The last ghetto: an everyday history of Theresienstadt
Introduction: The well-known, poorly understood ghetto -- 1. "The overorganized ghetto:" administering Terezin -- 2. A society based on inequality -- 3. The age of pearl barley: food and hunger -- 4. Medicine and illness -- 5. Cultural life: leisure time activities -- 6. Transports to the...
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| Zusammenfassung: | Introduction: The well-known, poorly understood ghetto -- 1. "The overorganized ghetto:" administering Terezin -- 2. A society based on inequality -- 3. The age of pearl barley: food and hunger -- 4. Medicine and illness -- 5. Cultural life: leisure time activities -- 6. Transports to the East "The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, it argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many versions of societies as we know them. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insisting that we view it with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically: seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half year of the ghetto's existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities, but rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis"-- |
| Beschreibung: | 364 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9780190051778 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Introduction: The well-known, poorly understood ghetto -- 1. "The overorganized ghetto:" administering Terezin -- 2. A society based on inequality -- 3. The age of pearl barley: food and hunger -- 4. Medicine and illness -- 5. Cultural life: leisure time activities -- 6. Transports to the East | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, it argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many versions of societies as we know them. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insisting that we view it with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically: seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half year of the ghetto's existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities, but rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | The Last Ghetto
An Everyday History ofTheresienstadt
Anna Hajkova
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Introduction: The Well-Known, Poorly Understood Ghetto 1
1 The Overorganized Ghetto: Administering Terezin 16
2 A Society Based on Inequality 59
3 The Age ofPearl Barley: Food and Hunger 100
4 Medicine and Illness 132
5 Cultural Life 168
6 Transports from Terezin to the East 201
Conclusion 239
Acknowledgments 243
Notes 247
Archives Consulted 323
Bibliography 327
Index 347
Contents Introduction: The Well-Known, Poorly Understood Ghetto 1 1. The Overorganized Ghetto: Administering Terezín 16 2. A Society Based on Inequality 59 3. The Age of Pearl Barley: Food and Hunger 100 4. Medicine and Illness լ 32 5. Cultural Life լ 68 6. Transports from Terezín to the East 201 Conclusion 239 Acknowledgments Notes Archives Consulted Bibliography Index 243 247 323 327 347
Terezín, as it was known in Czech, or Theresienstadt as it was known in German, was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Terezín was the last ghetto to be liberated, one day after the end of World War II. The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prison society during the Holocaust. Rather than depict the prison society which existed within the ghetto as an exceptional one, unique in kind and not understandable by normal analytical methods, Anna Hájková argues that such prison societies that developed during the Holocaust are best understood as simply other instances of the societies human beings create under normal circumstances. Challenging conventional claims of Holocaust exceptionalism, Hájková insists instead that we ought to view the Holocaust with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prison society of Terezín produced its own social hierarchies under which seemingly small differences among prisoners (of age, ethnicity, or previous occupation) could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half years of the camp s existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages and on empathetic reading of victim testimonies. The Last Ghetto is
a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis and highlighting the key issues of responsibility, agency and its boundaries, and belonging.
Archives Consulted Public Archives Austria Diözesenarchiv Wien [Bishopric Archive], Vienna (DAW): Hilfsstelle für nichtarische Katholiken/Aid Agency for Non Aryan Catholics Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes [Documentation Archives of Austrian Resistance], Vienna (DÖW): oral histories “Erzählte Geschichte” Viktor Frankl Institut, Vienna: private archives Viktor Frankl Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv [Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna] (WStLA): Volksgericht Wien [peoples court Vienna] Czech Republic Archiv bezpečnostních složek [Archive of the Secret Police], Prague (ABS): 425-231-2; 305-633-1; 302-204-45; 302-198-5; 305-639-5; Z- 10-976a; 325-15-5 S 6419; 325-90-7; 325-82-2; 325-93-1 Archiv Památníku Terezín [Archive of the Terezín Memorial] (APT): collection of documents (A); sbírka vzpomínek [collection of testimonies] Archive of the Terezín Initiative Institute, Prague (AITI): Diary of Eva Roubíčková Gender Studies, Prague: Paměťžen [Memory of women], interviews Národní archiv [Czech National Archives] Prague (NA) : Koncentrační tábory a okupační vězeňské spisy (KT OVS), Zvláštní četnický výbor (ZČV), Svaz politických vězňů (SPB), Miroslav and Margita Kárný papers (Kárných), Policejní ředitelství - policejní přihlášky (police registrations), Hubert Ripka collection Státní oblastní archiv Litoměřice [ State regional archive Litoměřice] (SOAL) : Mimořádný lidový soud Litoměřice (MLS) [Extraordinary people’s court Litoměřice] Státní oblastní archiv Prague [State regional archive Prague] (SOAP): Mimořádný lidový soud Prague (MLS) [Extraordinary
people’s court Prague] Židovské Muzeum Prague [Jewish Museum Prague] (AJMP): The Oral History Collection; Terezín; Dokumenty perzekuce [documents of the persecution]; Fleischmann collection Denmark Dansk Jødisk Museum [Jewish Danish Museum] Copenhagen (JDK): 207; 166; 140A; 207A; uncataloged (space management applications) Rigsarkivet [Danish National Archives], Copenhagen: Jewish Community, Chiefrabbi M Friediger, correspondence 1911-1947 Germany Alte Synagoge Essen (Old Synagogue Essen): BR, Regina Oelze Bavarian Main State Archive Munich: reparation file
324 ARCHIVES CONSULTED Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv [Brandenburg State Main Archive], Potsdam (BLHA): Rep. 36 AII (Akten des Oberfinanzpräsidenten) Bundesarchiv Ludwigsburg [German Federal Archives Ludwigsburg] (BArch): В 162, investigations against Karl Bergel, Anton Burger, and Hans and Rolf Günther Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives], Berlin (BStU): MfS HA IX, IX/11, XI/11 ZUVX, department X, GStA, ZUV 74 Ga, MfS Zentralarchiv, W/3416/50/303/201, RHE-44-88 DDR, Archiv der Zentralstelle AR3 Bundesfinanzakademie [Financial Academy], Brühl: Rolf Grabower papers (since moved to Steuermuseum Hamburg) Centrum Judaicum, Berlin (CJA): Opfer des Faschismus (OdF); diary of Paul Scheurenberg Deutsches Literaturarchiv [Archive of German Literature], Marbach (DLA): H.G.Adler papers; Sebald papers; Piper publishing house papers Bntschädigungsbehörde [Office for Reparations], Berlin Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte [The Research Center for Contemporary History], (FZH/WdE) Hamburg: Werkstatt der Erinnerung (oral histories) Gedenkstätte für die Bonner Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Bonn Memorial for the Victims of the National Socialism), Bonn (Bonn): Arthur Greifzu collection; Alfred Philippson collection Gemeindearchiv Minden [Municipal Archive] (Minden): reparation files Geographisches Institut [Geography Institute] Bonn: Alfred Philippson papers Hamburgisches Haupt und Staatsarchiv (Hamburg Main and State Archive), Hamburg (StAH): reparation
files; Lippmann Institut für Zeitgeschichte [Institute for Contemporary History], Munich (IfZ): Zeugenschrifttum (ZS) Landesarchiv Berlin [Berlin State Archive] Berlin (LAB): Opfer des Faschismus, OdF, C Rep 118-01 Landesarchiv des Saarlandes [Saar State Archive] (Saarbrücken): reparation file of “Eva and Filip Rohnenberg” Moses Mendelsohn Zentrum/Haus der Wannseekonferenz, Berlin (MMZ): interviews of Holocaust survivors (Yale Fortunoff for Germany) NS-Dokumentationszentrum (Cologne): memoirs of Hilde Nathan Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes [Political Archive of the Foreign Office], Berlin (PA AA) StaatsarchivBremen [State Archive Bremen] (StAB) : registry office; denazification papers Stadtarchiv Mannheim [Municipal archive Mannheim]: Paul Eppstein papers Das Zentralarchiv zur Erforschung der Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heidelberg: Leopold Neuhaus collection Israel Beit Terezin, Givat Hayim Ihud (BTA): various collections Central Archives for History of Jewish People (CAHJP), Jerusalem: various collections Hagannah Archives (HAG), Tel Aviv: 31.177,123.8,114.53,114.43 Institute for Contemporary History, Oral History Division, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (ICJ OHD): oral histories Leo Baeck Institute Jerusalem (LBIJ): 341,489,512,589,814,1190 Lochamei Haghettaot (LHG): 2746, 425, 332, 262, 2746, 328, 4870, 1190, 5517, 1236, 1324,1417,1467,1750,1754,2162,2292,3338,5507
ARCHIVES CONSULTED 325 Moreshet archive, Givat Haviva (Moreshet): A.228; A.553; A.548; A.1395; C.01; D.1/ 118.1-2, 923, 929, 934, 1105,1284, 1368, 1370, 5644, 5976; D2.215; D.2/334; D.2/789 (poems) Wiener Collection, Tel Aviv University (WL TAU): 504d, 545,578,586,587 Yad Vashem, Jerusalem (YVA): MIE, МІР, М5, M16, M19, M20, M21, Ol, 02, ОЗ, 04, 07,08,015E, 027,030,033,064 The Netherlands Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork [Westerbork Memorial] (HcKW): RA 995 Nationaalarchief [Dutch National Archive], The Hague (NA The Hague) : Archief van het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Londen) Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie [Netherlands Institute for War Documentation], Amsterdam (NIOD): HSSPF collection; Doc. II; 187 (Red Cross); 244 (diaries); 250d (early testimonies); 250i (Westerbork); 250k (Theresienstadt); 250n (H.G.Adler papers) Poland Żydowski Instytut Historyczny [Jewish Historical Institute], Warsaw (ŻIH): reports from the time of the Holocaust (301) Slovakia Nadácia Milana Šimečku [Milan Šimečka Foundation], Bratislava (NMŠ): interviews of Holocaust survivors (Yale FortunofFproject for Slovakia) United Kingdom British Library, London (BL): sound archive Wiener Library, London (WL): eyewitness testimonies, 504, 574, 578, 889, 940, 958, 1003, 1016, 1035, 1073, 1169, 1179, 1237, 1308, 1339, 1361, 1365, 1423, 1521, MF Doc 2, G 59.02; Lederer papers; digital archive of the International Tracing Service (ITS) United States Holocaust Center of Northern California, San Francisco: Oral History Project Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (online at iit.edu):
David Boder interviews Leo Baeck Institute, New York (LBI): collections: AR, AZ, ME, MM, MS, Wahl Family, Leo Baeck, Austrian Heritage Collection, artwork Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, LAMOTH: Eli Lesklý (Erich Lichtblau) artwork Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York (MJH): Pavel Mahrer papers New York Public Library (NYPL): American Jewish Committee Oral History Collection/ Dorot Jewish Division, oral histories Simon Wiesenthal Center, Los Angeles (SWC): Herbert Langer United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC (USHMM): oral histo ries; Steven Spielberg film and video archive; David Bloch collection; Ehrlich collec tion; Margosches collection; Zwilsky collection; Henschel collection; Jenő Klein; Ruth Knopp-Lebram University of Michigan Dearborn, Oral History Archive (UMD ОНА) USC Visual History Foundation, Los Angeles (VHA) YIVO, New York: Czechoslovakia; RG 717
326 ARCHIVES CONSULTED Personal Archives Personal archive Peter Barber, London Personal archive ofMartin Čakrt, Prague Personal archive of Helen Epstein, Lexington, Ma. Personal archive Peter Hahn, Düsseldorf Personal archive Irene Hallmann-Strauß, Munich Personal archive of the Japha family, New York and Seattle Personal archive Jiří Kende, Berlin Personal archive Irena Kodlová, Budyně nad Ohří Personal archive of Michal Kosák, Prague Personal archive of Alice Kundrátová, Terezin Personal archive of Ann Lewis, Wilmslow Personal archive of Elena Makarova, Haifa Personal archive of Beate Meyer, Hamburg Personal archive Hanne-Lore Munter, Berlin Personal archive of Leo Säbel, Charlottenlund Personal archive of Martin Smok, Prague Personal archive of Maria von der Heydt, Berlin Personal archive of Tamara Warren, Brooklyn Author’s Interviews Ina ter Beek Frenkel, February 5,2001, Amsterdam “Eva Berner,” February 14,2009, in Shamir Dorie Birkenhäger Frenkel, February 8,2001, Rotterdam Werner Bloch, July 21,2001, Amsterdam Ab Caransa, February 1,2001, in Amstelveen Greetje Cohen Rooselaar, August 7,2001, in Amsterdam Michal Donath, January 25,2013 (Skype interview) Marianne Dreyfus, February 23,2012 in Brooklyn Eva Frankel, May 2001 (phone interview) Jaroslav Fried, March 13,2013 (phone interview) Hana Friediger, January 17,2010, Dyssegaard Peter Hahn, December 14,2012 (phone interview) and March 19,2013, in Düsseldorf Simon and Hana Kolský, former Kopolovič, January 16,2009, in Haifa Edgar Krása, June 19,2012 (phone interview) Doris Meyer Stern, April 10,2001, in Beit Yitshak,
Israel Marianna Müllerová, March 22,2006, in Prague Kitty Nijstad Kok de Wijze and Harts Nijstad, May 4,2001, in Lochem Ellen Oppenhejm, January 21,2010, in Charlottenlund Liselotte Panofsky Delman, January 24,2013 (phone interview) Leo Säbel, January 22,2010, in Charlottenlund Irena Seidlerová, January 26,2013, in Prague Erna Seykorová-Friesová, December 5,2012, in Prague Alisah Schiller, January and February 2009, in Givat Haim Ihud Renate van Hinte Kamp, July 25,2001, in Bloemendaal Anny Wafelman Morpurgo, July 10,2001, in Amsterdam Mirjam Weitzner Smuk, December 12,2012 (phone interview)
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t andƒfollowing the page number abortions antiabortion activists, 154 avoiding forced, 198-99 forced by order ofAnton Burger, 20,150 number of, 150,297nl35 performed on lovers of SS members, 22 prisoners’reactions to, 150-51 Abromeit, Franz, 24-25 accommodations for artists, 183-84 assigned based on a triage mentality, 62 attic rooms for elderly inmates, 62 better for Aufbaukommando, 75 better for informers, 55 better for Jewish functionaries, 65 better for prominent prisoners, 49 better for social elite, 50,63 better for young artists, 183-84 closed versus open care, 140 collective for Ghetto Guard, 46 crowding in, 10,62 for cultural events, 185 forced reshuffling of traditional families, 119 inclusion of cooking area in, 105 less crowding in children’s rooms, 79 limited agency and, 226-27,239-40 new for workers, 31,33 Reich Association’s Accommodation Advice Center, 37-38 separate for men and women, 118 separate youth homes, 43 spot checks in, 24 worse for elderly inmates, 77-78, 113-14,156 adaptation becoming accustomed to the ghetto, 239 of elderly, 89 to insufficient nutrition, 115 understanding through study of Theresienstadt, 2 Adler, H. G„ 141,162-63 Adlerova, Gertrud, 153-54,162-63 advantage ghetto, 7,10,47,49,136,231-32 agency acquired by Jewish functionaries, 16, 47-48,58 as central topic in Holocaust studies, 6 derived from music, 176-77 downplayed by survivors, 316n93 of elderly, 116
expressed through feasts, 119-20 highlighting issues of, 2 limits on, 225-27 of physicians, 132-33,151-52,157-58 recognizing moments of, 238, 239-40,241-42 self-organizing as a form of, 58 of Theresienstadt informers, 56-57 Ančerl, Karel, 182-83,193-94 anti-Semitism among Czech gendarmes, 22 among the Eichmann men, 17 pursued by the Ghetto Court, 98 stereotypes affecting medical care, 149-50 suffered by Jewish medical students, 133 towards Eastern Jews, 91 Arendt, Hannah, 53 Aron, Gerhard, 161 art. See cultural events; cultural life
348 INDEX Aschenbrenner, Walter, 206 Auerbach, Lude, 162-63 Aufbaukommando (construction detail) applications for removal from transports, 217r, 217-18 arrival transports, 215 Bohumil Benda’s arrival with, 126 Edgar Krásas arrival with, 123,180 Erich Springers arrival with, 134 formation of, 7-8 indusion in transports, 210 lead by Egon Popper, 42 musicians’ and artists’ arrival with, 184 preferred status associated with, 40-41, 63,65,74-75,108 protection from transports, 202, 203,221 ridicule of, 76,177-78 soccer teams sponsored by, 194-97 volunteers for, 44-45 Auředníčková, Anna, 78-79,160 autopsies, 142-43,159,295n84 Bader, Hanuš, 124-25 Baeck, Leo, 27/, 50-54,88,121,234,26667Ո274,267n276 Baecková, Ruth, 51 Baltrusch, Fritz, 21 Bartels, Rolf, 21,29-30,36-37,103-4, 136-37,228 bartering of drawings, 181 with and for food, 127-30 of performance tickets, 184 Bass, František, 158-59 Bayerlová, Valerie, 174 BdS. See SiPo and SD Běhal, Jiří, 187 Bělov, Arnold, 34,35 Bělov, Hana, 34,35 Benda, Bohumil, 126 Bergel, Karl, 21,25-26,54-55,173-74, 206,229 Berger, Julius, 89 Berger, Sam, 66 Bergmann, Rudolf, 32,44,203-4,232-33 Bergmannová, Marie, 232-33 Beri, Bedřich, 160-61,232-33 Berman, Karel, 192-94,198 Berner, Eva, 73 Bernstein, Elsa, 69-70 Bernstein, Otto, 71 Blánová, Hana, 188-89 Blánová, Lea, 188-89 Bloch, Ervín, 233-34 Bloch, Ferdinand, 172,174 Blumenthal-Rothschild, Henriette Louise, 157-58 Bobek, Josef, 21,22-23,173-74,220 Bohm, Hermann, 165 Böhme, Horst, 18/ Bohn, Hermann, 154 Bondy, Josef, 184 Bondy, Ruth, 141-42 Bonn, Hanuš, 189 Bor, Josef, 173,184 Bergerová, Gertruda,
188-89,193-94 Borges, Bedřich, 98,184 Borský, Jiří, 71-72,86-87,187,213 Boschan, Julius, 38 Braun, Vítězslav, 51 Breslauer, Käthe, 123-24,148-49 Buchsbaum, Norbert, 66 Bülow, Hans von, 193 Burešová, Lotka, 191 Burger, Anton, 18/, 20,28-29,35,126-27, 150,170,202,205-6,210,217-18 Burka, Jan, 123-24 Busch, Arthur, 35-36 Cantor, Vilém, 41-42,202-3 Čapek, Karel, 179-80 categorization and stratification based on age, 113-14 based on ethnicity, 59 based on gender, 29,91-92,239 in prisoner society, 4,70-74 with respect to food distribution, 101 Catholic community, 52,70 Central Evidence, 34-35,41,42,60,202-3, 205-6,209,223 Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 7-8, 10-11,17 Central Secretariat, 27f, 41-42,44,46, 49-50,60,87 children better food and food rations for children, 79,116-17
INDEX causes of deaths during famines, 101-2 deaths among newborns, 287nl02 plan to exchange Jewish children for money, 149-50,210-11 role of Jewish functionaries in transporting children, 213 shooting of sick children, 20 survival rate of, 80,117 treatment of, 77-86 Zionist goal of raising children as conscious Jews, 1-2 “choiceless choices,” 6,226-27,239-40 class as basis of categorization, 4 “formerly important” class, 89-91,123 stark differences in Theresienstadt, 110-11 Cohen, David, 32-33 Cohen, Max, 148 construction detail. See Aufbaukommando Council of Elders (Ältestenrat) Baeck as honorary head of, 52 discussion of Recreations weekly programs, 170 feelings of self-importance fostered by, 40 Hermann Strauß as member of, 153-54, 213,220 as members of the Small Commission, 204-5 minutes of, 47-48 Murmelstein’s lack of respect for, 31 nomination to, 32 organization of, 26,27ƒ personal protection lists held by members, 204 preferential treatment of, 106,107-8, 182,184-85,194 preparations for Red Cross visit, 19 relationship to Elder of the Jews, 31 role in Theresienstadt, 31-34 size of, 40 vulnerability of members, 32 cultural events attended by Jewish Elders, 45-46 attended by social elite, 75 banned as punishment, 35-36 349 as confirmation of educated bourgeoisie, 179 language use in, 189 playing and enj oying music, 153 produced in the depths of misery, 67 serving to reconstruct the former world, 179-80 status gained by playing and enjoying music, 153 tickets to as rewards, 49 venues for, 185,186/ cultural life beyond spiritual resistance, 174-80 bound to social
hierarchy of inmate community, 168 conclusion of, 198 culture as basis of categorization, 4 ethnicity and exclusion, 187-99 material aspects of, 180-87 Recreation Department, 168-74 role of arts in Theresienstadt, 199-200 soccer, 194-98 culture as resistance, 174 Czapski, Dora, 51 Czech gendarmes assistance given to prisoners by, 126, 127-28,137-38 informers reporting on, 54-55 role in Theresienstadt, 22,60 sexual barter with prisoners by, 23 Czech Jews anti-German prejudice of, 81-82 arrival in Theresienstadt, 7-8 definition of ethnicity by, 4-5 distrust of German and Austrian functionaries, 39 expressions of Czech cultural belonging, 83-86 framing and stereotypes of, 71 generation of master narrative, 73-74 largest food portions received by, 108 removal from Protectorate Completed, 19 sense of belonging gained through Czech culture, 178-79 as social elite of the ghetto, 74-77 targeted by SS for deportation, 211-12 understanding of transports as liquidation, 207
350 INDEX Davidová, Ottla (Etelka), 164 deaths among children, 117 among elderly inmates, 112-13, 116,208 among newborn children, 287nl02 causes of deaths during famines, 101-2,115 due to smaller food rations, 100-1 due to typhus, 296nl05 knowledge of mass murder, 231-37 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt, 7-10,101 of those arriving with evacuation transports, 296nl01 denouncers. See informers Department IVB4,8-9,11 -12,17-19, 18/, 24-25,26,172,202,205,208, 209-10,235-36 Dicker-Brandeis, Friedl, 172 Director, Simon, 195 Disinfection Department, 143-44 Dodalová, Irena, 191-92 Dormitzer, Else, 121,183 Drachsler, Lucie, 87-88 Dunant, Paul, 10,21 Eastern Jews exclusions based on origin as, 90-91 as imagined type, 90 prejudices against, 72,89-90 resentments toward, 90 as the ultimate other, 91 Eckstein, Luděk, 225,227 Edelstein, Jakob AZ Album produced for, 76 choice to not make team prominent, 50 dismisses Trude Neumanns requests for help, 141-42 establishes food rations by worker status, 77-78 falsification of population numbers, 34֊ 35,205-6,209 feelings of prisoners toward, 57-58 inability to watch executions, 24-25 organization of Jewish self administration, 26-29,27/ pioneering mentality of, 39-40 reaction to deportation of elderly inmates, 208 redistribution of tasks and departments by, 42-43 secretary deported in fall of 1944,54-55 sexism practiced by, 66-67 sharing of information by, 33-34 showcasing of Theresienstadt as a labor ghetto, 47 stigmatized by origins, 90 youthful Zionist leadership recruited by, 134 Edgar Krása, 181/ Egyedi,
Elisabeth, 152 Egyedi, Hendrik, 152 Ehrlich, Richard, 123-24 Ehrmannová, Alisa, 81,108-9,229 Eichmann, Adolf, 8-10,17-19,18/, 26, 35,174 Eichmann men, 17,20 Eigensinn (self-will), 227,239-40 Eisler, Hanuš, 206 elderly inmates accommodations for, 62,77-78, 113-14,156 adaptation of, 89 agency demonstrated by, 116 appearance of, 78 deaths among, 77-78,781,101,116,208 deportation of 16,000 in 1942,208 hunger experienced by, 111-14 jobs assigned to, 111 lack of victim testimonies from, 114 otheringof, 113-15 reason for transport to Theresienstadt, 9-10 smaller food rations assigned to, 105-7,112-13 social organization and, 77-79 targeted by SS for deportation, 212 treatment of elderly versus laborers and children, 77-86,101 widespread gastroenteritis among, 111 Elder of the Jews (Judenältester) appointees and dates served, 27f Benjamin Murmelstein, 30-31 contact with SS, 33-34 handling of crises by, 34-36
INDEX Jakob Edelstein, 26-28 leeway for maneuvering, 34 Paul Eppstein, 28-30 relationship to Council of Elders, 31-33 role in Theresienstadt, 26-49 Elias, Norbert, 3-4 Emigration Fund, 19,103 Eppstein, Paul as art lover, 185 beaten by Rahm, 19 disagreements with Baeck, 52-53 feelings ofprisoners toward, 57-58 hopes of maneuvering through large transports, 228 influence over Recreation Department, 45-46 installation as Elder, 26,28-30 knowledge of mass murder, 234 lovers transported in fall of 1944,54-55 names colleagues from Reich Association as prominent, 49-50 organization of Jewish self-administration, 27/ push for naming non-Czech prisoners to positions, 38-39,155 reveals Edelstein’s deception to SS, 34-35 rewarded by SS, 39 sharing ofinformation by, 33-34 special relationship with Moes, 36-37 typhoid outbreak under, 209 upset over use of language in cultural offerings, 189 as a Zionist, 76 Erdmann, Hanna, 141-42 escapes and escapees alerting prisoners of gas chambers, 92-94,234 from Auschwitz, 234 of Geltungsjuden of teenagers Hana and Arnold Bělov, 34 planned, 232-33 SS handling of, 23-24,34 ethnicity categorization and stratification based on, 4,59,70-74 in cultural offerings, 171 impact of binary view, 241 351 importance to loyalties in self-administration, 38-39 interethnic relationships, 93-95 lack of contact outside of ethnic group, 88 mortality rates according to, 77-78,781 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt, 7-10 role in cultural life, 187-94 transports and belonging, 211-13 executions as demonstration of absolute control, 24-25 inmates
reactions to, 19,61-62,68, 159,255n62 key role of in prosecution of perpetrators, 255n58 photographed by Karel Salaba, 22 See also violence Faltin, Leo, 27/, 34-35,209 Familienzerreißung, 202-3 Fantlová, Lily, 130-31,229 Feder, Richard, 82,92 Feigl, František, 84-86 Fein, Oskar, 179-80 Fidler, Johann, 206 Fischer, Avi, 81-82 Fischer, Ignatz, 195 Fischer, Karl, 185-86 Fischerova, Anna, 51 Fischi, Pavel, 78-79,81 Fischlová, Hana, 81 Fleischmann, Fricek, 184-85 Fleischmann, Karel, 33,64/, 140-41,15960,161,162-63 Flusser, Jindřich, 137 food and hunger access to food and child bearing/child rearing, 111, 130-31 bartering with and for food, 127-30 better food and food rations for children, 79,116-17 better food and food rations for performers, 170-71 causes of deaths due to famines, 101-2,115 centralized food distribution, 102-5
352 INDEX food and hunger ( Cont. ) deliberate starvation of Jews by Nazis, 100,127 everyday life and access to food, 108-17 famines as human-made, 101 food as a social event, 118-22 food categories, 105-8 food reflecting the everyday, 123-24 food sharing, 101 food taken along on transports, 205 power derived from access to food, 100-1 preferential food offered for convalescence, 140,160 reduced rations for non-working elderly, 77-78,131 role of food in prisoner society, 101 theft of food, 124-27 Frank, Karl Herrmann, 18/ Frankel, Eva, 76 Freiberger, Rudolf, 27/, 36-37,39,44, 56,228 Frenkel, Carolina Wiener, 163 Frenkel, Lion Jacques, 163 Freudenfeld, Rudolf, 185-86 Freundová, Pilsner Gertruda, 163 Frič, Ivan, 10-11 Fried, Jan, 123 Fried, Karel, 87-88 Fried, Norbert, 191-92 Friediger, Hana, 110-11 Friediger, Max, 32-33,35-36 Friedman, Pavel, 171-72 Friedmann, Desider, 27/, 38,42 Friedmann, Richard, 37,136-37 Friedmannová, Erna, 121,122,223 Friedrich, Eli, 120 Fritta, Bedřich, 172,174,180-81,181/ 184 Fröhlichová, Markéta, 189-90,190/ Frommer, Benjamin, 69 Fuchsová, Ilse, 148-49 gas theory, 233 Geltungsjuden definition of, 7-8,69 deportations of, 229 escapes among, 34 mentally ill, 141-42 protection from transports, 202,213 released from Theresienstadt, 69-70 separate accommodations for young, 79 under SS command, 23-24,42 treatment of by other children, 80-81 gender asymmetries in, 92-93,240-41 and categorization, 91-95 categorization and stratification based on, 29,239 categorization as hard laborers and, 108 as defining for cultural production, 199-200 double genderedness
and food, 122 as factor in attaining positions in Theresienstadt, 37-38 food sharing and, 101-2 gender bias in attendance ofcultural events, 192 gender roles in Theresienstadt, 98-99,122 inequality based on, 59 medical power and, 162-66 mortality rates and, 77-78 Gerke, Ernst, 18/ German Jews considered as foreign by Czech Jews, 73-74 excluded from German culture, 178 framing and stereotypes of, 71-73 protected from deportation by SS, 211-12 Gerron, Kurt, 10-11 Geschke, Hans-Ulrich, 18/ Gestapo, 23,35,37,55-56,223 Gesundheitswesen. See Health Services ghettos advantage ghetto, 7,10,47,49, 136,231-32 labor ghettos, 28,47,58 privilege ghettos, 7,47 Theresienstadfs designation as, 11 -12 transit ghetto, 7,8-9,16,23-24,150,201 Glass,Martha,73,106, 111, 160 Goertz, Else Countess, 49 Goldmannová, Irma, 142,162-63 Goldscheiderová, Emma, 27/, 42 Goldschmid, Alfred, 35,209
INDEX Goldschmidt, Erna, 50 Grabova, Hedda, 172-73,182,189,193-94 Grabower, Rolf, 40-41,68-69,87,98,16061,182-83,222-23,241 Gradnauer, Georg, 49-50 Grauer, Jan, 27 f 39 Great Fortress, 7 Greifer, 56-57 Groag, Willy, 27/, 80,149-50,230,232-33 Grünberger, Julius, 27/, 44-45,76 Grünhutová-Reinischová, Marta, 156 Günther, Hans, 10-11,17,18/, 19,20,2425,32,55,173,230,235 Günther, Rolf, 17-18,173,208,235-36 Gut, Miloš, 124 Guthmann, Charlotte, 125 Gutmann, Max, 164 Guttmannová, Truda, 94 Haas, Erna, 189-90 Haas, Leo, 76,172,174,180,189-90 Haasová, Blanka, 234 Hadra, Edmund, 122,156-57,162 Hadra, Siegmund, 120 Hahn, Franz, 74,146-47,153,155, 165,192 Hahn, Viktor, 153-54,159-61,163,220 Hahnová, Hilda, 50 Haindi, Rudolf, 21,22,25-26,35-36, 38, 54-55,60-61,174,195,206 Hamperl, Herwig, 142 Hartmann, Walther, 172 Hasenkopf, Miroslav, 22 Health Services Aeskulap soccer team representing, 160 differences between hospital and housing block care, 191-92 doctors holding positions in, 153-56 German deputy head of, 222-23 as high functioning, 132 leadership by Erich Munk, 153-54 leadership by Richard Stein, 161 planned surgery of Benjamin Murmelstein, 149 preferential food offered for convalescence, 140,160 protection from transports and, 160,221 role in ghetto life, 166-67 353 as sexist institution, 162-66 structure of, 133-44 suicide prevention by, 147-48 triage mentality employed by, 62,144-47 See also medicine and illness; physicians Hechalutz, 28,62,66,75-76,90,119,226 Heilgas (healing gas) experiments, 138 Henschel, Moritz, 27 f 45-46,170-71 Hermann, Jan, 197-98 Herrmann, Emanuel, 24
Herškovič, Beri, 62,226 Herz, Alice Sommer, 68-69 Herz, Pavel, 68-69 Herzl, Theodor, 141-42 Herz-Sommer, Alice, 175 Heydrich, Reinhard, 8-9,18/ Heymann, Harry Hambo, 96 Himmler, Heinrich attempt to use Theresienstadt to appease the Allies, 10 competences in the SS, 18/ mention of Theresienstadt to Mussolini, 39 order to boost labor capacity in camps, 209 plan to exchange Jewish children for money, 149-50,210-11 plan to use ghetto for exchange and camouflage purposes, 228 release of prisoners to Switzerland, 211 Hirsch, Camilla, 67,111-12 Hirsch, Fredy, 27f 32,43,45,96,168-69 Hirsch, Gertrud, 87-88 Hirschfeld, Hans, 153-54 Hirschfeld, Inge, 130-31 Hitler, Adolf, 8-9,10 Hofer, Hans, 100,169,177, 184-85,187-88 Hoffenberg, Norbert, 66 Hoffenreich, Bedřich, 64-65,97,130 Hoffeová, Ruth, 63 Holocaust history focus on issues of responsibility, agency, and powerlessness, 2 Holocaust experience and Jewishness, 96-98 in wider context of modern history, 3,5
354 INDEX Holzer, Leo, 27f 53-54,234 homophobia, 95-96 homo sacer, 114-15 Horpatzký Pidia, 177-78 Hundertschaft (hundred hours oflabor duty), 155 hunger. See food and hunger informers cooperation with SS, 24,57 danger to cultural activities, 170 inclusion in “prominent” prisoners, 49-50 as lesson in human agency, 56-57 network of SS informers, 54-56 post-war arrest and investigation of, 56 reports of Weisungen by, 230-31 inmate society. See prisoner society IVB4. See Department IVB4 Janeček, Theodor, 22 Janowitz, Fritz, 181 Janowitz, Leo, 24-25,27/, 32,38-40,41, 49-50,203-4 Jelűnek, Eugen, 212-13 Jewish functionaries accommodations for, 65 agency acquired by, 16,47-48,58 boundaries, connections, and networks of, 88 criticism faced by after liberation, 22,225-26 difficulties of non-Czech Jews, 38 difficulty orlate arrivals securing positions, 37-38 disposed of by SS, 230-31 Germans and Austrians preferred by SS, 38-39,47 indirect power exerted by, 49-58 interactions with Rahm, 32 interactions with SS, 33-34,37 issues of seniority and age among, 40-41 low profile kept by, 31 manipulated by Seidle, 19-20 organization of transports by, 30 pioneering mentality of, 39-40 political aspects of Czech versus German language use, 189 preferred status associated with, 110,182 propaganda events prepared by, 172-73 protection from transports, 177-78, 204,220-21 representation of Theresienstadt as viable workplace, 47 resentment over targeting of Czechs, 211 role in Theresienstadt, 1-2,16,33, 201-2,204-5 role in transporting children, 213 shocked by opinions of Hermann Strauß, 149-50
surprised by level of graft, 28 symbiotic relationship with SS men, 36-37 transports organized by, 206, 207,229-30 used as pawns by Rahm, 20 use of medicine to help inmates by, 146-47 violence against, 33,36 vulnerability of, 32 Jewish property aryanized Jewish apartments, 21-22 cataloging oflooted, 19 dental gold confiscated from prisoners, 143 funneled to the Emigration Fund, 19 looting of suitcases bound for ghetto, 60-61,128-29 responsibility for administering, 252nl 5 stolen to maintain ghetto, 103 Jewish self-administration barrack provided for abortions, 150-51 cooperation with SS in propaganda film, 172 development of, 16 ethnicity, loyalty, and, 38-39 ethnic undertone to SS orders, 39 expansion of complex system in, 38,47 feelings of self-importance fostered by, 40 food distribution by, 100-31 fragmentation of, 30-31
INDEX 355 gender factor for late arrivals, 37-38 highest-ranking woman in, 42 indirect power existing within, 49-58 organization of, 16,26-49,27ƒ organization of departing transports by, 201-21 physical organization of, 48-49 proclivity for bulletins, memos, and minutes, 47-48,84 purpose of, 23-24 records of, 14 SS order for German or Austrian heads, 28-29 symbolic capital of artistic performance and, 182 treatment of elderly versus laborers and children, 77-86 Jochowitz, Hanuš, 175,192-93 Joekel, Heinrich, 18/ Jonas, Esther, 73,93,95,154,184-85 Jonas, Marie, 154,184-85 Jonas, Regina, 147-48 Kohn, Erich, 235 Kohnová, Valerie, 108 Kolářová, Věra, 155-56 Kolben, Jindřich, 80 Kollman, František, 63,223 Kolowrat, Gisela Countess, 69-70 Kolský, Šimon, 129-30 Kopolovič, Šimon, 66 Kosák, Viktor, 78,156 Kozower, Philipp, 27/ Krankenbehandler (sick treaters) ,133-34, 297η120 Krása, Edgar, 123,180-81,182-84 Krasová, Anna, 192 Kraus, Evžen, 23,153,163 Krausová, Irena, 230 Kriegel, František, 133 Krönert, Benno, 136-37 Kuna, Milan, 185-86 Kursawe, Otto, 21,44,206,220,231 Kussy, Victor, 27f 39 Kwasniewski, Siggi, 230 Kain, Herbert, 34,35-36,259nl25 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 18/ Kantor, Alfréd, 196/ Kárný, Margita, 80 Kárný, Miroslav, 39,77,80,97,226 Katz, Carl, 27f 37,42,72 Kende, Viktor, 55-56,124,206 Kindermann, Viktor, 147 Kirchert, Werner, 138 Klaber, Josef, 27/, 46 Klang, Heinrich, 38,46 Klapp, Erich, 134,153-54,156-57, 159-60,161 Klein, Arnošt, 63,72,83,90,98,128, 211-12,216-17 Klein, Emil, 153-54 Klein, Franz Eugen, 181,183-84,192-93 Klein, Gideon, 182,184,185,193-94 Klein, Pavel,
161 Kleinová, Eliška, 192 Klinger, Karel, 93 Klinger, Ota, 197-98 Klinkeová, Josefa, 188,191,193-94 Kohn, Bedřich, 97-98,169-70,171, 187,212-13 labor ghettos, 28,47,58 Ladner, Kurt, 195 Lagus, Karel, 182-83 Lang, Petr, 97 Langer, František, 175 Langer, Greta, 204 Langer, Herbert, 32,204,232-33 Langer, Lawrence, 6,226-27,239-40 language categorization and stratification based on, 4-5,43,75,79,98,197 expression of belonging and, 82 formal used by self-administration, 47-48 language barriers among SS, 39 political aspects of Czech versus German language use, 189 role in cultural life, 189 social capital categorized by, 4-5 social organization and, 86-88 used in cultural offerings, 170 used in petitions for removal from transports, 218r, 218 use in cultural events, 186-87,189 use of Hebrew, 119
356 INDEX Lau, Abraham, 195 Lederer, Edvard, 189 Lederer, Vítězslav, 53-54,234 Lederer, Zdeněk, 72-73,92 Ledererová, Hana, 161 legend of Terezín as concealing of complexities, 80 function of, 68 as triumph of human spirit, 80, 97, 117 See also master narrative Leiner, Hanuš, 184-85 Levit, Jan, 153-54 Levy, Ada, 214 Levy, Kurt, 27f 38-39,41,49-50 Lichtblau, Erich, 108,129,160 Lifmann, Margot, 93 Lindtová, Klára, 41-42 Lippmann, Arthur, 165 Loeb, Illa, 164-65 Loewenstein, Karl, 40-41,46,55,56,113, 126,210 Löwenstein, Karl, 27ƒ Löwinger, Walter, 27/, 33,42 Löwit, František, 88,145 Lowith, Rudolf, 148 Lustig, Josef, 177-78 Mahler, Willy, 87-88,175,181 Mahrer, Pavel, 124-25 Mahrerová, Eva, 86-87 Mandler, Robert, 56 Mandlová, Eva, 93,129,184-85,206-7, 212-13,216-17,223 Manes, Philipp, 51,72,75,88,169,170, 175,185 mass murder, knowledge of, 231-37 master narrative 1942 hangings as significant in, 67 centerpiece of, 68-69 cohesiveness gained by, 67,98,239 contributions of Paul Edelstein to, 26-28 creation of, 191 cultural activities and, 171 development of, 59-69 endowment of experiences with meaning through, 67 esteem for the Aujbaukommando members and, 74 generated by younger Czech Jews, 73-74,75 ghetto as a triumph of human spirit, 80, 97,117 groups not corresponding to, 68 politically charged, 12 purpose of, 68 questioning of, 242 role of Technical Department in, 44-45 solidarity and patronage as part of, 182-83 symbolic capital of various professions, 66 Mautner, František, 185 medicine and illness common illnesses and treatments, 111, 115,137-38,140,144-51 material advantages
held by medical personnel, 159-66 overview of, 166-67 physicians, nurses, and power, 151-59 professionalism of prisoner doctors, 132-33 smaller food rations assigned to sick inmates, 107 structure of Health Services, 133-44 temporary illness as protection from transport, 222-23,317nl05 use of ghettos medical infrastructure by SS, 140 See abo deaths; Health Services; physicians Meijers, Eduard, 32-33 Meissner, Alfred, 32,189 Meller, Paul, 124-25 Menasche, Mautner, 68 Mengele, Josef, 218 Merin, Moshe, 57 Merzbach, Ludwig, 27/, 44 Meth, Paul, 27/, 46 methodology, 13-14 Metz, Adolph, 45,128,222-23 Meyer, Corrie, 110-11 Meyer, Denise, 70 Meyer, Felix, 158 Meyer, Léon, 70
INDEX Meyer, Suzanne, 70 Meyer, Sven, 110-11 Meyerhoff, Marianne, 55-56 Michaelis, Ernst, 125-26 microhistory, 12,251n49 Moes, Ernst, 17-19,26,29,34,35, 36, 202,229-31 Morgenstern-Říkovský, Ota, 153-54 Mosse, Martha, 37-38,40,49,67,236-37 Müller, Martha, 155,157 Munk, Erich appreciation for the arts, 153-54 approval of forced abortions, 150-51 covers for Otto Reinisch, 160-61,222-23 dedication of, 152 deportation of, 161 as head of Health Services, 45, 57-58,134-35 lobbies for transport exemptions for medical staff, 146 material advantages held by, 159-60 organization of Jewish self-administration, 27ƒ professionalism of, 157-58 relationship with Rolf Bartels, 36-37 as representing ghetto youth, 153-54 resentment toward Loewenstein and Grabower, 40-41 travels to Roudnice pharmacy, 136-37 view of Franz Hahn, 155 Munková, Hana, 72,75 Murmelstein, Benjamin arrest and investigation for collaboration, 53,56 assessment of daily calorie rations by, 106 belief in meritocracy, 38 belief SS behind cigarette smuggling, 128 campaigns for medical team protection from transport, 161 claims Eppstein behind ban on Czech cultural activities, 189 comments on lack of Czech nurses, 164 depicted as corrupt by Tůma, 224 disagreements with Baeck, 52-53 357 discussion of Recreation’s weekly programs, 170 disregards established rules of protection of children, 213 excluded based on Eastern Jewish background, 90-91 handling of smuggler by, 35-36 improves food distribution, 107-8 installation as Dezernent, 42,44-45,155 installation as Elder, 29-31,228-29 interest in Recreation Department, 45-46
observations of SS, 22 organization of Jewish self administration, 26,27ƒ organization of Theresienstadt beautification, 172-73 preferences for decision making, 33 questions purpose of construction in 1935,235-36 reaction to informers, 55 receives special medical treatment, 149 relationship with Rahm, 20-21 reorganization of ghetto’s administration by, 47 role in organizing transports, 230-31 sharing of information by, 33-34 softening of forced abortions under, 150 speculates on amount of looted Jewish capital, 103 use of social capital with perpetrators, 57 Muselmann, 114-15 music. See cultural events; cultural life Mussolini, Benito, 39 Nathan, Hilde, 94-95 Nathanova, Anna, 109,182-83,188 Neufliess, Werner, 51 Neuhaus, Leopold, 65,141 Neumann, Trude, 141-42 Neumannová, Alena, 161 Niehaus, Heinrich, 172 Nivelli, Herbert, 70 Oelze, Regina, 111,154 Oestreicher, Elsa, 124 Okun, Sonia, 76
358 INDEX Oppenhejm, Ralph, 95 organization and hierarchies indirect power within Jewish self-administration, 49-58 SS hierarchies and lines of communication, 17-26,18/ three Elders of the Jews, 26-49,27ƒ unique characteristics ofTheresienstadt, 16 Omest, Zdeněk, 130 Ornstein, Edith, 27/, 189-90,202-3 Österreicher, Erich, 27/, 43,203-5 Pacovský, Josef, 143 památníky (autograph book), 181 parta (group of Czech friends), 84,93 Pečený, Karel, 10-11 Pedde, Margaret, 62 Pentlář, Viktor, 137 Perseinová, Ludmila, 126 Pestek, Viktor, 234 petitions (for removal from transports), 214-19,216í,217ř,218ř Petschau, František, 124,198-99 Petschau, Nita, 198-99 Petschau, Vilém, 124,198-99 Petschauová, Nita, 237 Philippson, Alfred, 49-50 physical violence. See violence physicians agency achieved by, 151 -59 conditions for under Nazi rule, 133-51 female, 142 material advantages held by, 159-61 pre-war conditions for, 133 professionalism of prisoner doctors, 132-33,166-67 sexism and, 162-66 triage mentality employed by, 144-47 See also medicine and illness Pick, František, 220 Pick, Miloš, 109,225-26 Płaczek, Siegfried, 27/, 41-42,203-5 Płaczek, Tekla, 213 Podober, Marion, 188-89,191,193-94 Pohlmann, Hilde, 150-51,162 Pokorná, Lilly, 134-35,137-38,14344,145,149-50,153,160,161, 162-63,165-66 Pokorny, Adolf, 134-35 Poláček, Karel, 71-72,124-25,184-85 Pollak, Artur, 98 Pollakova, Julie, 155-56,161 Popper, Egon, 42,203-4 Popperová, Gertruda, 187-88 Porges, Felix, 177-78 powerlessness agency and, 238 experienced during transports, 201 highlighting issue of, 2,239-40 illness as indication of, 151
as key moment of victims’ experience, 225-26 notion of morality and, 226-27 Prague Central Office, 18-20,21-22, 32,103 preferential ghetto, 231-32 prisoner society approach to studying, 2-3,12,242 benefits of studying, 2-6,59 as both deeply divided and interconnected, 98-99 brutal homophobia generated by, 95-96 categorization and stratification in, 70-74 categorization in, 4 characteristics of, 239-40 cultural life as reflection of ethnic and social variations, 168 determination of who died and how by, 239 (see also social organization) experience of Jewishness in, 96-98 factors influencing social hierarchy, 59 gender expectations in, 108 handling of food distribution in, 101 as hierarchical and also interconnected, 241 loyalties produced by, 241-42 man-made famine caused by, 127 method of studying, 13-14 observations of ethnicity of women in public roles, 191 shaped by transnational forces, 12 transnational aspects of, 83,88 privilege ghettos, 7,47 Próchnik, Robert, 27/, 41
INDEX “prominent” prisoners, 49-52, 54-56, 221,229 propagandafilms, 6,10-11,19, 172,191-92 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 7-8,11-12,17,18/, 22,23,37,60, 62,76,77,104,134-35,207-8, 211-12,240-41 queer sexuality double stigmatization of foreigners, 96 stigmatizing homophobia suffered by inmates, 95-96 See also sexuality Racenberg, Eva, 155 Racenberg, Šalomoun, 155 Rafael Schächter, 192-94 Rahm, Franz, 20 Rahm, Karl, 10,17,18/, 18-19,20-21,26, 30-31,32,35-36,55,150,161,172֊ 74,189,229,231,235-36 Randt, Alice, 111, 159-60 Ranschburgerová, Růžena, 150 Raphael, Margot, 141-42 Raphaelson, Paul, 126 Recreation Department, 168-74 Red Cross arts highlighted during visits from, 172 criticism of Baeck over visit from, 52 delegates from IRC visit Theresienstadt, 10 distribution of insulin during visit from, 137-38 German Red Cross visits Theresienstadt, 205 Günther’s preparation for visit from, 19 Murmelsteins preparation for visit from, 30,206 notoriety gleaned from visits by, 6 participation of BdS and IVB4 in visit from, 17-18 Rahms preparation for visit from, 20 rule of ghetto passed to Swiss Red Cross, 21 shock ofvisitors from German Red Cross, 10 SS hands control of ghetto to IRC, 185 violence preceding visit from, 25 359 Redlich, Egon (Gonda), 1-2,14,27/, 33, 43,95,146,230,247n2 Reichmann, Rudolf, 170,185-86 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 8,17, 18/, 18֊ 19,35,48 Reiner, Karel, 97,191-92,198 Reinisch, Otto, 156,160-61,222 RHSA. See Reich Security Main Office Roman, Martin, 193-94 Rosenberg, Rudolf, 234 Rosner, Max, 89 Roubíčková, Eva, 205-6,208,212 Roubíčková, Marie, 223
Roubíčková-Cabicarová, Ella, 162 Ruben, Josefa, 122,156-57,162 Rudolf Haindi, 229 Rumkowski, Mordechai, 57 Rutarová, Hana, 109 Rutaravá, Karel, 109 Růžička, Ota, 173-74,182,184 Säbel, Leo, 76 Saicová, Jarmila, 137 Salaba, Karel, 22,23 Salomon, Louis, 63,113 Salomon, Rosa, 71 Salus, Wolfgang, 233-34 Schächter, Raphael, 79,129,168-70,182, 184,193-94,198 Schaffa, Hanuš, 140 Schickler, Hulda, 112-13 Schicková, Hana, 81,113-14 Schleuse, 60-61 Schliesser, Karel, 27/, 32,36-37,44,103-4, 123,203-4,228-29,232-33,234 Schmiedt, Alexandr, 119 Scholz, Heinrich, 21,103 Schönhová, Alžběta, 165-66 Schönová, Vlasta, 45-46,73,75,169,17273,175,184,188-89,191-92,220 Schorch, Gustav, 184,225-26,227 Schumann, Coco, 193-94 Seidl, Siegfried, 18/, 19-20,28,32,34,46, 252-53nl9 Sekaninová, Truda, 63,204 self-administration. See Jewish self-administration Sever, Max, 27/, 44-45
360 INDEX sexism incidences in cultural life, 191-92 lack of female artists, 182 in power structures, 162-66 work of females in kitchens seen as not prestigious, 108 sexuality double-edgedness of, 305n35 ethnic groups and, 93-95 exclusion and stigmatization based on, 59 intrinsically linked to societal hierarchies, 92,130 as key element of human condition, 91 lack of contraceptives and, 150 love, dating, and sexuality, 92-96 as means for discerning changing habits of prisoner community, 240-41 pathologization of womens bodies, 158-59 as revealing of social stratification and gender roles, 98-99 scarcity of histories for interwar era, 3-4 as validation of masculinity, 91-92 See also queer sexuality Shek, Zeev, 213 Simon, Etta Veit, 88,151 Simonsohn, B., 27f Simonsohn, Berthold, 38-39,76,94 Singer, Alexandr, 182-83,184,191 Singer, Kurt, 171 SiPo and SD (BdS), 17,18/21 Sládek, Josef, 178-79 Small Fortress, 7,17-18,18/, 23,25,14243,223,235-36,252n6 smuggling assistance of SS for, 25,128 as cell of resistance, 36 of cigarettes, 35-36,50 of drawings depicting Theresienstadt, 174 of execution photos, 22 of flowers, 108 of food and people, 9,108-9, 124,127-28 by Hilda Hahnová, 50 informers reporting on, 54-55 by Julius Taussig, 25,222 of mail and valuables, 110 of medications, 137-38 of new arrivals belongings, 60 of prophylactics, 150 punishment for, 25,35-36 role of gendarmes in, 23,164 Shipping Department as central source of, 44 vicious interrogations of prisoners accused of, 20 Smuk, Mirjam, 88 soccer, 160,194-98,310nl41 social organization boundaries, connections, and
networks of, 88 categorization and stratification in, 70-74 complex society produced in Theresienstadt, 59 elderly inmates, 77-79 “formerly important” class, 48-51 gender and categorization in, 91-92 Holocaust experience and Jewishness, 96-98 language use and, 86-88 love, dating, and sexuality in, 92-96 post-arrival assimilation of prisoners, 59-69 as reflection of Central and Western European society, 69-70 social capital as basis of categorization, social capital categorized by language, 4-5 social elite, 74-77,184 transports and belonging, 211-13 youth and children, 79-86 See also prisoner society Solar, Josef, 110 Solarová, Františka, 183-84,220 solidarity among non-family groups, 84,119-20 lack of in Theresienstadt, 1-2, 97-98,241-42 Sommer, Alice Herz, 182 Sommer, Alice Herz-, 185,193-94 Sonderkommandos, 56-57 Special Department of Gendarmerie, 22 Spiegel, Magda, 193-94,198
INDEX Spies, Gerty, 118,121 Spitzer, Federica, 164 sports. See soccer Springer, Erich, 134,138,141,152-53, 161,164,165 SS (Schutzstaffel) appointment of Elders of the Jews, 26 attendance at soccer games, concerts, and dance performances, 173-74 control exerted by violence, 57 designation of prisoners as meritorious, 168 ethnic undertone to orders, 38-39 forced labor for financial profit, 44 hierarchies and lines of communication, 17-26,18/ introduction of “prominent” prisoner category, 49-52 involvement in final transports, 230 network of informers run by, 54-56 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt by, 7-10 order for modern crematorium, 143 order to lower reports of ТВ cases, 145 planning of self-administration in Theresienstadt, 16 prohibited from beating prisoners, 252nl7 protection of certain prisoners from transport, 220 symbiotic relationship with Jewish functionaries, 36 use of ghetto’s medical infrastructure, 140 Stahl, Heinrich, 27/, 52-53,153-54 Stahlecker, Walter, 18f Šťastný, Otto, 150-51,162 Steckelmacher, Hans, 229 Steifová, Josefina, 54-55 Stein, Richard, 27/, 45,132,161 Steinerová, Hana, 37-38 Steinitz, Lisi, 187-88 Stengel, Elisabeth von, 27/ Sternova, Dorothea, 51 Sternova, Eva, 51 Sternova, Nelly, 51 Stieve, Hermann, 159 Strass, Leo, 174 361 Strassburger, Manfred, 90 Strauß, Elsa, 153-54 Strauß, Hermann, 31,141,149-50, 153-54,157-58 Strauss, Hermann, 213,220 Strauss, Leo, 123,183-84,187-88 Strauss, Myra, 123,187-88 Stux, Paul, 27f 44-45 suicide attempts by Hanna Erdmann, 141-42 categories of, 147-48 demographics of, 148 of Herbert and
Greta Langer, 204 of Max Cohen, 148 of Oskar Taussig, 35-36 preventing among new arrivals, 147-48 Süß, Salomon, 44-45 Svenk, Karel, 177-78,182,184,187,198 Svěrák, Jan, 3-4 Taussig, Jiří, 195 Taussig, Josef, 184 Taussig, Julius, 25-26,222-23 Taussig, Oskar, 35-36 Terezín. See Theresienstadt Theresienstadt building of ghetto, 74 cultural life in, 168-200 food and hunger in, 100-31 as ghetto versus a concentration camp, 11-12 history of Terezín, 7 lack of solidarity in,1-2,241-42 liberation of, 8 medicine and illness in, 132-67 multiple roles of, 2-3,7,9-11,16 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to, 7-10 organization and hierarchies of, 1-2, 16-26,38,41,47-48 physical organization of, 48 size and density of, 9 social organization of, 59-99 survival rates, 9,249n30 transports from, 201-38 work for German industry and army in, 11 Thierfeldová, Gertruda, 155-56
362 INDEX torture. See violence transit ghetto, 7,8-9,16,23-24,150,201 Transport Help, 60-61 Transport Management function of, 206 goods recommended to pack by, 205 heads of, 55-56,195-97,206 Transport Registry bribes for removal from, 222-23 Communists planted in, 41-42 fonction of, 41-42 petitions for removal from, 215 process of organizing transports, 201 -7 protection of family units by, 202-3 transports chronology, destination, and resolution of, 207-11 codes assigned to, 60,201-2 conduct surrounding as reflection of societal values, 237 description of arriving, 60-61 escaping, 209,223 in Fall 1944,21,228-31 first and second, 8-9 individual protection from, 170-71,222-23 institutional protection from, 11, 160,220-21 knowledge of mass murder, 231-37 organization of, 201-7 petitions for removal from, 214-19, 216r, 217r, 218r powerlessness and agency surrounding, 238 to prepare Theresienstadt for Red Cross visit, 10 responsibility for departing, 201 responsibility for incoming and outgoing, 17-18 survival rates, 9,249n30 transport psychology, 223-28 transports and belonging, 211-13 Troller, Norbert, 112/, 122,174, 183-84,186/ Tůma, Mirko, 59,224,225-26 typhus, 56, 61,145-47,151,152, 296ПІ05 Ulbrichts, Kurt, 36-37 Ullmann, Viktor, 179,181 Ungar, Otto, 172,174 Utitz, Antonín, 161 Valentová, Emilie, 132,137 victim society benefits of studying, 2-5 changes underwent by, 240 method of studying, 13-14 See also prisoner society victim testimonies lack of among elderly, 112-13,114 of prisoner physicians, 153 of queer inmates, 96 See also individual names violence adopted by
Eichmann men, 17 beating of Adam Czerniaków, 258nl 11 beating of Paul Eppstein, 19 beatings of smugglers, 25 “constructive” violence administered for control, 57 control exerted by SS, 57 ■ as daily occurrence in Small Fortress, 25 against denouncers, 56 orgy of violence practiced by Bergel and Haindi, 25-26 refuge from in Health Services, 132 relative absence of extreme physical violence, 24-25,239 role in human society, 2-3 sexualized violence against women prisoners, 22-23 shooting of Paul Eppstein, 29-30 shooting of sick children, 20 against smugglers, 25 SS prohibited from beating prisoners, 252nl7 threat of by SS, 201-2 torturing of smugglers, 25, 35-36, 222 used by Siegfried Seidl for manipulation, 19-20 See also executions Vochočová, Zdeňka, 204 Vogel, Jiří, 27f, 31,32,44-45 Volavková, Hana, 171-72 Vyth, Eva, 223 Vyth, Kurt, 223
INDEX Waigner, Karel, 27f Weglein, Resi, 155-56 Weidmann, František, 32,203-4 Weinbaumová, Jadwiga, 56 Weinberger, Robert Vinci, 27/, 39-40, 43,68-69 Weiner, Erich, 27f 45,168-69 Weinmann, Erwin, 17,18/, 173 Weinstein, Charlotta, 12 Weinstein, Karel, 12 Weinsteinová, Charlotta, 122 Weinwurmová-Löwyová, Marta, 158 Weiss, Evžen, 25 Weissenstein, František, 198 Weisungen convicted by Ghetto Court, 126-27 Egon Redlich as, 230 Herbert Langer as, 233 killed in Auschwitz, 206 listed after October 1944,230-31 listed in May 1944,202 listed in September 1943,218 Marianne Meyerhoff as, 55-56 Otto and Marta Reinisch as, 222-23 Yet Bergmann as, 232-33 Weisz, Herrmann, 27f Welfare Department devotion of nurses and doctors, 152 head of, 33 prioritization of, 140 reception committee, 147-48 Wetzler, Alfréd, 234 Woerdeman, Martinus, 157-58 Wolfensteinová, Minna, 134,145-46,152,164 Wygodzinski, Martha, 154 Youth and Elderly Welfare Department autarkic administration of, 48-49 employees’ justification based on, 47 head of, 22-23,52,141 need for, 43 organization of, 38-39,41,43,47 origins of, 140 Youth Welfare Department, 79,116 Zelenka, František, 185 Zionists accused of saving their own from deportation, 207,213 363 Alexandr Schmiedt as, 119 Alisa Ehrmannová as, 108-9 Berthold Simonsohn as, 94 Central Labor and Youth Welfare as strongholds of, 43,47,75-76 commune created by, 119 Communists’ view of, 97 confrontation of Christian inmates, 52 deportations of, 207 displaced by newly arrived functionaries, 38 Edith Orstein as, 189-90 Erich Munk as, 45 Fredy Hirsch as, 96 goal of raising children
as conscious Jews, 1-2 hachshara (Zionist agricultural training), 191 Hana Fischlová as, 81 Hana Schicková as, 113-14 interpretation of Holocaust as meaningful, 97 Jakob Edelstein as, 26 Julius Grünberger as, 44-45,76 Karel Schliesser as, 32,44 loyalty within ethnic groups, 198 as main ideological group, 203-4 master narrative of Theresienstadt, 191 as part of social elite, 75-76 Paul Eppstein as, 76 Petr Lang as, 97 protection from transports, 204 representation by council members, 32-33 Richard Stein as, 45 sense of home and belonging among, 178-79 Siegfried Płaczek as, 41 -42 in Theresienstadt versus Auschwitz, 97 Truda Guttmannová as, 94 use of Czech aesthetics for expression, 191 Walter Löwinger as, 42 young Czech Jews as, 58,75-76 Zucker, Otto ability to protect performers from transport, 170-71 as art lover, 185
364 INDEX Zucker, Otto (Cont.) blamed for failure to protect inmates form deportation, 206-7 cancels protection of Youth Care workers, 221 death of, 232-33 deportation of, 229 disagreements with Edelstein, 28-29 organization of Jewish self administration, 26,27f participation in Large Commission, 202-4 participation in Recreation Department, 45-46,168-69,170,194 ґ participation in Technical Department, 44-45 petitions for removal from transports, 214,215 pre-war career of, 39-40 relationship with Grabower, 87 remarks on dwindling elderly population, 208 witnesses executions, 24-25 youthful Zionist leadership recruited by, 134 Zuckerová, Tamara, 170 Zyklon В, 143 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Manchen
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The Last Ghetto
An Everyday History ofTheresienstadt
Anna Hajkova
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Introduction: The Well-Known, Poorly Understood Ghetto 1
1 The Overorganized Ghetto: Administering Terezin 16
2 A Society Based on Inequality 59
3 The Age ofPearl Barley: Food and Hunger 100
4 Medicine and Illness 132
5 Cultural Life 168
6 Transports from Terezin to the East 201
Conclusion 239
Acknowledgments 243
Notes 247
Archives Consulted 323
Bibliography 327
Index 347
Contents Introduction: The Well-Known, Poorly Understood Ghetto 1 1. The Overorganized Ghetto: Administering Terezín 16 2. A Society Based on Inequality 59 3. The Age of Pearl Barley: Food and Hunger 100 4. Medicine and Illness լ 32 5. Cultural Life լ 68 6. Transports from Terezín to the East 201 Conclusion 239 Acknowledgments Notes Archives Consulted Bibliography Index 243 247 323 327 347
Terezín, as it was known in Czech, or Theresienstadt as it was known in German, was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Terezín was the last ghetto to be liberated, one day after the end of World War II. The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prison society during the Holocaust. Rather than depict the prison society which existed within the ghetto as an exceptional one, unique in kind and not understandable by normal analytical methods, Anna Hájková argues that such prison societies that developed during the Holocaust are best understood as simply other instances of the societies human beings create under normal circumstances. Challenging conventional claims of Holocaust exceptionalism, Hájková insists instead that we ought to view the Holocaust with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prison society of Terezín produced its own social hierarchies under which seemingly small differences among prisoners (of age, ethnicity, or previous occupation) could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half years of the camp's existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages and on empathetic reading of victim testimonies. The Last Ghetto is
a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis and highlighting the key issues of responsibility, agency and its boundaries, and belonging.
Archives Consulted Public Archives Austria Diözesenarchiv Wien [Bishopric Archive], Vienna (DAW): Hilfsstelle für nichtarische Katholiken/Aid Agency for Non Aryan Catholics Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes [Documentation Archives of Austrian Resistance], Vienna (DÖW): oral histories “Erzählte Geschichte” Viktor Frankl Institut, Vienna: private archives Viktor Frankl Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv [Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna] (WStLA): Volksgericht Wien [peoples court Vienna] Czech Republic Archiv bezpečnostních složek [Archive of the Secret Police], Prague (ABS): 425-231-2; 305-633-1; 302-204-45; 302-198-5; 305-639-5; Z- 10-976a; 325-15-5 S 6419; 325-90-7; 325-82-2; 325-93-1 Archiv Památníku Terezín [Archive of the Terezín Memorial] (APT): collection of documents (A); sbírka vzpomínek [collection of testimonies] Archive of the Terezín Initiative Institute, Prague (AITI): Diary of Eva Roubíčková Gender Studies, Prague: Paměťžen [Memory of women], interviews Národní archiv [Czech National Archives] Prague (NA) : Koncentrační tábory a okupační vězeňské spisy (KT OVS), Zvláštní četnický výbor (ZČV), Svaz politických vězňů (SPB), Miroslav and Margita Kárný papers (Kárných), Policejní ředitelství - policejní přihlášky (police registrations), Hubert Ripka collection Státní oblastní archiv Litoměřice [ State regional archive Litoměřice] (SOAL) : Mimořádný lidový soud Litoměřice (MLS) [Extraordinary people’s court Litoměřice] Státní oblastní archiv Prague [State regional archive Prague] (SOAP): Mimořádný lidový soud Prague (MLS) [Extraordinary
people’s court Prague] Židovské Muzeum Prague [Jewish Museum Prague] (AJMP): The Oral History Collection; Terezín; Dokumenty perzekuce [documents of the persecution]; Fleischmann collection Denmark Dansk Jødisk Museum [Jewish Danish Museum] Copenhagen (JDK): 207; 166; 140A; 207A; uncataloged (space management applications) Rigsarkivet [Danish National Archives], Copenhagen: Jewish Community, Chiefrabbi M Friediger, correspondence 1911-1947 Germany Alte Synagoge Essen (Old Synagogue Essen): BR, Regina Oelze Bavarian Main State Archive Munich: reparation file
324 ARCHIVES CONSULTED Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv [Brandenburg State Main Archive], Potsdam (BLHA): Rep. 36 AII (Akten des Oberfinanzpräsidenten) Bundesarchiv Ludwigsburg [German Federal Archives Ludwigsburg] (BArch): В 162, investigations against Karl Bergel, Anton Burger, and Hans and Rolf Günther Der Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik [Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives], Berlin (BStU): MfS HA IX, IX/11, XI/11 ZUVX, department X, GStA, ZUV 74 Ga, MfS Zentralarchiv, W/3416/50/303/201, RHE-44-88 DDR, Archiv der Zentralstelle AR3 Bundesfinanzakademie [Financial Academy], Brühl: Rolf Grabower papers (since moved to Steuermuseum Hamburg) Centrum Judaicum, Berlin (CJA): Opfer des Faschismus (OdF); diary of Paul Scheurenberg Deutsches Literaturarchiv [Archive of German Literature], Marbach (DLA): H.G.Adler papers; Sebald papers; Piper publishing house papers Bntschädigungsbehörde [Office for Reparations], Berlin Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte [The Research Center for Contemporary History], (FZH/WdE) Hamburg: Werkstatt der Erinnerung (oral histories) Gedenkstätte für die Bonner Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Bonn Memorial for the Victims of the National Socialism), Bonn (Bonn): Arthur Greifzu collection; Alfred Philippson collection Gemeindearchiv Minden [Municipal Archive] (Minden): reparation files Geographisches Institut [Geography Institute] Bonn: Alfred Philippson papers Hamburgisches Haupt und Staatsarchiv (Hamburg Main and State Archive), Hamburg (StAH): reparation
files; Lippmann Institut für Zeitgeschichte [Institute for Contemporary History], Munich (IfZ): Zeugenschrifttum (ZS) Landesarchiv Berlin [Berlin State Archive] Berlin (LAB): Opfer des Faschismus, OdF, C Rep 118-01 Landesarchiv des Saarlandes [Saar State Archive] (Saarbrücken): reparation file of “Eva and Filip Rohnenberg” Moses Mendelsohn Zentrum/Haus der Wannseekonferenz, Berlin (MMZ): interviews of Holocaust survivors (Yale Fortunoff for Germany) NS-Dokumentationszentrum (Cologne): memoirs of Hilde Nathan Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes [Political Archive of the Foreign Office], Berlin (PA AA) StaatsarchivBremen [State Archive Bremen] (StAB) : registry office; denazification papers Stadtarchiv Mannheim [Municipal archive Mannheim]: Paul Eppstein papers Das Zentralarchiv zur Erforschung der Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heidelberg: Leopold Neuhaus collection Israel Beit Terezin, Givat Hayim Ihud (BTA): various collections Central Archives for History of Jewish People (CAHJP), Jerusalem: various collections Hagannah Archives (HAG), Tel Aviv: 31.177,123.8,114.53,114.43 Institute for Contemporary History, Oral History Division, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (ICJ OHD): oral histories Leo Baeck Institute Jerusalem (LBIJ): 341,489,512,589,814,1190 Lochamei Haghettaot (LHG): 2746, 425, 332, 262, 2746, 328, 4870, 1190, 5517, 1236, 1324,1417,1467,1750,1754,2162,2292,3338,5507
ARCHIVES CONSULTED 325 Moreshet archive, Givat Haviva (Moreshet): A.228; A.553; A.548; A.1395; C.01; D.1/ 118.1-2, 923, 929, 934, 1105,1284, 1368, 1370, 5644, 5976; D2.215; D.2/334; D.2/789 (poems) Wiener Collection, Tel Aviv University (WL TAU): 504d, 545,578,586,587 Yad Vashem, Jerusalem (YVA): MIE, МІР, М5, M16, M19, M20, M21, Ol, 02, ОЗ, 04, 07,08,015E, 027,030,033,064 The Netherlands Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork [Westerbork Memorial] (HcKW): RA 995 Nationaalarchief [Dutch National Archive], The Hague (NA The Hague) : Archief van het Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Londen) Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie [Netherlands Institute for War Documentation], Amsterdam (NIOD): HSSPF collection; Doc. II; 187 (Red Cross); 244 (diaries); 250d (early testimonies); 250i (Westerbork); 250k (Theresienstadt); 250n (H.G.Adler papers) Poland Żydowski Instytut Historyczny [Jewish Historical Institute], Warsaw (ŻIH): reports from the time of the Holocaust (301) Slovakia Nadácia Milana Šimečku [Milan Šimečka Foundation], Bratislava (NMŠ): interviews of Holocaust survivors (Yale FortunofFproject for Slovakia) United Kingdom British Library, London (BL): sound archive Wiener Library, London (WL): eyewitness testimonies, 504, 574, 578, 889, 940, 958, 1003, 1016, 1035, 1073, 1169, 1179, 1237, 1308, 1339, 1361, 1365, 1423, 1521, MF Doc 2, G 59.02; Lederer papers; digital archive of the International Tracing Service (ITS) United States Holocaust Center of Northern California, San Francisco: Oral History Project Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (online at iit.edu):
David Boder interviews Leo Baeck Institute, New York (LBI): collections: AR, AZ, ME, MM, MS, Wahl Family, Leo Baeck, Austrian Heritage Collection, artwork Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, LAMOTH: Eli Lesklý (Erich Lichtblau) artwork Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York (MJH): Pavel Mahrer papers New York Public Library (NYPL): American Jewish Committee Oral History Collection/ Dorot Jewish Division, oral histories Simon Wiesenthal Center, Los Angeles (SWC): Herbert Langer United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC (USHMM): oral histo ries; Steven Spielberg film and video archive; David Bloch collection; Ehrlich collec tion; Margosches collection; Zwilsky collection; Henschel collection; Jenő Klein; Ruth Knopp-Lebram University of Michigan Dearborn, Oral History Archive (UMD ОНА) USC Visual History Foundation, Los Angeles (VHA) YIVO, New York: Czechoslovakia; RG 717
326 ARCHIVES CONSULTED Personal Archives Personal archive Peter Barber, London Personal archive ofMartin Čakrt, Prague Personal archive of Helen Epstein, Lexington, Ma. Personal archive Peter Hahn, Düsseldorf Personal archive Irene Hallmann-Strauß, Munich Personal archive of the Japha family, New York and Seattle Personal archive Jiří Kende, Berlin Personal archive Irena Kodlová, Budyně nad Ohří Personal archive of Michal Kosák, Prague Personal archive of Alice Kundrátová, Terezin Personal archive of Ann Lewis, Wilmslow Personal archive of Elena Makarova, Haifa Personal archive of Beate Meyer, Hamburg Personal archive Hanne-Lore Munter, Berlin Personal archive of Leo Säbel, Charlottenlund Personal archive of Martin Smok, Prague Personal archive of Maria von der Heydt, Berlin Personal archive of Tamara Warren, Brooklyn Author’s Interviews Ina ter Beek Frenkel, February 5,2001, Amsterdam “Eva Berner,” February 14,2009, in Shamir Dorie Birkenhäger Frenkel, February 8,2001, Rotterdam Werner Bloch, July 21,2001, Amsterdam Ab Caransa, February 1,2001, in Amstelveen Greetje Cohen Rooselaar, August 7,2001, in Amsterdam Michal Donath, January 25,2013 (Skype interview) Marianne Dreyfus, February 23,2012 in Brooklyn Eva Frankel, May 2001 (phone interview) Jaroslav Fried, March 13,2013 (phone interview) Hana Friediger, January 17,2010, Dyssegaard Peter Hahn, December 14,2012 (phone interview) and March 19,2013, in Düsseldorf Simon and Hana Kolský, former Kopolovič, January 16,2009, in Haifa Edgar Krása, June 19,2012 (phone interview) Doris Meyer Stern, April 10,2001, in Beit Yitshak,
Israel Marianna Müllerová, March 22,2006, in Prague Kitty Nijstad Kok de Wijze and Harts Nijstad, May 4,2001, in Lochem Ellen Oppenhejm, January 21,2010, in Charlottenlund Liselotte Panofsky Delman, January 24,2013 (phone interview) Leo Säbel, January 22,2010, in Charlottenlund Irena Seidlerová, January 26,2013, in Prague Erna Seykorová-Friesová, December 5,2012, in Prague Alisah Schiller, January and February 2009, in Givat Haim Ihud Renate van Hinte Kamp, July 25,2001, in Bloemendaal Anny Wafelman Morpurgo, July 10,2001, in Amsterdam Mirjam Weitzner Smuk, December 12,2012 (phone interview)
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t andƒfollowing the page number abortions antiabortion activists, 154 avoiding forced, 198-99 forced by order ofAnton Burger, 20,150 number of, 150,297nl35 performed on lovers of SS members, 22 prisoners’reactions to, 150-51 Abromeit, Franz, 24-25 accommodations for artists, 183-84 assigned based on a triage mentality, 62 attic rooms for elderly inmates, 62 better for Aufbaukommando, 75 better for informers, 55 better for Jewish functionaries, 65 better for prominent prisoners, 49 better for social elite, 50,63 better for young artists, 183-84 closed versus open care, 140 collective for Ghetto Guard, 46 crowding in, 10,62 for cultural events, 185 forced reshuffling of traditional families, 119 inclusion of cooking area in, 105 less crowding in children’s rooms, 79 limited agency and, 226-27,239-40 new for workers, 31,33 Reich Association’s Accommodation Advice Center, 37-38 separate for men and women, 118 separate youth homes, 43 spot checks in, 24 worse for elderly inmates, 77-78, 113-14,156 adaptation becoming accustomed to the ghetto, 239 of elderly, 89 to insufficient nutrition, 115 understanding through study of Theresienstadt, 2 Adler, H. G„ 141,162-63 Adlerova, Gertrud, 153-54,162-63 advantage ghetto, 7,10,47,49,136,231-32 agency acquired by Jewish functionaries, 16, 47-48,58 as central topic in Holocaust studies, 6 derived from music, 176-77 downplayed by survivors, 316n93 of elderly, 116
expressed through feasts, 119-20 highlighting issues of, 2 limits on, 225-27 of physicians, 132-33,151-52,157-58 recognizing moments of, 238, 239-40,241-42 self-organizing as a form of, 58 of Theresienstadt informers, 56-57 Ančerl, Karel, 182-83,193-94 anti-Semitism among Czech gendarmes, 22 among the Eichmann men, 17 pursued by the Ghetto Court, 98 stereotypes affecting medical care, 149-50 suffered by Jewish medical students, 133 towards Eastern Jews, 91 Arendt, Hannah, 53 Aron, Gerhard, 161 art. See cultural events; cultural life
348 INDEX Aschenbrenner, Walter, 206 Auerbach, Lude, 162-63 Aufbaukommando (construction detail) applications for removal from transports, 217r, 217-18 arrival transports, 215 Bohumil Benda’s arrival with, 126 Edgar Krásas arrival with, 123,180 Erich Springers arrival with, 134 formation of, 7-8 indusion in transports, 210 lead by Egon Popper, 42 musicians’ and artists’ arrival with, 184 preferred status associated with, 40-41, 63,65,74-75,108 protection from transports, 202, 203,221 ridicule of, 76,177-78 soccer teams sponsored by, 194-97 volunteers for, 44-45 Auředníčková, Anna, 78-79,160 autopsies, 142-43,159,295n84 Bader, Hanuš, 124-25 Baeck, Leo, 27/, 50-54,88,121,234,26667Ո274,267n276 Baecková, Ruth, 51 Baltrusch, Fritz, 21 Bartels, Rolf, 21,29-30,36-37,103-4, 136-37,228 bartering of drawings, 181 with and for food, 127-30 of performance tickets, 184 Bass, František, 158-59 Bayerlová, Valerie, 174 BdS. See SiPo and SD Běhal, Jiří, 187 Bělov, Arnold, 34,35 Bělov, Hana, 34,35 Benda, Bohumil, 126 Bergel, Karl, 21,25-26,54-55,173-74, 206,229 Berger, Julius, 89 Berger, Sam, 66 Bergmann, Rudolf, 32,44,203-4,232-33 Bergmannová, Marie, 232-33 Beri, Bedřich, 160-61,232-33 Berman, Karel, 192-94,198 Berner, Eva, 73 Bernstein, Elsa, 69-70 Bernstein, Otto, 71 Blánová, Hana, 188-89 Blánová, Lea, 188-89 Bloch, Ervín, 233-34 Bloch, Ferdinand, 172,174 Blumenthal-Rothschild, Henriette Louise, 157-58 Bobek, Josef, 21,22-23,173-74,220 Bohm, Hermann, 165 Böhme, Horst, 18/ Bohn, Hermann, 154 Bondy, Josef, 184 Bondy, Ruth, 141-42 Bonn, Hanuš, 189 Bor, Josef, 173,184 Bergerová, Gertruda,
188-89,193-94 Borges, Bedřich, 98,184 Borský, Jiří, 71-72,86-87,187,213 Boschan, Julius, 38 Braun, Vítězslav, 51 Breslauer, Käthe, 123-24,148-49 Buchsbaum, Norbert, 66 Bülow, Hans von, 193 Burešová, Lotka, 191 Burger, Anton, 18/, 20,28-29,35,126-27, 150,170,202,205-6,210,217-18 Burka, Jan, 123-24 Busch, Arthur, 35-36 Cantor, Vilém, 41-42,202-3 Čapek, Karel, 179-80 categorization and stratification based on age, 113-14 based on ethnicity, 59 based on gender, 29,91-92,239 in prisoner society, 4,70-74 with respect to food distribution, 101 Catholic community, 52,70 Central Evidence, 34-35,41,42,60,202-3, 205-6,209,223 Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 7-8, 10-11,17 Central Secretariat, 27f, 41-42,44,46, 49-50,60,87 children better food and food rations for children, 79,116-17
INDEX causes of deaths during famines, 101-2 deaths among newborns, 287nl02 plan to exchange Jewish children for money, 149-50,210-11 role of Jewish functionaries in transporting children, 213 shooting of sick children, 20 survival rate of, 80,117 treatment of, 77-86 Zionist goal of raising children as conscious Jews, 1-2 “choiceless choices,” 6,226-27,239-40 class as basis of categorization, 4 “formerly important” class, 89-91,123 stark differences in Theresienstadt, 110-11 Cohen, David, 32-33 Cohen, Max, 148 construction detail. See Aufbaukommando Council of Elders (Ältestenrat) Baeck as honorary head of, 52 discussion of Recreations weekly programs, 170 feelings of self-importance fostered by, 40 Hermann Strauß as member of, 153-54, 213,220 as members of the Small Commission, 204-5 minutes of, 47-48 Murmelstein’s lack of respect for, 31 nomination to, 32 organization of, 26,27ƒ personal protection lists held by members, 204 preferential treatment of, 106,107-8, 182,184-85,194 preparations for Red Cross visit, 19 relationship to Elder of the Jews, 31 role in Theresienstadt, 31-34 size of, 40 vulnerability of members, 32 cultural events attended by Jewish Elders, 45-46 attended by social elite, 75 banned as punishment, 35-36 349 as confirmation of educated bourgeoisie, 179 language use in, 189 playing and enj oying music, 153 produced in the depths of misery, 67 serving to reconstruct the former world, 179-80 status gained by playing and enjoying music, 153 tickets to as rewards, 49 venues for, 185,186/ cultural life beyond spiritual resistance, 174-80 bound to social
hierarchy of inmate community, 168 conclusion of, 198 culture as basis of categorization, 4 ethnicity and exclusion, 187-99 material aspects of, 180-87 Recreation Department, 168-74 role of arts in Theresienstadt, 199-200 soccer, 194-98 culture as resistance, 174 Czapski, Dora, 51 Czech gendarmes assistance given to prisoners by, 126, 127-28,137-38 informers reporting on, 54-55 role in Theresienstadt, 22,60 sexual barter with prisoners by, 23 Czech Jews anti-German prejudice of, 81-82 arrival in Theresienstadt, 7-8 definition of ethnicity by, 4-5 distrust of German and Austrian functionaries, 39 expressions of Czech cultural belonging, 83-86 framing and stereotypes of, 71 generation of master narrative, 73-74 largest food portions received by, 108 removal from Protectorate Completed, 19 sense of belonging gained through Czech culture, 178-79 as social elite of the ghetto, 74-77 targeted by SS for deportation, 211-12 understanding of transports as liquidation, 207
350 INDEX Davidová, Ottla (Etelka), 164 deaths among children, 117 among elderly inmates, 112-13, 116,208 among newborn children, 287nl02 causes of deaths during famines, 101-2,115 due to smaller food rations, 100-1 due to typhus, 296nl05 knowledge of mass murder, 231-37 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt, 7-10,101 of those arriving with evacuation transports, 296nl01 denouncers. See informers Department IVB4,8-9,11 -12,17-19, 18/, 24-25,26,172,202,205,208, 209-10,235-36 Dicker-Brandeis, Friedl, 172 Director, Simon, 195 Disinfection Department, 143-44 Dodalová, Irena, 191-92 Dormitzer, Else, 121,183 Drachsler, Lucie, 87-88 Dunant, Paul, 10,21 Eastern Jews exclusions based on origin as, 90-91 as imagined type, 90 prejudices against, 72,89-90 resentments toward, 90 as the ultimate other, 91 Eckstein, Luděk, 225,227 Edelstein, Jakob AZ Album produced for, 76 choice to not make team prominent, 50 dismisses Trude Neumanns requests for help, 141-42 establishes food rations by worker status, 77-78 falsification of population numbers, 34֊ 35,205-6,209 feelings of prisoners toward, 57-58 inability to watch executions, 24-25 organization of Jewish self administration, 26-29,27/ pioneering mentality of, 39-40 reaction to deportation of elderly inmates, 208 redistribution of tasks and departments by, 42-43 secretary deported in fall of 1944,54-55 sexism practiced by, 66-67 sharing of information by, 33-34 showcasing of Theresienstadt as a labor ghetto, 47 stigmatized by origins, 90 youthful Zionist leadership recruited by, 134 Edgar Krása, 181/ Egyedi,
Elisabeth, 152 Egyedi, Hendrik, 152 Ehrlich, Richard, 123-24 Ehrmannová, Alisa, 81,108-9,229 Eichmann, Adolf, 8-10,17-19,18/, 26, 35,174 Eichmann men, 17,20 Eigensinn (self-will), 227,239-40 Eisler, Hanuš, 206 elderly inmates accommodations for, 62,77-78, 113-14,156 adaptation of, 89 agency demonstrated by, 116 appearance of, 78 deaths among, 77-78,781,101,116,208 deportation of 16,000 in 1942,208 hunger experienced by, 111-14 jobs assigned to, 111 lack of victim testimonies from, 114 otheringof, 113-15 reason for transport to Theresienstadt, 9-10 smaller food rations assigned to, 105-7,112-13 social organization and, 77-79 targeted by SS for deportation, 212 treatment of elderly versus laborers and children, 77-86,101 widespread gastroenteritis among, 111 Elder of the Jews (Judenältester) appointees and dates served, 27f Benjamin Murmelstein, 30-31 contact with SS, 33-34 handling of crises by, 34-36
INDEX Jakob Edelstein, 26-28 leeway for maneuvering, 34 Paul Eppstein, 28-30 relationship to Council of Elders, 31-33 role in Theresienstadt, 26-49 Elias, Norbert, 3-4 Emigration Fund, 19,103 Eppstein, Paul as art lover, 185 beaten by Rahm, 19 disagreements with Baeck, 52-53 feelings ofprisoners toward, 57-58 hopes of maneuvering through large transports, 228 influence over Recreation Department, 45-46 installation as Elder, 26,28-30 knowledge of mass murder, 234 lovers transported in fall of 1944,54-55 names colleagues from Reich Association as prominent, 49-50 organization of Jewish self-administration, 27/ push for naming non-Czech prisoners to positions, 38-39,155 reveals Edelstein’s deception to SS, 34-35 rewarded by SS, 39 sharing ofinformation by, 33-34 special relationship with Moes, 36-37 typhoid outbreak under, 209 upset over use of language in cultural offerings, 189 as a Zionist, 76 Erdmann, Hanna, 141-42 escapes and escapees alerting prisoners of gas chambers, 92-94,234 from Auschwitz, 234 of Geltungsjuden of teenagers Hana and Arnold Bělov, 34 planned, 232-33 SS handling of, 23-24,34 ethnicity categorization and stratification based on, 4,59,70-74 in cultural offerings, 171 impact of binary view, 241 351 importance to loyalties in self-administration, 38-39 interethnic relationships, 93-95 lack of contact outside of ethnic group, 88 mortality rates according to, 77-78,781 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt, 7-10 role in cultural life, 187-94 transports and belonging, 211-13 executions as demonstration of absolute control, 24-25 inmates
reactions to, 19,61-62,68, 159,255n62 key role of in prosecution of perpetrators, 255n58 photographed by Karel Salaba, 22 See also violence Faltin, Leo, 27/, 34-35,209 Familienzerreißung, 202-3 Fantlová, Lily, 130-31,229 Feder, Richard, 82,92 Feigl, František, 84-86 Fein, Oskar, 179-80 Fidler, Johann, 206 Fischer, Avi, 81-82 Fischer, Ignatz, 195 Fischer, Karl, 185-86 Fischerova, Anna, 51 Fischi, Pavel, 78-79,81 Fischlová, Hana, 81 Fleischmann, Fricek, 184-85 Fleischmann, Karel, 33,64/, 140-41,15960,161,162-63 Flusser, Jindřich, 137 food and hunger access to food and child bearing/child rearing, 111, 130-31 bartering with and for food, 127-30 better food and food rations for children, 79,116-17 better food and food rations for performers, 170-71 causes of deaths due to famines, 101-2,115 centralized food distribution, 102-5
352 INDEX food and hunger ( Cont. ) deliberate starvation of Jews by Nazis, 100,127 everyday life and access to food, 108-17 famines as human-made, 101 food as a social event, 118-22 food categories, 105-8 food reflecting the everyday, 123-24 food sharing, 101 food taken along on transports, 205 power derived from access to food, 100-1 preferential food offered for convalescence, 140,160 reduced rations for non-working elderly, 77-78,131 role of food in prisoner society, 101 theft of food, 124-27 Frank, Karl Herrmann, 18/ Frankel, Eva, 76 Freiberger, Rudolf, 27/, 36-37,39,44, 56,228 Frenkel, Carolina Wiener, 163 Frenkel, Lion Jacques, 163 Freudenfeld, Rudolf, 185-86 Freundová, Pilsner Gertruda, 163 Frič, Ivan, 10-11 Fried, Jan, 123 Fried, Karel, 87-88 Fried, Norbert, 191-92 Friediger, Hana, 110-11 Friediger, Max, 32-33,35-36 Friedman, Pavel, 171-72 Friedmann, Desider, 27/, 38,42 Friedmann, Richard, 37,136-37 Friedmannová, Erna, 121,122,223 Friedrich, Eli, 120 Fritta, Bedřich, 172,174,180-81,181/ 184 Fröhlichová, Markéta, 189-90,190/ Frommer, Benjamin, 69 Fuchsová, Ilse, 148-49 gas theory, 233 Geltungsjuden definition of, 7-8,69 deportations of, 229 escapes among, 34 mentally ill, 141-42 protection from transports, 202,213 released from Theresienstadt, 69-70 separate accommodations for young, 79 under SS command, 23-24,42 treatment of by other children, 80-81 gender asymmetries in, 92-93,240-41 and categorization, 91-95 categorization and stratification based on, 29,239 categorization as hard laborers and, 108 as defining for cultural production, 199-200 double genderedness
and food, 122 as factor in attaining positions in Theresienstadt, 37-38 food sharing and, 101-2 gender bias in attendance ofcultural events, 192 gender roles in Theresienstadt, 98-99,122 inequality based on, 59 medical power and, 162-66 mortality rates and, 77-78 Gerke, Ernst, 18/ German Jews considered as foreign by Czech Jews, 73-74 excluded from German culture, 178 framing and stereotypes of, 71-73 protected from deportation by SS, 211-12 Gerron, Kurt, 10-11 Geschke, Hans-Ulrich, 18/ Gestapo, 23,35,37,55-56,223 Gesundheitswesen. See Health Services ghettos advantage ghetto, 7,10,47,49, 136,231-32 labor ghettos, 28,47,58 privilege ghettos, 7,47 Theresienstadfs designation as, 11 -12 transit ghetto, 7,8-9,16,23-24,150,201 Glass,Martha,73,106, 111, 160 Goertz, Else Countess, 49 Goldmannová, Irma, 142,162-63 Goldscheiderová, Emma, 27/, 42 Goldschmid, Alfred, 35,209
INDEX Goldschmidt, Erna, 50 Grabova, Hedda, 172-73,182,189,193-94 Grabower, Rolf, 40-41,68-69,87,98,16061,182-83,222-23,241 Gradnauer, Georg, 49-50 Grauer, Jan, 27'f 39 Great Fortress, 7 Greifer, 56-57 Groag, Willy, 27/, 80,149-50,230,232-33 Grünberger, Julius, 27/, 44-45,76 Grünhutová-Reinischová, Marta, 156 Günther, Hans, 10-11,17,18/, 19,20,2425,32,55,173,230,235 Günther, Rolf, 17-18,173,208,235-36 Gut, Miloš, 124 Guthmann, Charlotte, 125 Gutmann, Max, 164 Guttmannová, Truda, 94 Haas, Erna, 189-90 Haas, Leo, 76,172,174,180,189-90 Haasová, Blanka, 234 Hadra, Edmund, 122,156-57,162 Hadra, Siegmund, 120 Hahn, Franz, 74,146-47,153,155, 165,192 Hahn, Viktor, 153-54,159-61,163,220 Hahnová, Hilda, 50 Haindi, Rudolf, 21,22,25-26,35-36, 38, 54-55,60-61,174,195,206 Hamperl, Herwig, 142 Hartmann, Walther, 172 Hasenkopf, Miroslav, 22 Health Services Aeskulap soccer team representing, 160 differences between hospital and housing block care, 191-92 doctors holding positions in, 153-56 German deputy head of, 222-23 as high functioning, 132 leadership by Erich Munk, 153-54 leadership by Richard Stein, 161 planned surgery of Benjamin Murmelstein, 149 preferential food offered for convalescence, 140,160 protection from transports and, 160,221 role in ghetto life, 166-67 353 as sexist institution, 162-66 structure of, 133-44 suicide prevention by, 147-48 triage mentality employed by, 62,144-47 See also medicine and illness; physicians Hechalutz, 28,62,66,75-76,90,119,226 Heilgas (healing gas) experiments, 138 Henschel, Moritz, 27'f 45-46,170-71 Hermann, Jan, 197-98 Herrmann, Emanuel, 24
Herškovič, Beri, 62,226 Herz, Alice Sommer, 68-69 Herz, Pavel, 68-69 Herzl, Theodor, 141-42 Herz-Sommer, Alice, 175 Heydrich, Reinhard, 8-9,18/ Heymann, Harry Hambo, 96 Himmler, Heinrich attempt to use Theresienstadt to appease the Allies, 10 competences in the SS, 18/ mention of Theresienstadt to Mussolini, 39 order to boost labor capacity in camps, 209 plan to exchange Jewish children for money, 149-50,210-11 plan to use ghetto for exchange and camouflage purposes, 228 release of prisoners to Switzerland, 211 Hirsch, Camilla, 67,111-12 Hirsch, Fredy, 27f 32,43,45,96,168-69 Hirsch, Gertrud, 87-88 Hirschfeld, Hans, 153-54 Hirschfeld, Inge, 130-31 Hitler, Adolf, 8-9,10 Hofer, Hans, 100,169,177, 184-85,187-88 Hoffenberg, Norbert, 66 Hoffenreich, Bedřich, 64-65,97,130 Hoffeová, Ruth, 63 Holocaust history focus on issues of responsibility, agency, and powerlessness, 2 Holocaust experience and Jewishness, 96-98 in wider context of modern history, 3,5
354 INDEX Holzer, Leo, 27f 53-54,234 homophobia, 95-96 homo sacer, 114-15 Horpatzký Pidia, 177-78 Hundertschaft (hundred hours oflabor duty), 155 hunger. See food and hunger informers cooperation with SS, 24,57 danger to cultural activities, 170 inclusion in “prominent” prisoners, 49-50 as lesson in human agency, 56-57 network of SS informers, 54-56 post-war arrest and investigation of, 56 reports of Weisungen by, 230-31 inmate society. See prisoner society IVB4. See Department IVB4 Janeček, Theodor, 22 Janowitz, Fritz, 181 Janowitz, Leo, 24-25,27/, 32,38-40,41, 49-50,203-4 Jelűnek, Eugen, 212-13 Jewish functionaries accommodations for, 65 agency acquired by, 16,47-48,58 boundaries, connections, and networks of, 88 criticism faced by after liberation, 22,225-26 difficulties of non-Czech Jews, 38 difficulty orlate arrivals securing positions, 37-38 disposed of by SS, 230-31 Germans and Austrians preferred by SS, 38-39,47 indirect power exerted by, 49-58 interactions with Rahm, 32 interactions with SS, 33-34,37 issues of seniority and age among, 40-41 low profile kept by, 31 manipulated by Seidle, 19-20 organization of transports by, 30 pioneering mentality of, 39-40 political aspects of Czech versus German language use, 189 preferred status associated with, 110,182 propaganda events prepared by, 172-73 protection from transports, 177-78, 204,220-21 representation of Theresienstadt as viable workplace, 47 resentment over targeting of Czechs, 211 role in Theresienstadt, 1-2,16,33, 201-2,204-5 role in transporting children, 213 shocked by opinions of Hermann Strauß, 149-50
surprised by level of graft, 28 symbiotic relationship with SS men, 36-37 transports organized by, 206, 207,229-30 used as pawns by Rahm, 20 use of medicine to help inmates by, 146-47 violence against, 33,36 vulnerability of, 32 Jewish property aryanized Jewish apartments, 21-22 cataloging oflooted, 19 dental gold confiscated from prisoners, 143 funneled to the Emigration Fund, 19 looting of suitcases bound for ghetto, 60-61,128-29 responsibility for administering, 252nl 5 stolen to maintain ghetto, 103 Jewish self-administration barrack provided for abortions, 150-51 cooperation with SS in propaganda film, 172 development of, 16 ethnicity, loyalty, and, 38-39 ethnic undertone to SS orders, 39 expansion of complex system in, 38,47 feelings of self-importance fostered by, 40 food distribution by, 100-31 fragmentation of, 30-31
INDEX 355 gender factor for late arrivals, 37-38 highest-ranking woman in, 42 indirect power existing within, 49-58 organization of, 16,26-49,27ƒ organization of departing transports by, 201-21 physical organization of, 48-49 proclivity for bulletins, memos, and minutes, 47-48,84 purpose of, 23-24 records of, 14 SS order for German or Austrian heads, 28-29 symbolic capital of artistic performance and, 182 treatment of elderly versus laborers and children, 77-86 Jochowitz, Hanuš, 175,192-93 Joekel, Heinrich, 18/ Jonas, Esther, 73,93,95,154,184-85 Jonas, Marie, 154,184-85 Jonas, Regina, 147-48 Kohn, Erich, 235 Kohnová, Valerie, 108 Kolářová, Věra, 155-56 Kolben, Jindřich, 80 Kollman, František, 63,223 Kolowrat, Gisela Countess, 69-70 Kolský, Šimon, 129-30 Kopolovič, Šimon, 66 Kosák, Viktor, 78,156 Kozower, Philipp, 27/ Krankenbehandler (sick treaters) ,133-34, 297η120 Krása, Edgar, 123,180-81,182-84 Krasová, Anna, 192 Kraus, Evžen, 23,153,163 Krausová, Irena, 230 Kriegel, František, 133 Krönert, Benno, 136-37 Kuna, Milan, 185-86 Kursawe, Otto, 21,44,206,220,231 Kussy, Victor, 27f 39 Kwasniewski, Siggi, 230 Kain, Herbert, 34,35-36,259nl25 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 18/ Kantor, Alfréd, 196/ Kárný, Margita, 80 Kárný, Miroslav, 39,77,80,97,226 Katz, Carl, 27f 37,42,72 Kende, Viktor, 55-56,124,206 Kindermann, Viktor, 147 Kirchert, Werner, 138 Klaber, Josef, 27/, 46 Klang, Heinrich, 38,46 Klapp, Erich, 134,153-54,156-57, 159-60,161 Klein, Arnošt, 63,72,83,90,98,128, 211-12,216-17 Klein, Emil, 153-54 Klein, Franz Eugen, 181,183-84,192-93 Klein, Gideon, 182,184,185,193-94 Klein, Pavel,
161 Kleinová, Eliška, 192 Klinger, Karel, 93 Klinger, Ota, 197-98 Klinkeová, Josefa, 188,191,193-94 Kohn, Bedřich, 97-98,169-70,171, 187,212-13 labor ghettos, 28,47,58 Ladner, Kurt, 195 Lagus, Karel, 182-83 Lang, Petr, 97 Langer, František, 175 Langer, Greta, 204 Langer, Herbert, 32,204,232-33 Langer, Lawrence, 6,226-27,239-40 language categorization and stratification based on, 4-5,43,75,79,98,197 expression of belonging and, 82 formal used by self-administration, 47-48 language barriers among SS, 39 political aspects of Czech versus German language use, 189 role in cultural life, 189 social capital categorized by, 4-5 social organization and, 86-88 used in cultural offerings, 170 used in petitions for removal from transports, 218r, 218 use in cultural events, 186-87,189 use of Hebrew, 119
356 INDEX Lau, Abraham, 195 Lederer, Edvard, 189 Lederer, Vítězslav, 53-54,234 Lederer, Zdeněk, 72-73,92 Ledererová, Hana, 161 legend of Terezín as concealing of complexities, 80 function of, 68 as triumph of human spirit, 80, 97, 117 See also master narrative Leiner, Hanuš, 184-85 Levit, Jan, 153-54 Levy, Ada, 214 Levy, Kurt, 27f 38-39,41,49-50 Lichtblau, Erich, 108,129,160 Lifmann, Margot, 93 Lindtová, Klára, 41-42 Lippmann, Arthur, 165 Loeb, Illa, 164-65 Loewenstein, Karl, 40-41,46,55,56,113, 126,210 Löwenstein, Karl, 27ƒ Löwinger, Walter, 27/, 33,42 Löwit, František, 88,145 Lowith, Rudolf, 148 Lustig, Josef, 177-78 Mahler, Willy, 87-88,175,181 Mahrer, Pavel, 124-25 Mahrerová, Eva, 86-87 Mandler, Robert, 56 Mandlová, Eva, 93,129,184-85,206-7, 212-13,216-17,223 Manes, Philipp, 51,72,75,88,169,170, 175,185 mass murder, knowledge of, 231-37 master narrative 1942 hangings as significant in, 67 centerpiece of, 68-69 cohesiveness gained by, 67,98,239 contributions of Paul Edelstein to, 26-28 creation of, 191 cultural activities and, 171 development of, 59-69 endowment of experiences with meaning through, 67 esteem for the Aujbaukommando members and, 74 generated by younger Czech Jews, 73-74,75 ghetto as a triumph of human spirit, 80, 97,117 groups not corresponding to, 68 politically charged, 12 purpose of, 68 questioning of, 242 role of Technical Department in, 44-45 solidarity and patronage as part of, 182-83 symbolic capital of various professions, 66 Mautner, František, 185 medicine and illness common illnesses and treatments, 111, 115,137-38,140,144-51 material advantages
held by medical personnel, 159-66 overview of, 166-67 physicians, nurses, and power, 151-59 professionalism of prisoner doctors, 132-33 smaller food rations assigned to sick inmates, 107 structure of Health Services, 133-44 temporary illness as protection from transport, 222-23,317nl05 use of ghettos medical infrastructure by SS, 140 See abo deaths; Health Services; physicians Meijers, Eduard, 32-33 Meissner, Alfred, 32,189 Meller, Paul, 124-25 Menasche, Mautner, 68 Mengele, Josef, 218 Merin, Moshe, 57 Merzbach, Ludwig, 27/, 44 Meth, Paul, 27/, 46 methodology, 13-14 Metz, Adolph, 45,128,222-23 Meyer, Corrie, 110-11 Meyer, Denise, 70 Meyer, Felix, 158 Meyer, Léon, 70
INDEX Meyer, Suzanne, 70 Meyer, Sven, 110-11 Meyerhoff, Marianne, 55-56 Michaelis, Ernst, 125-26 microhistory, 12,251n49 Moes, Ernst, 17-19,26,29,34,35, 36, 202,229-31 Morgenstern-Říkovský, Ota, 153-54 Mosse, Martha, 37-38,40,49,67,236-37 Müller, Martha, 155,157 Munk, Erich appreciation for the arts, 153-54 approval of forced abortions, 150-51 covers for Otto Reinisch, 160-61,222-23 dedication of, 152 deportation of, 161 as head of Health Services, 45, 57-58,134-35 lobbies for transport exemptions for medical staff, 146 material advantages held by, 159-60 organization of Jewish self-administration, 27ƒ professionalism of, 157-58 relationship with Rolf Bartels, 36-37 as representing ghetto youth, 153-54 resentment toward Loewenstein and Grabower, 40-41 travels to Roudnice pharmacy, 136-37 view of Franz Hahn, 155 Munková, Hana, 72,75 Murmelstein, Benjamin arrest and investigation for collaboration, 53,56 assessment of daily calorie rations by, 106 belief in meritocracy, 38 belief SS behind cigarette smuggling, 128 campaigns for medical team protection from transport, 161 claims Eppstein behind ban on Czech cultural activities, 189 comments on lack of Czech nurses, 164 depicted as corrupt by Tůma, 224 disagreements with Baeck, 52-53 357 discussion of Recreation’s weekly programs, 170 disregards established rules of protection of children, 213 excluded based on Eastern Jewish background, 90-91 handling of smuggler by, 35-36 improves food distribution, 107-8 installation as Dezernent, 42,44-45,155 installation as Elder, 29-31,228-29 interest in Recreation Department, 45-46
observations of SS, 22 organization of Jewish self administration, 26,27ƒ organization of Theresienstadt beautification, 172-73 preferences for decision making, 33 questions purpose of construction in 1935,235-36 reaction to informers, 55 receives special medical treatment, 149 relationship with Rahm, 20-21 reorganization of ghetto’s administration by, 47 role in organizing transports, 230-31 sharing of information by, 33-34 softening of forced abortions under, 150 speculates on amount of looted Jewish capital, 103 use of social capital with perpetrators, 57 Muselmann, 114-15 music. See cultural events; cultural life Mussolini, Benito, 39 Nathan, Hilde, 94-95 Nathanova, Anna, 109,182-83,188 Neufliess, Werner, 51 Neuhaus, Leopold, 65,141 Neumann, Trude, 141-42 Neumannová, Alena, 161 Niehaus, Heinrich, 172 Nivelli, Herbert, 70 Oelze, Regina, 111,154 Oestreicher, Elsa, 124 Okun, Sonia, 76
358 INDEX Oppenhejm, Ralph, 95 organization and hierarchies indirect power within Jewish self-administration, 49-58 SS hierarchies and lines of communication, 17-26,18/ three Elders of the Jews, 26-49,27ƒ unique characteristics ofTheresienstadt, 16 Omest, Zdeněk, 130 Ornstein, Edith, 27/, 189-90,202-3 Österreicher, Erich, 27/, 43,203-5 Pacovský, Josef, 143 památníky (autograph book), 181 parta (group of Czech friends), 84,93 Pečený, Karel, 10-11 Pedde, Margaret, 62 Pentlář, Viktor, 137 Perseinová, Ludmila, 126 Pestek, Viktor, 234 petitions (for removal from transports), 214-19,216í,217ř,218ř Petschau, František, 124,198-99 Petschau, Nita, 198-99 Petschau, Vilém, 124,198-99 Petschauová, Nita, 237 Philippson, Alfred, 49-50 physical violence. See violence physicians agency achieved by, 151 -59 conditions for under Nazi rule, 133-51 female, 142 material advantages held by, 159-61 pre-war conditions for, 133 professionalism of prisoner doctors, 132-33,166-67 sexism and, 162-66 triage mentality employed by, 144-47 See also medicine and illness Pick, František, 220 Pick, Miloš, 109,225-26 Płaczek, Siegfried, 27/, 41-42,203-5 Płaczek, Tekla, 213 Podober, Marion, 188-89,191,193-94 Pohlmann, Hilde, 150-51,162 Pokorná, Lilly, 134-35,137-38,14344,145,149-50,153,160,161, 162-63,165-66 Pokorny, Adolf, 134-35 Poláček, Karel, 71-72,124-25,184-85 Pollak, Artur, 98 Pollakova, Julie, 155-56,161 Popper, Egon, 42,203-4 Popperová, Gertruda, 187-88 Porges, Felix, 177-78 powerlessness agency and, 238 experienced during transports, 201 highlighting issue of, 2,239-40 illness as indication of, 151
as key moment of victims’ experience, 225-26 notion of morality and, 226-27 Prague Central Office, 18-20,21-22, 32,103 preferential ghetto, 231-32 prisoner society approach to studying, 2-3,12,242 benefits of studying, 2-6,59 as both deeply divided and interconnected, 98-99 brutal homophobia generated by, 95-96 categorization and stratification in, 70-74 categorization in, 4 characteristics of, 239-40 cultural life as reflection of ethnic and social variations, 168 determination of who died and how by, 239 (see also social organization) experience of Jewishness in, 96-98 factors influencing social hierarchy, 59 gender expectations in, 108 handling of food distribution in, 101 as hierarchical and also interconnected, 241 loyalties produced by, 241-42 man-made famine caused by, 127 method of studying, 13-14 observations of ethnicity of women in public roles, 191 shaped by transnational forces, 12 transnational aspects of, 83,88 privilege ghettos, 7,47 Próchnik, Robert, 27/, 41
INDEX “prominent” prisoners, 49-52, 54-56, 221,229 propagandafilms, 6,10-11,19, 172,191-92 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 7-8,11-12,17,18/, 22,23,37,60, 62,76,77,104,134-35,207-8, 211-12,240-41 queer sexuality double stigmatization of foreigners, 96 stigmatizing homophobia suffered by inmates, 95-96 See also sexuality Racenberg, Eva, 155 Racenberg, Šalomoun, 155 Rafael Schächter, 192-94 Rahm, Franz, 20 Rahm, Karl, 10,17,18/, 18-19,20-21,26, 30-31,32,35-36,55,150,161,172֊ 74,189,229,231,235-36 Randt, Alice, 111, 159-60 Ranschburgerová, Růžena, 150 Raphael, Margot, 141-42 Raphaelson, Paul, 126 Recreation Department, 168-74 Red Cross arts highlighted during visits from, 172 criticism of Baeck over visit from, 52 delegates from IRC visit Theresienstadt, 10 distribution of insulin during visit from, 137-38 German Red Cross visits Theresienstadt, 205 Günther’s preparation for visit from, 19 Murmelsteins preparation for visit from, 30,206 notoriety gleaned from visits by, 6 participation of BdS and IVB4 in visit from, 17-18 Rahms preparation for visit from, 20 rule of ghetto passed to Swiss Red Cross, 21 shock ofvisitors from German Red Cross, 10 SS hands control of ghetto to IRC, 185 violence preceding visit from, 25 359 Redlich, Egon (Gonda), 1-2,14,27/, 33, 43,95,146,230,247n2 Reichmann, Rudolf, 170,185-86 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 8,17, 18/, 18֊ 19,35,48 Reiner, Karel, 97,191-92,198 Reinisch, Otto, 156,160-61,222 RHSA. See Reich Security Main Office Roman, Martin, 193-94 Rosenberg, Rudolf, 234 Rosner, Max, 89 Roubíčková, Eva, 205-6,208,212 Roubíčková, Marie, 223
Roubíčková-Cabicarová, Ella, 162 Ruben, Josefa, 122,156-57,162 Rudolf Haindi, 229 Rumkowski, Mordechai, 57 Rutarová, Hana, 109 Rutaravá, Karel, 109 Růžička, Ota, 173-74,182,184 Säbel, Leo, 76 Saicová, Jarmila, 137 Salaba, Karel, 22,23 Salomon, Louis, 63,113 Salomon, Rosa, 71 Salus, Wolfgang, 233-34 Schächter, Raphael, 79,129,168-70,182, 184,193-94,198 Schaffa, Hanuš, 140 Schickler, Hulda, 112-13 Schicková, Hana, 81,113-14 Schleuse, 60-61 Schliesser, Karel, 27/, 32,36-37,44,103-4, 123,203-4,228-29,232-33,234 Schmiedt, Alexandr, 119 Scholz, Heinrich, 21,103 Schönhová, Alžběta, 165-66 Schönová, Vlasta, 45-46,73,75,169,17273,175,184,188-89,191-92,220 Schorch, Gustav, 184,225-26,227 Schumann, Coco, 193-94 Seidl, Siegfried, 18/, 19-20,28,32,34,46, 252-53nl9 Sekaninová, Truda, 63,204 self-administration. See Jewish self-administration Sever, Max, 27/, 44-45
360 INDEX sexism incidences in cultural life, 191-92 lack of female artists, 182 in power structures, 162-66 work of females in kitchens seen as not prestigious, 108 sexuality double-edgedness of, 305n35 ethnic groups and, 93-95 exclusion and stigmatization based on, 59 intrinsically linked to societal hierarchies, 92,130 as key element of human condition, 91 lack of contraceptives and, 150 love, dating, and sexuality, 92-96 as means for discerning changing habits of prisoner community, 240-41 pathologization of womens bodies, 158-59 as revealing of social stratification and gender roles, 98-99 scarcity of histories for interwar era, 3-4 as validation of masculinity, 91-92 See also queer sexuality Shek, Zeev, 213 Simon, Etta Veit, 88,151 Simonsohn, B., 27f Simonsohn, Berthold, 38-39,76,94 Singer, Alexandr, 182-83,184,191 Singer, Kurt, 171 SiPo and SD (BdS), 17,18/21 Sládek, Josef, 178-79 Small Fortress, 7,17-18,18/, 23,25,14243,223,235-36,252n6 smuggling assistance of SS for, 25,128 as cell of resistance, 36 of cigarettes, 35-36,50 of drawings depicting Theresienstadt, 174 of execution photos, 22 of flowers, 108 of food and people, 9,108-9, 124,127-28 by Hilda Hahnová, 50 informers reporting on, 54-55 by Julius Taussig, 25,222 of mail and valuables, 110 of medications, 137-38 of new arrivals belongings, 60 of prophylactics, 150 punishment for, 25,35-36 role of gendarmes in, 23,164 Shipping Department as central source of, 44 vicious interrogations of prisoners accused of, 20 Smuk, Mirjam, 88 soccer, 160,194-98,310nl41 social organization boundaries, connections, and
networks of, 88 categorization and stratification in, 70-74 complex society produced in Theresienstadt, 59 elderly inmates, 77-79 “formerly important” class, 48-51 gender and categorization in, 91-92 Holocaust experience and Jewishness, 96-98 language use and, 86-88 love, dating, and sexuality in, 92-96 post-arrival assimilation of prisoners, 59-69 as reflection of Central and Western European society, 69-70 social capital as basis of categorization, social capital categorized by language, 4-5 social elite, 74-77,184 transports and belonging, 211-13 youth and children, 79-86 See also prisoner society Solar, Josef, 110 Solarová, Františka, 183-84,220 solidarity among non-family groups, 84,119-20 lack of in Theresienstadt, 1-2, 97-98,241-42 Sommer, Alice Herz, 182 Sommer, Alice Herz-, 185,193-94 Sonderkommandos, 56-57 Special Department of Gendarmerie, 22 Spiegel, Magda, 193-94,198
INDEX Spies, Gerty, 118,121 Spitzer, Federica, 164 sports. See soccer Springer, Erich, 134,138,141,152-53, 161,164,165 SS (Schutzstaffel) appointment of Elders of the Jews, 26 attendance at soccer games, concerts, and dance performances, 173-74 control exerted by violence, 57 designation of prisoners as meritorious, 168 ethnic undertone to orders, 38-39 forced labor for financial profit, 44 hierarchies and lines of communication, 17-26,18/ introduction of “prominent” prisoner category, 49-52 involvement in final transports, 230 network of informers run by, 54-56 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to Theresienstadt by, 7-10 order for modern crematorium, 143 order to lower reports of ТВ cases, 145 planning of self-administration in Theresienstadt, 16 prohibited from beating prisoners, 252nl7 protection of certain prisoners from transport, 220 symbiotic relationship with Jewish functionaries, 36 use of ghetto’s medical infrastructure, 140 Stahl, Heinrich, 27/, 52-53,153-54 Stahlecker, Walter, 18f Šťastný, Otto, 150-51,162 Steckelmacher, Hans, 229 Steifová, Josefina, 54-55 Stein, Richard, 27/, 45,132,161 Steinerová, Hana, 37-38 Steinitz, Lisi, 187-88 Stengel, Elisabeth von, 27/ Sternova, Dorothea, 51 Sternova, Eva, 51 Sternova, Nelly, 51 Stieve, Hermann, 159 Strass, Leo, 174 361 Strassburger, Manfred, 90 Strauß, Elsa, 153-54 Strauß, Hermann, 31,141,149-50, 153-54,157-58 Strauss, Hermann, 213,220 Strauss, Leo, 123,183-84,187-88 Strauss, Myra, 123,187-88 Stux, Paul, 27f 44-45 suicide attempts by Hanna Erdmann, 141-42 categories of, 147-48 demographics of, 148 of Herbert and
Greta Langer, 204 of Max Cohen, 148 of Oskar Taussig, 35-36 preventing among new arrivals, 147-48 Süß, Salomon, 44-45 Svenk, Karel, 177-78,182,184,187,198 Svěrák, Jan, 3-4 Taussig, Jiří, 195 Taussig, Josef, 184 Taussig, Julius, 25-26,222-23 Taussig, Oskar, 35-36 Terezín. See Theresienstadt Theresienstadt building of ghetto, 74 cultural life in, 168-200 food and hunger in, 100-31 as ghetto versus a concentration camp, 11-12 history of Terezín, 7 lack of solidarity in,1-2,241-42 liberation of, 8 medicine and illness in, 132-67 multiple roles of, 2-3,7,9-11,16 number, origin, and deaths of Jews sent to, 7-10 organization and hierarchies of, 1-2, 16-26,38,41,47-48 physical organization of, 48 size and density of, 9 social organization of, 59-99 survival rates, 9,249n30 transports from, 201-38 work for German industry and army in, 11 Thierfeldová, Gertruda, 155-56
362 INDEX torture. See violence transit ghetto, 7,8-9,16,23-24,150,201 Transport Help, 60-61 Transport Management function of, 206 goods recommended to pack by, 205 heads of, 55-56,195-97,206 Transport Registry bribes for removal from, 222-23 Communists planted in, 41-42 fonction of, 41-42 petitions for removal from, 215 process of organizing transports, 201 -7 protection of family units by, 202-3 transports chronology, destination, and resolution of, 207-11 codes assigned to, 60,201-2 conduct surrounding as reflection of societal values, 237 description of arriving, 60-61 escaping, 209,223 in Fall 1944,21,228-31 first and second, 8-9 individual protection from, 170-71,222-23 institutional protection from, 11, 160,220-21 knowledge of mass murder, 231-37 organization of, 201-7 petitions for removal from, 214-19, 216r, 217r, 218r powerlessness and agency surrounding, 238 to prepare Theresienstadt for Red Cross visit, 10 responsibility for departing, 201 responsibility for incoming and outgoing, 17-18 survival rates, 9,249n30 transport psychology, 223-28 transports and belonging, 211-13 Troller, Norbert, 112/, 122,174, 183-84,186/ Tůma, Mirko, 59,224,225-26 typhus, 56, 61,145-47,151,152, 296ПІ05 Ulbrichts, Kurt, 36-37 Ullmann, Viktor, 179,181 Ungar, Otto, 172,174 Utitz, Antonín, 161 Valentová, Emilie, 132,137 victim society benefits of studying, 2-5 changes underwent by, 240 method of studying, 13-14 See also prisoner society victim testimonies lack of among elderly, 112-13,114 of prisoner physicians, 153 of queer inmates, 96 See also individual names violence adopted by
Eichmann men, 17 beating of Adam Czerniaków, 258nl 11 beating of Paul Eppstein, 19 beatings of smugglers, 25 “constructive” violence administered for control, 57 control exerted by SS, 57 ■ as daily occurrence in Small Fortress, 25 against denouncers, 56 orgy of violence practiced by Bergel and Haindi, 25-26 refuge from in Health Services, 132 relative absence of extreme physical violence, 24-25,239 role in human society, 2-3 sexualized violence against women prisoners, 22-23 shooting of Paul Eppstein, 29-30 shooting of sick children, 20 against smugglers, 25 SS prohibited from beating prisoners, 252nl7 threat of by SS, 201-2 torturing of smugglers, 25, 35-36, 222 used by Siegfried Seidl for manipulation, 19-20 See also executions Vochočová, Zdeňka, 204 Vogel, Jiří, 27f, 31,32,44-45 Volavková, Hana, 171-72 Vyth, Eva, 223 Vyth, Kurt, 223
INDEX Waigner, Karel, 27f Weglein, Resi, 155-56 Weidmann, František, 32,203-4 Weinbaumová, Jadwiga, 56 Weinberger, Robert Vinci, 27/, 39-40, 43,68-69 Weiner, Erich, 27f 45,168-69 Weinmann, Erwin, 17,18/, 173 Weinstein, Charlotta, 12 Weinstein, Karel, 12 Weinsteinová, Charlotta, 122 Weinwurmová-Löwyová, Marta, 158 Weiss, Evžen, 25 Weissenstein, František, 198 Weisungen convicted by Ghetto Court, 126-27 Egon Redlich as, 230 Herbert Langer as, 233 killed in Auschwitz, 206 listed after October 1944,230-31 listed in May 1944,202 listed in September 1943,218 Marianne Meyerhoff as, 55-56 Otto and Marta Reinisch as, 222-23 Yet Bergmann as, 232-33 Weisz, Herrmann, 27f Welfare Department devotion of nurses and doctors, 152 head of, 33 prioritization of, 140 reception committee, 147-48 Wetzler, Alfréd, 234 Woerdeman, Martinus, 157-58 Wolfensteinová, Minna, 134,145-46,152,164 Wygodzinski, Martha, 154 Youth and Elderly Welfare Department autarkic administration of, 48-49 employees’ justification based on, 47 head of, 22-23,52,141 need for, 43 organization of, 38-39,41,43,47 origins of, 140 Youth Welfare Department, 79,116 Zelenka, František, 185 Zionists accused of saving their own from deportation, 207,213 363 Alexandr Schmiedt as, 119 Alisa Ehrmannová as, 108-9 Berthold Simonsohn as, 94 Central Labor and Youth Welfare as strongholds of, 43,47,75-76 commune created by, 119 Communists’ view of, 97 confrontation of Christian inmates, 52 deportations of, 207 displaced by newly arrived functionaries, 38 Edith Orstein as, 189-90 Erich Munk as, 45 Fredy Hirsch as, 96 goal of raising children
as conscious Jews, 1-2 hachshara (Zionist agricultural training), 191 Hana Fischlová as, 81 Hana Schicková as, 113-14 interpretation of Holocaust as meaningful, 97 Jakob Edelstein as, 26 Julius Grünberger as, 44-45,76 Karel Schliesser as, 32,44 loyalty within ethnic groups, 198 as main ideological group, 203-4 master narrative of Theresienstadt, 191 as part of social elite, 75-76 Paul Eppstein as, 76 Petr Lang as, 97 protection from transports, 204 representation by council members, 32-33 Richard Stein as, 45 sense of home and belonging among, 178-79 Siegfried Płaczek as, 41 -42 in Theresienstadt versus Auschwitz, 97 Truda Guttmannová as, 94 use of Czech aesthetics for expression, 191 Walter Löwinger as, 42 young Czech Jews as, 58,75-76 Zucker, Otto ability to protect performers from transport, 170-71 as art lover, 185
364 INDEX Zucker, Otto (Cont.) blamed for failure to protect inmates form deportation, 206-7 cancels protection of Youth Care workers, 221 death of, 232-33 deportation of, 229 disagreements with Edelstein, 28-29 organization of Jewish self administration, 26,27f participation in Large Commission, 202-4 participation in Recreation Department, 45-46,168-69,170,194 ґ participation in Technical Department, 44-45 petitions for removal from transports, 214,215 pre-war career of, 39-40 relationship with Grabower, 87 remarks on dwindling elderly population, 208 witnesses executions, 24-25 youthful Zionist leadership recruited by, 134 Zuckerová, Tamara, 170 Zyklon В, 143 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Manchen |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Hájková, Anna 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076549829 |
| author_facet | Hájková, Anna 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hájková, Anna 1978- |
| author_variant | a h ah |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047219103 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D805 |
| callnumber-raw | D805.5.T54 |
| callnumber-search | D805.5.T54 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3805.5 T54 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| classification_rvk | NQ 2350 NQ 2360 NY 8000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1250469685 (DE-599)BVBBV047219103 |
| dewey-full | 940.53/1853716 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.53/1853716 |
| dewey-search | 940.53/1853716 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.53 71853716 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Sozialgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Sozialgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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"The overorganized ghetto:" administering Terezin -- 2. A society based on inequality -- 3. The age of pearl barley: food and hunger -- 4. Medicine and illness -- 5. Cultural life: leisure time activities -- 6. Transports to the East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, it argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many versions of societies as we know them. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insisting that we view it with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically: seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half year of the ghetto's existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities, but rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4135801-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sozialgeschichte</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Alltag</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001307-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Theresienstadt (Concentration camp) / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Concentration camps / Czech Republic / Terezín (Ústecký kraj)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4135801-6</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Alltag</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001307-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Sozialgeschichte</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, EPUB</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-19-005179-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - 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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:56:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190051778 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032623755 |
| oclc_num | 1250469685 |
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| physical | 364 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
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| publishDate | 2020 |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hájková, Anna 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1076549829 aut The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt Anna Hájková New York, NY Oxford University Press [2020] © 2020 364 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: The well-known, poorly understood ghetto -- 1. "The overorganized ghetto:" administering Terezin -- 2. A society based on inequality -- 3. The age of pearl barley: food and hunger -- 4. Medicine and illness -- 5. Cultural life: leisure time activities -- 6. Transports to the East "The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation for murder in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, it argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many versions of societies as we know them. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insisting that we view it with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically: seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half year of the ghetto's existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities, but rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis"-- Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt (DE-588)4135801-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Theresienstadt (Concentration camp) / History Concentration camps / Czech Republic / Terezín (Ústecký kraj) Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt (DE-588)4135801-6 b Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Sozialgeschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-005179-2 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hájková, Anna 1978- The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt (DE-588)4135801-6 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135801-6 (DE-588)4001307-8 |
| title | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt |
| title_auth | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt |
| title_exact_search | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt |
| title_full | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt Anna Hájková |
| title_fullStr | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt Anna Hájková |
| title_full_unstemmed | The last ghetto an everyday history of Theresienstadt Anna Hájková |
| title_short | The last ghetto |
| title_sort | the last ghetto an everyday history of theresienstadt |
| title_sub | an everyday history of Theresienstadt |
| topic | Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt (DE-588)4135801-6 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt Alltag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032623755&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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