Red arctic: Russian strategy under Putin
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Brookings Institution Press
[2023]
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| Beschreibung: | XVI, 208 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780815738886 9780815740049 |
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CONTENTS PREFACE VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV 1 THE ARCTIC GREAT GAME 1 2 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING (HOME) 13 3 PUTIN'S ARCTIC PLAYBOOK 51 4 CONQUERING THE ARCTIC 80 5 COOPERATING WITH THE KREMLIN(?) 113
VI Contents 6 A “NEW” COLD WAR? 134 7 FUTURE ARCTIC HISTORIES 147 AFTERWORD 159 NOTES 165 REFERENCES 183 INDEX 197
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INDEX Figures are indicated by “f” following the page numbers. AEPS. See Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy Alaskan Arctic Refuge, 141 Alfa Access Renova (AAR), 125-26 Antarctic region, 2, 61, 99 Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-56,162 Arctic Coast Guard Forum, 137 Arctic Council: establishment of, 38, 39, 101; mandate for, 68,101, 104, 139, 141; membership of, 87, 98, 101, 104; observer status to, 96-97, 99,104,137, 155; rotating presidency of, 87, 108, 138, 153; Russia-West relations and, 104, 136-37, 159; suspension of dialogue due to Ukraine conflict, 159-62 Arctic Eight, 3, 87,101, 104,149. See also specific countries Arctic Entente scenario, 154-57, 163 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), 39 Arctic exceptionalism, 145,150,160 Arctic Five: in Arctic Entente scenario, 154; commercial fishing ban imple mented by, 137; cooperation among, 135-36,139; EEZ designations for, 101; geopolitics and, 50, 68, 104, 109, 111, 149; Ilulissat Declaration by, 78, 104, 119; maritime boundaries of, 3; militarization activities of, 109-11; NATO membership among, 99. See also specific countries Arctic great game, 1-6, 81, 87, 89,107, 160 Arctic LNG-2 project, 130, 131, 132/
198 Index Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154, 156, 162, 163 Arctic Ocean: commercial fishing ban in, 137, 161; deep-water drilling in, 45; delimitation of maritime spaces in, 54; extreme weather events in, 154; maritime zones of, 101-03; Russian flag-planting on seabed of, vii, 13, 40-41, 50, 53, 78, 95-96; sea ice extent in, 5, 6, 85, 105; search and rescue exercises in, 110-11. See also Conti nental shelf debate; International waters Arctic region: challenges facing, 101-12, 152; comparison with Antarctic region, 2; future scenarios for, 153-57, 162-63; ice melt in, viii, 5, 7, 60, 105, 152, 158; indigenous peoples of, 39, 55, 65-66,104, 158; legal architecture of, 2-3, 155; military exercises in, 37, 50, 75, 100,110-11,149, 153; oil and gas resources in, viii; permafrost in, 7, 60, 107, 154; Polar Code in, 99; political definition of, 3, 4; Soviet legacy in, 33-39; stewardship of, 88, 141, 153; tourism in, 97, 106, 161; US Geologi cal Survey of, 3-5, 82-84, 108; as zone of peace and cooperation, 53, 65, 138. See also Arctic stakeholders; European Arctic; Geopolitics; Militarization of Arctic region; Natural resources; North American Arctic; Opening of Arctic region; Russian Arctic; Sustainable development; Transporta tion routes Arctic rim states. See Arctic Five Arctic Security Forces Roundtable (ASFR), 135-36 Arctic stakeholders: China, 96-98; emergence of new players, 160-61, 163; European Union, 98-99; international cooperation among, 11, 158; on militarization as security threat, 68; NATO, 99-100. See also Arctic Five Arctic war narrative, viii-xi, 1-2, 8-10, 135
Arktika expedition, 40-41,45 ASFR. See Arctic Security Forces Roundtable Atland, Kristian, 63 Authoritarian statism, 18, 20 Baev, Pavel, 12 Barents, Willem, 114 Barents Sea: CLCS submissions on, 43; delineation treaty (2010), 117-21, 124, 132; fisheries in, 114, 115, 117, 120; hydrocarbon resources in, 114, 117, 123-24; joint energy ventures in, 24, 117, 121-24; as Northern Sea Route entrance, 114; nuclear waste-dumping in, 39; Russia-Norway dispute in, 95, 114-21, 124, 132, 162; search and rescue exercises in, 110-11, 117; Varangerfjord agreement on, 115-17 Barents-2015 exercise, 110-11 Berezovsky, Boris, 17, 20 Bering Strait, 33, 87,144 Bering Strait agreement (1990), 157 Biden, Joe: Arctic strategy under, 138, 143, 145; climate change securitiza tion by, 156; environmental legacy for, 146; US-Russia relations under, 144 Blank, Stephen, 75-76 Border security, 48, 53, 56-59, 71, 109, 137 Borodin, Pavel, 17 BP, 24, 107, 125-27 Brady, Anne-Marie, 97 Brigham, Lawson, 10 Bush, George W., 88 Byers, Michael, 109-10
Index 199 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Canada: Arctic strategy of, 89-93, 105, (CARA) model, 83, 84 145-46; Chinese engagement with, CLCS. See Commission on the Limits of 155; CLCS submissions from, 90-93; the Continental Shelf on Danish CLCS submissions, 93; Climate change: acceleration of, 81; in Declaration of Friendship with Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154, 156; Russia, 38; on NATO’s Arctic role, evidence of, 5, 144; global energy mix 67, 99; natural gas production by, 24; impacted by, 25; ice melt due to, viii, on Northeast and Northwest 5, 7, 105; mitigation of, 97, 99, 111, Passages as internal waterways, 6, 144,154; opening of Arctic region due 141, 157; on Russian CLCS submis to, 5-7, 85,139; permafrost melt due sions, 43, 47; on Russian flag to, 7, 60, 154; as security threat, 5, 31, planting incident, 40; sectoral line 72,108, 144, 156; skepticism regard principle rejected by, 33; sovereignty ing, 142 operations launched by, 109; on Clinton, Hillary, 87 sustainable development, 145-46; UNCLOS ratification by, 90. See also Coal, 15,25-27,142 Cohen, Ariel, 8, 31 Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; specific leaders Cold Response military exercises, 100, CARA model. See Circum-Arctic 110 Cold War: geopolitics of, 50, 114; Resource Appraisal model militarization of Arctic during, 8, 10, Centrally planned economy, 19 36, 148; in popular culture, 134. Chekunkov, Alexei, 64 See also New cold war paradigm Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 15 Chevron, 24, 117, 123 Color revolutions, 23 Commission on the Limits of the Chilingarov, Artur, 13,40, 41 Continental Shelf (CLCS): Canadian China:
in Arctic Armageddon submissions to, 90-93; Danish scenario, 153-54; in Arctic Entente submissions to, 92-94; judgment on scenario, 154; Arctic strategy of, validity of claims, 101, 105; Russian 96-98, 155, 159, 162-63; fisheries submissions to, 41-49, 55, 138 ban violations by, 161; in LNG Communications infrastructure, 56, 57, megaprojects, 130-31; Northern Sea 67 Route and, 81, 85, 97, 98, 155; Competition: in Arctic Entente scenario, observer status to Arctic Council, 154-55; for energy security, 9; 96-97, 104, 137, 155; “One Belt, One geopolitical, 81, 100; great power Road” initiative, 131; Polar Silk competition narrative, viii, 1, 68, 143, Road strategy of, 155, 159; Russian 154, 156; media representations of, 78; energy ties with, 15, 25, 26, 76, 150; for resource wealth, 1, 8; state-state, 10 transition to natural gas, 26 Conflict-cooperation spectrum, 8-11, China-Iceland Arctic Science Observa 111, 153 tory, 97 Connolly, Richard, 70 Chow, E., 113 ConocoPhillips, 24, 117, 123 Chubais, Anatoly, 19-20
200 Index Continental shelf debate: geological origins of, 13, 105; international cooperation in, 47-48, 50; interna tional waters affected by, 101, 150; Lomonosov Ridge in, 40, 44-45, 48, 91, 105, 138; natural resources and, 45, 48, 58; overlapping claims in, 2,11, 46-48, 59, 67,101-02, 138. See also Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Convention on the Law of the Sea. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Cooperation. See International cooperation Corruption, 16, 17, 22, 32, 150 COVID-19 pandemic, 55, 72, 148 Crimea, Russian annexation of (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122 DEA (oil and gas company), 123 Democracy, 18, 24-25, 57, 120 Denmark: Arctic strategy of, 92-94, 105, 146; CLCS submissions from, 92-94, 138; on Ilulissat Declaration, 104; on Russian CLCS submissions, 43,46; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33; on sustainable development, 146; UNCLOS ratification by, 92. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Greenland Dugin, Aleksandr, 9 Dyachenko, Tatiana, 17 Dynamic Mongoose military exercises, 100 Economy: centrally planned, 19; domestic pressures on, 148; failure to diversify, 32; financial crisis and collapse of, 29; green Arctic, 139, 156; gross domestic product, 18-19, 51; modernization efforts, 25; petrodollar flows into, 16, 19, 29; security issues involving, 14-15, 52, 71; shock therapy strategy for, 19-20 EEZs. See Exclusive economic zones Energy: as driver of Russian Arctic strategy, 16; exports, 11, 15, 78, 94, 131, 151, 156; global demand for, 8, 9, 18, 85; infrastructure related to, 23, 60; as instrument of power in
international relations, 31, 69; politics and, xii, 23-24, 31; renewable, 26, 31, 108, 151, 152; as security issue, 9, 11, 15, 27, 31, 48, 52, 98, 114. See also Energy markets; Energy resources; Joint energy ventures Energy markets: domestic, 27, 31; emerging, 160; global, 4,9, 30,108,128; sanctions targeting, 26; supply security for, 11,140; uncertainty within, 55 Energy resources: Arctic great game and, 107; as foreign policy tool, 16, 23-24, 27, 31; in global energy mix, 25-27, 31, 151,152, 158; in great power agenda, viii, 14, 25-31; investments in, 22-27, 30, 63, 77,145, 148; new cold war paradigm on, 8; petrodollars from, 16,19,29; state control of, 15-28; transportation of, 11, 55; wealth from, viii, 16, 31, 81. See also specific resources Eni (oil and gas company), 128 Environmental issues: indigenous peoples and, 39; international cooperation on, 36; nuclear waste dumping, 39; oil spills, 7, 105-08, 126, 127; preservation, 53, 54; in Russian Arctic strategy, 53, 54, 57, 60; as security concern, 53, 57, 60, 143; in US Arctic strategy, 87, 89. See also Climate change; Sustainable development Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 142
Index European Arctic: in Arctic Entente scenario, 155; in delineation of boundaries, 51; geopolitical trajectory of, 157; as maritime arena during World Wars, 134; militarization of, 92; Russia-West tensions in, 144-45. See also Denmark; Norway European Union (EU): Arctic strategy of, 98-99; ban on Russian gas, 146; pending observer status to Arctic Council, 99; Russian energy ties with, 15, 16, 26, 32. See also specific countries Exclusive economic zones (EEZs): of Arctic Five, 101; continental shelf claims beyond, 41, 44-45, 91; natural resources within, 3, 5, 70, 83; Northern Sea Route and, 85; UNCLOS allocation of, 3 ExxonMobil, 107,117,126-29, 142, 145 201 Fracking, 27 Fridman, Mikhail, 123, 125 FSB. See Federal Security Service Gaidar, Yegor, 19-20 Gas. See Natural gas Gazprom, 15-16, 23-24, 26-27, 117, 122, 124 GDP. See Gross domestic product Geopolitics: Arctic Five and, 50, 68, 104, 109, 111, 149; of Cold War, 50, 114; competition and, 81, 100; conflict cooperation spectrum in, 8-11; energy strategy and, 31; ideological influences on, 80; instability in, 72; misconcep tions of, 2, 10; nationalist rhetoric and, 9; Northern Sea Route and, 140; power of interpretation in, 158; rivalries involving, 100; timing in, 145 Georgia: color revolution in, 23; Federal Security Service (FSB), 17-18, invasion by Russia (2008), viii, 26 21, 58, 59, 63, 76 GIUK gap. See Greenland-IcelandFeng Gao, 159 United Kingdom gap Financial crisis of 1998, 29 Global commons, 150 Finland: in NATO membership process, Global warming. See Climate change 149. See also Arctic Eight Goldman,
Marshall, 30 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 36-39 Fisheries: Arctic Ocean commercial fishing ban, 137, 161; in Barents Sea, Great game. See Arctic great game Great power agenda, viii, 14, 18, 25-31, 114, 115, 117, 120; in Chinese Arctic 137-38 strategy, 97; in Russian Arctic strategy, 55 Great power competition narrative, viii, 1, 68,143,154,156 Foreign investments, 22-27, 30, 55, 77, 148, 153, 162 Green Arctic economy, 139, 156 Foreign policy: assertiveness of, viii, 16, Greenland: Chinese engagement with, 155; independence movement in, 92; 26, 30, 75, 78, 140, 152; energy Trump proposing US purchase of, resources as tool for, 16, 23-24, 27, 31; 141. See also Denmark international cooperation in, 69, 95; Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom neorealist views of, 77, 149; politicized (GIUK) gap, 144-45 interpretations of, 158; siloviki outlook Gref, German, 19, 22 on, 21; softly-softly approach to, 53 Gross domestic product (GDP), 18-19, Former Soviet Union (FSU) republics, 51 16, 23, 24, 28, 31
202 Index Gulag prison system, 35 Gulf of Mexico oil spill (2008), 107, 126 Harper, Stephen, 89, 91 High seas. See International waters Hydraulic fracking, 27 Hydrocarbon resources: in Barents Sea, 114,117, 123-24; coal, 15,25-27, 142; continental shelf debate and, 45, 48; in global energy mix, 158; opposition to development of, 108; USGS findings on, 4, 82-84. See also Natural gas; Oil Hydrogen power, 139,156 Hypernationalism, 79, 148 Icebreakers, 70, 85,107, 141-44,156 Iceland: Chinese engagement with, 155; relationship with China, 97. See also Arctic Eight Ice melt, viii, 5, 7, 60,105, 152,158 Identity-building projects, 9, 12, 74 Ilulissat Declaration (2008), 78, 104, 119 Indigenous peoples, 39, 55, 65-66, 104, 158 Industrialization, 35, 64, 129, 144, 145, 148 Infrastructure: in Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154; communications, 56, 57, 67; energy-related, 23, 60; investments in, 76, 98; military, 60, 65, 110, 148; modernization of, 55, 59, 76; for Northern Sea Route, 55, 59, 64, 66; for oil storage, 7 International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), 38 International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA), 38-39 International cooperation: by Arctic Five, 135-36, 139; by Arctic stakehold ers, 11, 158; conflict-cooperation spectrum, 8-11, 111, 153; in continen tal shelf debate, 47-48, 50; on environmental issues, 36; in EU Arctic strategy, 99; in foreign policy, 69, 95; Murmansk Initiative on, 36-38; mutually beneficial, 65, 69, 71-72, 155; in nuclear waste cleanup, 39; opening of Arctic region and, 11; politicization of, 70; in Russian Arctic strategy, vii-xii, 10-11,
53-58,62, 65, 112, 147-53, 162. See also Joint energy ventures International law: competing interpreta tions of, 158; global commons in, 150; norms of, 54, 124, 163; Russian adherence to, 50, 119-20, 124,137; sectoral line principle and, 33; transportation routes and, 6. See also United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea International waters: in continental shelf debate, 101, 150; transportation routes in, 5, 141; UNCLOS designation of, 3 Investments: in energy resources, 22-27, 30, 63, 77, 145, 148; foreign, 22-27, 30, 55, 77, 148,153, 162; incentives for, 64-65; in infrastructure, 76, 98; in military, 76,144; resilience of, 52 Ivanov, Sergei, 22 Joint energy ventures: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153; with foreign firms, 113, 124-33,162; onshore LNG megaprojects, 130-33; protection from sanctions, 26, 122 Kaplan, Robert, 14 Keohane, Robert, xii KGB, 16, 17, 21 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 21, 22 Klare, Michael, 31 Klimenko, Ekaterina, 10, 60 Kolodkin, Roman, 120 Konyshev, Valery, 10
Index Korzhakov, Alexander, 21 Kovykta field, 24 Kozlov, Alexander, 64 Kudrin, Alexei, 17, 19, 22 Laruelle, Marlene, 9, 35, 51 Lavrov, Sergey, 40, 139 Le Miere, Christian, 11 Liquified natural gas (LNG): external factors affecting production, 55; Northern Sea Route transit of, 56, 86-87; onshore megaprojects, 130-33; in Russian energy strategy, 15, 148, 150-51 Lo, Bobo, 60 Lomonosov Ridge, 40, 44-45,48, 91, 105,138 Lukoil, 123 Lundin Petroleum, 123 MacKay, Peter, 40 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 70 Malaysian Airlines flight MH17, downing of (2014), 26 Managed democracy, 18 Maritime zones, 101-03 Market price rhetoric, 23 Mazo, Jeffrey, 11 Median line principle, 114-15, 117-20 Medvedev, Dmitry: Arctic policies under, 53, 57; Barents Sea dispute and, 117, 119-21, 124; maritime strategy updated by, 70; as member of Putin’s inner circle, 15, 22; nuclear waste dumping reported to, 39; in tandem ocracy with Putin, 24-25, 57, 120 Mikhelson, Leonid, 130 Militarization of Arctic region: by Arctic Five, 109-11; during Cold War, 8, 10, 36, 148; European Arctic, 92; Murmansk Initiative on, 36-37; new cold war paradigm and, 109-10; 203 Russian Arctic, 10, 52, 59-60, 65, 75-76, 151; as security threat, 68 Military: in great power agenda, 30; infrastructure for, 60, 65, 110, 148; investments in, 76, 144; moderniza tion of, 7,10, 25, 52, 65, 75-76; as security issue, 14-15, 53, 56-57, 65, 68,104 Military exercises, 37, 50, 75, 100, 110-11, 149, 153, 163 Miller, Alexei, 15-16, 26-27, 62, 63 Mineral resources, 18, 58, 68, 82, 129 Modernization: economic, 25; of infrastructure, 55, 59, 76; of
military, 7, 10, 25, 52, 65, 75-76; Soviet Arctic’s role in, 35; technological, 77 Mulroney, Brian, 37 Murmansk Initiative, 36-38 Nationalism, 9, 23, 57, 79, 92,120-21, 148 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 105, 142 National Science Foundation (NSF), 142 National security issues: border security, 48, 53, 56-59, 71,109, 137; energyrelated, 31, 52, 98,114; geopolitical instability and, 72; key documents on, 71-74; in Russian Arctic strategy, 52, 53,56-60, 63-69, 158 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organ ization): in Arctic Entente scenario, 154; as Arctic stakeholder, 99-100; expansion of membership, 149; military exercises led by, 100; Russian opposition toward, 30, 67, 99 Natural gas: EU ban on Russian gas, 146; as foreign policy tool, 16, 23-24, 31; in global energy mix, 26; ice melt in unlocking of, viii; Kovykta field, 24; market price rhetoric and, 23; Nord Stream pipeline for, 22; in
204 Index energy strategy, 11; establishment of, Natural gas (cont.) permafrost, 107; political nature of, 35; geopolitical implications of, 140; xii; shale gas, 26-27, 121-23, 151, 152; infrastructure for, 55, 59, 64, 66; international legal norms applied to, Shtokman field, 24, 117, 121-22; supply 6; in maritime strategy, 70; Murmansk disruptions, 16; USGS findings on, Initiative on, 36; oil and gas transit 3-5, 83. See also Liquified natural gas through, 56, 86-87, 130; path Natural resources: access to, 5, 70, 82; Arctic great game and, 3-5; continen description, 5-6; in Russian Arctic tal shelf debate and, 45, 48, 58; in strategy, 6, 52-56, 59, 60, 64-65,140; search and rescue capabilities in, EEZs, 3, 5, 70, 83; management of, 30-31, 54; offshore licensing and, 107, 74-75; Suez Canal vs., 85, 86; transit 123-28; recentralization of power tariffs for use of, 85 over, 19; sustainable development of, North Pole. See Arctic region Northwest Passage (NWP), 5, 6, 87,141, 139, 145-46. See also Resource wealth; specific resources 157 Natynczyk, W., 147 Norway: Arctic strategy of, 94-96, 139, Neoimperialism, 8-9,13, 52, 133,143, 145-46; Barents Sea dispute with 151 Russia, 95, 114-21, 124, 132,162; Neorealism, 77, 133,149 Chinese engagement with, 155; CLCS submissions from, 94-96; on Danish NEP. See Northeast Passage CLCS submissions, 93; in joint energy New cold war paradigm: Arctic militarization and, 109-10; on energy ventures, 117, 121-24; median line principle utilized by, 114-15,119,120; resources, 8; geopolitical misconcep tions in, 2, 10; media representations on
NATO’s Arctic role, 67, 99-100; offshore licenses issued by, 123; on of, 135; refutations of, 10, 14, 153; on Russian Arctic strategy, 8 Russian CLCS submissions, 43; NOAA. See National Oceanic and sanctions imposed by, 122-23; in Atmospheric Administration search and rescue exercises, 110-11; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33, NordAxis, 130 Nord Stream pipeline, 22 115; on sustainable development, Norilsk oil spill (2020), 7, 108 145-46,156; UNCLOS ratification Norsk Hydro, 24, 117 by, 94. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic North American Aerospace Defense Five Command (NORAD), 149, 157 Novatek, 63, 130-33, 132f NSF. See National Science Foundation North American Arctic, 51, 89, 157. NSR. See Northern Sea Route See also Canada; United States Nuclear weapons, 16, 29, 36, 39, 81, 135, Northeast Passage (NEP), 5-6, 85 157 Northern Fleet, 10, 70, 75-76, 114, 148 NWP. See Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route (NSR): Barents Sea as entrance to, 114; Chinese interest Obama, Barack, 25, 87-89, 141, 142 in, 81, 85, 97, 98, 155; economic Offshore licensing, 107, 123-28 potential of, 56, 64-65, 98, 140; in
Index Oil: as foreign policy tool, 31; ice melt in unlocking of, viii; political nature of, xii; price of, 19, 32, 55-56, 77, 81-82, 111, 128-29,133; spills involving, 7, 105-08,126, 127; USGS findings on, 3-5, 83 Oligarchs, 17-22, 30-31, 33, 63,123, 125, 130 Oliker, Olga, 71 “One Belt, One Road” initiative, 131 Opening of Arctic region: access to resources due to, 5; challenges related to, 101, 111; climate change and, 5-7, 85, 139; international cooperation and, 11; transportation routes and, 5-7, 85 Operation Nanook, 109 Overland, Indra, 11 Pandemic. See COVID-19 pandemic Papp, Robert, 139 Patrushev, Nikolai, 60-63 Permafrost, 7, 60, 107,154 Petrodollars, 16, 19, 29 Pirani, Simon, 17 Polar Code, 99 Polar Silk Road, 155,159 Politics: domestic, 91, 109-10; energy and, xii, 23-24, 31; oligarch intrusions into, 21, 22; siloviki participation in, 21; timing in, 120, 145. See also Geopolitics Pompeo, Mike, 141, 142 Primakov, Yevgeny, 21 Prinovozemelsky field, 125-27 Privatization processes, 16, 19, 20 Propaganda campaigns, 35, 36, 40, 48, 50, 52 Pruitt, Scott, 142 Punishment paradox, 160 Putin, Vladimir: Arctic policies under, 52-69; Arktika expedition praised by, 41; authoritarian statist approach of, 205 18, 20; Barents Sea dispute and, 121, 124; climate change securitization by, 156; decree on delineation of Russian Arctic, 51; energy sector under, 15-28; environmental interests of, 108; great power agenda, viii, 14, 18, 25-31; inner circle of, 15, 21-22, 63; KGB/ FSB service of, 16-18, 21; moderniza tion agenda, 7, 10, 24-25, 75-77; nostalgia for Soviet times, 52;
political and economic reforms, 18-21; prestige narrative utilized by, 48; recentraliza tion under, 17-22, 59; renationaliza tion under, 22-24; Sakhalin-1 project seized by, 127; in tandemocracy with Medvedev, 24-25, 57, 120; Trump’s relationship with, 141, 144. See also Russia RBC (energy services firm), 128 Recentralization phase, 17-22, 59 Red Arctic, in Soviet popular culture, 35 Renationalization phase, 22-24 Renewable energy, 26, 31,108, 151, 152 Rescue capabilities. See Search and rescue capabilities Resources. See Energy resources; Natural resources; specific resources Resource wealth: competition for, 1, 8; conservation efforts and, 87; economic revival through, 30; from energy resources, viii, 16, 31, 81; industrial ization and, 35; media representations of, 10; opening of Arctic region and, 5; strategic interests related to, 28 Rogozin, Dmitry, 62 Rosatom, 39, 64 Rosneft, 15,16, 22, 124-30,133,143 Russia: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-54, 156; in Arctic Entente scenario, 154, 157; ASFR participation suspended by, 135-36; Barents Sea
20E Index Russia (cont.) dispute with Norway, 95, 114-21, 124, 132, 162; CLCS submissions from, 41-49, 55, 138; corruption in, 16, 17, 22, 32, 150; Crimea annexation (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122; on Danish CLCS submissions, 93-94; Declara tion of Friendship with Canada, 38; domestic challenges facing, 29; energy sector in, viii, 15-28, 150-51; Georgia invasion (2008), 26; great power agenda, viii, 14,18, 25-31, 137-38; maritime strategy, 69, 70; median line principle accepted by, 119, 120; NATO opposition by, 30, 67, 99; on Northern Sea Route as internal waterway, 6, 157; nuclear weapons arsenal, 16, 29, 135, 157; offshore licenses issued by, 124-28; oligarchs in, 17-22, 30-31, 33, 63, 123, 125,130; propaganda campaigns, 40, 48, 50; recentralization phase in, 17-22, 59; renationalization phase in, 22-24; in search and rescue exercises, 110-11; sectoral line principle utilized by, 33, 114-15, 120; siloviki in, 21, 22, 33, 63; Ukraine invasion (2022), viii, 26, 152, 159-62. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Economy; Energy resources; Foreign policy; Military; Moderniza tion; Russian Arctic; Russian Arctic strategy; Soviet Union; specific leaders Russian Arctic: border security in, 48, 53, 56-59, 71,137; economic potential of, 52, 73; foreign energy firms in, 113, 124-33, 162; indigenous peoples of, 55, 65-66; industrialization in, 64, 129, 144, 145, 148; militarization of, 10, 52, 59-60, 65, 75-76,151; nuclear waste-dumping sites in, 39; onshore LNG megaprojects in, 130-33; permafrost melt in, 7, 60; region delineated as, 51, 158; resource wealth of, 35; socioeconomic
development in, 53, 57, 59, 64, 65, 145; territory above Arctic Circle, 14 Russian Arctic strategy: 2000-2010 policies on, 52-56; 2010-2020 policies on, 56—63; 2020-2035 policies on, 63—69; actors involved in policymaking processes, 60-64; aggressiveness of, 8-9, 78,148,154,158; conflict cooperation spectrum and, 8-11; continental shelf claim submissions, 40-49; drivers of, 11,14-16,137-38, 147, 158; environmental issues in, 53, 54, 57, 60; expansionism in, 8-9, 78, 149,154, 155,158; flag-planting on Arctic Ocean seabed, vii, 13,40-41, 50, 53, 78, 95-96; as identity-building project, 9, 12, 74; international cooperation in, vii-xii, 10-11, 53-58, 62, 65, 112,147-53,162; key documents related to, 69-79; misconceptions regarding, 10, 50, 59-60, 75; Mur mansk Initiative and, 36-38; national security issues in, 52, 53, 56-60, 63-69, 158; neoimperialism in, 8-9, 13, 52, 133, 143, 151; new cold war paradigm on, 8; Northern Sea Route in, 6, 52-56, 59, 60, 64-65, 140; on search and rescue capabilities, 54, 59, 70,148 Russia-West relations: Arctic as conduit for, 157-58; Arctic Council and, 104, 136-37, 159; future outlook on, 74, 157-58; issues of mutual interest in, 7, 25; tensions in, ix, 5, 48, 62, 110-11, 144-45; US-Russia relations, 25, 36, 137-46, 152. See also Cold War Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 37 Sakhalin-1 project, 127 Sanctions: for annexation of Crimea, 26, 122; economic impact of, 140, 150;
Index energy projects impacted by, 26, 77, 111, 122-23,127-29,131,133,143; joint energy venture loopholes in, 26, 122,129; Russian Arctic strategy affected by, 32, 70,148 Schröder, Gerhard, 22 Search and rescue capabilities: in Bering Strait region, 157; in Northern Sea Route, 74-75; Russian Arctic strategy on, 54, 59, 70, 148; tourism growth and need for, 161; training exercises involving, 110-11, 117; uniform regional system of, 54 Sechin, Igor, 22, 62, 63,128 Sectoral line principle, 33,114-15, 120 Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF), 18, 58-60, 63, 64 Security Council (United Nations), 16, 29, 72, 160 Security issues: climate change, 5, 31, 72, 108, 144,156; economic, 14-15, 52, 71; energy-related, 9, 11, 15, 27, 31, 48, 52, 98, 114; environmental, 53, 57, 60,143; military, 14-15, 53, 56-57, 65, 68, 104. See also National security issues Sergunin, Alexander, 10 Shaffer, Brenda, 9, 31 Shale gas, 26-27, 121-23, 151, 152 Shaparov, Alexander, 100 Shearman, Peter, 30 Shell, 106,117 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 37 Shipping routes. See Transportation routes Shock therapy, as economic tool, 19-20 Shoigu, Sergei, 61 Shtokman field, 24,117,121-22 Silk Road Fund, 130-31 Siloviki, 21, 22, 33, 63 Sobchak, Anatoly, 17 Social media platforms, viii, 135 207 Solberg, Erna, 123 Soreide, Ine Erkisen, 122 Sovereignty operations, 109 Soviet Union: Arctic legacy of, 33-39; centrally planned economy of, 19; collapse of, 29, 38, 39, 100, 109, 110; former republics of, 16, 23, 24, 28, 31; Gulag prison system of, 35; industrial ization in, 35; propaganda campaigns, 35, 36, 52; superpower
status of, 28-29, 36. See also Cold War; Russia; specific leaders Stakeholders. See Arctic stakeholders Stalin, Joseph, 14, 33, 35-36, 40-41, 48, 52 Stanislaw, Joseph, 31 Statoil, 24,117, 121-23, 128 Stepashin, Sergei, 21 Stewardship, 88, 141, 142,153 Stoltenberg, Jens, 117, 134 Suez Canal, 6, 85, 86 Sun Tzu, 1 Sustainable development: AEPS on promotion of, 39; Arctic Council agenda on, 101; in EU Arctic strategy, 98, 99; of natural resources, 139, 145-46; in Russian maritime strategy, 70; as unifying Arctic ideology, 146, 148 Sweden: in NATO membership process, 149. See also Arctic Eight Tandemocracy, 24-25, 57, 120 Technological modernization, 77 Tillerson, Rex, 126,142 Timchenko, Gennady, 63 TNK-BP, 24, 125-26 TotalEnergies, 24, 108, 117, 122, 130, 131 Tourism, 97,106, 161 Trafigura, 130 Transpolar Sea Route (TSR), 5, 6
208 Index Transportation routes: air routes, 54; Arctic great game and, 5-6, 87; Bering Strait, 33, 87, 144; in interna tional waters, 5, 141; Northeast Passage, 5-6, 85; Northwest Passage, 5, 6, 87, 141,157; opening of Arctic region and, 5-7, 85; Suez Canal, 6, 85, 86; Transpolar Sea Route, 5, 6. See also Northern Sea Route Trenin, Dmitri, 28 Trident Juncture military exercises, 100 Trudeau, Justin, 89, 91, 105 Trump, Donald: Arctic strategy under, 88, 89, 141-45; on icebreaker gap, 141, 143, 156; Putin’s relationship with, 141, 144; on US purchase of Green land, 141 Trutnev, Yuri, 62, 64 TSR. See Transpolar Sea Route Ukraine: annexation of Crimea by Russia (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122; color revolution in, 23; invasion by Russia (2022), viii, 26, 152, 159-62; natural gas disputes with Russia, 16 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Arctic Five support for, 104; EEZs allocated by, 3; international waters designated by, 3; legal architecture of, 44, 47, 117-18, 155; maritime zones under, 101, 103; ratification of, 88-90, 92, 94,101, 104, 135. See also Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf United Nations Security Council, 16, 29, 72,160 United States: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-54; Arctic strategy of, 87-89, 13 8, 141-45, 162; on Danish CLCS submissions, 93; offshore licenses issued by, 107; potential extended continental shelf claim, 89, 90; on Russian CLCS submissions, 43-44, 46-47; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33; shale gas production in, 27; superpower
status of, 28, 36; UNCLOS, failure to ratify, 88-89, 92, 101, 104, 135; US-Russia relations, 25, 36, 137-46, 152. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Cold War; specific leaders United States Geological Survey (USGS), 3-5, 82-84,108 Valdez oil spill (1989), 107,127 Varangerfjord agreement (1957), 115-17 Veselov, Igor, 139 Voloshin, Aleksandr, 17 Vostok Oil, 129-30 Voucher privatization, 20 Wealth. See Resource wealth Western relations with Russia. See Russia-West relations Wheeler, Andrew, 142 White, Stephen, 28 White Sea Canal, 35 World Trade Organization, 25 Yamal LNG project, 130-31, 132/ Yeltsin, Boris, 15,17-21, 38, 39 Yukos, 21, 22 Yumashev, Valentin, 17 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV 1 THE ARCTIC GREAT GAME 1 2 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING (HOME) 13 3 PUTIN'S ARCTIC PLAYBOOK 51 4 CONQUERING THE ARCTIC 80 5 COOPERATING WITH THE KREMLIN(?) 113
VI Contents 6 A “NEW” COLD WAR? 134 7 FUTURE ARCTIC HISTORIES 147 AFTERWORD 159 NOTES 165 REFERENCES 183 INDEX 197
REFERENCES Alexandrova, L., 2013, “Moscow Intends to Expand Its Arctic Zone,” ITAR-TASS, http://special.itar-tass.com/en/opinions/762930 . Appel, H., 2008. “Is It Putin or Is It Oil? Explaining Russia’s Fiscal Recovery,” PostSoviet Affairs, 24:4. Arctic Council, 1996. “Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council,” https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/113 74/85/EDOCS-1752 -v2-ACMMCAOO_Ottawa_1996_Founding_Declaration.PDF?sequence=5 is Allowed=y. Arctic Council, 2015. “Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic,” https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle /11374/531. Arctic Council, 2016. “About,” https://arctic-council.org/about/. Arctic Council, 2016. Past Chairmanships, https://arctic-council.org/about/previous -chairmanships/. Arctic Forum Foundation, 2014. “Delimitation Agreement: A New Era in the Barents Sea and the Arctic?” http://eu-arctic-forum.org/allgemein/delimitation-agreement -a-new-era-in-the-barents-sea-and-the-arctic/. Armstrong, T., 2011. The Northern Sea Route: Soviet Exploration of the North East Pas sage (Cambridge University Press).
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INDEX Figures are indicated by “f” following the page numbers. AEPS. See Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy Alaskan Arctic Refuge, 141 Alfa Access Renova (AAR), 125-26 Antarctic region, 2, 61, 99 Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-56,162 Arctic Coast Guard Forum, 137 Arctic Council: establishment of, 38, 39, 101; mandate for, 68,101, 104, 139, 141; membership of, 87, 98, 101, 104; observer status to, 96-97, 99,104,137, 155; rotating presidency of, 87, 108, 138, 153; Russia-West relations and, 104, 136-37, 159; suspension of dialogue due to Ukraine conflict, 159-62 Arctic Eight, 3, 87,101, 104,149. See also specific countries Arctic Entente scenario, 154-57, 163 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), 39 Arctic exceptionalism, 145,150,160 Arctic Five: in Arctic Entente scenario, 154; commercial fishing ban imple mented by, 137; cooperation among, 135-36,139; EEZ designations for, 101; geopolitics and, 50, 68, 104, 109, 111, 149; Ilulissat Declaration by, 78, 104, 119; maritime boundaries of, 3; militarization activities of, 109-11; NATO membership among, 99. See also specific countries Arctic great game, 1-6, 81, 87, 89,107, 160 Arctic LNG-2 project, 130, 131, 132/
198 Index Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154, 156, 162, 163 Arctic Ocean: commercial fishing ban in, 137, 161; deep-water drilling in, 45; delimitation of maritime spaces in, 54; extreme weather events in, 154; maritime zones of, 101-03; Russian flag-planting on seabed of, vii, 13, 40-41, 50, 53, 78, 95-96; sea ice extent in, 5, 6, 85, 105; search and rescue exercises in, 110-11. See also Conti nental shelf debate; International waters Arctic region: challenges facing, 101-12, 152; comparison with Antarctic region, 2; future scenarios for, 153-57, 162-63; ice melt in, viii, 5, 7, 60, 105, 152, 158; indigenous peoples of, 39, 55, 65-66,104, 158; legal architecture of, 2-3, 155; military exercises in, 37, 50, 75, 100,110-11,149, 153; oil and gas resources in, viii; permafrost in, 7, 60, 107, 154; Polar Code in, 99; political definition of, 3, 4; Soviet legacy in, 33-39; stewardship of, 88, 141, 153; tourism in, 97, 106, 161; US Geologi cal Survey of, 3-5, 82-84, 108; as zone of peace and cooperation, 53, 65, 138. See also Arctic stakeholders; European Arctic; Geopolitics; Militarization of Arctic region; Natural resources; North American Arctic; Opening of Arctic region; Russian Arctic; Sustainable development; Transporta tion routes Arctic rim states. See Arctic Five Arctic Security Forces Roundtable (ASFR), 135-36 Arctic stakeholders: China, 96-98; emergence of new players, 160-61, 163; European Union, 98-99; international cooperation among, 11, 158; on militarization as security threat, 68; NATO, 99-100. See also Arctic Five Arctic war narrative, viii-xi, 1-2, 8-10, 135
Arktika expedition, 40-41,45 ASFR. See Arctic Security Forces Roundtable Atland, Kristian, 63 Authoritarian statism, 18, 20 Baev, Pavel, 12 Barents, Willem, 114 Barents Sea: CLCS submissions on, 43; delineation treaty (2010), 117-21, 124, 132; fisheries in, 114, 115, 117, 120; hydrocarbon resources in, 114, 117, 123-24; joint energy ventures in, 24, 117, 121-24; as Northern Sea Route entrance, 114; nuclear waste-dumping in, 39; Russia-Norway dispute in, 95, 114-21, 124, 132, 162; search and rescue exercises in, 110-11, 117; Varangerfjord agreement on, 115-17 Barents-2015 exercise, 110-11 Berezovsky, Boris, 17, 20 Bering Strait, 33, 87,144 Bering Strait agreement (1990), 157 Biden, Joe: Arctic strategy under, 138, 143, 145; climate change securitiza tion by, 156; environmental legacy for, 146; US-Russia relations under, 144 Blank, Stephen, 75-76 Border security, 48, 53, 56-59, 71, 109, 137 Borodin, Pavel, 17 BP, 24, 107, 125-27 Brady, Anne-Marie, 97 Brigham, Lawson, 10 Bush, George W., 88 Byers, Michael, 109-10
Index 199 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Canada: Arctic strategy of, 89-93, 105, (CARA) model, 83, 84 145-46; Chinese engagement with, CLCS. See Commission on the Limits of 155; CLCS submissions from, 90-93; the Continental Shelf on Danish CLCS submissions, 93; Climate change: acceleration of, 81; in Declaration of Friendship with Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154, 156; Russia, 38; on NATO’s Arctic role, evidence of, 5, 144; global energy mix 67, 99; natural gas production by, 24; impacted by, 25; ice melt due to, viii, on Northeast and Northwest 5, 7, 105; mitigation of, 97, 99, 111, Passages as internal waterways, 6, 144,154; opening of Arctic region due 141, 157; on Russian CLCS submis to, 5-7, 85,139; permafrost melt due sions, 43, 47; on Russian flag to, 7, 60, 154; as security threat, 5, 31, planting incident, 40; sectoral line 72,108, 144, 156; skepticism regard principle rejected by, 33; sovereignty ing, 142 operations launched by, 109; on Clinton, Hillary, 87 sustainable development, 145-46; UNCLOS ratification by, 90. See also Coal, 15,25-27,142 Cohen, Ariel, 8, 31 Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; specific leaders Cold Response military exercises, 100, CARA model. See Circum-Arctic 110 Cold War: geopolitics of, 50, 114; Resource Appraisal model militarization of Arctic during, 8, 10, Centrally planned economy, 19 36, 148; in popular culture, 134. Chekunkov, Alexei, 64 See also New cold war paradigm Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 15 Chevron, 24, 117, 123 Color revolutions, 23 Commission on the Limits of the Chilingarov, Artur, 13,40, 41 Continental Shelf (CLCS): Canadian China:
in Arctic Armageddon submissions to, 90-93; Danish scenario, 153-54; in Arctic Entente submissions to, 92-94; judgment on scenario, 154; Arctic strategy of, validity of claims, 101, 105; Russian 96-98, 155, 159, 162-63; fisheries submissions to, 41-49, 55, 138 ban violations by, 161; in LNG Communications infrastructure, 56, 57, megaprojects, 130-31; Northern Sea 67 Route and, 81, 85, 97, 98, 155; Competition: in Arctic Entente scenario, observer status to Arctic Council, 154-55; for energy security, 9; 96-97, 104, 137, 155; “One Belt, One geopolitical, 81, 100; great power Road” initiative, 131; Polar Silk competition narrative, viii, 1, 68, 143, Road strategy of, 155, 159; Russian 154, 156; media representations of, 78; energy ties with, 15, 25, 26, 76, 150; for resource wealth, 1, 8; state-state, 10 transition to natural gas, 26 Conflict-cooperation spectrum, 8-11, China-Iceland Arctic Science Observa 111, 153 tory, 97 Connolly, Richard, 70 Chow, E., 113 ConocoPhillips, 24, 117, 123 Chubais, Anatoly, 19-20
200 Index Continental shelf debate: geological origins of, 13, 105; international cooperation in, 47-48, 50; interna tional waters affected by, 101, 150; Lomonosov Ridge in, 40, 44-45, 48, 91, 105, 138; natural resources and, 45, 48, 58; overlapping claims in, 2,11, 46-48, 59, 67,101-02, 138. See also Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Convention on the Law of the Sea. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Cooperation. See International cooperation Corruption, 16, 17, 22, 32, 150 COVID-19 pandemic, 55, 72, 148 Crimea, Russian annexation of (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122 DEA (oil and gas company), 123 Democracy, 18, 24-25, 57, 120 Denmark: Arctic strategy of, 92-94, 105, 146; CLCS submissions from, 92-94, 138; on Ilulissat Declaration, 104; on Russian CLCS submissions, 43,46; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33; on sustainable development, 146; UNCLOS ratification by, 92. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Greenland Dugin, Aleksandr, 9 Dyachenko, Tatiana, 17 Dynamic Mongoose military exercises, 100 Economy: centrally planned, 19; domestic pressures on, 148; failure to diversify, 32; financial crisis and collapse of, 29; green Arctic, 139, 156; gross domestic product, 18-19, 51; modernization efforts, 25; petrodollar flows into, 16, 19, 29; security issues involving, 14-15, 52, 71; shock therapy strategy for, 19-20 EEZs. See Exclusive economic zones Energy: as driver of Russian Arctic strategy, 16; exports, 11, 15, 78, 94, 131, 151, 156; global demand for, 8, 9, 18, 85; infrastructure related to, 23, 60; as instrument of power in
international relations, 31, 69; politics and, xii, 23-24, 31; renewable, 26, 31, 108, 151, 152; as security issue, 9, 11, 15, 27, 31, 48, 52, 98, 114. See also Energy markets; Energy resources; Joint energy ventures Energy markets: domestic, 27, 31; emerging, 160; global, 4,9, 30,108,128; sanctions targeting, 26; supply security for, 11,140; uncertainty within, 55 Energy resources: Arctic great game and, 107; as foreign policy tool, 16, 23-24, 27, 31; in global energy mix, 25-27, 31, 151,152, 158; in great power agenda, viii, 14, 25-31; investments in, 22-27, 30, 63, 77,145, 148; new cold war paradigm on, 8; petrodollars from, 16,19,29; state control of, 15-28; transportation of, 11, 55; wealth from, viii, 16, 31, 81. See also specific resources Eni (oil and gas company), 128 Environmental issues: indigenous peoples and, 39; international cooperation on, 36; nuclear waste dumping, 39; oil spills, 7, 105-08, 126, 127; preservation, 53, 54; in Russian Arctic strategy, 53, 54, 57, 60; as security concern, 53, 57, 60, 143; in US Arctic strategy, 87, 89. See also Climate change; Sustainable development Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 142
Index European Arctic: in Arctic Entente scenario, 155; in delineation of boundaries, 51; geopolitical trajectory of, 157; as maritime arena during World Wars, 134; militarization of, 92; Russia-West tensions in, 144-45. See also Denmark; Norway European Union (EU): Arctic strategy of, 98-99; ban on Russian gas, 146; pending observer status to Arctic Council, 99; Russian energy ties with, 15, 16, 26, 32. See also specific countries Exclusive economic zones (EEZs): of Arctic Five, 101; continental shelf claims beyond, 41, 44-45, 91; natural resources within, 3, 5, 70, 83; Northern Sea Route and, 85; UNCLOS allocation of, 3 ExxonMobil, 107,117,126-29, 142, 145 201 Fracking, 27 Fridman, Mikhail, 123, 125 FSB. See Federal Security Service Gaidar, Yegor, 19-20 Gas. See Natural gas Gazprom, 15-16, 23-24, 26-27, 117, 122, 124 GDP. See Gross domestic product Geopolitics: Arctic Five and, 50, 68, 104, 109, 111, 149; of Cold War, 50, 114; competition and, 81, 100; conflict cooperation spectrum in, 8-11; energy strategy and, 31; ideological influences on, 80; instability in, 72; misconcep tions of, 2, 10; nationalist rhetoric and, 9; Northern Sea Route and, 140; power of interpretation in, 158; rivalries involving, 100; timing in, 145 Georgia: color revolution in, 23; Federal Security Service (FSB), 17-18, invasion by Russia (2008), viii, 26 21, 58, 59, 63, 76 GIUK gap. See Greenland-IcelandFeng Gao, 159 United Kingdom gap Financial crisis of 1998, 29 Global commons, 150 Finland: in NATO membership process, Global warming. See Climate change 149. See also Arctic Eight Goldman,
Marshall, 30 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 36-39 Fisheries: Arctic Ocean commercial fishing ban, 137, 161; in Barents Sea, Great game. See Arctic great game Great power agenda, viii, 14, 18, 25-31, 114, 115, 117, 120; in Chinese Arctic 137-38 strategy, 97; in Russian Arctic strategy, 55 Great power competition narrative, viii, 1, 68,143,154,156 Foreign investments, 22-27, 30, 55, 77, 148, 153, 162 Green Arctic economy, 139, 156 Foreign policy: assertiveness of, viii, 16, Greenland: Chinese engagement with, 155; independence movement in, 92; 26, 30, 75, 78, 140, 152; energy Trump proposing US purchase of, resources as tool for, 16, 23-24, 27, 31; 141. See also Denmark international cooperation in, 69, 95; Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom neorealist views of, 77, 149; politicized (GIUK) gap, 144-45 interpretations of, 158; siloviki outlook Gref, German, 19, 22 on, 21; softly-softly approach to, 53 Gross domestic product (GDP), 18-19, Former Soviet Union (FSU) republics, 51 16, 23, 24, 28, 31
202 Index Gulag prison system, 35 Gulf of Mexico oil spill (2008), 107, 126 Harper, Stephen, 89, 91 High seas. See International waters Hydraulic fracking, 27 Hydrocarbon resources: in Barents Sea, 114,117, 123-24; coal, 15,25-27, 142; continental shelf debate and, 45, 48; in global energy mix, 158; opposition to development of, 108; USGS findings on, 4, 82-84. See also Natural gas; Oil Hydrogen power, 139,156 Hypernationalism, 79, 148 Icebreakers, 70, 85,107, 141-44,156 Iceland: Chinese engagement with, 155; relationship with China, 97. See also Arctic Eight Ice melt, viii, 5, 7, 60,105, 152,158 Identity-building projects, 9, 12, 74 Ilulissat Declaration (2008), 78, 104, 119 Indigenous peoples, 39, 55, 65-66, 104, 158 Industrialization, 35, 64, 129, 144, 145, 148 Infrastructure: in Arctic Meltdown scenario, 154; communications, 56, 57, 67; energy-related, 23, 60; investments in, 76, 98; military, 60, 65, 110, 148; modernization of, 55, 59, 76; for Northern Sea Route, 55, 59, 64, 66; for oil storage, 7 International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), 38 International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA), 38-39 International cooperation: by Arctic Five, 135-36, 139; by Arctic stakehold ers, 11, 158; conflict-cooperation spectrum, 8-11, 111, 153; in continen tal shelf debate, 47-48, 50; on environmental issues, 36; in EU Arctic strategy, 99; in foreign policy, 69, 95; Murmansk Initiative on, 36-38; mutually beneficial, 65, 69, 71-72, 155; in nuclear waste cleanup, 39; opening of Arctic region and, 11; politicization of, 70; in Russian Arctic strategy, vii-xii, 10-11,
53-58,62, 65, 112, 147-53, 162. See also Joint energy ventures International law: competing interpreta tions of, 158; global commons in, 150; norms of, 54, 124, 163; Russian adherence to, 50, 119-20, 124,137; sectoral line principle and, 33; transportation routes and, 6. See also United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea International waters: in continental shelf debate, 101, 150; transportation routes in, 5, 141; UNCLOS designation of, 3 Investments: in energy resources, 22-27, 30, 63, 77, 145, 148; foreign, 22-27, 30, 55, 77, 148,153, 162; incentives for, 64-65; in infrastructure, 76, 98; in military, 76,144; resilience of, 52 Ivanov, Sergei, 22 Joint energy ventures: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153; with foreign firms, 113, 124-33,162; onshore LNG megaprojects, 130-33; protection from sanctions, 26, 122 Kaplan, Robert, 14 Keohane, Robert, xii KGB, 16, 17, 21 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 21, 22 Klare, Michael, 31 Klimenko, Ekaterina, 10, 60 Kolodkin, Roman, 120 Konyshev, Valery, 10
Index Korzhakov, Alexander, 21 Kovykta field, 24 Kozlov, Alexander, 64 Kudrin, Alexei, 17, 19, 22 Laruelle, Marlene, 9, 35, 51 Lavrov, Sergey, 40, 139 Le Miere, Christian, 11 Liquified natural gas (LNG): external factors affecting production, 55; Northern Sea Route transit of, 56, 86-87; onshore megaprojects, 130-33; in Russian energy strategy, 15, 148, 150-51 Lo, Bobo, 60 Lomonosov Ridge, 40, 44-45,48, 91, 105,138 Lukoil, 123 Lundin Petroleum, 123 MacKay, Peter, 40 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 70 Malaysian Airlines flight MH17, downing of (2014), 26 Managed democracy, 18 Maritime zones, 101-03 Market price rhetoric, 23 Mazo, Jeffrey, 11 Median line principle, 114-15, 117-20 Medvedev, Dmitry: Arctic policies under, 53, 57; Barents Sea dispute and, 117, 119-21, 124; maritime strategy updated by, 70; as member of Putin’s inner circle, 15, 22; nuclear waste dumping reported to, 39; in tandem ocracy with Putin, 24-25, 57, 120 Mikhelson, Leonid, 130 Militarization of Arctic region: by Arctic Five, 109-11; during Cold War, 8, 10, 36, 148; European Arctic, 92; Murmansk Initiative on, 36-37; new cold war paradigm and, 109-10; 203 Russian Arctic, 10, 52, 59-60, 65, 75-76, 151; as security threat, 68 Military: in great power agenda, 30; infrastructure for, 60, 65, 110, 148; investments in, 76, 144; moderniza tion of, 7,10, 25, 52, 65, 75-76; as security issue, 14-15, 53, 56-57, 65, 68,104 Military exercises, 37, 50, 75, 100, 110-11, 149, 153, 163 Miller, Alexei, 15-16, 26-27, 62, 63 Mineral resources, 18, 58, 68, 82, 129 Modernization: economic, 25; of infrastructure, 55, 59, 76; of
military, 7, 10, 25, 52, 65, 75-76; Soviet Arctic’s role in, 35; technological, 77 Mulroney, Brian, 37 Murmansk Initiative, 36-38 Nationalism, 9, 23, 57, 79, 92,120-21, 148 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 105, 142 National Science Foundation (NSF), 142 National security issues: border security, 48, 53, 56-59, 71,109, 137; energyrelated, 31, 52, 98,114; geopolitical instability and, 72; key documents on, 71-74; in Russian Arctic strategy, 52, 53,56-60, 63-69, 158 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organ ization): in Arctic Entente scenario, 154; as Arctic stakeholder, 99-100; expansion of membership, 149; military exercises led by, 100; Russian opposition toward, 30, 67, 99 Natural gas: EU ban on Russian gas, 146; as foreign policy tool, 16, 23-24, 31; in global energy mix, 26; ice melt in unlocking of, viii; Kovykta field, 24; market price rhetoric and, 23; Nord Stream pipeline for, 22; in
204 Index energy strategy, 11; establishment of, Natural gas (cont.) permafrost, 107; political nature of, 35; geopolitical implications of, 140; xii; shale gas, 26-27, 121-23, 151, 152; infrastructure for, 55, 59, 64, 66; international legal norms applied to, Shtokman field, 24, 117, 121-22; supply 6; in maritime strategy, 70; Murmansk disruptions, 16; USGS findings on, Initiative on, 36; oil and gas transit 3-5, 83. See also Liquified natural gas through, 56, 86-87, 130; path Natural resources: access to, 5, 70, 82; Arctic great game and, 3-5; continen description, 5-6; in Russian Arctic tal shelf debate and, 45, 48, 58; in strategy, 6, 52-56, 59, 60, 64-65,140; search and rescue capabilities in, EEZs, 3, 5, 70, 83; management of, 30-31, 54; offshore licensing and, 107, 74-75; Suez Canal vs., 85, 86; transit 123-28; recentralization of power tariffs for use of, 85 over, 19; sustainable development of, North Pole. See Arctic region Northwest Passage (NWP), 5, 6, 87,141, 139, 145-46. See also Resource wealth; specific resources 157 Natynczyk, W., 147 Norway: Arctic strategy of, 94-96, 139, Neoimperialism, 8-9,13, 52, 133,143, 145-46; Barents Sea dispute with 151 Russia, 95, 114-21, 124, 132,162; Neorealism, 77, 133,149 Chinese engagement with, 155; CLCS submissions from, 94-96; on Danish NEP. See Northeast Passage CLCS submissions, 93; in joint energy New cold war paradigm: Arctic militarization and, 109-10; on energy ventures, 117, 121-24; median line principle utilized by, 114-15,119,120; resources, 8; geopolitical misconcep tions in, 2, 10; media representations on
NATO’s Arctic role, 67, 99-100; offshore licenses issued by, 123; on of, 135; refutations of, 10, 14, 153; on Russian Arctic strategy, 8 Russian CLCS submissions, 43; NOAA. See National Oceanic and sanctions imposed by, 122-23; in Atmospheric Administration search and rescue exercises, 110-11; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33, NordAxis, 130 Nord Stream pipeline, 22 115; on sustainable development, Norilsk oil spill (2020), 7, 108 145-46,156; UNCLOS ratification Norsk Hydro, 24, 117 by, 94. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic North American Aerospace Defense Five Command (NORAD), 149, 157 Novatek, 63, 130-33, 132f NSF. See National Science Foundation North American Arctic, 51, 89, 157. NSR. See Northern Sea Route See also Canada; United States Nuclear weapons, 16, 29, 36, 39, 81, 135, Northeast Passage (NEP), 5-6, 85 157 Northern Fleet, 10, 70, 75-76, 114, 148 NWP. See Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route (NSR): Barents Sea as entrance to, 114; Chinese interest Obama, Barack, 25, 87-89, 141, 142 in, 81, 85, 97, 98, 155; economic Offshore licensing, 107, 123-28 potential of, 56, 64-65, 98, 140; in
Index Oil: as foreign policy tool, 31; ice melt in unlocking of, viii; political nature of, xii; price of, 19, 32, 55-56, 77, 81-82, 111, 128-29,133; spills involving, 7, 105-08,126, 127; USGS findings on, 3-5, 83 Oligarchs, 17-22, 30-31, 33, 63,123, 125, 130 Oliker, Olga, 71 “One Belt, One Road” initiative, 131 Opening of Arctic region: access to resources due to, 5; challenges related to, 101, 111; climate change and, 5-7, 85, 139; international cooperation and, 11; transportation routes and, 5-7, 85 Operation Nanook, 109 Overland, Indra, 11 Pandemic. See COVID-19 pandemic Papp, Robert, 139 Patrushev, Nikolai, 60-63 Permafrost, 7, 60, 107,154 Petrodollars, 16, 19, 29 Pirani, Simon, 17 Polar Code, 99 Polar Silk Road, 155,159 Politics: domestic, 91, 109-10; energy and, xii, 23-24, 31; oligarch intrusions into, 21, 22; siloviki participation in, 21; timing in, 120, 145. See also Geopolitics Pompeo, Mike, 141, 142 Primakov, Yevgeny, 21 Prinovozemelsky field, 125-27 Privatization processes, 16, 19, 20 Propaganda campaigns, 35, 36, 40, 48, 50, 52 Pruitt, Scott, 142 Punishment paradox, 160 Putin, Vladimir: Arctic policies under, 52-69; Arktika expedition praised by, 41; authoritarian statist approach of, 205 18, 20; Barents Sea dispute and, 121, 124; climate change securitization by, 156; decree on delineation of Russian Arctic, 51; energy sector under, 15-28; environmental interests of, 108; great power agenda, viii, 14, 18, 25-31; inner circle of, 15, 21-22, 63; KGB/ FSB service of, 16-18, 21; moderniza tion agenda, 7, 10, 24-25, 75-77; nostalgia for Soviet times, 52;
political and economic reforms, 18-21; prestige narrative utilized by, 48; recentraliza tion under, 17-22, 59; renationaliza tion under, 22-24; Sakhalin-1 project seized by, 127; in tandemocracy with Medvedev, 24-25, 57, 120; Trump’s relationship with, 141, 144. See also Russia RBC (energy services firm), 128 Recentralization phase, 17-22, 59 Red Arctic, in Soviet popular culture, 35 Renationalization phase, 22-24 Renewable energy, 26, 31,108, 151, 152 Rescue capabilities. See Search and rescue capabilities Resources. See Energy resources; Natural resources; specific resources Resource wealth: competition for, 1, 8; conservation efforts and, 87; economic revival through, 30; from energy resources, viii, 16, 31, 81; industrial ization and, 35; media representations of, 10; opening of Arctic region and, 5; strategic interests related to, 28 Rogozin, Dmitry, 62 Rosatom, 39, 64 Rosneft, 15,16, 22, 124-30,133,143 Russia: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-54, 156; in Arctic Entente scenario, 154, 157; ASFR participation suspended by, 135-36; Barents Sea
20E Index Russia (cont.) dispute with Norway, 95, 114-21, 124, 132, 162; CLCS submissions from, 41-49, 55, 138; corruption in, 16, 17, 22, 32, 150; Crimea annexation (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122; on Danish CLCS submissions, 93-94; Declara tion of Friendship with Canada, 38; domestic challenges facing, 29; energy sector in, viii, 15-28, 150-51; Georgia invasion (2008), 26; great power agenda, viii, 14,18, 25-31, 137-38; maritime strategy, 69, 70; median line principle accepted by, 119, 120; NATO opposition by, 30, 67, 99; on Northern Sea Route as internal waterway, 6, 157; nuclear weapons arsenal, 16, 29, 135, 157; offshore licenses issued by, 124-28; oligarchs in, 17-22, 30-31, 33, 63, 123, 125,130; propaganda campaigns, 40, 48, 50; recentralization phase in, 17-22, 59; renationalization phase in, 22-24; in search and rescue exercises, 110-11; sectoral line principle utilized by, 33, 114-15, 120; siloviki in, 21, 22, 33, 63; Ukraine invasion (2022), viii, 26, 152, 159-62. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Economy; Energy resources; Foreign policy; Military; Moderniza tion; Russian Arctic; Russian Arctic strategy; Soviet Union; specific leaders Russian Arctic: border security in, 48, 53, 56-59, 71,137; economic potential of, 52, 73; foreign energy firms in, 113, 124-33, 162; indigenous peoples of, 55, 65-66; industrialization in, 64, 129, 144, 145, 148; militarization of, 10, 52, 59-60, 65, 75-76,151; nuclear waste-dumping sites in, 39; onshore LNG megaprojects in, 130-33; permafrost melt in, 7, 60; region delineated as, 51, 158; resource wealth of, 35; socioeconomic
development in, 53, 57, 59, 64, 65, 145; territory above Arctic Circle, 14 Russian Arctic strategy: 2000-2010 policies on, 52-56; 2010-2020 policies on, 56—63; 2020-2035 policies on, 63—69; actors involved in policymaking processes, 60-64; aggressiveness of, 8-9, 78,148,154,158; conflict cooperation spectrum and, 8-11; continental shelf claim submissions, 40-49; drivers of, 11,14-16,137-38, 147, 158; environmental issues in, 53, 54, 57, 60; expansionism in, 8-9, 78, 149,154, 155,158; flag-planting on Arctic Ocean seabed, vii, 13,40-41, 50, 53, 78, 95-96; as identity-building project, 9, 12, 74; international cooperation in, vii-xii, 10-11, 53-58, 62, 65, 112,147-53,162; key documents related to, 69-79; misconceptions regarding, 10, 50, 59-60, 75; Mur mansk Initiative and, 36-38; national security issues in, 52, 53, 56-60, 63-69, 158; neoimperialism in, 8-9, 13, 52, 133, 143, 151; new cold war paradigm on, 8; Northern Sea Route in, 6, 52-56, 59, 60, 64-65, 140; on search and rescue capabilities, 54, 59, 70,148 Russia-West relations: Arctic as conduit for, 157-58; Arctic Council and, 104, 136-37, 159; future outlook on, 74, 157-58; issues of mutual interest in, 7, 25; tensions in, ix, 5, 48, 62, 110-11, 144-45; US-Russia relations, 25, 36, 137-46, 152. See also Cold War Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 37 Sakhalin-1 project, 127 Sanctions: for annexation of Crimea, 26, 122; economic impact of, 140, 150;
Index energy projects impacted by, 26, 77, 111, 122-23,127-29,131,133,143; joint energy venture loopholes in, 26, 122,129; Russian Arctic strategy affected by, 32, 70,148 Schröder, Gerhard, 22 Search and rescue capabilities: in Bering Strait region, 157; in Northern Sea Route, 74-75; Russian Arctic strategy on, 54, 59, 70, 148; tourism growth and need for, 161; training exercises involving, 110-11, 117; uniform regional system of, 54 Sechin, Igor, 22, 62, 63,128 Sectoral line principle, 33,114-15, 120 Security Council of the Russian Federation (SCRF), 18, 58-60, 63, 64 Security Council (United Nations), 16, 29, 72, 160 Security issues: climate change, 5, 31, 72, 108, 144,156; economic, 14-15, 52, 71; energy-related, 9, 11, 15, 27, 31, 48, 52, 98, 114; environmental, 53, 57, 60,143; military, 14-15, 53, 56-57, 65, 68, 104. See also National security issues Sergunin, Alexander, 10 Shaffer, Brenda, 9, 31 Shale gas, 26-27, 121-23, 151, 152 Shaparov, Alexander, 100 Shearman, Peter, 30 Shell, 106,117 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 37 Shipping routes. See Transportation routes Shock therapy, as economic tool, 19-20 Shoigu, Sergei, 61 Shtokman field, 24,117,121-22 Silk Road Fund, 130-31 Siloviki, 21, 22, 33, 63 Sobchak, Anatoly, 17 Social media platforms, viii, 135 207 Solberg, Erna, 123 Soreide, Ine Erkisen, 122 Sovereignty operations, 109 Soviet Union: Arctic legacy of, 33-39; centrally planned economy of, 19; collapse of, 29, 38, 39, 100, 109, 110; former republics of, 16, 23, 24, 28, 31; Gulag prison system of, 35; industrial ization in, 35; propaganda campaigns, 35, 36, 52; superpower
status of, 28-29, 36. See also Cold War; Russia; specific leaders Stakeholders. See Arctic stakeholders Stalin, Joseph, 14, 33, 35-36, 40-41, 48, 52 Stanislaw, Joseph, 31 Statoil, 24,117, 121-23, 128 Stepashin, Sergei, 21 Stewardship, 88, 141, 142,153 Stoltenberg, Jens, 117, 134 Suez Canal, 6, 85, 86 Sun Tzu, 1 Sustainable development: AEPS on promotion of, 39; Arctic Council agenda on, 101; in EU Arctic strategy, 98, 99; of natural resources, 139, 145-46; in Russian maritime strategy, 70; as unifying Arctic ideology, 146, 148 Sweden: in NATO membership process, 149. See also Arctic Eight Tandemocracy, 24-25, 57, 120 Technological modernization, 77 Tillerson, Rex, 126,142 Timchenko, Gennady, 63 TNK-BP, 24, 125-26 TotalEnergies, 24, 108, 117, 122, 130, 131 Tourism, 97,106, 161 Trafigura, 130 Transpolar Sea Route (TSR), 5, 6
208 Index Transportation routes: air routes, 54; Arctic great game and, 5-6, 87; Bering Strait, 33, 87, 144; in interna tional waters, 5, 141; Northeast Passage, 5-6, 85; Northwest Passage, 5, 6, 87, 141,157; opening of Arctic region and, 5-7, 85; Suez Canal, 6, 85, 86; Transpolar Sea Route, 5, 6. See also Northern Sea Route Trenin, Dmitri, 28 Trident Juncture military exercises, 100 Trudeau, Justin, 89, 91, 105 Trump, Donald: Arctic strategy under, 88, 89, 141-45; on icebreaker gap, 141, 143, 156; Putin’s relationship with, 141, 144; on US purchase of Green land, 141 Trutnev, Yuri, 62, 64 TSR. See Transpolar Sea Route Ukraine: annexation of Crimea by Russia (2014), vii, viii, 26, 104, 122; color revolution in, 23; invasion by Russia (2022), viii, 26, 152, 159-62; natural gas disputes with Russia, 16 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Arctic Five support for, 104; EEZs allocated by, 3; international waters designated by, 3; legal architecture of, 44, 47, 117-18, 155; maritime zones under, 101, 103; ratification of, 88-90, 92, 94,101, 104, 135. See also Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf United Nations Security Council, 16, 29, 72,160 United States: in Arctic Armageddon scenario, 153-54; Arctic strategy of, 87-89, 13 8, 141-45, 162; on Danish CLCS submissions, 93; offshore licenses issued by, 107; potential extended continental shelf claim, 89, 90; on Russian CLCS submissions, 43-44, 46-47; sectoral line principle rejected by, 33; shale gas production in, 27; superpower
status of, 28, 36; UNCLOS, failure to ratify, 88-89, 92, 101, 104, 135; US-Russia relations, 25, 36, 137-46, 152. See also Arctic Eight; Arctic Five; Cold War; specific leaders United States Geological Survey (USGS), 3-5, 82-84,108 Valdez oil spill (1989), 107,127 Varangerfjord agreement (1957), 115-17 Veselov, Igor, 139 Voloshin, Aleksandr, 17 Vostok Oil, 129-30 Voucher privatization, 20 Wealth. See Resource wealth Western relations with Russia. See Russia-West relations Wheeler, Andrew, 142 White, Stephen, 28 White Sea Canal, 35 World Trade Organization, 25 Yamal LNG project, 130-31, 132/ Yeltsin, Boris, 15,17-21, 38, 39 Yukos, 21, 22 Yumashev, Valentin, 17 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Buchanan, Elizabeth |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1211752275 |
| author_facet | Buchanan, Elizabeth |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Buchanan, Elizabeth |
| author_variant | e b eb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047222643 |
| classification_rvk | ML 6700 ML 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1376414199 (DE-599)BVBBV047222643 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Arktis Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047222643 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:58:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-05T11:00:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780815738886 9780815740049 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2023 |
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| publisher | Brookings Institution Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Buchanan, Elizabeth Verfasser (DE-588)1211752275 aut Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin Elizabeth Buchanan Washington DC Brookings Institution Press [2023] © 2023 XVI, 208 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd rswk-swf Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Arktis (DE-588)4002924-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 p Arktis (DE-588)4002924-4 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 s Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-8157-3889-3 (DE-604)BV049432403 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Buchanan, Elizabeth Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)122188926 (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4057952-9 (DE-588)4116489-1 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4002924-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin |
| title_auth | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin |
| title_exact_search | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin |
| title_full | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin Elizabeth Buchanan |
| title_fullStr | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin Elizabeth Buchanan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Red arctic Russian strategy under Putin Elizabeth Buchanan |
| title_short | Red arctic |
| title_sort | red arctic russian strategy under putin |
| title_sub | Russian strategy under Putin |
| topic | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- Geopolitik Strategie Sicherheitspolitik Militär Arktis Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627236&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT buchananelizabeth redarcticrussianstrategyunderputin |