Perhinek, Rudolf, 79-80, 171, 192, 226 Perié, Stijepo, 244 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia, 13, 18-19,58-9,63,87-8, 93,113, 123, 140, 190, 209, 211, 21822, 226-7, 231-2, 237, 241, 251-2, 263,278,282 Petrović-Njegoš dynasty of Montenegro, 72 Phleps, Arthur, 99 Pièche, Giuseppe, 170 Pietromarchi, Luca, 189 Pijade, Moša, 117 Pirot, 82 Pirzio Biroli, Alessandro, 75-7, 80,106-9,169,171-2 Piva, 165 Pievija, 105 Podgorica, 64, 76, 105-8, 192, 236 Poland, 1, 6, 8, 9,16,19, 281 Politika, 46 Il Popolo d’Italia, 89 Popovac, Ismet, 137-8 Popovič, Koča, 160-2,199 Popovič, Krsto, 107-9,113,197 Požega, 62 Prague, 53 Predavec, Vladimir, 196, 234, 260-62 Prezelj, Ivan, 207, 249 Prijepolje, 195 Proletarian Brigades, 105, 114, 117,160,199, 227 Provisional National Assembly, 1945,266-268 Prozor, 158 Prpič, 178,181, 244 Prützmann, Hans Adolf, 247 Pucelj, Ivan, 86-7 Pula (Pola), 200 Puric, Božidar, 190, 203, 220 Rab (Arbe), 171 Radio Free Yugoslavia, 130,195 railways, 68, 80, 98-9, 163, 195, 200, 206-7, 222, 230, 232, 236,240, 256
Rainer, Friedrich, 200 Ranković, Aleksandar, 218 Rapotec, Stanislav, 134, 148 ‘Ratweek’, see: Operation ‘Ratweek’ Ravna Gora, 53-4, 60, 66, 223 Ravna Gora Movement, 102-3, 186,196, 224-5, 229, 259 Red Army, 40,44,57, 59, 78,105, 116, 125, 155, 200, 220, 222, 229-30, 234, 236-7, 241, 261, 276 335
INDEX Rendulic, Lothar, 175, 248 105-7, 113, 120, 153, 163, Republican Party, 223 165, 171, 195, 197, 218, 232Ribar, Ivan, 131 3, 237, 240-1,255,258 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 13, 21, Sarajevo, 14, 28, 35, 37, 48, 117, 26,162,197, 244,260 119, 136-8, 156, 158, 163, Rijeka (Fiume), 27, 200, 256 176-7,195,216,258 Ristič, Marko, 97 Sava, 33, 121, 160, 241, 255-6, Roatta, Mario, 118-20, 124-6, 262 128, 141, 143, 152-4, 169 Schmider, Maus, 273 Roberts, Walter, 162 Schutzstaffeln, see: SS Robotti, Mario, 140-1, 144-5, ‘Schwarz’, see: Operation 153, 171 ‘Schwarz’ Rodogno, Davide, 189 Scotti, Giacomo, 193 Romania, 11, 20, 49, 61, 99, 112, SD, see: Sicherheitsdienst 222, 227, 234-7 Second Front, 91-2, 98,116,149, Romanija, 37 167,190,192,215 Rome, Holy See of, Vatican, 35, Serb Cultural Club (Srpski 87,143,178, 250,263 kulturni klub), 8, 54, 101-2, Rome Agreements between Italy 112,169,186 and the NDH, 18 May 1941, Serbia, 14, 17, 26, 35, 37, 43, 49, see: treaties 52-9, 61, 63, 67, 72, 78-9, 92Roncaglia, Ettore, 192 3, 95-100, 102,105, 107, ПО, Roosevelt, F.D., vii, 192, 230, 113-14, 117-18, 120-1, 126, 253 129, 147, 149, 154-6, 164, Rose, EM., 191 171, 182-7, 195-7, 199, 210Rosener, Erwein, 207, 249-50, 11, 218, 220-37, 241, 252-3, 263 255, 257-9,266-7, 278,280 Rožman, Bishop Gregorij, 86-7, Serbian Lands, proposed 142-4, 207, 250, 256, 263 Banovina, 8, 46, 102 Rupnik, Leon, 142-3,207-8,249- ‘Serbian residual state’, 50, 256,263-4 German-occupied, 22, 37, Russian Church Abroad, 136 49-50, 58, 61, 69, 80, 92, Russian Security Corps, 59, 99, 95, 97; Commissioners’ 236 administration,
71, 182; Russo, Alfio, 12, 32 Serbian Government of General Nedič, 58, 61, 70-1, Sajmište (Belgrade Fair) 80, 91, 96-8, 100-1, 149, 182, concentration camp, 69-70 194-5, 198-9, 226-7, 235-6; Salonika, 10, 12, 28, 50, 61, 77, refbgees, 33, 59, 72, 81, 101, 242 209, 226; German economic Sandžak, 48, 63, 73, 76-9, 93, 95, measures,80, 97-9, 184, 226 336
INDEX Serbian Orthodox Church, 5-6, 32-3, 71, 82, 92, 135-6, 185, 229 Serbian State Guard (Srpska državna straža), 58, 63, 67, 72, 95-101, 183, 185, 199, 226, 228,231, 235,253, 255, 265 Serbian Volunteer Corps (Srpski dobrovoljački korpus), 58, 62, 67, 69-70, 72, 96, 99-100, 182-3, 199, 226-8, 233, 235, 254, 256-7,264-5,281 Serbs, 7-8, 11-12, 16-17, 21, 34, 55-6,58, 77, 81-2, 89, 92,102, 112, 115, 124-5, 131, 146, 166-7, 178, 182, 186, 197, 209, 211-2, 217, 225, 231-2, 268, 276, 278,281 Serbs of the NDH, 26, 29-30, 32-42,44-5,48-9, 59,114-15, 122, 124-5, 128-9, 135, 137, 146, 156-7, 181, 202-3, 217, 260,280 Shkodra (Scutari, Skadar) 18, 75, 232 Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 50 Sicily, landing in, 170,177,181 Sidoti, Antoine, 274 Simič, Vjekoslav, 42 Simović, Dušan, 14-16, 18-19, 47, 54, 64, 84, 91,103 Skopje, 14, 18, 71, 82, 101, 238, 240 Slavism, Slavs, 5, 103, 131, 147, 272 Slavonia, 39, 161, 200, 244 Slovakia, 11, 139 Slovenia, 13, 18, 20-1, 27, 31, 53, 75, 84-5, 93, 101, 139, 144-7, 149, 153, 156, 174, 187, 206, 211, 218, 224, 249, 251-2, 255-6, 261-4, 266; German annexation of northern Slovenia, programme of ethnic engineering, reprisals, 35, 85, 139 Slovenian Alliance (Slovenska zaveza), 143, 174, 206, 249, 251; Christian Socialists, 173; Liberals, 87-8, 143, 145, 173; Liberation Front (Osvobodilna fronta, OF), 87-8, 142, 144, 146, 172-4, 207; Slovene People’s Party (Slovenska ljudska stranka), 2-3, 7-8, 84, 87-8,142-4, 250 Slovene Home Guard (Slovensko domobranstvo). 207-8, 249051,263-5, 281 Slovenec, 144 Slovenes, 8, 15, 21, 33, 56, 86, 112, 131, 206, 211, 223, 231, 250,
278; ethnic Slovenes in Italy, 86-7 Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, 87, 186, 223 Sofia, 53,101, 149, 240 Sokol, 46 Soviet War News, 149 Spaho, Mehmed, 47 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 64, 78-9, 110, 148-9, 152, 156, 166-8, 188-9, 193, 195, 208, 222, 225-6, 238, 264, 274 Split, 27, 41-2, 45-6, 120, 123, 126-7, 148, 156, 169, 199, 244 Spoleto, Aimone di Savoia Aosta, Duke of, 26,133 Srem, 39, 200, 241; Srem Front (Syrmien-Front), 241-2, 244, 337
INDEX 258-60, 268 Srpsko selo, 71 SS (Schutzstaffeln), 29, 51, 68, 86, 96, 99, 133, 165, 174-6, 200, 205-6, 208, 216-17, 226, 242-4, 247-50; ‘Handschar’ Division, 138, 176-7, 216; ‘Prinz Eugen’ Division, 99, 175, 199, ‘Skanderbeg’ Division, 233, 240 Stalin, Iosif Djugashvili, vii, 9, 57-8, 78, 92, 105, 130-2, 149, 167, 192, 211-12, 234-5, 237, 251, 253, 280 Stalingrad, 150-1 Stanišić, Bajo, 75-6, 105-10, 112, 194 Stepinac, Archbishop Alojzije, 35-6, 134, 144, 178-80, 205, 260, 262 Stilinović, Marijan, 205 Stojadinović, Milan, 2, 51, 87 Strecker, Arthur, 160 Sušak, 199 Sutjeska, 166 Sveti Prohor, 239 Switzerland, 20, 31, 129, 173, 178, 250 Šabac, 69 Šahovići, 112, 223 Šarić, Archbishop Ivan, 35 Šatorov Sarló, Metodije, 7, 83 Šubašić, Ivan, 4,220-22,227,229, 245,251-3 Šuvar, Mira, 162 Tara, 165 Tehran conference, 191-2, 200 Tirana, 80-1,114, 233 Tito, Josip Broz, vii, 6-7, 14, 557, 59, 60, 62-3, 65, 67, 75, 78, 338 83, 92, 96, 101, 105, 113-17, 119,121,128-32,147-9,1512,154-5,158,163,165-6,172, 180-1, 189, 191, 195, 197, 201-2, 208-12, 215-18, 220֊ 23, 230,232,234-8,245,248֊ 49,251-2,254-5,258,265-69, 275-6, 280; meetings with Mihailovič, 60, 62; relations with Comintern, 6, 105, 116, 162, 170, 205; negotiations with Germans, 159-62. 165-6; rewards for capture, 171, 182 Tito-Subašić agreements, 221, 250-2 Todorovič, Boško, 115-6 Todorovič, Zarko, 196 Todt, Nazi Organisation, 159, 184 Tolbukhin, Fyodor, 235,251 Tomasevich, Jozo, ix, 135, 243, 262 Tomašević, Ivan, 245 Tomašič, Ljudevit, 179, 245-7 Tomažič, Bishop Ivan Jožef, 86 Tooze, Adam, 272 Topalovič, Živko, 186, 223-4,
226-7,229 Topčić, Nedžad, 216 Topusko, 246 Travnik, 267 treaties: Anglo-Soviet Treaty, 149; Treaty of Berlin of 1878, 49; Nazi-Soviet Pact 2, 6, 52, 55, Pact of Steel, 2; Rome Agreements Italy-NDH, 26, 28,35,41,200; Tripartite Pact, 11-12, 15-17, 71; YugoslavHungarian Pact of Lasting Peace and Eternal Friendship, 11; Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty
INDEX of Non-Aggression and Friendship of 1941, 16; Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Flelp and Post-War Cooperation of 1945,253 Treblinka extermination camp, 83 Trepča, see: mines Trew, Simon, 66, 99,148 Trieste, 174, 200, 257, 265 Trifhnović, Miroslav, 93, 97, 102, 185,196, 253 Trifhnović Birčanin, Ilija, 41 44, 46, 52, 120, 123-7, 151, 154, 169 ‘Trio’, see: Operation ‘Trio’ Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan, 1940, see: treaties Tromedja, 43 Turjak castle, 207 Turkey, 138, 231 Turks (and ‘Turks’), 37, 79, 109, 115 Turner, Harald, 50-1, 97 Tuzla, 37,138,202, 216,237 Udine, 174, 200 Una, 33,129 United States of America, 11-13, 52, 91,148, 254, 275 US Fifth Army, 261 USSR, Soviet Union, 7, 9-10, 215, 218-22, 231, 234-7, 2412, 247, 251-2, 254, 259, 261, 269, 274-6, 279-81; German invasion, 39, 45, 55-7, 64, 82, 88, 912-2, 105, 116,123,131, 147, 149, 167, 181, 185, 190- 33-5, 37-8, 40-49, 66, 76, 78, 102, 114-18, 120-2, 124-5, 128-9, 133-5, 137, 146, 154, 166, 174-5, 176, 179-81, 197, 200, 202-3, 205, 216, 242-4, 246, 248, 255-60, 262, 266, 278-81; Ustasha Militia (Ustaška vojnica), 29, 31, 117, 119, 145,176-77,204, 259 Užice, 62-4,114; ‘Užice Republic’, 62, 78; Varaždin, 32 Vardar, 17 Vasié, Draglia, 54-5, 102, 112, 185 Vasojevići, Montenegrin clan, 78 Vauhnik, Vladimir, 30-1, 140, 173, 207,250 Velebit, Vladimir, 160-2, 191, 218 Venezia Giulia, 255-6 Vichy, government, regime, 50 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 73,140 Vienna, 12-13, 21, 25-6, 235 Viktring, 264 Vis, 219-20, 222, 227 Visegrad, 195 Vojvodina, 218, 267-8 Vokid, Ante, 244-5,247
Vranje, 82 Vrhbosna, see of, see: Sarajevo Vrnjačka Banja, 97 Vršac, 237 Vučkovič, Zvonimir, xi, 14, 53, 185-6 Vukmanović Tempo, Svetozar, 101,183,208-9, 241 1, 212 Ustashas, ix, 2, 4-5, 17, 25-6, 29, Warlimont, Walter, 243 339
INDEX wars: Balkan Wars, 49, 52, 82, 204; First World War, viii, 16, 34, 52-3, 64, 77, 82, 92, 255 Washington Conference, 167 Weichs, Maximilian Freiherr von, 183, 198, 204-5 ‘Weiss’, see: Operation “Weiss’ Williams, Heather, 166, 215, 264 Wilson, Sir Maitland, 221-2 Yalta conference, 253 Yugoslav capitulation April 1941, 19, 21, 51-3, 73 Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini), 54, 64, 67, 91-103, 110-11, 123-4, 127, 141-4, 148, 156, 158, 160, 169, 173, 179-80,185-7,189-90,193-6, 199, 218, 225, 227, 229, 2312, 235, 238-9, 249-50, 253-5, 261, 263, 265, 276, 278-9, 282; Yugoslav armed forces in Middle East, 64, 91,148 Yugoslav government in exile, 26, 31, 47, 53-4, 64, 87-9, 91, 93, 96,102-4, 111, 123, 130,134, 138-9,143,146-8,153-4,166, 170, 173, 178, 182, 187. 1901, 203, 206, 209, 211, 224, 229, 231, 236, 250,275-6 Yugoslav Muslim Organisation (Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija, JMO), 2-3, 8, 31, 47-8, 131, 138 Yugoslav National Democratic Union, 224, 229 Yugoslav National Party Øugoslovenska nacionalna stranka, JNS), 46, 223-4 Yugoslav-Hungarian Pact of Lasting Peace and Eternal Friendship, 1940, see: treaties Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of NonAggression and Friendship, 1941, see: treaties Yugoslav-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Help and Post-War Cooperation, 1945, see: treaties Yugoslav prisoners of war in Germany and Italy, 20-21, 52, 184 Yugoslav Radical Union Øugoslovenska radikalna zajednica, JRZ), 2-3, 7-8, 15, 43, 52, 87 Yugoslav workers in the Reich, 9, 28, 68, 95,122,133,184,243 Yugoslavism, Yugoslav idea, feelings, 1, 8, 25, 103,
123, 126-7, 130, 133, 139, 148, 186,206,209-10,224 Zadar, 27, 43, 236 Zagreb, 4, 5, 15, 18-19, 24, 28, 34, 46, 74, 132-4, 136, 139, 148, 159-61, 175, 179, 204, 234, 240, 242-3, 245, 247-9, 256,259-64, 277 Zbor, 5, 58, 62, 701,102 Zlatibor, 195 Zoli, Corrado, 42 Žerjavic, Vladimir, 262, 264 Žujović, 169, 200 340 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV047233684 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:01:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:06:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197537039 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032638103 |
| oclc_num | 1277014950 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xix, 340 Seiten, ungezählte Seiten Tafeln |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211015 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)1047950081 aut Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia New York Oxford University Press 2020 xix, 340 Seiten, ungezählte Seiten Tafeln txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Reprint of 2008 edition Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Geschichte 1941-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Pavlowitch, Stevan K. 1933- Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_auth | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_exact_search | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_full | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_fullStr | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hitler's new disorder the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| title_short | Hitler's new disorder |
| title_sort | hitler s new disorder the second world war in yugoslavia |
| title_sub | the second world war in Yugoslavia |
| topic | Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zweiter Weltkrieg Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638103&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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