The Macedonian question and the Macedonians: a history
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 279 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780367218263 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface and acknowledgements 1 Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian claims to Macedonia ix 1 2 The war of ethnographic maps 20 3 The VM(0)R0 and other Macedonian organizations (1893-1940) 36 4 Tracing the birth of a new Balkan nation 63 5 Tito and the Macedonians: the crucial 1940s 83 6 The ‘New Macedonian Question’: the Greek-Macedonian naming dispute 111 7 Bulgaria’s stance towards Macedonia 139 8 The Macedonian language 150 9 The Macedonian national historical narrative 167 10 The charm of Alexander the Great: who were the ancient Macedonians? 193 11 The crux of the Greek-Macedonian dispute: the skeletons in the cupboard 213
viii Contents 12 The settlement of the Greek-Macedonian dispute: the Prespa Agreement 224 13 The ephemeral Macedonian-Bulgarian rapprochement 243 Select bibliography Index 250 261
Index Aarbakke, Vemund xii, 55n30,145 Abdülaziz, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 6 Abdulhamid II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 2 Abdullai, Jonuz 127 Abecedar 53 Aceva, Vera 88 Ačkoska, Violeta 101,183 Acton, Lord (John Dalberg-Acton) 195 Adrianople province (Ottoman vilâyet) 38, 42-43,45-46, 145 Aemilius Paulius Macedonicus 1 Agolli, Nexhat 101,19ІПІ34 Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 28 Ahmeti, Ali 235, 239n25 Albania/Albanian(s) 5, 8, 11-12, 22-23, 25, 28,39, 45,64, 75, 86, 88-89, 94, 96-98,100,102, 121,155,168,176, 197,218, 220, 227,228,234,245 Albanians in Macedonia 101,113-115, 121,127,182,220-221,227-229,235, 238 Albanians, Christian 2, 21,24, 27,31, 217 Aleksandrov, Todor 48-49, 144, 174,183; see also VMRO Alexander I, King of Macedón 200-201, 203-204,206 Alexander II, Tsar of Russian Empire 20, 54n20 Alexander the Great xi, 4, 8, 69, 75, 126-127,176-178,180-182,185, 193-203, 207, 214-215, 227-228 and Chapter 10 (193-207); Alexander Romance 195; criticism of Alexander the Great 195; fascination with Alexander the Great 194-195; Slav enthrallment with Alexander the Great 195-197; see also ancient Macedonia Amadori-Virgilj, Giovanni 24 American/Americans (of the United States) 95-96,102,162 ancient Greece, ancient Greek(s) 4, 69-70, 178,199-200,202-206,215-216; see also Hellenes ancient Greek language 69-70, 178, 197-199,201-202,205-207 ancient Macedonia (Macedón), ancient Macedonian(s), ancient Macedonian heritage xi, 1, 4-5, 8-9, 14, 31, 69-71, 116,124,152,168-169,171-172, 176-181,185-186,193,197-207; ancient Macedonians, debate on ethnic origins and language 4, 197-207; ancient Macedonians
as Greeks 4-5, 8, 152,176,193,215, 230-231, 235,237-238,240n51; ancient Macedonians related to Slavs and to modem Macedonians (Macedonian claim) 69-71,124,168-169,171-172, 176-182, 185-186,193, 195-197,214, 219-220; Macedonians abandon clam to ancient Macedonia 227-229,231 (see also Prespa Agreement); see also Kingdom of Macedonia Anderson, Benedict 66 Andonov-Čento, Metodija 91-93, 106nl04, 174, 183 Andonovski, Hristo 168,180 antikvizacija 126, 177; see also antiquisation Antim (Anthimos), Exarch of Bulgarian Church 6 antiquisation, Macedonian 126-127,169, 171, 177-179,181-182, 193,198,214, 220,229; see also ancient Macedonia, ancient Macedonians related to Slavs and to modem Macedonians (Macedonian claim); Gruevski, Nikola; ‘Skopje 2014 project’
262 Index Antiquity 1, 127,167-168, 171, 177-179, 181, 19ІПІ30,193-194, 197, 204, 215-216, 219-220, 237 Antoljak, Stjepan 175; see also Samuil, Samuil’s empire Apostolski, Mihailo 90-93, 144, 157, 174, 188n54 April Uprising, Bulgarian (.Aprilsko vastame) (April 1876) 7, 44, 46, 142, 173 Aprilov, Vasil 154, 196 archaeologization, Greek 119, 193 Armakolas, Ioannis xii, 237 Armstrong, John 169 Arrian 194, 197, 202 Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek) 5 ÁSNOM (Anti-fascist Assembly for the People’s/National Liberation of Macedonia) 92, 93,101,115, 156, 157, 183; see also AVNOJ assimilation: Bulgarians to Greek culture 6; Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian culture 7-8, 37-38, 40-42, 64, 66-68, 72, 139-140, 171-172 (see also Bulgarian Macedonians, Macedonian Bulgarians); Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian, Greek or Serbian culture 173; Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian or Serbian culture 23, 64 (see also Cvijić, Novakovič); Slavs of Macedonia to Greek culture 5, 9, 53, 63-64, 184, 215; Slavs of Macedonia to Serbian culture 13-14; see also education and schools in Ottoman Macedonia Atanasov, Filip 46, 48-50 Athens, University of 4-6, 31, 70, 168 Austria 13,21,27, 98, 111, 151, 162, 226; dispute over name Deutsch-Österreich 226 Austria-Hungary 3,12, 26, 30, 95, 151, 226 autonomy for Macedonia see Macedonian autonomy or union with Bulgaria (1893-1940)? autonomy for Pirin Macedonia 95, 96 AverofF, Evangelos 112, 132n49 AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council for the People’s/National Liberation of Yugoslavia) 89, 91 awakening see national awakening/ national awakeners Axis powers 85, 89, 94 Badian, Ernest
200-201; view on ancient Macedonians 200-201 Badinter Commission 118; recommendation on recognizing Macedonia 118; rejection of Badinter Commission’s recommendation by Greece 118 Bakoyiannis, Dora 126, 233 Balevski, Angel 143 Balgarianov, Bojan 88 Balkan federation of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, idea of 94, 96, 98, 100 Balkan federation including Macedonia, idea of 40, 42, 46, 49, 51, 89, 93-94, 96, 98, 100 Balkan Wars (1912-1913) 3, 9,12, 28-29, 42, 48, 74 (First Balkan War 28; Second Balkan War x, 28); Bulgaria and Balkan Wars (and losses) 28-29 (see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’); Greece and Balkan Wars (and gains) 28-29,215216 (see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea); Ottomans and Balkan Wars (disaster) 28 (see also Ottoman Balkans); Serbia and Balkan Wars (and gains) 28-29 (see also Greater Serbia; Načertanije; Serbian irredentism); unjustified gains of Greece and Serbia (European assessment) 29 Banac, Ivo 52, 73 Barth, Fredrik 73 Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (the ‘Bulgar Slayer’) 175 Batandjiev, Hristo 37 Bauer, Otto 8 Bechev, Dimitarxii, 195 Belgrade University 12-13, 37 Berlin, Congress of (1878) 20-22 Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 7, 10, 21 Bernstein, Samouil 153 Bihač Congress (1942) see AVNOJ Bismarck, Otto von 21 Bitola (Monastir) province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2, 44, 144 Bitola (Monastir), city of 8, 26-27, 86, 100 Bitovski, Krste 47, 173, 184 Blagoev, Dimitar 41,44 Bled agreements (1947) 96 BMORK (Bülgarski Makedono-Odrinski Revoliutsionni Komitet), BMARC (Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees) 39-41,
Index 55ոՅՅ; see also Macedonian revolutionary organizations; TMORO; VMRO Bogomils 77, 156, 169, 175, 182; see also Medieval Macedonia (Macedonian narrative) Bokov, Georgi 143 Borisov, Boyko 244—246 Borza, Eugene 201-202; view on ancient Macedonians 201-202 Boris III, King (Tsar) of Bulgaria 104n30 Bosworth, Brian 195 Boué, Amie 20 Bourdieu, Pierre 193 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 121-122 Brailsford, Henry Noel 25-26,29, 57n88, 63- 64,152 Brancov 24 Brašnarov, Panko 48, 50, 92-93,100-101, 158, 174, 183 Brauchitsch, Walther von 84 Britain, British 7, 20-21, 26,29-30, 83, 94-95, 97-98,100,102, 111, 117, 121-123, 125,215, 224-225 British-Irish naming dispute 224-225; see also Irish irredentism; Northern Ireland Brown, Keith 39, 42, 45, 64-65; ambivalence of VMRO leaders regarding their national identity 39, 42; ambivalence regarding nationhood 64— 65; Hinden Uprising 45 Brunnbauer, Ulf 169, 186ո4 Bucharest NATO Summit Meeting (2008) 126-128,179; Greek veto to Macedonia’s candidacy to NATO 126-127 (see also International Court of Justice; Karamanlis, Kostas) Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), division of Macedonia into three parts x, 28 Bulgaria, Bulgarian(s), Bulgars ix-xi, 3, 6-14, 30-36, 37-41, 44-46, 52-53, 64-65, 67-68, 70-73,75-77, 83, 97-98, 102,113,124,152,159-162,168, 170-173, 175-177,183-185,196, 218-221, 226, 228,230,233,236 Bulgaria and Pan-Slavism 7,12 (Greek and Serbian fear); see also Russian Pan-Slavism Bulgaria in Paris Peace Conference (1919) 30 Bulgaria in two world wars 20, 30, 85-88; Bulgaria in First World War (in Greek 263 and Serbian Macedonia) 30; Bulgaria in
Second World War (in Vardar Macedonian and northern Greece) 85-88; see also Bulgarian occupation; Bulgarian revanchism Bulgaria of San Stefano 7; Bulgarian narrative 7, 10, 20, 68,141-142 (see also Bulgarian irredentism; Bulgarian revanchism; Greater Bulgaria); Greek and Serbian alarm with San Stefano 11, 20; Macedonians against San Stefano Bulgaria 7, 46; see also San Stefano Treaty Bulgaria undivided or undivided Bulgaria (Tselokupina Balgariya) 10, 48, 86, 87; see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ Bulgaria, union of Macedonia with x, 10, 36, 38, 41, 42, 67 Bulgaria’s recognition of Republic of Macedonia (January 1992) 121, 139-140 Bulgaria’s stance-policy towards Macedonia and the Macedonians: 1870-1919 period 3, 5-14,20-21, 23-24,27-30; 1920^-1940 period 48-49; 1941-1944 period 85-88, 90; 1945-1948 period 91-92, 94-96,100, 140-141; 1949-1989 period 141-145; 1990-2020 period 139-140, 145-147, 243-248 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 29,141, 143-144 Bulgarian ‘awakener(s)’ 68, 69 Bulgarian chauvinism 7, 38, 47, 51,141 Bulgarian Church/Exarchate 6, 7, 8,10, 14, 21, 24-27, 37-38, 40, 44, 70, 92, 173; see also Exarchists; Patriarchate of Constantinople, Patriarch; Patriarchists Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) 49, 50, 51, 76, 77, 88,91-92,93, 95, 94-98, 100 Bulgarian communists see Bulgarian Communist Party Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’ (razpokisvane) 29, 142-143, 145; see also Balkan Wars, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ Bulgarian emigrants from Greece 52 Bulgarian Empire 8,65, 76, 141-144, 174, 177,182,183; First Bulgarian Empire xi, 1-2, 10,
141-142, 144, 175, 183 (see also Medieval Macedonia, Bulgarian or
264 Index Macedonian heritage?, Samuil, Simeon); Second Bulgarian Empire 2, 10,144, 175; see also Medieval Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage? Bulgarian ethnographic maps (1900-1905) 24, 30 Bulgarian Historians, Second Conference of 143 Bulgarian irredentism 73, 85, 92, 172, 177; see also Greater Bulgaria Bulgarian language, literary Bulgarian 13, 14, 50, 64, 68, 70-71, 73, 151, 154-155, 156-159, 163,216 Bulgarian-Macedonian conflict cum clashing narratives see MacedonianBulgarian conflict cum clashing narratives Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute 139-142, 159-162, 220, 245-246 Bulgarian-Macedonian Treaty of Friendship see Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria Bulgarian Macedonians, the Macedonians as 26, 41—42, 70, 144; see also Macedonian Bulgarians Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ 29, 30, 141-142; see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’ Bulgarian national narrative 7, 29, 30, 65, 67; see also Bulgarian national narrative regarding Macedonia, Bulgarian nationalism Bulgarian national narrative regarding Macedonia (the Macedonians and the VMORO) 36-37, 40, 42, 45, 47, 65, 139-147, 159-161, 245-246; see also Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute; VMORO, independent or Bulgarian (Macedonian-Bulgarian debate) Bulgarian National Revival (Bolgarsko natsionalno vazrazhdane) 6, 70, 76, 144, 196 Bulgarian national struggles, participation of Macedonians 24,142, 144, 171 Bulgarian nationalism ix, 6-7,31,41, 47, 67, 73, 140-143, 145, 160, 168, 218,244-245, 247; see also Bulgarian chauvinism;
Bulgarian irredentism; Bulgarian revanchism; Greater Bulgaria Bulgarian occupations (First World War and Second World War): Greek and Serbian Macedonia (First World War) 30; northern Greece (Second World War) 86, 102 Bulgarian occupation of Vardar Macedonia (Second World War) 85-89, 95, 156 Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia x, 48, 92, 94-96,115, 140-141, 146, 147; see also Petrich ditrict Bulgarian preponderance in Macedonia according to non-Bulgarian assessments (1840S-1912) 11, 20-23,25-26; see also Bulgarian ethnographic maps; ethnographic maps Bulgarian refugees from Greek Macedonia and Thrace 29, 31 Bulgarian revanchism 29, 30, 185 Bulgarian ‘state-yes, nation-no formula’ towards Macedonia 139-140, 145-147; see also Bulgaria’s recognition of Republic of Macedonia Bulgarian Supreme Macedonian Committee see Vürhoven Makedonski Komitet Bulgarians as Tatars or Turks 7, 14, 70, 71, 175 Bulgarian-Yugoslav federation idea see Yugoslavia, Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation idea Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations (1944-1948) 87-88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94,100, 101, 183, 184; see also Bulgarophile Macedonians Bulgarophile Macedonians (1940s) 86, 88-90,101,184 Byzantine Empire (Basileia Rhõmaiõri), Byzantine(s) 1-2, 4-5, 9-Ю, 65, 132, 142, 150-151, 161, 175-176, 179, 182-183, 216 Capodistrias, loannis 3 Cartledge, Paul 194-195, 203-204, 207; view on ancient Macedonians 203-204 centralists, Macedonian VMORO 46-47; see also federalists Chalkidiki Peninsula 7-8, 10, 20, 22, 25, 31; Greeks the great majority during Ottoman period 8, 20,22, 25, 31 Chaulev, Petar 48-49 Chemopeev, Hristo 37,43,46, 48 China,
People’s Republic of (PRC) 111, 215, 224-224 China, Republic of (ROC) 111, 224; naming dispute over the name of Taiwan 111,224 Christowe, Stoyan 42, 57n85, 59-60nl50
Index Churchill, Winston 97-98,109nl73 Clement 151, 183; see also Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Ohrid Literary School; Preslav Literary School Clinton, Bill 122-124 Colocotronis, Vasillos 31 Cominform (Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties) x, 99-101, 140, 183 Comintern (Communist International) x, 36, 49-51, 65, 84-85, 88, 139, 247 Congo, Republic of 225; CongoBrazzaville, Congo-Leopoldville 122, 225 Connor, Walker 66, 78 Constantinople, city of 1, 5-6,12-13, 22, 26-27, 43, 69-70 Constitution of Republic of Macedonia and changes in its provisions 114-115, 121, 124, 128, 230, 232, 234-236, 238, 240n47, 240n53, 244, 246 Copenhagen Meeting, Human Dimension of the CSCE (1990) 112 Country Report on Human Rights Practices (United States) 112-113 Courtenay, Jan Baudouin de 26, 73, 152 CPY (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 83-85, 87-91, 98-100 Crampton, R.J. 99 Crete 5, 8, 25, 28, 43, 67 Croatia, Croatian(s) 49-50, 72, 84, 91, 95, 114, 117-118, 121, 151, 162, 196,219 Crossland, R.A. 202; view on ancient Macedonians 202 Crvenkovski, Branco 125, 184 Crvenkovski, Krste 141 Crvenkovski, Stevo 124 CUP (Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress) 27-28 Čupovski, Dimitrija 42, 71, 74-75, élni 11, 153, 155-154, 220; existence of distinct Macedonian nation 198; independent statehood 74; Slavic Medieval roots (Samuil, Cyril and Methodius) 74—75 Cutilleiro, José 119 Cvijić, Jovan 13-14, 24, 26, ЗО, 69, 142, 145, 221; idea of Macedo-Slavs 23, 26, 30, 221 Cyril and Methodius 37, 74-75, 143, 150, 160-161, 169, 171, 174-175, 182-183, 219; Cyril and Methodius in Bulgarian narrative xi,
143, 160-161, 171, 219 (see also Medieval geographical 265 Macedonia, Bulgarian heritage); Cyril and Methodius in Macedonian narrative 74-75, 150, 161, 169, 171-172, 174175, 182-183, 219 (see also Medieval geographical Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage?, Macedonian heritage (claimed by Macedonians)); see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Glagolitic alphabet; Naum Cyrillic alphabet xi, 53, 150-151, 157, 160-162, 171, 174-175, 183, 219; see also Clement; Cyril and Methodius; Glagolitic alphabet; Naum Czartoryski, Adam 18n94 Danforth, Loring 53 Danov, Hristo 155 Dante Alighieri 195 Daskalov, Georgi 145 Daskalov, Roumen 70 Dedijer, Jefto 12 Dedijer, Vladimir 99 Dedov, Stefan 71, 155 Delchev, Gotse 37, 39-43, 45-46, 55n44, 67, 73, 90, 96, 141, 143-144, 156, 170-173, 219, 245-248 Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) 101-102 Demosthenes 180,197, 201 Denmark 117, 234 Dérié, Vasilije 13 Dimitrov, Anton 37 Dimitrov, Georgi x, 50, 91-92, 94-98, 100, 197nll5, 140, 141, 145; autonomous or independent Macedonia 50; Balkan federation 94—96, 100; Macedonians (new nation or multiethnic people?) 91-92; Pirin Macedonia 92, 95-96, 100; see also Djilas, Milovan; Kremlin meeting under Stalin; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz Dimitrov, Nikola 125, 162, 226, 228, 230-231, 240n32, 240n48; see also Kotzias, Nicos; Prespa Agreement Dimitrov, Philip 139,147n4 Dinev, Angel 76-77, 185 Disraeli, Benjamin 20 Djilas, Milovan 84-85, 96-98,100, 107nll5, 108nl63; Dimitrov and Macedonians 107nll5; Stalin and Greek Civil War 97; Tito-Stalin split 100 Dordevic, Vladan 13-14 Dragašević, Jovan 12-14 Draganov, Petar
152
266 Index Dragoumis, Ion 9 Drezov, Kyrii 219 Droysen, Johann Gustav 4; ancient Macedonians as Greeks Democratic Union for Integration (DUI, Albanian Macedonian Party) 235 Dubrovsky, Josef 151 Durham, Mary Edith 25-26 education and schools in Ottoman Macedonia: Bulgarian education and schools 10, 24-25, 64, 72, 87, 154, 157, 173, 175, 196, 218; Greek education and schools 5-6, 8-9, 24—25, 36, 63, 68, 153-154,168,175-176, 196-197, 218; Serbian education and schools 12-13, 25, 36, 64, 155, 157, 159, 175, 218 EAM (Greek National Liberation Front), ELAS (Greek People’s Liberation Army) 86, 90-91, 98 Eastern Question ix, 20, 29 EC (European Community), EU (European Union) 111, 113-115, 117-122, 127-128, 217, 226-229, 231-237, 240n47,241n69,243-247; EC/EU Council of Foreign Ministers and other EC/EU meetings 117, 119, 234; EU Summit Meetings 120, 122; see also European Council EU accession process for Macedonia 115, 127-128, 226-229, 232-234; Greek veto (2009-2018) 127-128, 229; Greek veto dropped (2019) 234; see also North Macedonia accession process to EU Errington, Robert Malcolm 202-203; view on ancient Macedonians 202-203 ethnographic maps 2-3, 11, 20-31, 86; see also Bulgarian ethnographic maps; Greek ethnographic maps; Serbian ethnographic maps Euripides 197 European Council (of the EC/EU) 118, 122,127, 234; France’s temporary veto 234 (see also Macron) Evans, Arthur 23, 25,152 Exarchate see Bulgarian Church Exarchists (Bulgarian or Slavspeakers) 8-9, 21, 37, 42, 44, 51, 64; see also Patriarchists Federal Republic of Germany 225; chosen name by Germans 225,238n6 Federal
Yugoslavia ix, 50, 77, 83, 85, 91-92, 111, 182 federalists, Macedonian VMORO 36, 41, 46-49, 68, 92; see also centralists First World War 30-31,48, 52,73, 208n3, 226 Fokas-Kosmetatos, Spyridon 31 former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (fYROM), the 122, 125, 127-128, 218, 237, 239nl4 former Yugoslavia 117-118,121-122 France, French 24, 30,44,48, 177,123, 215,225, 234, 241n69 Frantz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia 54n20 Freeman, Edward Augustus 5 Friedman, Victor 153-154; periodizing Macedonian dialect to language 153-154 fYROM see former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Gaj, Ljudevit 151 Garašanin, Ilija 11-12, 18ո94, 146, 151 Garvanov, Ivan 37, 43, 46, 173-174, 183 Gemidzhii (Boatmen) 43—44; see also Thessaloniki bombings Gellner, Ernest 66, 218 Gennadios, Ioarmis 21 geographical Macedonia x, 1-2; Aegean Macedonia (Serbian and Macedonian designation) 85-86, 91, 95, 126, 228, 247; Pirin Macedonia x, 48, 91-92, 94-96, 100, 140-141, 145, 147; three Macedonian regions 2, 28; Vardar Macedonia 51, 68, 77, 83, 85-87, 91-82, 123, 128, 140, 219, 226, 247 geographical name cases settled amicably or by default (various examples) 225 geographical naming disputes see naming disputes Georgiev, Kimon 93 Georgievski, Boris 179 Georgievski, Ljubčo 113,125,181, 243 German invasion of Yugoslavia (April 1941) 84 German language 159, 162 Germany: during nineteenth century 67, 151, 205; during 1914—1918 30; during 1941-1944 49, 83-86, 88-90, 93, 104n30 (see also Nazi Germany); see also Federal Republic of Germany Germany and Greek-Macedonian conflict (1990s)
111, 117,125; Germany
Index against Macron’s decision 234 (see also Macron) Gibbon, Edward 4 Gladstone, William 40,55n31 Glagolitic alphabet 150-151, 157, 161-162,183; see abo Cyril and Methodius; Cyrillic alphabet Gligorov, Kiro 113-116,119,121-123, 126,180, 215,220; against Macedonian irredentism 115 (see also Maleski, Denko); Slavic origins of Macedonians (not ancient Macedonian roots) 180; territorial integrity of states 114—115, 118 (see also Badinter Commission); ‘three-pillar foreign policy’ (EU, NATO, and good neighbourliness) 115 Gopčević, Spiridon 12-14 Gorchakov, Alexander 20 Gorkič, Milan 84 Gotsev, Dimitar 145 Greater Bulgaria 7-8, 11,12,20,23, 26, 40-41, 68, 73, 87, 134n94,141, 171-172, 177, 184; Macedonians against Greater Bulgaria 40, 41, 46, 67, 73, 172,184 Greater Greece 5, 40; see also Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Great Idea see Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Greater Serbia 11-12, 40, 87, 134n94, 151; see also Načertanije; Serbian irredentism Greece (1850-1918): acquiring Ottoman Macedonia or ‘historical Macedonia’ (1850S-1913) 3-9, 21-25, 27-29; ancient Macedonians and Greek irredentism 5 (see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea); ancient Macedonians as Greeks (1850s-1860s) 4—5; Slav-Macedonians descendents of Greek ancient Macedonians (Greek claim) 8, 152, 176, 197; see also Balkan Wars, Greece and Balkan Wars Greece and Macedonians (1919-1990): Greece (1991-2020) (see GreekMacedonian conflict; GreekMacedonian naming dispute; Prespa Agreement); interwar policy towards Slavspeakers in Greek Macedonia 52-53; Macedonian issue and relations with Yugoslavia
(1950-1990) 112 Greek Civil War 94,96-102; see also Djilas, Milovan; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz 267 Greek claims of Macedonian irredentism see Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims Greek embargos against Macedonia: formal embargo (1994) 123-124; informal embargo (1992) 118, 120 Greek ethnographic maps (1870s֊1918) 21-24,29,31 Greek irredentism 3, 5-6, 8, 24; see also Greater Greece; Megali Idea Greek limited ethnic presence in Ottoman Macedonia 3, 7-9,20-25, 28-30,216-217; see also Chalkidiki Peninsula Greek Macedonia, Greek Macedonians 2.30-31, 52, 77,86, 98,102,116, 119-120,125,184,213-215,219, 228-229; see also geographical Macedonia, Aegean Macedonia; Greek Macedonian diaspora Greek Macedonia’s drastic population change (1923-1924) 52, 215; see also refugees to Greece from Asia Minor Greek Macedonian diaspora (Australia, North America) 112, 115,119-120 Greek-Macedonian conflict, the crux of the antagonism xi, 213-221; reasons of the Greek anti-Macedonian attitude 213-217; reasons of the Macedonian anti-Greek attitude 217-221 Greek-Macedonian naming dispute xi, 111, 114-131, 193-194, 225, 227-238; compound name suggestions 119, 121-123, 125-126, 128, 129-130 (Table 6.1), 220-221, 225-226, 230; dispute phases (cooperation and stalemate 125-126; dispute at its peak (1991-1995) 114-125; ‘double formula’ 126 (see also Nimetz, Mathew); final negotiations for a settlement (2018) 226-231 (see also Prespa Agreement); stalemate and worsening of relations (2006-2017) 126-128); Greek approach on naming dispute 114-128 (intransigence (19911999) 114—125 (see also Karamanlis, Konstantine;
Samaras); Miloševič, Greek alignment with 117-120; relative flexibility (2000-2017) 125-128 (see also Bakoyiannis, Simitis); three Greek preconditions 116-117); Macedonian approach on naming dispute 114-128 (flexibility (1992-2005) 114-126; intransigence (2006-2016) 126-128
268 Index (see also antiquisation); ‘red lines’ (2008-2016) 128 (see also Gruevski, Nikola) Greek-Macedonian naming dispute-erga omnes see Prespa Agreement, sticking point erga omnes Greek Macedonian Struggle (1904-1908) 9,27 Greek national narrative 4—5, 213, 216-217; see also Greek nationalism; Korais, Paparrigopoulos Greek nationalism ix. 3, 5, 8-9, 23, 31, 118-120, 122, 126, 142, 213, 216-217, 233, 236; see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Greek Revolution (1821-1830) 173 Greek ‘small idea’ (1878-1881) 8 Green, Peter 194—195,199-200; view on ancient Macedonians 199-200 Grekov, Trifon 75, 176 Grigorovich, Victor 69,197 Grote, George 4; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4 (see also Paparrigopoulos) Gruev, Dame 37, 39,42-44, 46, 71, 141, 144, 156, 171, 173, 219, 248 Gruevski, Nikola 126-128, 138nl93, 169,177-179,181-183, 227, 243; see also antikvizacija; antiquisation, Macedonian; VMRO-DPMNE Guli, Pitu 39, 54ո27,248 Gundulić, Ivan 151, 196 Hadjinikolov, Ivan 37, 42, 43 Hadzhidimov, Dimo 37, 41-42, 46-49, 67 Hall, Jonathan M. 204; view on ancient Macedonians 204 Hammond, Nicholas G.L. 1999, 207; view on ancient Macedonians Harrison, Simon 193-194; see also symbolic conflict Hastings, Adrian 169 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades 204-205; view on ancient Macedonians 204—205 Hellenes 4-5, 178, 193, 201, 202, 205, 214; see also ancient Greece Hellenization, Hellenized 5, 6, 9, 21, 63, 179-180,197,199, 201-202, 207, 216-218 Hellenistic period 179,197, 202,207 Helsinki Final Act 114-115 Herodotus 197, 199, 204-2005, 207 Hitler, Adolph 84-86,93, 104n30 Hobsbawm, Eric 66
Holbrooke, Richard 124 Homblower, Simon 204; view on ancient Macedonians 204 Hristov, Alexander 173 Hron, Karl 26,152 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 27, 57nl00; see also Macedonia, Ottoman census Ignatiev, Nilolay 7, 20 Uievski, Petar Hristov 206-207; criticism of modem Macedonians’ alleged ancient Macedonian roots 207; view on ancient Macedonians 206-207 ilinden Organization 75 ilinden Uprising (August-September 1903) 9, 25-26, 36, 43-45, 54n27, 58n88, 57nl02, 71-72, 75, 90, 92, 141-142, 170, 172-173, 183, 185, 230, 244-245, 247-248; actual events 43—45; against an uprising 43; Bulgarian uprising in Bulgarian narrative 45—46, 141-144, 240n45, 245, 247 (see also IlindenPreobraźenie Uprising); Greek fears 9 (see also Greek Macedonian Struggle); major ‘sacred’ myth in Macedonian narrative 45, 57nl02, 90, 92, 172-173, 185, 244-245, 247-248; Misirvov’s ambivalent assessment of ilinden Uprising 72 (see also Misirkov, Krste); in support of an uprising 43 Ilinden-Preobraženie Uprising (Bulgarian narrative) 143-145 Iljovski, Vasil 77, 156,185 illiteracy of Macedonians (circa 1850-1912) 63-64, 218 Illyrians 4, 76,168,171, 176, 178, 180, 182,197-199, 201,203,229 Illyrianism of Croatians 151; see also Gaj, Ljudevit INI (Institut za nacionalna istorija) (Institute of National History) 169-171, 174-176,178, 183-184 Interim Accord (Greece-Macedonia) (September 1995) 123-125, 231; Greek violation of Interim Accord 127-128; see also International Court of Justice International Court of Justice (ICJ) 125, 128,229; decision against Greece 128 Ireland 111, 224—225; see also BritishIrish naming dispute;
Irish irredentism; Northern Ireland irredentism see Bulgarian irredentism; Greek irredentism; Irish irredentism;
Index Macedonian irredentism; Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims; Serbian irredentism Irish irredentism 224,225; see also British-Irish naming dispute; Ireland; Northern Ireland Italy, Italians 28,30, 50, 53, 67, 84, 86, 117,196 Ishirkov, Anastas 24 Isocrates 197-201, 205-206 Ivanov, Gjorge 127, 232, 240n53 Ivanov, Jordan 30 Ivanovski, Vasil 76-77, 82nl26,93, 158, 168, 171,185, 248; ancient roots of modem Macedonians irrelevant 171; autonomy true goal of VMORO 171; Medieval Slavic origins and Samuil s empire 76, 171; national character of Delchev, Gruev and other VMORO leaders unclear 171; separate Macedonian nation 76, 171; see also Katardžiev, Ivan; Macedonian national narratives Jagich, V. 73 Jankov, Anastas 40, 43, 50 Jankov, Hristo 50 Joachim III, Patriarch 7 Kaklikis, George xii, 125 Kanchev, Vasil 24 Karadžič, Vuk 11-12,69,151,156-157, 162 Karakachanov, Krasimir 244—245 Karamanlis, Konstantinos 116,118,120, 134n97 Karamanlis, Kostas 126 Karamičiev, Mihail 173 Karev, Nikola 42, 44, 115, 248; see also Kruševo Republic, Kraševo Manifesto Kardelj, Edvard 84,93, 96,98 Karič, Vladimir 12 Katardžiev, Ivan 40,47, 66, 77, 168, 173, 184-185; clash between federalists and centralists 47; interwar maturing of Macedonian nationhood 77; Ivanovski’s contribution 185; Macedonian nation’s recent birth 66, 77,168, 185; Slavic origins of Macedonians 185; TMORO and Delchev 40; VMORO and VMRO (criticism of VMRO) 117 Kazazis, Neoklis 24-25 Kemal Atatürk 168,220; see also Turkish History Thesis 269 Kiepert, Heinrich 20-23; contacts with Paparrigopoulos 22 (see also Paparrigopoulos);
ethnographic maps 20-23 Kingdom of Macedonia (or Kingdom of Macedón) 1-2, 180,194, 199, 205-206; see also ancient Macedonia Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 30, 48; see also Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia during the interwar Kinkel, Klaus 123 Kirjazovksi, Risto 173 Kiselinovski, Stojan 173,183-184 Kitanchev, Trayko 40 Kjosev, Dino 140-141 KKE (Communist Party of Greece) 5, 16n37, 51-53,6ІПІ88, 86,90-91,99, 101-102,120; KKE Fifth Plenum of Central Committee, resolution of (1949) 101, 110n222 (see also Greek Civil War; NOF; Zachariadis) Kocev, Venelin 143 Kofos, Evangelos x, xii, 7-9, 94,102, 112, 114-115, 119, 123-124, 132ո34, 137nl88,173,213-215; Hinden in Macedonian narrative 173; Macedonian Question x; mutation approach 94,213; San Stefano Bulgaria 7; scholarly views x, 7-8, 94,102, 119,124, 137nl88, 173, 213, 214-215; views as adviser to Greek foreign ministry 112,114-115, 123, 132n34, 214; Vlachs and Greek irredentism in Macedonia 8-9 Kolárov, Vasil 50 Kolettis, loannis 5; see also Megali Idea Koliševski, Lazar 78, 77-89, 91, 93, 95, 141, 157, 171-172, 248; Macedonian nation and its recent birth 172 Koneski, Blaže 74, 153, 157-159, 162,164n28; contribution to literary Macedonian 157-158 Kordatos, Yianis 51 Rostov, Ivan 243 Korais, Adamantios 4; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4; see also Greek national narrative Koromilas, Lambros 9 Kotzias, Nicos 128,226,228, 230-231, 233,238n8,239n22-23, 239n25, 230n32, 230n39, 230n45; see also Prespa Agreement Kovačevič, Ljubomir 13 Kovachev, Slavcho 75 Krčovski, Hadži Joakim 153-154
270 Index Kremlin meeting under Stalin (February 1948) 96-98 (see also Dimitrov, Georgi; Diilas, Milovan; Stalin, Tito) Krle, Risto 77, 156, 185 Kronsteiner, Otto 160 Kruševo Republic (August 1903) 44; Kraševo Manifesto 42,115; major myth in Macedonian narrative 45,90, 173, 248 Kuzman, Pasko 179 Lane Fox, Robin 194, 202; view on ancient Macedonians 202 languages in Ottoman Macedonia (1800֊ 1912) 3, 8, 21, 216; Bulgarian language 6, 8,64, 69,155-156,169-162; Greek language 3, 5,23,178,216; Macedonian language (see Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute; Macedonian language and dialect); Serbian language 11, 69, 151, 156-158 Lausanne Peace Conference (1922-1923) 52 Lavrov, Pyotr 26, 73, 152, 155 Lejean, Guillaume 20-21 Levski, Vasil 37, 144 Llobera, Josep 169 Lozančev, Anastas 44 Lunt, Horace 150, 153,158-159; on the Macedonian language 150, 153, 158-159 Macedonia, geographical see geographical Macedonia Macedonia, history of (circa 500 BC-1870) 1-2, 197-217; see also ancient Macedonia; Medieval Macedonia Macedonia name dispute see GreekMacedonian naming dispute Macedonia, region of: ethnic composition in nineteenth and early twentieth century 2-3, 27 (see also ethnographic maps); geography and history (from antiquity until Ottoman Macedonia) 1-2 (see also geographical Macedonia; Ottoman Macedonia); Ottoman census (1904) 27 Macedonia, state of, government of (19912020) ix֊x, 2,4, 92-94, 113-122, 125-128,138nl92,141, 143, 145-147, 161-162, 175, 204, 217, 226-230, 234, 236, 239nl4, 240n47, 243, 245-246; see also North Macedonia; Socialist Republic of Macedonia ‘Macedonia to the
Macedonians’ (Macedonian slogan) 39-40, 55n31, 72; see also Gladstone Macedonia in Ottoman Empire see Ottoman Macedonia Macedonia naming dispute see GreekMacedonian naming dispute Macedonia ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’ (or ‘Balkan Switzerland’) 41, 46, 48, 75, 219; see also Macedonian supranationalism Macedonian autonomy or union with Bulgaria (1993-1940): the debate 38-39, 42; autonomy for Macedonia (autonomous Macedonia) genuine ix, 26, 36,38-43,4frM8, 66-67, 72-74, 83, 144, 171, 173; autonomy stepping stone for union with Bulgaria 36, 38, 40, 42, 48, 67, 72, 142 Macedonian-Bulgarian conflict cum clashing narratives 36, 38, 40, 42, 45—46, 47, 65, 67, 139-147. 1251-152, 159-162, 170-175, 182-184, 243-246 Macedonian-Bulgarian Treaty of Friendship see Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria Macedonian Bulgarians, the Macedonians as 26, 40-42, 47, 64, 66-68, 72. 74-75, 78, 96, 142, 144-146, 171-173, 196, 247; see also Bulgarian Macedonians Macedonian diaspora (Australia. North America) 112,177, 180, 219 Macedonian-Greek conflict see GreekMacedonian conflict Macedonian-Greek naming dispute see Greek-Macedonian naming dispute Macedonian historians (1950s onwards) 173, 188n54; see also Macedonian revisionist history Macedonian ¡iredentism (1940s-1950s) 92-3,228; Macedonia against ¡iredentism 115, 124, 228 (see also Gligorov, Kiro; Maleski, Denko); minority of ultranationalists today xi Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims xi, 115-116,124, 127,213-215,228, 230-231; see also Prespa Agreement,
provisions Macedoniím language and dialect: between Serbian and Bulgarian 13-14, 25 (see also Belič, Cvijić); Macedonian Bulgarian dialect or
Index language international linguistic debate 26, 152-153, 158-160, 162-163 {see also Friedman, Victor; Lunt, Horace; Marinov, Tchavdar); Macedonian dialects (Macedonian initially as a Bulgarian dialect) 2, 8, 10, 13, 64, 153; Macedonian western-central (zapadnocentralen) dialect of the Veles-Prilep-Bitola region to become Macedonian language 71, 73, 76, 157, 171 {see also Dedov, Stefan; Ivanovski, Vasil;Koneski, Blaže; Misirkov, Krste); Macedonian western-central (zapadnocentralen) dialect to become part of literary Bulgarian, attempts by Macedonians and Bulgarians 71, 154—155); Macedonian language (standardization as a distinct language) 92-94, 153-159, 162-163; Macedonian language non-existent (Bulgarian claim: western Bulgarian dialect(s)) x֊xi, 90, 113, 139, 142, 145, 151-152, 159-162, 245-246 {see also BulgarianMacedonian language dispute); main Greek claim (1950-2017) a Bulgarian dialect x, 8, 23, 113, 152, 213-214, 217, 220; other Greek claims (distinct Slavic or Slav-Macedonian dialect (1920-1935)) 52-53, 152; related to ancient Greek Macedonian (1870S-1912) 8, 152, 176, 197; Serbian claims (southern Serbian dialect) 10, 13-14, 51, 83, 152, 159; see also Slav-Macedonian Macedonian language related to Old Church Slavonic of Cyril and Methodius (Macedonian claim) 161, 171,175, 182-183, 219 Macedonian nation ix-x, 47, 50-51, 63-78, 83, 85, 90, 92-94,167-186, 228, 230, 246; belated Macedonian nationhood 45, 63-66, 68, 112, 169170,173, 218-219; belatedness, reasons for 64-65, 173; de-bulgarization, need for 172-173, 175, 247; early harbingers (1860Տ-1900) 68-71; final
Greek acceptance of Macedonian nationhood cum language 228, 231-232 {see also Prespa Agreement) Macedonian nation, non existence of: Bulgarian claim xi, 65, 139-147, 245-246; Greek claim (1936-2017) 53, 65, 112-113,115-116,118, 120, 160, 213-215, 217; Serbian claim 271 (1880Տ-1940) 10, 13-14, 51, 83, 90, 115, 152, 159 Macedonian nation’s origins, ancient Macedonian roots see antikvizacija, antiquisation; Macedonian national narratives, three main narratives Macedonian nation’s origins, Medieval Slavic roots 168-169, 171, 174-175, 180, 182-183, 185-186, 219, 227; see also Gligorov, Kiro; Ivanovski, Vasil; Macedonian national narratives, three main narratives; Ristovski, Taškovski Macedonian national anniversary see Prophet Elijah’s day Macedonian national anthem 39,157,248; see also Maleski, Vlado Macedonian national narratives 36, 40, 42, 45, 47, 67, 70-71, 168-186, 219, 247֊ 248; Medieval (Ivanovski, Ristovski, Taškovski) 168 {see also Ivanovski, Vasil; Ristovski, Taškovski; Macedonian nation, Medieval Slavic roots); modernist (Katardžiev, Misirkov) 168 {see also Katardžiev, Ivan; Misirkov, Krste); see also VMORO, independent or Bulgarian (the Macedonian-Bulgarian debate); ilinden Uprising, INI, Kruševo Republic; Čupovski, Ivanovksi, Katardjiev; Misirkov, Krste; Ristovski, Taškovski, Vlahov Macedonian nationalism 42, 47, 50, 64—68, 70-71, 74-78, 92-94, 127, 156, 161, 168-186, 217-218, 227, 244-247; see also Macedonian national narratives Macedonian nationalism and the VM(O) RO: ambivalent relationship 66-68; see also VMORO, VMRO Macedonian minority 112, 229; Macedonian
minority in Bulgaria, denial of existence by Bulgaria x, 113, 140-142, 146, 244—247; Macedonian minority in Greece, denial of existence by Greece x, 113, 116, 185,214-215, 217 Macedonian Question ix-x, 4; Macedonian Question lato sensu ix; Macedonian Question stricto sensu (1878-1949) ix-x; ‘New Macedonian Question’ x, 111-112 Macedonian refugees from Greece 102,173; measures against them by Greece 102 Macedonian revisionist history 101,169, 177, 181, 183-184; see also Ačkoska, Kiselovski, Risteski, Z. Todorovski
272 Index Macedonian revolutionary organizations x, 36—50; see also MRO, TMORO, VMORO, VMRO, VMRO (ob), Vűrhoven Makedonski Komitet Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO) 37, 39 Macedonian Scientific Institute (in Bulgaria) 145-146 Macedonian Scholarly and Literary Society (or Macedonian Literaryscientific Student Fellowship) 71, 155, 185; see also Mišajkov, Dijamadija; Misirkov, Krste; Čupovski, Dimitrija; Young Macedonian Literary Society Macedonian supranationalism 40, 41-42, 47, 75; see also Macedonia ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’; Marinov, Tchavdar Macedonians’ alienation from Bulgaria, reasons for 41, 67-68, 155, 247 Macedonism (Makedonizam), Macedonists 13, 23, 68, 70-71, 146, 176, 185, 221; see also Cvijič, Novakovič, Ristovski, Slaveykov Macedonoslavs or Macedono-Slavs (Greek designation) 31, 52; see also SlavMacedonians Macedo-Slavs 23, 26, 30, 83, 221; see also Cvijič Macron, Emmanuel 234, 241n69, 246 Makedonski, Dimitar 185-186 Maleska, Mirjana xii, 172 Maleski, Denko xii, 83-84, 115, 118-119, 121-122, 133ո73, 134ո82, 135ПІ05, 135ПІ08, 167, 177, 180, 220, 247, 249ո46; critique of antiquisation 180-181; critique of Macedonian narrative 220,247; nationalism and Balkan nationalisms 167, 177; ongoing Macedonian-Bulgarian conflict 247 Maleski, Vlado 157,248 Makedonski, Dimitar 185-186 MANAPO (Makedonski naroden pokret), Macedonian People’s/National Movement 77 maps see ethnographic map(s) Marinov, Tchavdar xii, 36, 41, 45-47, 53nl, 54n22, 54n28, 55n30, 58nl05, 58nl23, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82nl41, 154, 160, 162-163; ilinden in Bulgarian and Macedonian narrative 45^16;
Macedonian language 154, 162-163; Macedonian separatism and the VMORO 36,41,47, 53nl, 67, 74, 77; Macedonian supranationalism 41,47 Markovski, Venko 77, 93,101,156-158, 185 Masing, Leonhard 26 Marko Kraljević 197 Markovič, Sima 51, 84 Markovski, Venko 77, 93,101,156-158, 185 Matov, Hristo 37,42-43, 46 May Manifesto (May 1924) 49 Mázon, André 152 Mazzini, Giuseppe 8; see also Renan, Ernest Medieval geographical Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage? (Samuil, Cyril and Methodius) xi, 1-2, 8, 10, 141-145, 150, 160-161, 168-169, 171-172, 174-175, 179, 182-183, 185-186, 219, 244-245 (Bulgarian heritage) xi, 1-2, 8, 10, 141-145, 160-161, 171, 244-245 (see also Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius in Bulgarian narrative; Samuil, Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian); Macedonian heritage (claimed by Macedonians) xi, 76-77, 150, 161, 168-169, 171-172, 174-175, 179, 182-183, 185-186, 219 (see also ÁSNOM; Čupovski; Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius in Macedonian narrative; Dinev, Grekov; Ivanovski, Vasil; B. Panov, M.B. Panov, Ristovski; Samuil, Samuil’s empire as Macedonian; Taškovski, Vlahov) Medieval period, Middle Ages xi, 8-13, 65, 92, 141-144, 167, 171-175, 177, 179, 182-183, 219 Medieval Bulgaria xi, 8-10, 92, 141-144, 177; see also Bulgarian Empire, Samuil, Simeon, Zhivkov Medieval Macedonia (Macedonian narrative) xi, 168-169,171-175, 179, 182-183, 219; see also Bogomils; Cyril and Methodius; Samuil Medieval Serbia 10-13, 65, 175; see also Serbian Empire; Stefan Dušan Megali Idea (Greek irredentist Great Idea) 3, 5, 10-12, 22, 24; see also Greater Greece; Greek
irredentism Meillet, André 153 Meinhard, F. 22 Metaxas, Ioannis 53, 185,215, 217 Michael III, Byzantine Emperor 150; see also Cyril and Methodius
Index Michev, Dobrin 145-146 Mihailov, Ivan (Vancho) 48-50, 59nl35, 59nl46, 59nl50, 86-89, 93, 183, 185 Miladinov brothers 68-69, 151, 153-154, 171,173; Dimitar Miladinov 68, 154, 176,185,197; Konstantin Miladinov 68, 69,154 Miletich, Lyubomir 29 Miljovski, Kiro 172 Mill, John Stuart 8 millet system (Ottoman Empire) 22, 175; Bulgarian millet 6; Rum millet 6 Milojević, Miloš 12-14, 23 Miloševič, Slobodan ix, x, 115-118,120; Milošević’s policy against Macedonia ix֊x, 115-118,133n72 Minogue, Kenneth 66 Mirchev, Kiril 159 Mišajkov, Dijamadija 71, 155 Misirkov, Krste 42, 68, 71-75, 83, 142, 153,155-158, 168,173-174, 185, 219,247; Bulgaria as ‘demon’ for the Macedonians 72; creating a Macedonian language 73 (see also Macedonian dialects); creating a Macedonian nation 72-73; ilinden Uprising 72, 142, 173; Serbian contribution to Macedonian nationhood 72; VMORO and ambivalent link with Bulgaria 72-73; see also Ristovski Mitsotakis, Konstantinos 113,116-120, 122-123,192ПІ71,229 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos 233-234 modernity and nationalism see nationalism and modernity Mojsov, Lazar 173 Molotov, Vyacheslav 96-99 Momigliano, Arnaldo 207 Monastir vilâyet see Bitola (Monastir) province Moscow University (Lomonosov) 12,68 Mouzelis, Nicos 207 Načertanije (Outline) 11-12; see also Greater Serbia, Garašanin, Serbian ¡iredentism Naceva, Mara 88, 91 naming disputes 111, 224-226; see also Greek-Macedonian naming dispute, geographical name cases settled amicably or by default national awakening/national awakeners 63-64,66, 167-169; Bulgarian national awakening/national awakener(s) 273
64,68-69,142,155,175, 218; Greek national awakening 64, 218; Macedonian belated national awakening 45, 63-64, 72,77,169,172,176,185, 218; Serbian national awakening 64, 218 national historical narratives 167-168 nationalism and modernity 6, 64,66, 168-169, 218 nationalism, theories of 8, 65-66, 78, 167-170,218 nationalism ix~xi, 6, 28, 64-66, 78, 167, 169-170,193,203, 218; see also Bulgarian nationalism; Greek nationalism; Macedonian nationalism; Serbian nationalism nationalities, principle of 7-8 nationalities of Macedonia 31,42, 46, 48, 50, 72, 78, 85,221 NATO 111, 115, 120,121, 126-128,217, 233-236,244; Macedonia bid to join NATO 126, 226-229, 232-234; NATO and Greek veto 127-128, 179; North Macedonia accession to NATO (2019) 234 nationalities of Yugoslavia 89 Naum 151; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Ohrid Literary School; Presláv Literaiy School Naumovsld, Vasko 128,226 Nazi Germany 49, 83-86, 88-90, 93, 104n30 Nedelkovski, Kole 77, 156 Netherlands 117,123,225, 234 Neuilly, Treaty of (1919) 31, 52 New Democracy (Greek party) 120,123, 233-234, 241n57 Nicolaides, Kleanthis 23,29 Nikolaev, Danari 40 Nikolajevič, Svetomir 13 Nimetz, Mathew 124-126, 128, 226, 228-231, 236-237, 240n47; compound name suggestions 126, 128, 138nl93, 226; ‘principle of loss aversion’ 230; see also Greek-Macedonian naming dispute NOF (National Liberation Front), SlavMacedonian 101-102 Northern Ireland 111, 224—225 North Macedonia x, 126, 129 (Table 6.1), 161,168,208n3,214-215, 226,230234, 237-238, 245-248; see also former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Macedonia
274 Index North Macedonia accession process to EU 234; temporary veto by France, Netherlands and Denmark 234; veto dropped 234 Northern Ireland 111, 224—225 Novakovič, Stojan 12-14,19nl07, 23, 146,177; idea of Macedonism 13, 23 (see also Macedonism) Obolensky, Dimitri 175 Ohrid Literary School 151, 183; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Presláv Literaiy School Old Serbia (Stara Srbija) 10, 12, 24, 51, 83 O’Neil, Robin 121-122 Orbini, Mavro 196 Orthodox Christians in Macedonia 5, 8-9, 21-22,24,51,64,216,218 Orthodox Church 6-7, 63 OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) 111, 117, 121 Ostrogorsky, George 175 Ottoman Balkans (Ottomans in Europe) 2, 6,10, 14, 21, 27-28, 196, 218 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, Sublime Porte (Ottoman Government) ix, xi, 1-3, 5-7, 9-12, 14, 21-22, 27-29, 30, 40, 48, 214; see also ‘Turks’ for the Ottomans Ottoman Macedonia x, 1-2, 8-9,24, 27, 36, 38, 40, 43-45, 65, 67, 70-71, 74, 115, 155, 163, 175-176, 182, 196, 220 Ottoman misgovemment/Ottoman misrule 10,28 Owen, David 121,123 Paeonia or Paionia, Paeonians/Paionians 2, 198-199 Paisti of Hilandar 144, 160 Pallis, Alexander 52 Pandev, Konstantin 40 Pandevski, Manol 47, 173, 184 Panitsa, Todor 46, 48-49 Panov, Anton 77,156,185 Panov, Branko 182, 190nl04 Panov, Mitko B. 168,179, 183 Pan-Slavism, pan-Slavist(s) 7,12, 20 Papaconstantinou, Mihalis 121-123, 134n97 Papandreou, Andreas 112,120, 123-124 Papandreou, George 125, 128 Paparrigopoulos, Constantine 4—5, 22,216; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4; ancient Macedonians as Greeks 4—5; contacts with Kiepert 22 (see also
Kiepert, Heinrich); see also Greek national narrative; Grote, George Papoulias, Karolos 124 Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 30-31,48, 226 Paris Peace Conference (1946) 96,143 Parlichev, Grigor 78, 70, 153-154 Partisan(s) (National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia) 46, 84, 87, 99, 219 Partisans in Macedonia (Macedonian Partisan Detachments) 87-88, 90, 92, 150, 156, 170,219 PASOK (Greek party Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement) 123, 125 Patriarchate and Greek irredentism 6-7 Patriarchate of Constantinople, Patriarch (Ecumenical Patriarchate/Ecumenical Patriarch) 5-Ю, 14, 24, 27, 63, 171; opposition to Bulgarian Church 6-7 Patriarchists (Bulgarians or Slavspeakers) 8, 9, 44, 64, 216; see also Exarchists Pausanias 197 Pavelič, Ante 49-50, 59nl35, 89 Pavlowitch, Stefan 89 Pejčinovik, Hadži Kiril 153-154 Pendarovski, Stevo 247 percentages agreement (October 1944) 97-98, 109nl73; see also Churchill, Winston; Stalin Petermann, August Heinrich 20 Petkovški, Ljupcho 237 Perseus, King of Macedón 1 Petrich district (or Petrich region) 48—49, 95; see also Pirin Macedonia Petrov, Gyorche 37, 39-43, 46, 48, 66-67, 144, 156, 173, 219 Petrov, Petar 145-146 Petruševska, Dušica 176 Petruševski, Mihailo 157 Philip II, King of Macedón ix, 5, 31, 176178,181, 197,199, 200-203,206, 215 Pineiro, João de Deus 119,130 Pineiro Package (April 1992) 119, 130 Pirin Macedonia x, 48-49, 77, 91-92, 94-96, 100, 140-141, 145, 147 Plutarch 197, 202, 205 Poparsov, Petar 37, 42, 46, 48, 71, 153 Popov, Antov 76 Popov, Dimitur 113 Popov, Konstantin 160 Popovič, К. 112 Poptomov, Vladimir 50,
91, 93, 172, 248 Popyordanov, Yordan 43—44
Index Portugal 111, 119, 134ո82,130 Poulton, Hugh 158 Preobraženie Uprising 44, 143, 145 Preslav Literary School 153,183; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Ohrid Literary School Prespa Agreement (Greek-Macedonian, 2018) x, 213,217, 226-238; assessment of Greek Government 235; assessment of Macedonian Government 235-236; general assessment-appraisalcriticism 236-238; motives of Greece 227-228; motives of Macedonia 227; negotiations, main issues 226-231; provisions 231-232, 235-236, 238; provisions against irredentism 231, 235-236, 238; sticking point erga omnes 228-231, 235-236, 240ո32, 240ո47 Pribićević, Svetovar 83 Pribojević, Vinco 196 propaganda in Macedonia (1870-1912): Bulgarian propaganda 10-11,90, 141, 173; Greek propaganda 9, 36,173, 175; Serbian propaganda 13-14, 36-37, 54n6, 54n8, 70, 72, 146, 173 Prophet Elijah’s day (2 August, Macedonian National Anniversary) 43, 92; see also ÁSNOM; Hinden Uprising Protić, Stojan 13 Protogerov, Aleksandar 48-49,174,183 Pulevski, Georgi 68-70, 153, 155-156, 185, 220; existence of Slav-Macedonian language 69; existence of SlavMacedonians as a distinct people 69-70 Pushkarov, Nikola 75 Racin, Kočo 77, 156, 185 Radev, Rumen 161, 245 Rakowski, Georgi 69, 154-155, 220, 223ո38 Ranković, Aleksandar 84 Rappoport, Alfred 26 Rastislav, King of Moravia 150; see also Cyril and Methodius; Glagolitic alphabet; Michael III, Byzantine Emperor Reed, John 3 refugees from Greece (Macedonians) 102, 173 refugees to Bulgaria (Bulgarians or Macedonians) 25, 31,45,99 refugees to Greece from Asia Minor (Greeks) 52,215 215 refugees, Muslim 28
rehabilitation of leading Macedonian figures and controversy 183-184 Reiss, Archibald 30 Relković, Matija Antun 196 Renan, Ernest 8, 65, 167 Rila Congress of VMORO (October 105) 39,46 Risteski, Stoyan 101,183 Ristovski, Blaže 71, 80n68, 164n28, 168, 173-174,182,184-186; Macedonian historical roots 174-175, 182,185-186; Macedonian myth regarding ancient Macedonians 185-186; Macedonian name 186; Misirkov 174 Roman Empire, Roman(s) 1,3,10,168, 176-177-180, 197,199-200,229 Romania/Romanian(s) 2-3, 5, 9, 51, 64, 67, 85, 96, 145, 161-162, 168, 218, 225 Rossos, Andrew 55n30, 65; reasons for belated nationhood 65 Russia, Russian(s) (Russian Empire) 3, 7,12, 18n94,20, 26-27,54n20, 71, 73, 152,155, 162, 196; Russian ethnographic maps of Macedonia (1890s-1900s) 26-27; Russo-Ottoman War (1877-1878) 7, 20 Russian Pan-Slavism 7,12, 20; Greek and Serbian fears of Russian Pan-Slavism 7, 12 (see also Bulgaria and Pan-Slavism) Russia (Russian Federation) 125, 162,234 Šafárik, Pavel 20, 151 Šahov, Kosta 37, 42, 71, 176 Samaras, Andonis 112-113, 116-120, 123, 233 Samuil, Tsar of First Bulgarian Empire xi, 2, 65, 74, 76-77, 92, 144, 169, 172, 174-175, 177, 180, 182-183, 219, 233, 244-245; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (Bulgarian view) xi, 65, 141-142, 144, 219; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (independent scholarly views) 142, 219; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (Macedonian final acceptance) 244-245; Samuil’s empire as Macedonian (Macedonian view) xi, 74, 76-77, 92, 144, 169, 172, 174-175, 177, 180, 182-183, 219; Samuil’s empire as Macedonian (independent scholarly views) 175 Šandanov, Petur 50
Sandanski, Yane 37, 39, 42-43, 46-48, 67, 76,92,141,144,156,173,219, 248
276 Index San Stefano Treaty (1878) 7, 11; see also Bulgaria of San Stefano Šapkarev, Kuzman 71,153-154 Sarafov, Boris 37, 4(M4, 46-47, 55n47, 67, 156, 174, 183 Sax, Karl 20-21 SDSM (Social Democratic Union of Macedonia) 113, 184, 227, 234-235, 240ո48, 243 Second World War x, 20, 29,46, 51, 68, 78, 83, 84, 94, 144, 152, 156, 185, 225 Serbia, Serbian(s) ix-x, 3-М, 10, 20, 26-27, 64-65, 69, 85, 87-88, 91, 145, 159, 162,170,196 Serbia-Montenegro (smaller Yugoslavia of 1990s) 124 Serbian-dominated internar Yugoslavia ix, 48, 51-52, 83, 88 Serbian ethnographic maps (1880s֊1918) 12, 26,29-30 Serbian Empire 10-11, 12-13,65, 175; see also Stefan Dušan Serbian irredentism 11-12; see also Greater Serbia; Načertanįje Serbian language 11,14, 152-153, 157, 159; see also Karadžič, Vuk; Štokavian dialect Serbian Macedonia as Old Serbia’ or ‘South Serbia’ 10,12, 24, 51, 83; see also Serbian Empire; Vardar Macedonia Serbian nationalism 12-14, 23-24,115, 151,170,218; ice also Greater Serbia; Načertanįje Serbian policy to acquire Ottoman Macedonia (1870S-1912) 10-14, 23-24, 26-31, 36-37, 40, 70, 72 Serbian Revolution 11 Serbs in Ottoman Macedonia 2, 21, 23-25, 27,64 Seton-Watson, Robert William 26, 30 Shatev, Pavel 43-44,48, 50, 57n85, 76, 93,100-101, 158,174, 183 Shatorov, Metodi (Sharlo) 50, 85, 87-88, 183 Shukarova, Aneta 178 Simeon I the Great, Tsar of First Bulgarian Empire 144, 151 Simitis, Costas 125 Simovski, Todor 173 Skopje (Üsküb or Kosovo) province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2 Skopje, city of 2, 12-13, 24,26, 74—75, 77, 85-86, 88-89, 93, 96, 101, 121, 123-127, 159, 175, 181-182, 184, 226,
240n45, 243, 249n36 ‘Skopje 2014 project’ 127,175, 181-182, 227; Macedonians against the project 127, 181, 227 Skopje, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of 77,158,169,172, 206 Slaveykov, Petko 70-71, 80n68, 155, 176-177, 185,196, see also Macedonism Slavic alphabet, Slavonic alphabet, Old Slavic or Old Slavonic alphabet, Old Church Slavic alphabet or Old Church Slavonic alphabet 150-151 Slavic or Slavonic alphabet 150-151, 161, 163; Bulgarian alphabet (Bulgarian claim) 144,160-161; Macedonian alphabet (Macedonian claim) 162, 171-172,182-183,219 Slavic migration to the Balkans (sixthseventh century) 2, 76, 174, 185,207, 216 Slav-Macedonian(s) 42, 52, 69-70, 74, 83, 112, 152, 155, 220-221; SlavMacedonians (Slav-Macedonia) (Greek designation) 52, 116, 123, 134n97, 137nl90, 152,214, 221 Slav-Macedonian minority in Greece see Macedonian minority Slavophone Greeks (according to Greece) 30-31, 52, 6ІПІ88, 86, 90,116,215 Slav-speaking inhabitants of Macedonia (1870-1914) ix, 3, 5, 9,10, 13, 27, 30, 44, 63-64, 76,142,154, 197 Slovenia, Slovene(s) 30, 48, 84, 91-92, 114,117-118, 151, 163 Smith, Anthony D. 65-66, 78,167 Smith, Arthur Howden 26 SNOF (Slavo-Macedonian Popular Liberation Front) 90-91; see also NOF Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ix, 85, 122 Socialist Republic of Macedonia (SRM) ix—x, 92-94, III, 113, 122, 141, 213, 230 Sofia University 48 Sokolov, Lazar 89, 93, 101 Šoptrajan(ov), Gjorgji 157 Soteriades, Georgios 31 Souliotes-Nikolaidis, Athanasios 8 Southern Serbs/Serbians, Old Serbians, the Macedonians as (Serbian claim) 13, 51, 90, 114-115
Index Spain 122, 221 Srećković, Panta 12-13 Stalin 84, 88, 91-92, 94-102, 109nl73, 112, 140, 159, 183; Balkan federation 94—96, 98; fear of Western reaction 97-98; Greek Civil War 97-98; Macedonians 92; percentages agreement 97-98; see also Dimitrov, Georgi; Greek Civil War; Kremlin meeting under Stalin; percentages agreement; Tito, Josip Broz; Tito-Stalin split Stamboliyski, Aleksandar 48 Stanford, Edward 21 Stavrianos. L.S. 63-64, 199; Macedonian illiterary and potential for nationhood 63-64; view on ancient Macedonians 199 Stefan Dušan, Tsar of Serbian Empire 2, 10-12, 65, 175; see also Serbian Empire Stoianovich, Traían 199; view on ancient Macedonians 199 Štokavian dialect 11, 151, 162; see also Gaj, Ljudevit; Karadžič, Vuk Stoyanov, Vasil 155 Stoychev, Alexandar 244 Stoykov, Stoyko 160 Strabo 197,199, 205 Strandzha Republic 44 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj 151 Supreme Macedonian Committee/Supremists see Viirhoven Makedonski Komitet symbolic conflict 193-194; symbolic conflict in New Guinea 193 {see also Harrison, Simon); symbolic conflict over legacy of Alexander the Great 194 (see also Hamson, Simon; Vangeli, Anastas) symbolic power 193; see also Bourdieu, Piene; Vangeli, Anastas SYRIZA (Greek political party Coalition of the Radical Left) 128, 226, 233 Taiwan see China, Republic of (ROC) Taškovski (or Tashkovski), Dragan 168, 173, 175-177; romantic attachment to ancient Macedonians 176; Samuil’s empire in substance Macedonian 175,177; Slavic origins of Macedonians 176-177 Tatarchev, Hristo 37-39, 42-43, 46, 48, 144, 156, 173 Tatars, the Bulgarians as (Greek, Macedonian
and Serbian claim) 7,14, 70-71, 175 277 Thessaloniki bombings 43—44; see also Gemidzhii Thessaloniki, city of (Salonika, Selânik, Solun) 2, 20, 22, 26, 37, 95,102,124, 126 Thessaloniki conference of VMORO (January 1903) 43; see also Garvanov, Ivan; ilinden Uprising Thessaloniki meeting at Çelebi Bakkal Street (October 1893) 37; see also Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO) Thessaloniki, Middle Ages and Slav language 150, 161,171 Thessaloniki province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2, 27 Thessaloniki rallies (1992, 2018-2019) 192, 233 Thessaly 1, 3, 5, 8, 22,204 Thrace 1, 24, 27-28, 31, 38, 42, 44,154, 198; Western Thrace 28, 52, 86, 96 Thrasymachus 197, 206 Thucydides 197, 199, 204-205 Tito, Josip Broz ix, x, 50, 65, 68, 83-85, 87-89, 91, 93-96, 98-102, 112, 118, 141, 152, 159, 182-184, 219; ‘arbitrary creator of Macedonia’ (Bulgarian and Greek claim) 65, 115, 118, 140, 142, 145, 152-153, 162, 213-214, 236; Balkan federation 94-95, 98; claim to Greek Macedonia (1945-1949) 95, 98, 102; contribution to Macedonian nationhood x, 65, 85, 89-91, 92-94, 153, 155, 162, 182, 184 and Chapter 5 (83-102); Greek Civil War (assistance to Greek communists) 98-99, 102; see also Balkan federation of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria; CPY; Greek Civil War; Koliševski, Lazar; Shatorov, Metodi; Stalin; Tito-Stalin split; VukmanovićTempo, Svetozar Tito’s Partisans see Partisans Titoist Yugoslavia or Tito’s Yugoslavia 50, 112, 142, 146,182-183 Tito-Stalin split x 99-102, 112, 140, 159; reasons 99-100; repercussions 100-102 (Bulgaria regarding Pirin Macedonia 100; Greek Civil War ending 101-102; persecution of
pro-Bulgarian ‘Cominformist’ Macedonians 100-101); see also Dedijer, Vladimir; Djilas, Milovan; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz
278 Index TMORO (Таупа Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya) (SMARO: Secret MacedonianAdrianopole Revolutionary Organization 39-40 Todorova, Maria 7 Todorovski, Gligor 173-174 Todorovski, Zoran 183 Toshev, Pere 37, 43, 46 Toynbee, Arnold 26,152, 198-199; view on ancient Macedonians 198-199 Trajanovski, Zarko 181 Trayanovski, Alexandar 173 Treaty of Friendship, GoodNeighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria x, 140,147, 161, 243-245; Treaty of Friendship in the doldrums 245-246 Troebst, Stefan 115,170 Tsankov, Aleksandar 49 Tsilas, Lucas 124 Tsipras, Alexis 226-227, 230-231,233, 235 Tsonchev, Ivan 40, 43-44, 46 Turkey/Turks, Turkish 49, 121, 163, 168, 220, 227-228 ‘Turks’ and ‘Turkey’ (for the Ottomans and the Ottoman Empire) 2-3, 7, 9,12,14, 20-22, 27-29, 38, 42, 46-48, 64, 143, 151, 175, 184, 196 Turkish History Thesis 168, 220 Tzounis, loannis 120 UN (UnitedNations) 111, 117,120-126, 128,131,224, 234-235 UN Charter 114 UN General Assembly 111, 122 UN Secretary-General 111, 121,124 UN Security Council 111, 122 United Nations Preventive Deployment Mission (UNPREDEP) 121 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 121 United States 97-98, 100, 102, 111-112, 120-121, 125, 217, 231, 234; see also American/Americans Ustasha 49-50, 59nl35 Vahades, Markos 101 Vaillant, André 153 Vance, Cyrus 121, 123-125 Vance-Owen Package (May 1993) 123 Vangeli, Anastas xii, 179,193 Vardar (or Vardarska) Banovina or Vardar Banate (Macedonia in interwar Yugoslavia) 83,114 Vardar Macedonia 51, 68, 77, 83, 85-92, 140, 219, 247 Vánkov ska,
Biljana xii, 229,244 Vassílakis, Adamantios 125,128,226 Väzov, Ivan 161 Veles-Prilep-Bitola Macedonian dialect/ Veles-Pripel-Bitola-Ohrid Macedonian dialect/Prilep-Bitola-Kicevo-Veles Macedonian dialect 71, 73, 155-157 Venizelos, Eleftherios 29, 30-31 Vergina sun or star 124, 177, 194; Vergina sun or star in Macedonian hag 124, 177 Verković, Stjepan 12,196 Veselinov, Kosta 76, 185 Veselinovič, Milojko 12, 13, 14 Vidoeski, Božidar 158 Vlachs, Vlachspeakers, Aromanian, Romanianspeakers in Macedonia 2-3, 5, 8-9, 21, 24-25, 27, 29, 31, 39, 44, 153, 155, 175, 196, 215; Greek narrative (Vlachs as Greeks) 8-9 (see also Greek ethnographic maps) Vlahov, Dimitar 46-51, 77, 91-93, 171172, 248; Macedonian nation and its birth 171-172 (see also VMRO (ob.)) VM(0)RO see VMORO; VMRO VMORO (Vütreshna Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya). IMARO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) 39,41-48, 66, 68, 72-73, 76, 92, 141-145, 156, 173, 184, 219, 247-248; independent or Bulgarian (MacedonianBulgarian debate) 40-42, 47, 66-68, 72-73, 76, 141-142, 144-146, 156, 173, 184, 219, 245-246 (see also Macedonian nationalism and the VM(O)RO) VMRO (ob.), VMRO (obedinena), Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United) 48, 50, 68, 76-78, 85, 92 VMRO Vütreshna Makedonska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya, IMRO: Internal Secret Revolutionary Organization) ix, 36, 39, 48-52, 59nl35. 60-6ІПІ50, 67, 86-90,183-185, 219 VMRO-BND (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Bulgarian National Movement) 146, 244-245 VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic
Index Party of Macedonian National Unity) 113,126,168-169,177,181, 183,214, 227, 232,234-236, 240n48, 244 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar 85, 88-92, 93, 95,219; successful operation in Vardar Macedonia 88-92 Vürhoven Makedonski Komitet (Supreme Macedonian Committee), Vürhovist(s)/ Supremist(s) 40-46, 48, 173 Weigand, Gustav 22, 152 Wiener, Myron 85 Xydopoulos, Ioannis 205-206; view on ancient Macedonians 205-206 Yosmaoğlu, İpek К. 42, 54nll, 67 Young Macedonian Literary Society 37, 176; see also Poparsov, Petar Young Turks, Young Turk Revolution 9, 27-28, 46-47, 64, 184; see also CUP Yovkov, Arseniy 75 Yugoslavia ix, x, 13, 30, 48, 50-52, 65, 73, 77, 83-102, 112-115, 118, 140-142, 146-147, 151,154,159,168,174, 182-184, 213, 219; Yugoslavia during V 279 the internar 48; Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation idea 94-98, 100; see also Federal Yugoslavia; former Yugoslavia; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Titoist or Tito’s Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) under Milosevic ix-x, 114-118, 120-121, 124, 133n72 Yugoslavian-Bulgarian relations (1944-1948) 94-96,98 Yugoslavia as Serbia-Montenegro 115, 118, 124 Zachariadis, Nicos 90, 99, 101-102, 110ո222 Zaev, Zoran 226-227, 229-231, 234-236, 243-245; see also Prespa Agreement; SDSM Zaharieva, Ekaterina 161, 245 Zankov, Georgi 50, 75 Zarev, Pantelej 143 Zelev, Zhelyu 139-140 Zhivkov, Todor 140-141, 143-144,147, „ 160 Žinzifov, Rajko 154-155 Zografski, Partenij 71, 153-154 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München -Z
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Contents Preface and acknowledgements 1 Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian claims to Macedonia ix 1 2 The war of ethnographic maps 20 3 The VM(0)R0 and other Macedonian organizations (1893-1940) 36 4 Tracing the birth of a new Balkan nation 63 5 Tito and the Macedonians: the crucial 1940s 83 6 The ‘New Macedonian Question’: the Greek-Macedonian naming dispute 111 7 Bulgaria’s stance towards Macedonia 139 8 The Macedonian language 150 9 The Macedonian national historical narrative 167 10 The charm of Alexander the Great: who were the ancient Macedonians? 193 11 The crux of the Greek-Macedonian dispute: the skeletons in the cupboard 213
viii Contents 12 The settlement of the Greek-Macedonian dispute: the Prespa Agreement 224 13 The ephemeral Macedonian-Bulgarian rapprochement 243 Select bibliography Index 250 261
Index Aarbakke, Vemund xii, 55n30,145 Abdülaziz, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 6 Abdulhamid II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 2 Abdullai, Jonuz 127 Abecedar 53 Aceva, Vera 88 Ačkoska, Violeta 101,183 Acton, Lord (John Dalberg-Acton) 195 Adrianople province (Ottoman vilâyet) 38, 42-43,45-46, 145 Aemilius Paulius Macedonicus 1 Agolli, Nexhat 101,19ІПІ34 Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 28 Ahmeti, Ali 235, 239n25 Albania/Albanian(s) 5, 8, 11-12, 22-23, 25, 28,39, 45,64, 75, 86, 88-89, 94, 96-98,100,102, 121,155,168,176, 197,218, 220, 227,228,234,245 Albanians in Macedonia 101,113-115, 121,127,182,220-221,227-229,235, 238 Albanians, Christian 2, 21,24, 27,31, 217 Aleksandrov, Todor 48-49, 144, 174,183; see also VMRO Alexander I, King of Macedón 200-201, 203-204,206 Alexander II, Tsar of Russian Empire 20, 54n20 Alexander the Great xi, 4, 8, 69, 75, 126-127,176-178,180-182,185, 193-203, 207, 214-215, 227-228 and Chapter 10 (193-207); Alexander Romance 195; criticism of Alexander the Great 195; fascination with Alexander the Great 194-195; Slav enthrallment with Alexander the Great 195-197; see also ancient Macedonia Amadori-Virgilj, Giovanni 24 American/Americans (of the United States) 95-96,102,162 ancient Greece, ancient Greek(s) 4, 69-70, 178,199-200,202-206,215-216; see also Hellenes ancient Greek language 69-70, 178, 197-199,201-202,205-207 ancient Macedonia (Macedón), ancient Macedonian(s), ancient Macedonian heritage xi, 1, 4-5, 8-9, 14, 31, 69-71, 116,124,152,168-169,171-172, 176-181,185-186,193,197-207; ancient Macedonians, debate on ethnic origins and language 4, 197-207; ancient Macedonians
as Greeks 4-5, 8, 152,176,193,215, 230-231, 235,237-238,240n51; ancient Macedonians related to Slavs and to modem Macedonians (Macedonian claim) 69-71,124,168-169,171-172, 176-182, 185-186,193, 195-197,214, 219-220; Macedonians abandon clam to ancient Macedonia 227-229,231 (see also Prespa Agreement); see also Kingdom of Macedonia Anderson, Benedict 66 Andonov-Čento, Metodija 91-93, 106nl04, 174, 183 Andonovski, Hristo 168,180 antikvizacija 126, 177; see also antiquisation Antim (Anthimos), Exarch of Bulgarian Church 6 antiquisation, Macedonian 126-127,169, 171, 177-179,181-182, 193,198,214, 220,229; see also ancient Macedonia, ancient Macedonians related to Slavs and to modem Macedonians (Macedonian claim); Gruevski, Nikola; ‘Skopje 2014 project’
262 Index Antiquity 1, 127,167-168, 171, 177-179, 181, 19ІПІ30,193-194, 197, 204, 215-216, 219-220, 237 Antoljak, Stjepan 175; see also Samuil, Samuil’s empire Apostolski, Mihailo 90-93, 144, 157, 174, 188n54 April Uprising, Bulgarian (.Aprilsko vastame) (April 1876) 7, 44, 46, 142, 173 Aprilov, Vasil 154, 196 archaeologization, Greek 119, 193 Armakolas, Ioannis xii, 237 Armstrong, John 169 Arrian 194, 197, 202 Asia Minor Catastrophe (Greek) 5 ÁSNOM (Anti-fascist Assembly for the People’s/National Liberation of Macedonia) 92, 93,101,115, 156, 157, 183; see also AVNOJ assimilation: Bulgarians to Greek culture 6; Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian culture 7-8, 37-38, 40-42, 64, 66-68, 72, 139-140, 171-172 (see also Bulgarian Macedonians, Macedonian Bulgarians); Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian, Greek or Serbian culture 173; Slavs of Macedonia to Bulgarian or Serbian culture 23, 64 (see also Cvijić, Novakovič); Slavs of Macedonia to Greek culture 5, 9, 53, 63-64, 184, 215; Slavs of Macedonia to Serbian culture 13-14; see also education and schools in Ottoman Macedonia Atanasov, Filip 46, 48-50 Athens, University of 4-6, 31, 70, 168 Austria 13,21,27, 98, 111, 151, 162, 226; dispute over name Deutsch-Österreich 226 Austria-Hungary 3,12, 26, 30, 95, 151, 226 autonomy for Macedonia see Macedonian autonomy or union with Bulgaria (1893-1940)? autonomy for Pirin Macedonia 95, 96 AverofF, Evangelos 112, 132n49 AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council for the People’s/National Liberation of Yugoslavia) 89, 91 awakening see national awakening/ national awakeners Axis powers 85, 89, 94 Badian, Ernest
200-201; view on ancient Macedonians 200-201 Badinter Commission 118; recommendation on recognizing Macedonia 118; rejection of Badinter Commission’s recommendation by Greece 118 Bakoyiannis, Dora 126, 233 Balevski, Angel 143 Balgarianov, Bojan 88 Balkan federation of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, idea of 94, 96, 98, 100 Balkan federation including Macedonia, idea of 40, 42, 46, 49, 51, 89, 93-94, 96, 98, 100 Balkan Wars (1912-1913) 3, 9,12, 28-29, 42, 48, 74 (First Balkan War 28; Second Balkan War x, 28); Bulgaria and Balkan Wars (and losses) 28-29 (see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’); Greece and Balkan Wars (and gains) 28-29,215216 (see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea); Ottomans and Balkan Wars (disaster) 28 (see also Ottoman Balkans); Serbia and Balkan Wars (and gains) 28-29 (see also Greater Serbia; Načertanije; Serbian irredentism); unjustified gains of Greece and Serbia (European assessment) 29 Banac, Ivo 52, 73 Barth, Fredrik 73 Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (the ‘Bulgar Slayer’) 175 Batandjiev, Hristo 37 Bauer, Otto 8 Bechev, Dimitarxii, 195 Belgrade University 12-13, 37 Berlin, Congress of (1878) 20-22 Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 7, 10, 21 Bernstein, Samouil 153 Bihač Congress (1942) see AVNOJ Bismarck, Otto von 21 Bitola (Monastir) province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2, 44, 144 Bitola (Monastir), city of 8, 26-27, 86, 100 Bitovski, Krste 47, 173, 184 Blagoev, Dimitar 41,44 Bled agreements (1947) 96 BMORK (Bülgarski Makedono-Odrinski Revoliutsionni Komitet), BMARC (Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees) 39-41,
Index 55ոՅՅ; see also Macedonian revolutionary organizations; TMORO; VMRO Bogomils 77, 156, 169, 175, 182; see also Medieval Macedonia (Macedonian narrative) Bokov, Georgi 143 Borisov, Boyko 244—246 Borza, Eugene 201-202; view on ancient Macedonians 201-202 Boris III, King (Tsar) of Bulgaria 104n30 Bosworth, Brian 195 Boué, Amie 20 Bourdieu, Pierre 193 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 121-122 Brailsford, Henry Noel 25-26,29, 57n88, 63- 64,152 Brancov 24 Brašnarov, Panko 48, 50, 92-93,100-101, 158, 174, 183 Brauchitsch, Walther von 84 Britain, British 7, 20-21, 26,29-30, 83, 94-95, 97-98,100,102, 111, 117, 121-123, 125,215, 224-225 British-Irish naming dispute 224-225; see also Irish irredentism; Northern Ireland Brown, Keith 39, 42, 45, 64-65; ambivalence of VMRO leaders regarding their national identity 39, 42; ambivalence regarding nationhood 64— 65; Hinden Uprising 45 Brunnbauer, Ulf 169, 186ո4 Bucharest NATO Summit Meeting (2008) 126-128,179; Greek veto to Macedonia’s candidacy to NATO 126-127 (see also International Court of Justice; Karamanlis, Kostas) Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), division of Macedonia into three parts x, 28 Bulgaria, Bulgarian(s), Bulgars ix-xi, 3, 6-14, 30-36, 37-41, 44-46, 52-53, 64-65, 67-68, 70-73,75-77, 83, 97-98, 102,113,124,152,159-162,168, 170-173, 175-177,183-185,196, 218-221, 226, 228,230,233,236 Bulgaria and Pan-Slavism 7,12 (Greek and Serbian fear); see also Russian Pan-Slavism Bulgaria in Paris Peace Conference (1919) 30 Bulgaria in two world wars 20, 30, 85-88; Bulgaria in First World War (in Greek 263 and Serbian Macedonia) 30; Bulgaria in
Second World War (in Vardar Macedonian and northern Greece) 85-88; see also Bulgarian occupation; Bulgarian revanchism Bulgaria of San Stefano 7; Bulgarian narrative 7, 10, 20, 68,141-142 (see also Bulgarian irredentism; Bulgarian revanchism; Greater Bulgaria); Greek and Serbian alarm with San Stefano 11, 20; Macedonians against San Stefano Bulgaria 7, 46; see also San Stefano Treaty Bulgaria undivided or undivided Bulgaria (Tselokupina Balgariya) 10, 48, 86, 87; see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ Bulgaria, union of Macedonia with x, 10, 36, 38, 41, 42, 67 Bulgaria’s recognition of Republic of Macedonia (January 1992) 121, 139-140 Bulgaria’s stance-policy towards Macedonia and the Macedonians: 1870-1919 period 3, 5-14,20-21, 23-24,27-30; 1920^-1940 period 48-49; 1941-1944 period 85-88, 90; 1945-1948 period 91-92, 94-96,100, 140-141; 1949-1989 period 141-145; 1990-2020 period 139-140, 145-147, 243-248 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 29,141, 143-144 Bulgarian ‘awakener(s)’ 68, 69 Bulgarian chauvinism 7, 38, 47, 51,141 Bulgarian Church/Exarchate 6, 7, 8,10, 14, 21, 24-27, 37-38, 40, 44, 70, 92, 173; see also Exarchists; Patriarchate of Constantinople, Patriarch; Patriarchists Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) 49, 50, 51, 76, 77, 88,91-92,93, 95, 94-98, 100 Bulgarian communists see Bulgarian Communist Party Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’ (razpokisvane) 29, 142-143, 145; see also Balkan Wars, Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ Bulgarian emigrants from Greece 52 Bulgarian Empire 8,65, 76, 141-144, 174, 177,182,183; First Bulgarian Empire xi, 1-2, 10,
141-142, 144, 175, 183 (see also Medieval Macedonia, Bulgarian or
264 Index Macedonian heritage?, Samuil, Simeon); Second Bulgarian Empire 2, 10,144, 175; see also Medieval Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage? Bulgarian ethnographic maps (1900-1905) 24, 30 Bulgarian Historians, Second Conference of 143 Bulgarian irredentism 73, 85, 92, 172, 177; see also Greater Bulgaria Bulgarian language, literary Bulgarian 13, 14, 50, 64, 68, 70-71, 73, 151, 154-155, 156-159, 163,216 Bulgarian-Macedonian conflict cum clashing narratives see MacedonianBulgarian conflict cum clashing narratives Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute 139-142, 159-162, 220, 245-246 Bulgarian-Macedonian Treaty of Friendship see Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria Bulgarian Macedonians, the Macedonians as 26, 41—42, 70, 144; see also Macedonian Bulgarians Bulgarian ‘national catastrophe’ 29, 30, 141-142; see also Bulgarian ‘dismemberment’ Bulgarian national narrative 7, 29, 30, 65, 67; see also Bulgarian national narrative regarding Macedonia, Bulgarian nationalism Bulgarian national narrative regarding Macedonia (the Macedonians and the VMORO) 36-37, 40, 42, 45, 47, 65, 139-147, 159-161, 245-246; see also Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute; VMORO, independent or Bulgarian (Macedonian-Bulgarian debate) Bulgarian National Revival (Bolgarsko natsionalno vazrazhdane) 6, 70, 76, 144, 196 Bulgarian national struggles, participation of Macedonians 24,142, 144, 171 Bulgarian nationalism ix, 6-7,31,41, 47, 67, 73, 140-143, 145, 160, 168, 218,244-245, 247; see also Bulgarian chauvinism;
Bulgarian irredentism; Bulgarian revanchism; Greater Bulgaria Bulgarian occupations (First World War and Second World War): Greek and Serbian Macedonia (First World War) 30; northern Greece (Second World War) 86, 102 Bulgarian occupation of Vardar Macedonia (Second World War) 85-89, 95, 156 Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia x, 48, 92, 94-96,115, 140-141, 146, 147; see also Petrich ditrict Bulgarian preponderance in Macedonia according to non-Bulgarian assessments (1840S-1912) 11, 20-23,25-26; see also Bulgarian ethnographic maps; ethnographic maps Bulgarian refugees from Greek Macedonia and Thrace 29, 31 Bulgarian revanchism 29, 30, 185 Bulgarian ‘state-yes, nation-no formula’ towards Macedonia 139-140, 145-147; see also Bulgaria’s recognition of Republic of Macedonia Bulgarian Supreme Macedonian Committee see Vürhoven Makedonski Komitet Bulgarians as Tatars or Turks 7, 14, 70, 71, 175 Bulgarian-Yugoslav federation idea see Yugoslavia, Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation idea Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations (1944-1948) 87-88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94,100, 101, 183, 184; see also Bulgarophile Macedonians Bulgarophile Macedonians (1940s) 86, 88-90,101,184 Byzantine Empire (Basileia Rhõmaiõri), Byzantine(s) 1-2, 4-5, 9-Ю, 65, 132, 142, 150-151, 161, 175-176, 179, 182-183, 216 Capodistrias, loannis 3 Cartledge, Paul 194-195, 203-204, 207; view on ancient Macedonians 203-204 centralists, Macedonian VMORO 46-47; see also federalists Chalkidiki Peninsula 7-8, 10, 20, 22, 25, 31; Greeks the great majority during Ottoman period 8, 20,22, 25, 31 Chaulev, Petar 48-49 Chemopeev, Hristo 37,43,46, 48 China,
People’s Republic of (PRC) 111, 215, 224-224 China, Republic of (ROC) 111, 224; naming dispute over the name of Taiwan 111,224 Christowe, Stoyan 42, 57n85, 59-60nl50
Index Churchill, Winston 97-98,109nl73 Clement 151, 183; see also Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Ohrid Literary School; Preslav Literary School Clinton, Bill 122-124 Colocotronis, Vasillos 31 Cominform (Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties) x, 99-101, 140, 183 Comintern (Communist International) x, 36, 49-51, 65, 84-85, 88, 139, 247 Congo, Republic of 225; CongoBrazzaville, Congo-Leopoldville 122, 225 Connor, Walker 66, 78 Constantinople, city of 1, 5-6,12-13, 22, 26-27, 43, 69-70 Constitution of Republic of Macedonia and changes in its provisions 114-115, 121, 124, 128, 230, 232, 234-236, 238, 240n47, 240n53, 244, 246 Copenhagen Meeting, Human Dimension of the CSCE (1990) 112 Country Report on Human Rights Practices (United States) 112-113 Courtenay, Jan Baudouin de 26, 73, 152 CPY (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 83-85, 87-91, 98-100 Crampton, R.J. 99 Crete 5, 8, 25, 28, 43, 67 Croatia, Croatian(s) 49-50, 72, 84, 91, 95, 114, 117-118, 121, 151, 162, 196,219 Crossland, R.A. 202; view on ancient Macedonians 202 Crvenkovski, Branco 125, 184 Crvenkovski, Krste 141 Crvenkovski, Stevo 124 CUP (Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress) 27-28 Čupovski, Dimitrija 42, 71, 74-75, élni 11, 153, 155-154, 220; existence of distinct Macedonian nation 198; independent statehood 74; Slavic Medieval roots (Samuil, Cyril and Methodius) 74—75 Cutilleiro, José 119 Cvijić, Jovan 13-14, 24, 26, ЗО, 69, 142, 145, 221; idea of Macedo-Slavs 23, 26, 30, 221 Cyril and Methodius 37, 74-75, 143, 150, 160-161, 169, 171, 174-175, 182-183, 219; Cyril and Methodius in Bulgarian narrative xi,
143, 160-161, 171, 219 (see also Medieval geographical 265 Macedonia, Bulgarian heritage); Cyril and Methodius in Macedonian narrative 74-75, 150, 161, 169, 171-172, 174175, 182-183, 219 (see also Medieval geographical Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage?, Macedonian heritage (claimed by Macedonians)); see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Glagolitic alphabet; Naum Cyrillic alphabet xi, 53, 150-151, 157, 160-162, 171, 174-175, 183, 219; see also Clement; Cyril and Methodius; Glagolitic alphabet; Naum Czartoryski, Adam 18n94 Danforth, Loring 53 Danov, Hristo 155 Dante Alighieri 195 Daskalov, Georgi 145 Daskalov, Roumen 70 Dedijer, Jefto 12 Dedijer, Vladimir 99 Dedov, Stefan 71, 155 Delchev, Gotse 37, 39-43, 45-46, 55n44, 67, 73, 90, 96, 141, 143-144, 156, 170-173, 219, 245-248 Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) 101-102 Demosthenes 180,197, 201 Denmark 117, 234 Dérié, Vasilije 13 Dimitrov, Anton 37 Dimitrov, Georgi x, 50, 91-92, 94-98, 100, 197nll5, 140, 141, 145; autonomous or independent Macedonia 50; Balkan federation 94—96, 100; Macedonians (new nation or multiethnic people?) 91-92; Pirin Macedonia 92, 95-96, 100; see also Djilas, Milovan; Kremlin meeting under Stalin; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz Dimitrov, Nikola 125, 162, 226, 228, 230-231, 240n32, 240n48; see also Kotzias, Nicos; Prespa Agreement Dimitrov, Philip 139,147n4 Dinev, Angel 76-77, 185 Disraeli, Benjamin 20 Djilas, Milovan 84-85, 96-98,100, 107nll5, 108nl63; Dimitrov and Macedonians 107nll5; Stalin and Greek Civil War 97; Tito-Stalin split 100 Dordevic, Vladan 13-14 Dragašević, Jovan 12-14 Draganov, Petar
152
266 Index Dragoumis, Ion 9 Drezov, Kyrii 219 Droysen, Johann Gustav 4; ancient Macedonians as Greeks Democratic Union for Integration (DUI, Albanian Macedonian Party) 235 Dubrovsky, Josef 151 Durham, Mary Edith 25-26 education and schools in Ottoman Macedonia: Bulgarian education and schools 10, 24-25, 64, 72, 87, 154, 157, 173, 175, 196, 218; Greek education and schools 5-6, 8-9, 24—25, 36, 63, 68, 153-154,168,175-176, 196-197, 218; Serbian education and schools 12-13, 25, 36, 64, 155, 157, 159, 175, 218 EAM (Greek National Liberation Front), ELAS (Greek People’s Liberation Army) 86, 90-91, 98 Eastern Question ix, 20, 29 EC (European Community), EU (European Union) 111, 113-115, 117-122, 127-128, 217, 226-229, 231-237, 240n47,241n69,243-247; EC/EU Council of Foreign Ministers and other EC/EU meetings 117, 119, 234; EU Summit Meetings 120, 122; see also European Council EU accession process for Macedonia 115, 127-128, 226-229, 232-234; Greek veto (2009-2018) 127-128, 229; Greek veto dropped (2019) 234; see also North Macedonia accession process to EU Errington, Robert Malcolm 202-203; view on ancient Macedonians 202-203 ethnographic maps 2-3, 11, 20-31, 86; see also Bulgarian ethnographic maps; Greek ethnographic maps; Serbian ethnographic maps Euripides 197 European Council (of the EC/EU) 118, 122,127, 234; France’s temporary veto 234 (see also Macron) Evans, Arthur 23, 25,152 Exarchate see Bulgarian Church Exarchists (Bulgarian or Slavspeakers) 8-9, 21, 37, 42, 44, 51, 64; see also Patriarchists Federal Republic of Germany 225; chosen name by Germans 225,238n6 Federal
Yugoslavia ix, 50, 77, 83, 85, 91-92, 111, 182 federalists, Macedonian VMORO 36, 41, 46-49, 68, 92; see also centralists First World War 30-31,48, 52,73, 208n3, 226 Fokas-Kosmetatos, Spyridon 31 former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (fYROM), the 122, 125, 127-128, 218, 237, 239nl4 former Yugoslavia 117-118,121-122 France, French 24, 30,44,48, 177,123, 215,225, 234, 241n69 Frantz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia 54n20 Freeman, Edward Augustus 5 Friedman, Victor 153-154; periodizing Macedonian dialect to language 153-154 fYROM see former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Gaj, Ljudevit 151 Garašanin, Ilija 11-12, 18ո94, 146, 151 Garvanov, Ivan 37, 43, 46, 173-174, 183 Gemidzhii (Boatmen) 43—44; see also Thessaloniki bombings Gellner, Ernest 66, 218 Gennadios, Ioarmis 21 geographical Macedonia x, 1-2; Aegean Macedonia (Serbian and Macedonian designation) 85-86, 91, 95, 126, 228, 247; Pirin Macedonia x, 48, 91-92, 94-96, 100, 140-141, 145, 147; three Macedonian regions 2, 28; Vardar Macedonia 51, 68, 77, 83, 85-87, 91-82, 123, 128, 140, 219, 226, 247 geographical name cases settled amicably or by default (various examples) 225 geographical naming disputes see naming disputes Georgiev, Kimon 93 Georgievski, Boris 179 Georgievski, Ljubčo 113,125,181, 243 German invasion of Yugoslavia (April 1941) 84 German language 159, 162 Germany: during nineteenth century 67, 151, 205; during 1914—1918 30; during 1941-1944 49, 83-86, 88-90, 93, 104n30 (see also Nazi Germany); see also Federal Republic of Germany Germany and Greek-Macedonian conflict (1990s)
111, 117,125; Germany
Index against Macron’s decision 234 (see also Macron) Gibbon, Edward 4 Gladstone, William 40,55n31 Glagolitic alphabet 150-151, 157, 161-162,183; see abo Cyril and Methodius; Cyrillic alphabet Gligorov, Kiro 113-116,119,121-123, 126,180, 215,220; against Macedonian irredentism 115 (see also Maleski, Denko); Slavic origins of Macedonians (not ancient Macedonian roots) 180; territorial integrity of states 114—115, 118 (see also Badinter Commission); ‘three-pillar foreign policy’ (EU, NATO, and good neighbourliness) 115 Gopčević, Spiridon 12-14 Gorchakov, Alexander 20 Gorkič, Milan 84 Gotsev, Dimitar 145 Greater Bulgaria 7-8, 11,12,20,23, 26, 40-41, 68, 73, 87, 134n94,141, 171-172, 177, 184; Macedonians against Greater Bulgaria 40, 41, 46, 67, 73, 172,184 Greater Greece 5, 40; see also Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Great Idea see Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Greater Serbia 11-12, 40, 87, 134n94, 151; see also Načertanije; Serbian irredentism Greece (1850-1918): acquiring Ottoman Macedonia or ‘historical Macedonia’ (1850S-1913) 3-9, 21-25, 27-29; ancient Macedonians and Greek irredentism 5 (see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea); ancient Macedonians as Greeks (1850s-1860s) 4—5; Slav-Macedonians descendents of Greek ancient Macedonians (Greek claim) 8, 152, 176, 197; see also Balkan Wars, Greece and Balkan Wars Greece and Macedonians (1919-1990): Greece (1991-2020) (see GreekMacedonian conflict; GreekMacedonian naming dispute; Prespa Agreement); interwar policy towards Slavspeakers in Greek Macedonia 52-53; Macedonian issue and relations with Yugoslavia
(1950-1990) 112 Greek Civil War 94,96-102; see also Djilas, Milovan; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz 267 Greek claims of Macedonian irredentism see Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims Greek embargos against Macedonia: formal embargo (1994) 123-124; informal embargo (1992) 118, 120 Greek ethnographic maps (1870s֊1918) 21-24,29,31 Greek irredentism 3, 5-6, 8, 24; see also Greater Greece; Megali Idea Greek limited ethnic presence in Ottoman Macedonia 3, 7-9,20-25, 28-30,216-217; see also Chalkidiki Peninsula Greek Macedonia, Greek Macedonians 2.30-31, 52, 77,86, 98,102,116, 119-120,125,184,213-215,219, 228-229; see also geographical Macedonia, Aegean Macedonia; Greek Macedonian diaspora Greek Macedonia’s drastic population change (1923-1924) 52, 215; see also refugees to Greece from Asia Minor Greek Macedonian diaspora (Australia, North America) 112, 115,119-120 Greek-Macedonian conflict, the crux of the antagonism xi, 213-221; reasons of the Greek anti-Macedonian attitude 213-217; reasons of the Macedonian anti-Greek attitude 217-221 Greek-Macedonian naming dispute xi, 111, 114-131, 193-194, 225, 227-238; compound name suggestions 119, 121-123, 125-126, 128, 129-130 (Table 6.1), 220-221, 225-226, 230; dispute phases (cooperation and stalemate 125-126; dispute at its peak (1991-1995) 114-125; ‘double formula’ 126 (see also Nimetz, Mathew); final negotiations for a settlement (2018) 226-231 (see also Prespa Agreement); stalemate and worsening of relations (2006-2017) 126-128); Greek approach on naming dispute 114-128 (intransigence (19911999) 114—125 (see also Karamanlis, Konstantine;
Samaras); Miloševič, Greek alignment with 117-120; relative flexibility (2000-2017) 125-128 (see also Bakoyiannis, Simitis); three Greek preconditions 116-117); Macedonian approach on naming dispute 114-128 (flexibility (1992-2005) 114-126; intransigence (2006-2016) 126-128
268 Index (see also antiquisation); ‘red lines’ (2008-2016) 128 (see also Gruevski, Nikola) Greek-Macedonian naming dispute-erga omnes see Prespa Agreement, sticking point erga omnes Greek Macedonian Struggle (1904-1908) 9,27 Greek national narrative 4—5, 213, 216-217; see also Greek nationalism; Korais, Paparrigopoulos Greek nationalism ix. 3, 5, 8-9, 23, 31, 118-120, 122, 126, 142, 213, 216-217, 233, 236; see also Greater Greece; Greek irredentism; Megali Idea Greek Revolution (1821-1830) 173 Greek ‘small idea’ (1878-1881) 8 Green, Peter 194—195,199-200; view on ancient Macedonians 199-200 Grekov, Trifon 75, 176 Grigorovich, Victor 69,197 Grote, George 4; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4 (see also Paparrigopoulos) Gruev, Dame 37, 39,42-44, 46, 71, 141, 144, 156, 171, 173, 219, 248 Gruevski, Nikola 126-128, 138nl93, 169,177-179,181-183, 227, 243; see also antikvizacija; antiquisation, Macedonian; VMRO-DPMNE Guli, Pitu 39, 54ո27,248 Gundulić, Ivan 151, 196 Hadjinikolov, Ivan 37, 42, 43 Hadzhidimov, Dimo 37, 41-42, 46-49, 67 Hall, Jonathan M. 204; view on ancient Macedonians 204 Hammond, Nicholas G.L. 1999, 207; view on ancient Macedonians Harrison, Simon 193-194; see also symbolic conflict Hastings, Adrian 169 Hatzopoulos, Miltiades 204-205; view on ancient Macedonians 204—205 Hellenes 4-5, 178, 193, 201, 202, 205, 214; see also ancient Greece Hellenization, Hellenized 5, 6, 9, 21, 63, 179-180,197,199, 201-202, 207, 216-218 Hellenistic period 179,197, 202,207 Helsinki Final Act 114-115 Herodotus 197, 199, 204-2005, 207 Hitler, Adolph 84-86,93, 104n30 Hobsbawm, Eric 66
Holbrooke, Richard 124 Homblower, Simon 204; view on ancient Macedonians 204 Hristov, Alexander 173 Hron, Karl 26,152 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 27, 57nl00; see also Macedonia, Ottoman census Ignatiev, Nilolay 7, 20 Uievski, Petar Hristov 206-207; criticism of modem Macedonians’ alleged ancient Macedonian roots 207; view on ancient Macedonians 206-207 ilinden Organization 75 ilinden Uprising (August-September 1903) 9, 25-26, 36, 43-45, 54n27, 58n88, 57nl02, 71-72, 75, 90, 92, 141-142, 170, 172-173, 183, 185, 230, 244-245, 247-248; actual events 43—45; against an uprising 43; Bulgarian uprising in Bulgarian narrative 45—46, 141-144, 240n45, 245, 247 (see also IlindenPreobraźenie Uprising); Greek fears 9 (see also Greek Macedonian Struggle); major ‘sacred’ myth in Macedonian narrative 45, 57nl02, 90, 92, 172-173, 185, 244-245, 247-248; Misirvov’s ambivalent assessment of ilinden Uprising 72 (see also Misirkov, Krste); in support of an uprising 43 Ilinden-Preobraženie Uprising (Bulgarian narrative) 143-145 Iljovski, Vasil 77, 156,185 illiteracy of Macedonians (circa 1850-1912) 63-64, 218 Illyrians 4, 76,168,171, 176, 178, 180, 182,197-199, 201,203,229 Illyrianism of Croatians 151; see also Gaj, Ljudevit INI (Institut za nacionalna istorija) (Institute of National History) 169-171, 174-176,178, 183-184 Interim Accord (Greece-Macedonia) (September 1995) 123-125, 231; Greek violation of Interim Accord 127-128; see also International Court of Justice International Court of Justice (ICJ) 125, 128,229; decision against Greece 128 Ireland 111, 224—225; see also BritishIrish naming dispute;
Irish irredentism; Northern Ireland irredentism see Bulgarian irredentism; Greek irredentism; Irish irredentism;
Index Macedonian irredentism; Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims; Serbian irredentism Irish irredentism 224,225; see also British-Irish naming dispute; Ireland; Northern Ireland Italy, Italians 28,30, 50, 53, 67, 84, 86, 117,196 Ishirkov, Anastas 24 Isocrates 197-201, 205-206 Ivanov, Gjorge 127, 232, 240n53 Ivanov, Jordan 30 Ivanovski, Vasil 76-77, 82nl26,93, 158, 168, 171,185, 248; ancient roots of modem Macedonians irrelevant 171; autonomy true goal of VMORO 171; Medieval Slavic origins and Samuil's empire 76, 171; national character of Delchev, Gruev and other VMORO leaders unclear 171; separate Macedonian nation 76, 171; see also Katardžiev, Ivan; Macedonian national narratives Jagich, V. 73 Jankov, Anastas 40, 43, 50 Jankov, Hristo 50 Joachim III, Patriarch 7 Kaklikis, George xii, 125 Kanchev, Vasil 24 Karadžič, Vuk 11-12,69,151,156-157, 162 Karakachanov, Krasimir 244—245 Karamanlis, Konstantinos 116,118,120, 134n97 Karamanlis, Kostas 126 Karamičiev, Mihail 173 Karev, Nikola 42, 44, 115, 248; see also Kruševo Republic, Kraševo Manifesto Kardelj, Edvard 84,93, 96,98 Karič, Vladimir 12 Katardžiev, Ivan 40,47, 66, 77, 168, 173, 184-185; clash between federalists and centralists 47; interwar maturing of Macedonian nationhood 77; Ivanovski’s contribution 185; Macedonian nation’s recent birth 66, 77,168, 185; Slavic origins of Macedonians 185; TMORO and Delchev 40; VMORO and VMRO (criticism of VMRO) 117 Kazazis, Neoklis 24-25 Kemal Atatürk 168,220; see also Turkish History Thesis 269 Kiepert, Heinrich 20-23; contacts with Paparrigopoulos 22 (see also Paparrigopoulos);
ethnographic maps 20-23 Kingdom of Macedonia (or Kingdom of Macedón) 1-2, 180,194, 199, 205-206; see also ancient Macedonia Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 30, 48; see also Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia during the interwar Kinkel, Klaus 123 Kirjazovksi, Risto 173 Kiselinovski, Stojan 173,183-184 Kitanchev, Trayko 40 Kjosev, Dino 140-141 KKE (Communist Party of Greece) 5, 16n37, 51-53,6ІПІ88, 86,90-91,99, 101-102,120; KKE Fifth Plenum of Central Committee, resolution of (1949) 101, 110n222 (see also Greek Civil War; NOF; Zachariadis) Kocev, Venelin 143 Kofos, Evangelos x, xii, 7-9, 94,102, 112, 114-115, 119, 123-124, 132ո34, 137nl88,173,213-215; Hinden in Macedonian narrative 173; Macedonian Question x; mutation approach 94,213; San Stefano Bulgaria 7; scholarly views x, 7-8, 94,102, 119,124, 137nl88, 173, 213, 214-215; views as adviser to Greek foreign ministry 112,114-115, 123, 132n34, 214; Vlachs and Greek irredentism in Macedonia 8-9 Kolárov, Vasil 50 Kolettis, loannis 5; see also Megali Idea Koliševski, Lazar 78, 77-89, 91, 93, 95, 141, 157, 171-172, 248; Macedonian nation and its recent birth 172 Koneski, Blaže 74, 153, 157-159, 162,164n28; contribution to literary Macedonian 157-158 Kordatos, Yianis 51 Rostov, Ivan 243 Korais, Adamantios 4; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4; see also Greek national narrative Koromilas, Lambros 9 Kotzias, Nicos 128,226,228, 230-231, 233,238n8,239n22-23, 239n25, 230n32, 230n39, 230n45; see also Prespa Agreement Kovačevič, Ljubomir 13 Kovachev, Slavcho 75 Krčovski, Hadži Joakim 153-154
270 Index Kremlin meeting under Stalin (February 1948) 96-98 (see also Dimitrov, Georgi; Diilas, Milovan; Stalin, Tito) Krle, Risto 77, 156, 185 Kronsteiner, Otto 160 Kruševo Republic (August 1903) 44; Kraševo Manifesto 42,115; major myth in Macedonian narrative 45,90, 173, 248 Kuzman, Pasko 179 Lane Fox, Robin 194, 202; view on ancient Macedonians 202 languages in Ottoman Macedonia (1800֊ 1912) 3, 8, 21, 216; Bulgarian language 6, 8,64, 69,155-156,169-162; Greek language 3, 5,23,178,216; Macedonian language (see Bulgarian-Macedonian language dispute; Macedonian language and dialect); Serbian language 11, 69, 151, 156-158 Lausanne Peace Conference (1922-1923) 52 Lavrov, Pyotr 26, 73, 152, 155 Lejean, Guillaume 20-21 Levski, Vasil 37, 144 Llobera, Josep 169 Lozančev, Anastas 44 Lunt, Horace 150, 153,158-159; on the Macedonian language 150, 153, 158-159 Macedonia, geographical see geographical Macedonia Macedonia, history of (circa 500 BC-1870) 1-2, 197-217; see also ancient Macedonia; Medieval Macedonia Macedonia name dispute see GreekMacedonian naming dispute Macedonia, region of: ethnic composition in nineteenth and early twentieth century 2-3, 27 (see also ethnographic maps); geography and history (from antiquity until Ottoman Macedonia) 1-2 (see also geographical Macedonia; Ottoman Macedonia); Ottoman census (1904) 27 Macedonia, state of, government of (19912020) ix֊x, 2,4, 92-94, 113-122, 125-128,138nl92,141, 143, 145-147, 161-162, 175, 204, 217, 226-230, 234, 236, 239nl4, 240n47, 243, 245-246; see also North Macedonia; Socialist Republic of Macedonia ‘Macedonia to the
Macedonians’ (Macedonian slogan) 39-40, 55n31, 72; see also Gladstone Macedonia in Ottoman Empire see Ottoman Macedonia Macedonia naming dispute see GreekMacedonian naming dispute Macedonia ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’ (or ‘Balkan Switzerland’) 41, 46, 48, 75, 219; see also Macedonian supranationalism Macedonian autonomy or union with Bulgaria (1993-1940): the debate 38-39, 42; autonomy for Macedonia (autonomous Macedonia) genuine ix, 26, 36,38-43,4frM8, 66-67, 72-74, 83, 144, 171, 173; autonomy stepping stone for union with Bulgaria 36, 38, 40, 42, 48, 67, 72, 142 Macedonian-Bulgarian conflict cum clashing narratives 36, 38, 40, 42, 45—46, 47, 65, 67, 139-147. 1251-152, 159-162, 170-175, 182-184, 243-246 Macedonian-Bulgarian Treaty of Friendship see Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria Macedonian Bulgarians, the Macedonians as 26, 40-42, 47, 64, 66-68, 72. 74-75, 78, 96, 142, 144-146, 171-173, 196, 247; see also Bulgarian Macedonians Macedonian diaspora (Australia. North America) 112,177, 180, 219 Macedonian-Greek conflict see GreekMacedonian conflict Macedonian-Greek naming dispute see Greek-Macedonian naming dispute Macedonian historians (1950s onwards) 173, 188n54; see also Macedonian revisionist history Macedonian ¡iredentism (1940s-1950s) 92-3,228; Macedonia against ¡iredentism 115, 124, 228 (see also Gligorov, Kiro; Maleski, Denko); minority of ultranationalists today xi Macedonian irredentism-Greek claims xi, 115-116,124, 127,213-215,228, 230-231; see also Prespa Agreement,
provisions Macedoniím language and dialect: between Serbian and Bulgarian 13-14, 25 (see also Belič, Cvijić); Macedonian Bulgarian dialect or
Index language international linguistic debate 26, 152-153, 158-160, 162-163 {see also Friedman, Victor; Lunt, Horace; Marinov, Tchavdar); Macedonian dialects (Macedonian initially as a Bulgarian dialect) 2, 8, 10, 13, 64, 153; Macedonian western-central (zapadnocentralen) dialect of the Veles-Prilep-Bitola region to become Macedonian language 71, 73, 76, 157, 171 {see also Dedov, Stefan; Ivanovski, Vasil;Koneski, Blaže; Misirkov, Krste); Macedonian western-central (zapadnocentralen) dialect to become part of literary Bulgarian, attempts by Macedonians and Bulgarians 71, 154—155); Macedonian language (standardization as a distinct language) 92-94, 153-159, 162-163; Macedonian language non-existent (Bulgarian claim: western Bulgarian dialect(s)) x֊xi, 90, 113, 139, 142, 145, 151-152, 159-162, 245-246 {see also BulgarianMacedonian language dispute); main Greek claim (1950-2017) a Bulgarian dialect x, 8, 23, 113, 152, 213-214, 217, 220; other Greek claims (distinct Slavic or Slav-Macedonian dialect (1920-1935)) 52-53, 152; related to ancient Greek Macedonian (1870S-1912) 8, 152, 176, 197; Serbian claims (southern Serbian dialect) 10, 13-14, 51, 83, 152, 159; see also Slav-Macedonian Macedonian language related to Old Church Slavonic of Cyril and Methodius (Macedonian claim) 161, 171,175, 182-183, 219 Macedonian nation ix-x, 47, 50-51, 63-78, 83, 85, 90, 92-94,167-186, 228, 230, 246; belated Macedonian nationhood 45, 63-66, 68, 112, 169170,173, 218-219; belatedness, reasons for 64-65, 173; de-bulgarization, need for 172-173, 175, 247; early harbingers (1860Տ-1900) 68-71; final
Greek acceptance of Macedonian nationhood cum language 228, 231-232 {see also Prespa Agreement) Macedonian nation, non existence of: Bulgarian claim xi, 65, 139-147, 245-246; Greek claim (1936-2017) 53, 65, 112-113,115-116,118, 120, 160, 213-215, 217; Serbian claim 271 (1880Տ-1940) 10, 13-14, 51, 83, 90, 115, 152, 159 Macedonian nation’s origins, ancient Macedonian roots see antikvizacija, antiquisation; Macedonian national narratives, three main narratives Macedonian nation’s origins, Medieval Slavic roots 168-169, 171, 174-175, 180, 182-183, 185-186, 219, 227; see also Gligorov, Kiro; Ivanovski, Vasil; Macedonian national narratives, three main narratives; Ristovski, Taškovski Macedonian national anniversary see Prophet Elijah’s day Macedonian national anthem 39,157,248; see also Maleski, Vlado Macedonian national narratives 36, 40, 42, 45, 47, 67, 70-71, 168-186, 219, 247֊ 248; Medieval (Ivanovski, Ristovski, Taškovski) 168 {see also Ivanovski, Vasil; Ristovski, Taškovski; Macedonian nation, Medieval Slavic roots); modernist (Katardžiev, Misirkov) 168 {see also Katardžiev, Ivan; Misirkov, Krste); see also VMORO, independent or Bulgarian (the Macedonian-Bulgarian debate); ilinden Uprising, INI, Kruševo Republic; Čupovski, Ivanovksi, Katardjiev; Misirkov, Krste; Ristovski, Taškovski, Vlahov Macedonian nationalism 42, 47, 50, 64—68, 70-71, 74-78, 92-94, 127, 156, 161, 168-186, 217-218, 227, 244-247; see also Macedonian national narratives Macedonian nationalism and the VM(O) RO: ambivalent relationship 66-68; see also VMORO, VMRO Macedonian minority 112, 229; Macedonian
minority in Bulgaria, denial of existence by Bulgaria x, 113, 140-142, 146, 244—247; Macedonian minority in Greece, denial of existence by Greece x, 113, 116, 185,214-215, 217 Macedonian Question ix-x, 4; Macedonian Question lato sensu ix; Macedonian Question stricto sensu (1878-1949) ix-x; ‘New Macedonian Question’ x, 111-112 Macedonian refugees from Greece 102,173; measures against them by Greece 102 Macedonian revisionist history 101,169, 177, 181, 183-184; see also Ačkoska, Kiselovski, Risteski, Z. Todorovski
272 Index Macedonian revolutionary organizations x, 36—50; see also MRO, TMORO, VMORO, VMRO, VMRO (ob), Vűrhoven Makedonski Komitet Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO) 37, 39 Macedonian Scientific Institute (in Bulgaria) 145-146 Macedonian Scholarly and Literary Society (or Macedonian Literaryscientific Student Fellowship) 71, 155, 185; see also Mišajkov, Dijamadija; Misirkov, Krste; Čupovski, Dimitrija; Young Macedonian Literary Society Macedonian supranationalism 40, 41-42, 47, 75; see also Macedonia ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’; Marinov, Tchavdar Macedonians’ alienation from Bulgaria, reasons for 41, 67-68, 155, 247 Macedonism (Makedonizam), Macedonists 13, 23, 68, 70-71, 146, 176, 185, 221; see also Cvijič, Novakovič, Ristovski, Slaveykov Macedonoslavs or Macedono-Slavs (Greek designation) 31, 52; see also SlavMacedonians Macedo-Slavs 23, 26, 30, 83, 221; see also Cvijič Macron, Emmanuel 234, 241n69, 246 Makedonski, Dimitar 185-186 Maleska, Mirjana xii, 172 Maleski, Denko xii, 83-84, 115, 118-119, 121-122, 133ո73, 134ո82, 135ПІ05, 135ПІ08, 167, 177, 180, 220, 247, 249ո46; critique of antiquisation 180-181; critique of Macedonian narrative 220,247; nationalism and Balkan nationalisms 167, 177; ongoing Macedonian-Bulgarian conflict 247 Maleski, Vlado 157,248 Makedonski, Dimitar 185-186 MANAPO (Makedonski naroden pokret), Macedonian People’s/National Movement 77 maps see ethnographic map(s) Marinov, Tchavdar xii, 36, 41, 45-47, 53nl, 54n22, 54n28, 55n30, 58nl05, 58nl23, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82nl41, 154, 160, 162-163; ilinden in Bulgarian and Macedonian narrative 45^16;
Macedonian language 154, 162-163; Macedonian separatism and the VMORO 36,41,47, 53nl, 67, 74, 77; Macedonian supranationalism 41,47 Markovski, Venko 77, 93,101,156-158, 185 Masing, Leonhard 26 Marko Kraljević 197 Markovič, Sima 51, 84 Markovski, Venko 77, 93,101,156-158, 185 Matov, Hristo 37,42-43, 46 May Manifesto (May 1924) 49 Mázon, André 152 Mazzini, Giuseppe 8; see also Renan, Ernest Medieval geographical Macedonia, Bulgarian or Macedonian heritage? (Samuil, Cyril and Methodius) xi, 1-2, 8, 10, 141-145, 150, 160-161, 168-169, 171-172, 174-175, 179, 182-183, 185-186, 219, 244-245 (Bulgarian heritage) xi, 1-2, 8, 10, 141-145, 160-161, 171, 244-245 (see also Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius in Bulgarian narrative; Samuil, Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian); Macedonian heritage (claimed by Macedonians) xi, 76-77, 150, 161, 168-169, 171-172, 174-175, 179, 182-183, 185-186, 219 (see also ÁSNOM; Čupovski; Cyril and Methodius, Cyril and Methodius in Macedonian narrative; Dinev, Grekov; Ivanovski, Vasil; B. Panov, M.B. Panov, Ristovski; Samuil, Samuil’s empire as Macedonian; Taškovski, Vlahov) Medieval period, Middle Ages xi, 8-13, 65, 92, 141-144, 167, 171-175, 177, 179, 182-183, 219 Medieval Bulgaria xi, 8-10, 92, 141-144, 177; see also Bulgarian Empire, Samuil, Simeon, Zhivkov Medieval Macedonia (Macedonian narrative) xi, 168-169,171-175, 179, 182-183, 219; see also Bogomils; Cyril and Methodius; Samuil Medieval Serbia 10-13, 65, 175; see also Serbian Empire; Stefan Dušan Megali Idea (Greek irredentist Great Idea) 3, 5, 10-12, 22, 24; see also Greater Greece; Greek
irredentism Meillet, André 153 Meinhard, F. 22 Metaxas, Ioannis 53, 185,215, 217 Michael III, Byzantine Emperor 150; see also Cyril and Methodius
Index Michev, Dobrin 145-146 Mihailov, Ivan (Vancho) 48-50, 59nl35, 59nl46, 59nl50, 86-89, 93, 183, 185 Miladinov brothers 68-69, 151, 153-154, 171,173; Dimitar Miladinov 68, 154, 176,185,197; Konstantin Miladinov 68, 69,154 Miletich, Lyubomir 29 Miljovski, Kiro 172 Mill, John Stuart 8 millet system (Ottoman Empire) 22, 175; Bulgarian millet 6; Rum millet 6 Milojević, Miloš 12-14, 23 Miloševič, Slobodan ix, x, 115-118,120; Milošević’s policy against Macedonia ix֊x, 115-118,133n72 Minogue, Kenneth 66 Mirchev, Kiril 159 Mišajkov, Dijamadija 71, 155 Misirkov, Krste 42, 68, 71-75, 83, 142, 153,155-158, 168,173-174, 185, 219,247; Bulgaria as ‘demon’ for the Macedonians 72; creating a Macedonian language 73 (see also Macedonian dialects); creating a Macedonian nation 72-73; ilinden Uprising 72, 142, 173; Serbian contribution to Macedonian nationhood 72; VMORO and ambivalent link with Bulgaria 72-73; see also Ristovski Mitsotakis, Konstantinos 113,116-120, 122-123,192ПІ71,229 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos 233-234 modernity and nationalism see nationalism and modernity Mojsov, Lazar 173 Molotov, Vyacheslav 96-99 Momigliano, Arnaldo 207 Monastir vilâyet see Bitola (Monastir) province Moscow University (Lomonosov) 12,68 Mouzelis, Nicos 207 Načertanije (Outline) 11-12; see also Greater Serbia, Garašanin, Serbian ¡iredentism Naceva, Mara 88, 91 naming disputes 111, 224-226; see also Greek-Macedonian naming dispute, geographical name cases settled amicably or by default national awakening/national awakeners 63-64,66, 167-169; Bulgarian national awakening/national awakener(s) 273
64,68-69,142,155,175, 218; Greek national awakening 64, 218; Macedonian belated national awakening 45, 63-64, 72,77,169,172,176,185, 218; Serbian national awakening 64, 218 national historical narratives 167-168 nationalism and modernity 6, 64,66, 168-169, 218 nationalism, theories of 8, 65-66, 78, 167-170,218 nationalism ix~xi, 6, 28, 64-66, 78, 167, 169-170,193,203, 218; see also Bulgarian nationalism; Greek nationalism; Macedonian nationalism; Serbian nationalism nationalities, principle of 7-8 nationalities of Macedonia 31,42, 46, 48, 50, 72, 78, 85,221 NATO 111, 115, 120,121, 126-128,217, 233-236,244; Macedonia bid to join NATO 126, 226-229, 232-234; NATO and Greek veto 127-128, 179; North Macedonia accession to NATO (2019) 234 nationalities of Yugoslavia 89 Naum 151; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Ohrid Literary School; Presláv Literaiy School Naumovsld, Vasko 128,226 Nazi Germany 49, 83-86, 88-90, 93, 104n30 Nedelkovski, Kole 77, 156 Netherlands 117,123,225, 234 Neuilly, Treaty of (1919) 31, 52 New Democracy (Greek party) 120,123, 233-234, 241n57 Nicolaides, Kleanthis 23,29 Nikolaev, Danari 40 Nikolajevič, Svetomir 13 Nimetz, Mathew 124-126, 128, 226, 228-231, 236-237, 240n47; compound name suggestions 126, 128, 138nl93, 226; ‘principle of loss aversion’ 230; see also Greek-Macedonian naming dispute NOF (National Liberation Front), SlavMacedonian 101-102 Northern Ireland 111, 224—225 North Macedonia x, 126, 129 (Table 6.1), 161,168,208n3,214-215, 226,230234, 237-238, 245-248; see also former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Macedonia
274 Index North Macedonia accession process to EU 234; temporary veto by France, Netherlands and Denmark 234; veto dropped 234 Northern Ireland 111, 224—225 Novakovič, Stojan 12-14,19nl07, 23, 146,177; idea of Macedonism 13, 23 (see also Macedonism) Obolensky, Dimitri 175 Ohrid Literary School 151, 183; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Presláv Literaiy School Old Serbia (Stara Srbija) 10, 12, 24, 51, 83 O’Neil, Robin 121-122 Orbini, Mavro 196 Orthodox Christians in Macedonia 5, 8-9, 21-22,24,51,64,216,218 Orthodox Church 6-7, 63 OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) 111, 117, 121 Ostrogorsky, George 175 Ottoman Balkans (Ottomans in Europe) 2, 6,10, 14, 21, 27-28, 196, 218 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, Sublime Porte (Ottoman Government) ix, xi, 1-3, 5-7, 9-12, 14, 21-22, 27-29, 30, 40, 48, 214; see also ‘Turks’ for the Ottomans Ottoman Macedonia x, 1-2, 8-9,24, 27, 36, 38, 40, 43-45, 65, 67, 70-71, 74, 115, 155, 163, 175-176, 182, 196, 220 Ottoman misgovemment/Ottoman misrule 10,28 Owen, David 121,123 Paeonia or Paionia, Paeonians/Paionians 2, 198-199 Paisti of Hilandar 144, 160 Pallis, Alexander 52 Pandev, Konstantin 40 Pandevski, Manol 47, 173, 184 Panitsa, Todor 46, 48-49 Panov, Anton 77,156,185 Panov, Branko 182, 190nl04 Panov, Mitko B. 168,179, 183 Pan-Slavism, pan-Slavist(s) 7,12, 20 Papaconstantinou, Mihalis 121-123, 134n97 Papandreou, Andreas 112,120, 123-124 Papandreou, George 125, 128 Paparrigopoulos, Constantine 4—5, 22,216; ancient Macedonians as non-Greeks 4; ancient Macedonians as Greeks 4—5; contacts with Kiepert 22 (see also
Kiepert, Heinrich); see also Greek national narrative; Grote, George Papoulias, Karolos 124 Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 30-31,48, 226 Paris Peace Conference (1946) 96,143 Parlichev, Grigor 78, 70, 153-154 Partisan(s) (National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia) 46, 84, 87, 99, 219 Partisans in Macedonia (Macedonian Partisan Detachments) 87-88, 90, 92, 150, 156, 170,219 PASOK (Greek party Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement) 123, 125 Patriarchate and Greek irredentism 6-7 Patriarchate of Constantinople, Patriarch (Ecumenical Patriarchate/Ecumenical Patriarch) 5-Ю, 14, 24, 27, 63, 171; opposition to Bulgarian Church 6-7 Patriarchists (Bulgarians or Slavspeakers) 8, 9, 44, 64, 216; see also Exarchists Pausanias 197 Pavelič, Ante 49-50, 59nl35, 89 Pavlowitch, Stefan 89 Pejčinovik, Hadži Kiril 153-154 Pendarovski, Stevo 247 percentages agreement (October 1944) 97-98, 109nl73; see also Churchill, Winston; Stalin Petermann, August Heinrich 20 Petkovški, Ljupcho 237 Perseus, King of Macedón 1 Petrich district (or Petrich region) 48—49, 95; see also Pirin Macedonia Petrov, Gyorche 37, 39-43, 46, 48, 66-67, 144, 156, 173, 219 Petrov, Petar 145-146 Petruševska, Dušica 176 Petruševski, Mihailo 157 Philip II, King of Macedón ix, 5, 31, 176178,181, 197,199, 200-203,206, 215 Pineiro, João de Deus 119,130 Pineiro Package (April 1992) 119, 130 Pirin Macedonia x, 48-49, 77, 91-92, 94-96, 100, 140-141, 145, 147 Plutarch 197, 202, 205 Poparsov, Petar 37, 42, 46, 48, 71, 153 Popov, Antov 76 Popov, Dimitur 113 Popov, Konstantin 160 Popovič, К. 112 Poptomov, Vladimir 50,
91, 93, 172, 248 Popyordanov, Yordan 43—44
Index Portugal 111, 119, 134ո82,130 Poulton, Hugh 158 Preobraženie Uprising 44, 143, 145 Preslav Literary School 153,183; see also Clement; Cyrillic alphabet; Naum; Ohrid Literary School Prespa Agreement (Greek-Macedonian, 2018) x, 213,217, 226-238; assessment of Greek Government 235; assessment of Macedonian Government 235-236; general assessment-appraisalcriticism 236-238; motives of Greece 227-228; motives of Macedonia 227; negotiations, main issues 226-231; provisions 231-232, 235-236, 238; provisions against irredentism 231, 235-236, 238; sticking point erga omnes 228-231, 235-236, 240ո32, 240ո47 Pribićević, Svetovar 83 Pribojević, Vinco 196 propaganda in Macedonia (1870-1912): Bulgarian propaganda 10-11,90, 141, 173; Greek propaganda 9, 36,173, 175; Serbian propaganda 13-14, 36-37, 54n6, 54n8, 70, 72, 146, 173 Prophet Elijah’s day (2 August, Macedonian National Anniversary) 43, 92; see also ÁSNOM; Hinden Uprising Protić, Stojan 13 Protogerov, Aleksandar 48-49,174,183 Pulevski, Georgi 68-70, 153, 155-156, 185, 220; existence of Slav-Macedonian language 69; existence of SlavMacedonians as a distinct people 69-70 Pushkarov, Nikola 75 Racin, Kočo 77, 156, 185 Radev, Rumen 161, 245 Rakowski, Georgi 69, 154-155, 220, 223ո38 Ranković, Aleksandar 84 Rappoport, Alfred 26 Rastislav, King of Moravia 150; see also Cyril and Methodius; Glagolitic alphabet; Michael III, Byzantine Emperor Reed, John 3 refugees from Greece (Macedonians) 102, 173 refugees to Bulgaria (Bulgarians or Macedonians) 25, 31,45,99 refugees to Greece from Asia Minor (Greeks) 52,215 215 refugees, Muslim 28
rehabilitation of leading Macedonian figures and controversy 183-184 Reiss, Archibald 30 Relković, Matija Antun 196 Renan, Ernest 8, 65, 167 Rila Congress of VMORO (October 105) 39,46 Risteski, Stoyan 101,183 Ristovski, Blaže 71, 80n68, 164n28, 168, 173-174,182,184-186; Macedonian historical roots 174-175, 182,185-186; Macedonian myth regarding ancient Macedonians 185-186; Macedonian name 186; Misirkov 174 Roman Empire, Roman(s) 1,3,10,168, 176-177-180, 197,199-200,229 Romania/Romanian(s) 2-3, 5, 9, 51, 64, 67, 85, 96, 145, 161-162, 168, 218, 225 Rossos, Andrew 55n30, 65; reasons for belated nationhood 65 Russia, Russian(s) (Russian Empire) 3, 7,12, 18n94,20, 26-27,54n20, 71, 73, 152,155, 162, 196; Russian ethnographic maps of Macedonia (1890s-1900s) 26-27; Russo-Ottoman War (1877-1878) 7, 20 Russian Pan-Slavism 7,12, 20; Greek and Serbian fears of Russian Pan-Slavism 7, 12 (see also Bulgaria and Pan-Slavism) Russia (Russian Federation) 125, 162,234 Šafárik, Pavel 20, 151 Šahov, Kosta 37, 42, 71, 176 Samaras, Andonis 112-113, 116-120, 123, 233 Samuil, Tsar of First Bulgarian Empire xi, 2, 65, 74, 76-77, 92, 144, 169, 172, 174-175, 177, 180, 182-183, 219, 233, 244-245; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (Bulgarian view) xi, 65, 141-142, 144, 219; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (independent scholarly views) 142, 219; Samuil’s empire as Bulgarian (Macedonian final acceptance) 244-245; Samuil’s empire as Macedonian (Macedonian view) xi, 74, 76-77, 92, 144, 169, 172, 174-175, 177, 180, 182-183, 219; Samuil’s empire as Macedonian (independent scholarly views) 175 Šandanov, Petur 50
Sandanski, Yane 37, 39, 42-43, 46-48, 67, 76,92,141,144,156,173,219, 248
276 Index San Stefano Treaty (1878) 7, 11; see also Bulgaria of San Stefano Šapkarev, Kuzman 71,153-154 Sarafov, Boris 37, 4(M4, 46-47, 55n47, 67, 156, 174, 183 Sax, Karl 20-21 SDSM (Social Democratic Union of Macedonia) 113, 184, 227, 234-235, 240ո48, 243 Second World War x, 20, 29,46, 51, 68, 78, 83, 84, 94, 144, 152, 156, 185, 225 Serbia, Serbian(s) ix-x, 3-М, 10, 20, 26-27, 64-65, 69, 85, 87-88, 91, 145, 159, 162,170,196 Serbia-Montenegro (smaller Yugoslavia of 1990s) 124 Serbian-dominated internar Yugoslavia ix, 48, 51-52, 83, 88 Serbian ethnographic maps (1880s֊1918) 12, 26,29-30 Serbian Empire 10-11, 12-13,65, 175; see also Stefan Dušan Serbian irredentism 11-12; see also Greater Serbia; Načertanįje Serbian language 11,14, 152-153, 157, 159; see also Karadžič, Vuk; Štokavian dialect Serbian Macedonia as Old Serbia’ or ‘South Serbia’ 10,12, 24, 51, 83; see also Serbian Empire; Vardar Macedonia Serbian nationalism 12-14, 23-24,115, 151,170,218; ice also Greater Serbia; Načertanįje Serbian policy to acquire Ottoman Macedonia (1870S-1912) 10-14, 23-24, 26-31, 36-37, 40, 70, 72 Serbian Revolution 11 Serbs in Ottoman Macedonia 2, 21, 23-25, 27,64 Seton-Watson, Robert William 26, 30 Shatev, Pavel 43-44,48, 50, 57n85, 76, 93,100-101, 158,174, 183 Shatorov, Metodi (Sharlo) 50, 85, 87-88, 183 Shukarova, Aneta 178 Simeon I the Great, Tsar of First Bulgarian Empire 144, 151 Simitis, Costas 125 Simovski, Todor 173 Skopje (Üsküb or Kosovo) province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2 Skopje, city of 2, 12-13, 24,26, 74—75, 77, 85-86, 88-89, 93, 96, 101, 121, 123-127, 159, 175, 181-182, 184, 226,
240n45, 243, 249n36 ‘Skopje 2014 project’ 127,175, 181-182, 227; Macedonians against the project 127, 181, 227 Skopje, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of 77,158,169,172, 206 Slaveykov, Petko 70-71, 80n68, 155, 176-177, 185,196, see also Macedonism Slavic alphabet, Slavonic alphabet, Old Slavic or Old Slavonic alphabet, Old Church Slavic alphabet or Old Church Slavonic alphabet 150-151 Slavic or Slavonic alphabet 150-151, 161, 163; Bulgarian alphabet (Bulgarian claim) 144,160-161; Macedonian alphabet (Macedonian claim) 162, 171-172,182-183,219 Slavic migration to the Balkans (sixthseventh century) 2, 76, 174, 185,207, 216 Slav-Macedonian(s) 42, 52, 69-70, 74, 83, 112, 152, 155, 220-221; SlavMacedonians (Slav-Macedonia) (Greek designation) 52, 116, 123, 134n97, 137nl90, 152,214, 221 Slav-Macedonian minority in Greece see Macedonian minority Slavophone Greeks (according to Greece) 30-31, 52, 6ІПІ88, 86, 90,116,215 Slav-speaking inhabitants of Macedonia (1870-1914) ix, 3, 5, 9,10, 13, 27, 30, 44, 63-64, 76,142,154, 197 Slovenia, Slovene(s) 30, 48, 84, 91-92, 114,117-118, 151, 163 Smith, Anthony D. 65-66, 78,167 Smith, Arthur Howden 26 SNOF (Slavo-Macedonian Popular Liberation Front) 90-91; see also NOF Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ix, 85, 122 Socialist Republic of Macedonia (SRM) ix—x, 92-94, III, 113, 122, 141, 213, 230 Sofia University 48 Sokolov, Lazar 89, 93, 101 Šoptrajan(ov), Gjorgji 157 Soteriades, Georgios 31 Souliotes-Nikolaidis, Athanasios 8 Southern Serbs/Serbians, Old Serbians, the Macedonians as (Serbian claim) 13, 51, 90, 114-115
Index Spain 122, 221 Srećković, Panta 12-13 Stalin 84, 88, 91-92, 94-102, 109nl73, 112, 140, 159, 183; Balkan federation 94—96, 98; fear of Western reaction 97-98; Greek Civil War 97-98; Macedonians 92; percentages agreement 97-98; see also Dimitrov, Georgi; Greek Civil War; Kremlin meeting under Stalin; percentages agreement; Tito, Josip Broz; Tito-Stalin split Stamboliyski, Aleksandar 48 Stanford, Edward 21 Stavrianos. L.S. 63-64, 199; Macedonian illiterary and potential for nationhood 63-64; view on ancient Macedonians 199 Stefan Dušan, Tsar of Serbian Empire 2, 10-12, 65, 175; see also Serbian Empire Stoianovich, Traían 199; view on ancient Macedonians 199 Štokavian dialect 11, 151, 162; see also Gaj, Ljudevit; Karadžič, Vuk Stoyanov, Vasil 155 Stoychev, Alexandar 244 Stoykov, Stoyko 160 Strabo 197,199, 205 Strandzha Republic 44 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj 151 Supreme Macedonian Committee/Supremists see Viirhoven Makedonski Komitet symbolic conflict 193-194; symbolic conflict in New Guinea 193 {see also Harrison, Simon); symbolic conflict over legacy of Alexander the Great 194 (see also Hamson, Simon; Vangeli, Anastas) symbolic power 193; see also Bourdieu, Piene; Vangeli, Anastas SYRIZA (Greek political party Coalition of the Radical Left) 128, 226, 233 Taiwan see China, Republic of (ROC) Taškovski (or Tashkovski), Dragan 168, 173, 175-177; romantic attachment to ancient Macedonians 176; Samuil’s empire in substance Macedonian 175,177; Slavic origins of Macedonians 176-177 Tatarchev, Hristo 37-39, 42-43, 46, 48, 144, 156, 173 Tatars, the Bulgarians as (Greek, Macedonian
and Serbian claim) 7,14, 70-71, 175 277 Thessaloniki bombings 43—44; see also Gemidzhii Thessaloniki, city of (Salonika, Selânik, Solun) 2, 20, 22, 26, 37, 95,102,124, 126 Thessaloniki conference of VMORO (January 1903) 43; see also Garvanov, Ivan; ilinden Uprising Thessaloniki meeting at Çelebi Bakkal Street (October 1893) 37; see also Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO) Thessaloniki, Middle Ages and Slav language 150, 161,171 Thessaloniki province (Ottoman vilâyet) 2, 27 Thessaloniki rallies (1992, 2018-2019) 192, 233 Thessaly 1, 3, 5, 8, 22,204 Thrace 1, 24, 27-28, 31, 38, 42, 44,154, 198; Western Thrace 28, 52, 86, 96 Thrasymachus 197, 206 Thucydides 197, 199, 204-205 Tito, Josip Broz ix, x, 50, 65, 68, 83-85, 87-89, 91, 93-96, 98-102, 112, 118, 141, 152, 159, 182-184, 219; ‘arbitrary creator of Macedonia’ (Bulgarian and Greek claim) 65, 115, 118, 140, 142, 145, 152-153, 162, 213-214, 236; Balkan federation 94-95, 98; claim to Greek Macedonia (1945-1949) 95, 98, 102; contribution to Macedonian nationhood x, 65, 85, 89-91, 92-94, 153, 155, 162, 182, 184 and Chapter 5 (83-102); Greek Civil War (assistance to Greek communists) 98-99, 102; see also Balkan federation of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria; CPY; Greek Civil War; Koliševski, Lazar; Shatorov, Metodi; Stalin; Tito-Stalin split; VukmanovićTempo, Svetozar Tito’s Partisans see Partisans Titoist Yugoslavia or Tito’s Yugoslavia 50, 112, 142, 146,182-183 Tito-Stalin split x 99-102, 112, 140, 159; reasons 99-100; repercussions 100-102 (Bulgaria regarding Pirin Macedonia 100; Greek Civil War ending 101-102; persecution of
pro-Bulgarian ‘Cominformist’ Macedonians 100-101); see also Dedijer, Vladimir; Djilas, Milovan; Stalin; Tito, Josip Broz
278 Index TMORO (Таупа Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya) (SMARO: Secret MacedonianAdrianopole Revolutionary Organization 39-40 Todorova, Maria 7 Todorovski, Gligor 173-174 Todorovski, Zoran 183 Toshev, Pere 37, 43, 46 Toynbee, Arnold 26,152, 198-199; view on ancient Macedonians 198-199 Trajanovski, Zarko 181 Trayanovski, Alexandar 173 Treaty of Friendship, GoodNeighbourhood, and Cooperation between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria x, 140,147, 161, 243-245; Treaty of Friendship in the doldrums 245-246 Troebst, Stefan 115,170 Tsankov, Aleksandar 49 Tsilas, Lucas 124 Tsipras, Alexis 226-227, 230-231,233, 235 Tsonchev, Ivan 40, 43-44, 46 Turkey/Turks, Turkish 49, 121, 163, 168, 220, 227-228 ‘Turks’ and ‘Turkey’ (for the Ottomans and the Ottoman Empire) 2-3, 7, 9,12,14, 20-22, 27-29, 38, 42, 46-48, 64, 143, 151, 175, 184, 196 Turkish History Thesis 168, 220 Tzounis, loannis 120 UN (UnitedNations) 111, 117,120-126, 128,131,224, 234-235 UN Charter 114 UN General Assembly 111, 122 UN Secretary-General 111, 121,124 UN Security Council 111, 122 United Nations Preventive Deployment Mission (UNPREDEP) 121 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 121 United States 97-98, 100, 102, 111-112, 120-121, 125, 217, 231, 234; see also American/Americans Ustasha 49-50, 59nl35 Vahades, Markos 101 Vaillant, André 153 Vance, Cyrus 121, 123-125 Vance-Owen Package (May 1993) 123 Vangeli, Anastas xii, 179,193 Vardar (or Vardarska) Banovina or Vardar Banate (Macedonia in interwar Yugoslavia) 83,114 Vardar Macedonia 51, 68, 77, 83, 85-92, 140, 219, 247 Vánkov ska,
Biljana xii, 229,244 Vassílakis, Adamantios 125,128,226 Väzov, Ivan 161 Veles-Prilep-Bitola Macedonian dialect/ Veles-Pripel-Bitola-Ohrid Macedonian dialect/Prilep-Bitola-Kicevo-Veles Macedonian dialect 71, 73, 155-157 Venizelos, Eleftherios 29, 30-31 Vergina sun or star 124, 177, 194; Vergina sun or star in Macedonian hag 124, 177 Verković, Stjepan 12,196 Veselinov, Kosta 76, 185 Veselinovič, Milojko 12, 13, 14 Vidoeski, Božidar 158 Vlachs, Vlachspeakers, Aromanian, Romanianspeakers in Macedonia 2-3, 5, 8-9, 21, 24-25, 27, 29, 31, 39, 44, 153, 155, 175, 196, 215; Greek narrative (Vlachs as Greeks) 8-9 (see also Greek ethnographic maps) Vlahov, Dimitar 46-51, 77, 91-93, 171172, 248; Macedonian nation and its birth 171-172 (see also VMRO (ob.)) VM(0)RO see VMORO; VMRO VMORO (Vütreshna Makedono-Odrinska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya). IMARO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) 39,41-48, 66, 68, 72-73, 76, 92, 141-145, 156, 173, 184, 219, 247-248; independent or Bulgarian (MacedonianBulgarian debate) 40-42, 47, 66-68, 72-73, 76, 141-142, 144-146, 156, 173, 184, 219, 245-246 (see also Macedonian nationalism and the VM(O)RO) VMRO (ob.), VMRO (obedinena), Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United) 48, 50, 68, 76-78, 85, 92 VMRO Vütreshna Makedonska Revoliutsionna Organizatsiya, IMRO: Internal Secret Revolutionary Organization) ix, 36, 39, 48-52, 59nl35. 60-6ІПІ50, 67, 86-90,183-185, 219 VMRO-BND (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Bulgarian National Movement) 146, 244-245 VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic
Index Party of Macedonian National Unity) 113,126,168-169,177,181, 183,214, 227, 232,234-236, 240n48, 244 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar 85, 88-92, 93, 95,219; successful operation in Vardar Macedonia 88-92 Vürhoven Makedonski Komitet (Supreme Macedonian Committee), Vürhovist(s)/ Supremist(s) 40-46, 48, 173 Weigand, Gustav 22, 152 Wiener, Myron 85 Xydopoulos, Ioannis 205-206; view on ancient Macedonians 205-206 Yosmaoğlu, İpek К. 42, 54nll, 67 Young Macedonian Literary Society 37, 176; see also Poparsov, Petar Young Turks, Young Turk Revolution 9, 27-28, 46-47, 64, 184; see also CUP Yovkov, Arseniy 75 Yugoslavia ix, x, 13, 30, 48, 50-52, 65, 73, 77, 83-102, 112-115, 118, 140-142, 146-147, 151,154,159,168,174, 182-184, 213, 219; Yugoslavia during V 279 the internar 48; Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation idea 94-98, 100; see also Federal Yugoslavia; former Yugoslavia; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Titoist or Tito’s Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) under Milosevic ix-x, 114-118, 120-121, 124, 133n72 Yugoslavian-Bulgarian relations (1944-1948) 94-96,98 Yugoslavia as Serbia-Montenegro 115, 118, 124 Zachariadis, Nicos 90, 99, 101-102, 110ո222 Zaev, Zoran 226-227, 229-231, 234-236, 243-245; see also Prespa Agreement; SDSM Zaharieva, Ekaterina 161, 245 Zankov, Georgi 50, 75 Zarev, Pantelej 143 Zelev, Zhelyu 139-140 Zhivkov, Todor 140-141, 143-144,147, „ 160 Žinzifov, Rajko 154-155 Zografski, Partenij 71, 153-154 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München -Z |
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| author | Ērakleidēs, Alexēs 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129442607 |
| author_facet | Ērakleidēs, Alexēs 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ērakleidēs, Alexēs 1952- |
| author_variant | a ē aē |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| classification_rvk | NP 6450 NP 5920 NQ 8240 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1250471413 (DE-599)BVBBV047233659 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1870- gnd Geschichte 1878-1949 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1870- Geschichte 1878-1949 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:01:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:06:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367218263 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032638079 |
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| physical | xii, 279 Seiten |
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| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
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| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe |
| spelling | Ērakleidēs, Alexēs 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)129442607 aut The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history Alexis Heraclides London ; New York Routledge 2021 xii, 279 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe Geschichte 1870- gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1878-1949 gnd rswk-swf Makedonische Frage (DE-588)4168663-9 gnd rswk-swf Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Macedonian question Macedonia / History North Macedonia / History Europe / Macedonia North Macedonia History Makedonien [Barrington p. 50] (DE-2581)TH000009887 gbd Makedonische Frage (DE-588)4168663-9 s Geschichte 1878-1949 z DE-604 Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1870- z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-429-26636-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638079&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638079&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ērakleidēs, Alexēs 1952- The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history Makedonische Frage (DE-588)4168663-9 gnd Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4168663-9 (DE-588)4170996-2 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history |
| title_auth | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history |
| title_exact_search | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history |
| title_full | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history Alexis Heraclides |
| title_fullStr | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history Alexis Heraclides |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians a history Alexis Heraclides |
| title_short | The Macedonian question and the Macedonians |
| title_sort | the macedonian question and the macedonians a history |
| title_sub | a history |
| topic | Makedonische Frage (DE-588)4168663-9 gnd Nachbarstaat (DE-588)4170996-2 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Makedonische Frage Nachbarstaat Internationale Politik Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638079&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032638079&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT erakleidesalexes themacedonianquestionandthemacedoniansahistory |