Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941: = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
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Pardubice
Univerzita Pardubice
2020
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| Ausgabe: | Vydání první |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 417-434 |
| Beschreibung: | 448 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788075603371 |
Internformat
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Personenregister |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Obsah Úvod 9 Bibliografický exkurs 13 Hospodářství meziválečného Nemecka 23 Historické tradice bojkotu 45 Vůdčí země bojkotu. Bojkotové hnutí ve Spojených státech amerických 53 Opatrnost na prvním místě? Bojkot ve Velké Británii 161 Bojkot jako globální hnutí? Projevy bojkotu v dalších zemích 179 Bojkot v Československu 269 Německý pohled na bojkot. Hodnocení situace na konci roku 1934 291 Bojkot mimo hospodářství 297 Nejednotní v odporu. Různé přístupy Židů к bojkotu 321 Německé protibojkotové strategie 353 Bojkot a válka 1939—1941 389 Závěr 411 Prameny a literatura 417 Seznam obrazových příloh 435 Rejstřík 437 Seznam zkratek 443 Resumé 445
Rejstřík 326, 333-334, 354-355, 358, 372 Buskes, 1.1. 204 C A Aberdare, Clarence Brace, baron 305, 310 Abrahams, Harold 310 Adler, Cyras 54-55, 65, 72, 75-76, 92-93, 103,124 Arlosoroff, Chaim 97 Arongauzas, dr. Efrim 200 Asscher,A. 205 В Baer, Max 315-316 Baillet-Latour, Henri de, hrabě 307,312 Ballin, Gunther 329 Banning, W. 204 Bárkái, Avraham 10, 17, 47, 68, 71, 95-96, 258, 323, 380 Baruch, Bernard 83 Battle, George Gordon 100, 133 Beamish, Richard J. 102 Beneš, Edvard 273, 288 Bergery, Gaston 224 Bergh,vanden 205 Bergmannová, Gretel 305 Bingham, William G. 307 Birchall, Frederick T. 61 Blanton, Thomas L. 145 Bland, Sir Nevile 391 Bluestein, Abe 395, 397 Blum, Léon 311 Boelcke, Willi A. 10, 17-18, 40-41, 342343 Bondy, Egon 282 Bones, Markus 335-336 Boycott, Charles Cunningham 45 Braddock, Joe 317-319 Brandeis, Louis D. 65 Brisbane, Arthur 306 Brundage, Avery 300-305,307-308,312 Briining, Heinrich 25-26, 43 Buckmaster, Stanley Owen, vikomt 174 Buchanan, James 53 Biilow-Schwante, Vicco Karl von 86, 294, Cahan, Abe 138 Cahanová, Flora 108 Caiserman, Hannaniah Meir 304 Caro, Nikodem 375-376 Carr, Willbur J. 66 Cass, Lewis 53 Castro, Léon 209, 252 Celler, Emanuel 139, 143, 145, 303-304 Citrine, Walter 125 Clauson, Sir Gerald L. M. 309, 391 Cohen, Abraham 84 Cohen, Alfred Morton 54,57,60-61 Cohen, William C. 74, 76 Cohen, prof. 205-206,211,327 Comer, dr. A. 201 Coralnik, Abraham 75-76,79,98, 100-101, 105,209,411 Coir, Frank J. 70 Cross, Sir Ronald H. 389-390 Curley, James 306 Č Čapek, Karel 273 D Dam, Bernhard van 204 Davies, Norman 66 Davis, Morris Harold 167,171 Dawes,
Charles 23-24, 34 De Haas, Jacob 79 Deutsch, Bernard S. 56, 63-64, 67, 69, 73, 84, 90-92, 132, 302, 356 Dieckhoff, Hans-Heinrich 82, 150, 378 Dienstfertig 335-336 Dodd, William Edward 18, 32, 34-35, 5051, 82, 144, 203, 249, 314, 338, 353-354, 361, 367, 369, 375-380 DollfUss, Engelbert 242 Doughton, Robert L. 144 DreyfUs, Pierre Léon 209, 221 Dubovsky, Benjamin 101, 140 E 437
Rejstřík Ebbutt, Norman 375 Edgcumbe, J. Aubrey 390 Edström, Sigfrid 312 Efron, David 405-406 Eicke, Rudolf 18, 354 Elbi, Michael 18,29,274 Emmett, Christopher T. 151 Epstein, Max 338 Epstein, Samuel 399 Erhart, Fritz 18,354 217,281, 322-323, 327, 331-332, 378-379 Gottlieb, Moshe R. 14-15, 20, 59, 63-64, 67, 73-74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 90-92, 9899, 105-107, 110-112,115-121, 124-125, 127-128, 133, 135, 137-140, 142, 145-146, 151-153, 157-159, 166, 393-394, 397-398, 400, 402-407,409 Gould, Joe 317 Grauert, Ludwig 68 Green, William 69, 119, 125 Grossman, Abraham 21,393,396,399 Gruszka, Sylwester 396 Grynszpan, Herschel 149 Gurney, Sir Hugh 391 Gustloff, Wilhelm 249 Guttmann 283 F Fargeon, dr. Maurice 253 Farley, James A. 145 Feilchenfeld, Werner 10, 95-96 Fishman, Jacob 138 Fischer, Otokar 273 Flack, dr. Alexander 279-280 François-Poncet, André 32, 242, 353 Frank, Hans 242 Frankfurter, Felix 65,314 Fredman, J. George 63, 75, 98, 209 Fredman, George 317 Freund, ing. 226 Friedmann, S. 284 Frick 384 Frick, Wilhelm 281 Fröhlich, Carl K. 368 Funk, Walter 50 Furtwängler, Wilhelm 50-51, 218, 298-299 H Halifax, Edward F. L., hrabě 176 Hamas, Steve 316 Hankey, Robert 175 Harriman, George 127-129,134-135, 140, 153-154 Harrisova, Mark 105 Heks, Oskar 311 Held, Adolph 158-159 Helm, A. K. 401 Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm 11, 19,29-31, 36, 38-40, 43, 47, 50 Hepp, Johann 369 Herriot, Édouard 222-223 Hertz, Joseph Hermann 86, 332 Hertzberger, Andreas 14, 205, 209 Hertzog, James Berry Munnik 255-256 Hescheles, Henryk Ignacy 194 Heschkovici 239 Hexner, dr. 282 Heydrich, Reinhard 347 Hilton 375
Hindenburg, Paul von 90 Hitler, Adolf 9-10, 17-19,26-28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 47-52, 56-62, 64, 69-74, 76, 78-84, 87, 90-91, 95, 113, 119, 136,138, 145, 147148, 150-152, 162, 165, 168,170, 173-174, 182, 184-185, 200, 212, 217, 233, 236, 241-242, 248-249, 258, 266, 270, 276,280281, 283, 301-302, 304, 312-315, 317, 319, G Garry, Peter G. 306 Gebiner, Benjamin 139 Gerard, James W. 78-79,317 Gilmour, Sir John 175 Gimbel, Adam 114 Gissibl, Fritz 368 Goebbels, Joseph 47-49, 51, 71-72, 81, 137, 170, 217, 240, 281, 316, 321, 323-324, 327, 332-333, 355, 360, 362, 371, 377-378, 380 Goldmann, Nahum 122, 335 Goldstein, dr. Angelo 273, 322 Gordon, George A. 67, 73, 100 Gordon, Chaim 200 Goring, Hermann 28, 51-52, 62, 68, 157, 438
Rejstřík 329-330,334,341,353-355, 357, 362-363, 371,373,376-380,393-394,401-403,405, 412,447 Holmes, John Haynes 69 Horowitz, Pinchas 165,167-168,171 Hudec, Karel 396 Hull, Cordell 65-67, 73, 82-83, 90, 103, 145, 152,314,361,395,397, 406 Hurst, William Randolph 127 Hutchinson, Paul 70,106,125 Huysmans, Camille 373 Ch Chamberlain, Neville 150,172,415 Chaitkin, Jacob 113-114 I Iddelsleigh, Henry Stafford Northcote, vik omt 174 ligner, Max 369 Ingram, Edward M. B. 390-392 Israel, Wilfred 333 J Jabès, Umberto 253 Jacoby, A. D. 111-112 Jacobs, Joe 316 Jacobs, Mike 319 Jahncke, Ernest Lee 312 Jancovici 235 Jelűnek, Fritz 277 Jitta, Josefus 205 Johnson, Hugh S. 306 Jochelmann 224 К Kahn, dr. Franz 284 Kalb, S. William 153 Karlebeck, dr. 335 Kennedy, Joseph P. 146 Kilpatrick, John Reed 317 Kirby, Gustavus T. 301-303, 305, 307 Kittel, Gerhard 358 Kleemann 274 Kleiber, Erich 50 Knopfmacher, Ernst 396-397 Koester, Wilhelm 220, 374 Kohn 209 Kõhn, Willi 371 Koch, Walter 271-272 Kreisler, Fritz 146-147, 299 Krik, Alexander C. 150 Kubowitzki 215 Kuh, Anton 278 Kuhn, Fritz 367 L La Guardia, Fiorello H. 78-79, 84, 111, 120, 137, 379 Landau, Michel 235 Lang of Lambeth, William Cosmo Gordon Lang, baron 174 Laski, Neville 86-88, 163-168,170-177, 332-333, 392 Lauri, Jakob 323-324 Lecache, Bernard 219 Lee, Ivy 361 Lehman, Herbert H. 65, 145 Lehman, Irving 65, 83 Leschinsky, Jacob 71 Levinson, Salomon O. 100, 106, 114-115 Lévy, Bernard 310 Levy (Levi), Israel 223 Levy, Thomas 166 Lewald, Theodor 300, 302 Lewensteyn 209 Liebschutz 209 Lichtenheim, Richard 322 Likfett, dr. 369 Lipski, Józef 35
Lipsky, Louis 132 Lipstadtová, Deborah 314 Liverman, Gordon 167 Londonderry, Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, markýz 362 Long, Breckinridge 66 Long Jr., Huey Pierce 361 Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, markýz 391 Louis, Joe 316,318-320 Löwenstein, L. 328 Luther, Hans 67, 82, 103, 130 M Mackenzie King, William Lyon 407 439
Rejstřík Mahoney, Jeremiah T. 305-308, 405 Maleh, Jacques 253 Manning, William 69 Marcus, Robert 153-154 Margoshes, Samuel 62-63, 79, 117, 123, 140 Margulies, dr. Emil 273 Margulies, J. 234 Marks, Edwin I. 113 Masaryk, Tomáš G. 269,283 Mastný, Vojtěch 48, 270 McCoy, Samuel Duff 365 McNutt, Paul V. 70 Melchett, Henry Mond, 2. baron 22, 85-88, 166-167, 209, 224, 331-33, 389-392 Melchett, Alffed Moritz Mond, 1. baron 88 Mendelson, Morris J. 74, 79 Messersmith, George 314 Moltke, Hans-Adolf Helmuth von 185-187, 359 Mond, Sir Robert 224 Monsky, Henry 61 Montefiore, Leonard 168, 171, 173,333, 339 Morgenthau Jr., Henry 83, 380 Moro-Giafferi, Vincent de 224 Mortara, Edgardo 53 Mosley, Oswald 171 Motzkin, Leo 97 Mowrer, Edgar A. 375 Münzenberg, Wilhelm 219 N Nataf, dr. Roger 250 Nathan 204 Nathan, Solomon 166 Naumann, Max 328, 334-335 Nelson, Boris Erich 129 Neurath, Konstantin von 48, 51, 72, 270, 324-325, 332-333, 353, 376 Noiet 204 О Obrovský, Jakub 311 O’Brian, John Patrick 69 O’Connell, William Henry, kardinál 325 Omstein, Charles L. 305, 308 440 Omstein, Max 100 Oss, van 204 Ovey, Sir Esmond 391 Owens, Jesse 314 P Pacovský, Ing. R. 284 Pajonk 336 Pathé, Émil 222 Pathé, Charles 222 Pecora, Ferdinand 306 Pelle, István 284 Phillips, William 66-67, 119,139 Philipp 279 Philippsohnová 375 Pirow, Oswald 256 Pius IX. 102 Poliasehuk 215 Posnansky, Israel 111,121 Prins, Alfred 205-206 Prittwitz, Friedrich von 64, 67 Proskauer, Joseph M. 63, 80, 83, 124 R Rabinovici, Walter 235 Rabinowitz, Ezekiel 78, 101-103, 105, 114, 128,134 Rath, Emst vom 149 Reading, Rufhs Issacs, markýz 86, 224,
332 Reese, Maria 209-210 Reifer, Manfred 339 Ridder, G. A. de 204 Riefenstahlová, Leni 315 Richards, Bemard G. 102,128-129 Rímet, Jules 310 Roedel, Emil 384 Roosevelt, Eleanor 360-361 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 14,16-17, 32, 60, 65, 74, 82-84, 89-90, 118, 138, 150-151, 156-157, 306, 314, 319, 361, 368, 380, 394395, 402,405-407 Roper, Daniel 380 Rosenblüth, Martin 322 Rosenfeld 221 Rosenheim, Jacob 331,334 Rosenwald, Lessing J. 114-115
Rejstřík Stojadinović, Milan 232 Straus, Percy J. 112-113 Streicher, Julius 48, 72,170, 377-379 Stricker, Robert 287 Sulzberger, Arthur 127 Szereszowski (Szereszewski), Rafał 188 Szoszkes, Henry 400 Rothschild, Edmond James de, baron 223 Rubien, Frederick W. 304 Rublee, George 156-157 Rumbold, Sir Horace 174-175 S Sargent, Orme G. 176-177 Sarraut, Maurice 221 Seabury, Samuel 120 Sears, James Edmond 204 Segal, Louis 120 Selbmann, Erich 19, 48-49 Sharkey, Jack 315 Sheldon, James H. 153 Sherrill, Charles H. 302 Shultzová, Lily 117 Schacht, Hjalmar 17,19, 31-37, 40-41, 49-50, 82-83,144,157-159,341, 343, 353, 369, 376, 378 Schieffelin, William Jay 151-152, 395, 409 Schmeling, Max 315-319 Schmitt, Kurt 34, 332, 353,378 Schulz (pseud. Cato), dr. 358-359 Schuschnigg, Kurt von 247 Schwerin-Krosigk, Lutz von 322-323, 327328 Siemssen, Paul 371 Silver, Abba Hillel 91,99-102,104,106, 306 Simon, Sir John 172, 174, 200, 309 Singer, Hugo 215 Sluyser, M. 205,286 Smertenko, Johan J. 153 Smith, Alfred E. 69, 100 Smith, Charles Howard 391 Sokołowski 186 Solmssen, Georg 380 Sommerfeldt, Martin Henry 322-323 Sommerstein, dr. Emil 194 Sonderling, Jacob 90 Spanknöbel, Heinz 368 Spiegelman, William 118-120, 403 Spier, Henry O. 368 Stanley, Oliver 387 Stiassni, Alfred 277 Stiassni, Emst 277 Stem, J. David 106, 113 Š Salda, František X. 273 T Tannenberg, Emst August Wilhelm 384 Tenenbaum, Joseph L. 9-10,15-16,21, 58, 90-91, 106-107, 110-111, 113, 116-122, 131-135, 137-146, 150-152, 154, 157-158, 392-394, 396-398, 400-410,412-413 Thiesing, Theodore Heinrich 384 Thomas, Harry 318 Thomas, Norman 113
Tietz, Ludwig 333 Tjarks, Emil 371 Trachtenberg, Jakow 359-360 Tschammer und Osten, Hans von 300, 303 Türkow 209 Tygel, Zelig 403 U Ulmanis, Karlis 195 Untermyer, Samuel 15-16, 77-81, 83, 85, 87-89, 91-93, 98-106, 110-113, 120-122, 124-131,133-136, 140-142,147,151-154, 166-167, 209-211, 298, 317, 356, 368, 411413 V Valsonokas, dr. 200 Valusek, Andrew J. 396 Vansittart, Sir Robert 175-176 Verdier, Jean 260 Végrin 221,223,225 Viereck, George Sylvester 367 Villard, Oswald Garrison 405 Visscher 205 Viadeck, Bamch Chamey 120, 136-142, 158,412 441
Rejstřík W Ž Wagner, Robert F. 69 Waldman, Morris 57-58, 80, 87, 92 Wallach, Ernst 68, 333 Walsh, David I. 144, 306 Walter, Reinhold 368 Wanamaker, John 116 Warburg, Erik 72 Warburg, Felix M. 54-55, 73, 157 Warburg, Frederick 72 Wasserman, Oscar 72 Webber, Walter Joseph 169 Weert, H. de 207 Weil, Bruno 326 Weinstein, dr. 403 Westhoff, E. 369 Wiener, Alfred 68, 87, 206, 326-327 Wiesenberg 283 Wilson, Hugh R. 150 Wilson, Woodrow 77 Winkel, Harald 10-11,19 Winkler, Max 117 Winterstein, dr. A. 279 Winterton, Edward Tumour, hrabě 156 Wise, Stephen S. 15-16, 21, 56, 63-70, 73, 77, 83-85, 89-93, 95, 97, 107-108, 113, 116-117, 120, 122-124, 132, 137-140, 144, 151,157-158, 248, 306, 314, 356, 406 Wiseová, Louis Waterman 107-108,116 Wiślicki, Wacław 188,209,335 Wohlthat, Helmut 157 Wojnowski, Tomasz 266 Wooley, Marie Emma 155 Wormser, Leo 338 Wortmann, Dietrich 307 Wurzel, Izydor 194 Žabotinskij, Vladimir 93, 97,278,411 Žitlovskij, Chajm 120 Y Young, Owen 24, 34 Z Ziegler, Alfred 277 Ziemke, Kurt Max Paul 259-260, 372 Ziv, Benjamin 196 Zonev 375-376 Zucker, Karl 387 Zwicker 277 442
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Résumé German Nazi Anti-Semitism did not affect only German Jews and thus, this research looks at how the global Jewish community reacted. Jews initiated a boycott of Nazi Germany with the aim to destroy the regime economically and steer the country ack to democracy. Even though the boycott movement did achieve some results, its overall aim failed. Most historians pay little or no attention to the boycott because of its limited economic impact. But it is interesting to explore why that was the case. Some claim that the economic rise of Nazi Germany resulted in reviving its internal rather than foreign market. Thus, the boycott could not have had stronger effect even though it made Nazi authorities concerned. Others stress that organizers failed to incite unity of the boycott and without the involvement of individual governments, the whole movement remained a series of private initiatives. Another very important claim refers to the German foreign trade, which was, at the time, under the influence of several concurrent phenomena. Their effects are inseparable and make the effect of the boycott impossible to calculate. When outlining German economic history, many authors comment on the boycott only briefly or do not mention it at all. The authors of this text base their research in existing sources and work mainly with archive materials from Germany, the U.S., Britain and partly from Austria and Czechoslovakia. The press also represents a very important research material. All the previously listed arguments deserve consideration. The
Jewish boycott definitely was damaging for German economy, even though it is impossible to state how much. However, an exact calculation is not necessarily the most important and interesting. There are many other questions which can be explored on the basis of existing documents. These questions refer to the ways in which the boycott was organised, what its promotion was like, how its ideas generally spread and how quickly. The researchers also analyse the approach ofJews in different parts of the world, their 445
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 level of involvement, the involvement ofJewish women organisations or the approach of German Jews. The text also considers whether the boycott movement took into account the situation ofJews in Germany; reasons why some Jews abroad continued buying or trading German goods; the fact that some Jewish sales representatives kept cooperating with German companies and vice versa; and the approach of Nazi offices. Boycott of Germany was not a solely Jewish project. It was organised by members and supporters of left-wing political movements all over the world, because they were also targeted by Nazi persecution. It is, of course, a question to what extent these boycott ideas resonated with the Jewish boycott, whether there was any influence ofJewish leaders on socialist political parties or whether all that was a claim of German propaganda. Many fhrther queries concern other negative effects on German foreign trade, e.g. non-economic areas targeted by the boycott, the boycott as an economic or political movement, the psychological impact of the boycott on both sides and the support of democratic states (open or official). German reaction to the boycott and its defence strategies are also a matter of discussion. The boycott was, of course, a prolonged process. The research looks at the boycott s intensity: whether it was constant, whether it varied in strength or whether it came in waves depending on the events taking place in Germany. It is clear that the topic of Jewish boycott of Germany poses many questions that historians have not
answered yet. This text strives to bring answers to most of the above questions and introduce new interpretations of the Jewish boycott. The study focuses on countries representing the core of the boycott, i.e. the U.S. and Great Britain, and it briefly addresses the boycott idea in all countries, which had a Jewish minority. It evaluates the activity of most influential individuals and organisations in various countries, the situation within the Jewish community in different countries and their varied boycott cooperation. It also deals with international Jewish congresses and conferences, which were very important because of resolutions defining the communities standpoint. Finally, the research analyses the approach of German offices focusing on various sources of information, e.g. diplomatic reports, as well as other activities limiting the impact of the boycott. The international integration of the boycott failed because of fragmented movements in individual countries. The U.S., for example, saw attempts to unify the boycott from the very beginning. Problems stemmed out of traditional divisions 446
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 within Jewish political thinking. Old and conservative organisations (e.g. the American Jewish Committee, B’nai В nth) rejected the boycott as too radical, while Zionist organisations (the American Jewish Congress) or the Jewish Labor Committee supported it. There was also a differing sectarian and non-sectarian approach to the movement. The first approach was pursued by the American Jewish Congress, the second was actively promoted by Samuel Untermyer and his Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League. The movement never managed to overcome these differences despite regular negotiations held from the very beginning of the boycott activity. It is difficult to quantify the impact of the boycott on Germany, because many other aspects came into play at the time. The Nazis saw the boycott as a confirmation of their ideology, i.e. the existence of a “global Jewish capitalist movement against Germany”. In this respect, they used the boycott as an excuse for their anti-Semitism (calling it “self-defence”). Nevertheless, at the beginning the boycott caused great concern with many German businessmen and Nazi politicians, because Jewish economic influence in many countries would make the decrease of trade with Germany rather severe. In mid-1930 s, the boycott movement had to deal with its internal crisis. After the initial two years, the interest in the movement was dwindling and the forecasts predicting Hitler s speedy defeat were proved wrong. The 1936 Olympic Games in Germany represented a great opportunity for promoting the boycott. The possible U.S.
boycott of the Olympics was a topic discussed for a long time. But though the idea was quite realistic, the U.S. in the end decided to participate in the Berlin Olympic Games, dealing the boycott a significant blow. Boycott sympathies increased again in the years 1938-1939. At the same time though, the boycott was overshadowed by the problems ofJewish emigrants. Then the situation changed completely at the beginning of the world war. The blockade of Germany as well as its international isolation made the boycott (theoretically) redundant. The beginning of WWII meant the end of the boycott movement. Hitler s regime would not be destroyed without an armed conflict. Leaving aside the international aspect of the boycott and focusing on its course only in Great Britain, the researchers see the main reason for failure in the inability to make the boycott a collective, official matter, formulated as official state policy. The boycott stood a 447
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 chance only if supported by the British government. Such radical step was never seriously considered, which was the case of other countries too. On the other hand, the impact of the boycott should not be underestimated especially in relation to forming modem Jewish identity and strengthening Jewish self-regard. Similar to Zionism, the boycott rejected the internalised image of Jews as passive victims. After all, in 1930 s the boycott represented one of the few Jewish weapons. The movement reached across borders and through the complete Jewish community, as it involved both men and women. Its failure fully revealed the paranoia of anti-Semitism with its belief in the all-powerftil global Jewish coup attempting to rule the whole world. Had such “global Jewish brotherhood” existed, the boycott would have had to be successful. Studying the boycott reveals a plethora of relationships, issues and themes. It shows various forms of anti-Nazi movement or the internal tensions within Jewish communities with their traditional assimilation-oriented elites and the Zionist “new people”. That leads to the complex issue of immigration. Last but not least, the boycott movement was part of international relations and great powers diplomacy. Nevertheless, it was the policy of great powers which determined the boycott s failure. Jewish organisations wanted to gain government support, in which they did not succeed: no state government openly supported the boycott of Nazi Germany. In democratic countries, the boycott was usually tolerated pursuant to
freedom of speech and press. In addition, it was often backed up by sympathy with the resistance against the Nazi regime. The interventions of German diplomats were politely accepted, but had little impact. Some countries display another important aspect: the possibility to replace the boycotted German goods on the international market with their own products. Although it was usually an initiative of individual firms, the states often backed up their exporters by diplomatic support. The Jewish or non-Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany offers a wide range of research questions. The archives of state or private institutions are fiili of unresearched data, which can provide new information, especially concerning individual states in which the boycott took place. Translated by Olga Roebuck and John Roebuck
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Prameny a literatura Internetové zdroje: Leo DRIBINS, The History ofthe Jewish Community in Latvia. A BriefChronological Survey. Viz https://web.archive.org/web/20090511003319/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/ministry/ 4265/4299/#l֊32 [14. 12. 2018]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lithuania, [6. 1. 2019]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/estonia [6. 1. 2019]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-losses-during-the-holocaustby-country [20. 12. 2018]. Ivo GOLDSTEIN, The Jews in Yugoslavia 1918-1941. Antisemitism and the Struggle for Equality, Jewish Studies, Public Lectures 1999-2000, s. 1. http://web.ceu.hu/ jewishstudies/pdf/02_goldstein.pdf [20. 1. 2018]. 434
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Obsah Úvod 9 Bibliografický exkurs 13 Hospodářství meziválečného Nemecka 23 Historické tradice bojkotu 45 Vůdčí země bojkotu. Bojkotové hnutí ve Spojených státech amerických 53 Opatrnost na prvním místě? Bojkot ve Velké Británii 161 Bojkot jako globální hnutí? Projevy bojkotu v dalších zemích 179 Bojkot v Československu 269 Německý pohled na bojkot. Hodnocení situace na konci roku 1934 291 Bojkot mimo hospodářství 297 Nejednotní v odporu. Různé přístupy Židů к bojkotu 321 Německé protibojkotové strategie 353 Bojkot a válka 1939—1941 389 Závěr 411 Prameny a literatura 417 Seznam obrazových příloh 435 Rejstřík 437 Seznam zkratek 443 Resumé 445
Rejstřík 326, 333-334, 354-355, 358, 372 Buskes, 1.1. 204 C A Aberdare, Clarence Brace, baron 305, 310 Abrahams, Harold 310 Adler, Cyras 54-55, 65, 72, 75-76, 92-93, 103,124 Arlosoroff, Chaim 97 Arongauzas, dr. Efrim 200 Asscher,A. 205 В Baer, Max 315-316 Baillet-Latour, Henri de, hrabě 307,312 Ballin, Gunther 329 Banning, W. 204 Bárkái, Avraham 10, 17, 47, 68, 71, 95-96, 258, 323, 380 Baruch, Bernard 83 Battle, George Gordon 100, 133 Beamish, Richard J. 102 Beneš, Edvard 273, 288 Bergery, Gaston 224 Bergh,vanden 205 Bergmannová, Gretel 305 Bingham, William G. 307 Birchall, Frederick T. 61 Blanton, Thomas L. 145 Bland, Sir Nevile 391 Bluestein, Abe 395, 397 Blum, Léon 311 Boelcke, Willi A. 10, 17-18, 40-41, 342343 Bondy, Egon 282 Bones, Markus 335-336 Boycott, Charles Cunningham 45 Braddock, Joe 317-319 Brandeis, Louis D. 65 Brisbane, Arthur 306 Brundage, Avery 300-305,307-308,312 Briining, Heinrich 25-26, 43 Buckmaster, Stanley Owen, vikomt 174 Buchanan, James 53 Biilow-Schwante, Vicco Karl von 86, 294, Cahan, Abe 138 Cahanová, Flora 108 Caiserman, Hannaniah Meir 304 Caro, Nikodem 375-376 Carr, Willbur J. 66 Cass, Lewis 53 Castro, Léon 209, 252 Celler, Emanuel 139, 143, 145, 303-304 Citrine, Walter 125 Clauson, Sir Gerald L. M. 309, 391 Cohen, Abraham 84 Cohen, Alfred Morton 54,57,60-61 Cohen, William C. 74, 76 Cohen, prof. 205-206,211,327 Comer, dr. A. 201 Coralnik, Abraham 75-76,79,98, 100-101, 105,209,411 Coir, Frank J. 70 Cross, Sir Ronald H. 389-390 Curley, James 306 Č Čapek, Karel 273 D Dam, Bernhard van 204 Davies, Norman 66 Davis, Morris Harold 167,171 Dawes,
Charles 23-24, 34 De Haas, Jacob 79 Deutsch, Bernard S. 56, 63-64, 67, 69, 73, 84, 90-92, 132, 302, 356 Dieckhoff, Hans-Heinrich 82, 150, 378 Dienstfertig 335-336 Dodd, William Edward 18, 32, 34-35, 5051, 82, 144, 203, 249, 314, 338, 353-354, 361, 367, 369, 375-380 DollfUss, Engelbert 242 Doughton, Robert L. 144 DreyfUs, Pierre Léon 209, 221 Dubovsky, Benjamin 101, 140 E 437
Rejstřík Ebbutt, Norman 375 Edgcumbe, J. Aubrey 390 Edström, Sigfrid 312 Efron, David 405-406 Eicke, Rudolf 18, 354 Elbi, Michael 18,29,274 Emmett, Christopher T. 151 Epstein, Max 338 Epstein, Samuel 399 Erhart, Fritz 18,354 217,281, 322-323, 327, 331-332, 378-379 Gottlieb, Moshe R. 14-15, 20, 59, 63-64, 67, 73-74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 90-92, 9899, 105-107, 110-112,115-121, 124-125, 127-128, 133, 135, 137-140, 142, 145-146, 151-153, 157-159, 166, 393-394, 397-398, 400, 402-407,409 Gould, Joe 317 Grauert, Ludwig 68 Green, William 69, 119, 125 Grossman, Abraham 21,393,396,399 Gruszka, Sylwester 396 Grynszpan, Herschel 149 Gurney, Sir Hugh 391 Gustloff, Wilhelm 249 Guttmann 283 F Fargeon, dr. Maurice 253 Farley, James A. 145 Feilchenfeld, Werner 10, 95-96 Fishman, Jacob 138 Fischer, Otokar 273 Flack, dr. Alexander 279-280 François-Poncet, André 32, 242, 353 Frank, Hans 242 Frankfurter, Felix 65,314 Fredman, J. George 63, 75, 98, 209 Fredman, George 317 Freund, ing. 226 Friedmann, S. 284 Frick 384 Frick, Wilhelm 281 Fröhlich, Carl K. 368 Funk, Walter 50 Furtwängler, Wilhelm 50-51, 218, 298-299 H Halifax, Edward F. L., hrabě 176 Hamas, Steve 316 Hankey, Robert 175 Harriman, George 127-129,134-135, 140, 153-154 Harrisova, Mark 105 Heks, Oskar 311 Held, Adolph 158-159 Helm, A. K. 401 Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm 11, 19,29-31, 36, 38-40, 43, 47, 50 Hepp, Johann 369 Herriot, Édouard 222-223 Hertz, Joseph Hermann 86, 332 Hertzberger, Andreas 14, 205, 209 Hertzog, James Berry Munnik 255-256 Hescheles, Henryk Ignacy 194 Heschkovici 239 Hexner, dr. 282 Heydrich, Reinhard 347 Hilton 375
Hindenburg, Paul von 90 Hitler, Adolf 9-10, 17-19,26-28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 47-52, 56-62, 64, 69-74, 76, 78-84, 87, 90-91, 95, 113, 119, 136,138, 145, 147148, 150-152, 162, 165, 168,170, 173-174, 182, 184-185, 200, 212, 217, 233, 236, 241-242, 248-249, 258, 266, 270, 276,280281, 283, 301-302, 304, 312-315, 317, 319, G Garry, Peter G. 306 Gebiner, Benjamin 139 Gerard, James W. 78-79,317 Gilmour, Sir John 175 Gimbel, Adam 114 Gissibl, Fritz 368 Goebbels, Joseph 47-49, 51, 71-72, 81, 137, 170, 217, 240, 281, 316, 321, 323-324, 327, 332-333, 355, 360, 362, 371, 377-378, 380 Goldmann, Nahum 122, 335 Goldstein, dr. Angelo 273, 322 Gordon, George A. 67, 73, 100 Gordon, Chaim 200 Goring, Hermann 28, 51-52, 62, 68, 157, 438
Rejstřík 329-330,334,341,353-355, 357, 362-363, 371,373,376-380,393-394,401-403,405, 412,447 Holmes, John Haynes 69 Horowitz, Pinchas 165,167-168,171 Hudec, Karel 396 Hull, Cordell 65-67, 73, 82-83, 90, 103, 145, 152,314,361,395,397, 406 Hurst, William Randolph 127 Hutchinson, Paul 70,106,125 Huysmans, Camille 373 Ch Chamberlain, Neville 150,172,415 Chaitkin, Jacob 113-114 I Iddelsleigh, Henry Stafford Northcote, vik omt 174 ligner, Max 369 Ingram, Edward M. B. 390-392 Israel, Wilfred 333 J Jabès, Umberto 253 Jacoby, A. D. 111-112 Jacobs, Joe 316 Jacobs, Mike 319 Jahncke, Ernest Lee 312 Jancovici 235 Jelűnek, Fritz 277 Jitta, Josefus 205 Johnson, Hugh S. 306 Jochelmann 224 К Kahn, dr. Franz 284 Kalb, S. William 153 Karlebeck, dr. 335 Kennedy, Joseph P. 146 Kilpatrick, John Reed 317 Kirby, Gustavus T. 301-303, 305, 307 Kittel, Gerhard 358 Kleemann 274 Kleiber, Erich 50 Knopfmacher, Ernst 396-397 Koester, Wilhelm 220, 374 Kohn 209 Kõhn, Willi 371 Koch, Walter 271-272 Kreisler, Fritz 146-147, 299 Krik, Alexander C. 150 Kubowitzki 215 Kuh, Anton 278 Kuhn, Fritz 367 L La Guardia, Fiorello H. 78-79, 84, 111, 120, 137, 379 Landau, Michel 235 Lang of Lambeth, William Cosmo Gordon Lang, baron 174 Laski, Neville 86-88, 163-168,170-177, 332-333, 392 Lauri, Jakob 323-324 Lecache, Bernard 219 Lee, Ivy 361 Lehman, Herbert H. 65, 145 Lehman, Irving 65, 83 Leschinsky, Jacob 71 Levinson, Salomon O. 100, 106, 114-115 Lévy, Bernard 310 Levy (Levi), Israel 223 Levy, Thomas 166 Lewald, Theodor 300, 302 Lewensteyn 209 Liebschutz 209 Lichtenheim, Richard 322 Likfett, dr. 369 Lipski, Józef 35
Lipsky, Louis 132 Lipstadtová, Deborah 314 Liverman, Gordon 167 Londonderry, Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, markýz 362 Long, Breckinridge 66 Long Jr., Huey Pierce 361 Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, markýz 391 Louis, Joe 316,318-320 Löwenstein, L. 328 Luther, Hans 67, 82, 103, 130 M Mackenzie King, William Lyon 407 439
Rejstřík Mahoney, Jeremiah T. 305-308, 405 Maleh, Jacques 253 Manning, William 69 Marcus, Robert 153-154 Margoshes, Samuel 62-63, 79, 117, 123, 140 Margulies, dr. Emil 273 Margulies, J. 234 Marks, Edwin I. 113 Masaryk, Tomáš G. 269,283 Mastný, Vojtěch 48, 270 McCoy, Samuel Duff 365 McNutt, Paul V. 70 Melchett, Henry Mond, 2. baron 22, 85-88, 166-167, 209, 224, 331-33, 389-392 Melchett, Alffed Moritz Mond, 1. baron 88 Mendelson, Morris J. 74, 79 Messersmith, George 314 Moltke, Hans-Adolf Helmuth von 185-187, 359 Mond, Sir Robert 224 Monsky, Henry 61 Montefiore, Leonard 168, 171, 173,333, 339 Morgenthau Jr., Henry 83, 380 Moro-Giafferi, Vincent de 224 Mortara, Edgardo 53 Mosley, Oswald 171 Motzkin, Leo 97 Mowrer, Edgar A. 375 Münzenberg, Wilhelm 219 N Nataf, dr. Roger 250 Nathan 204 Nathan, Solomon 166 Naumann, Max 328, 334-335 Nelson, Boris Erich 129 Neurath, Konstantin von 48, 51, 72, 270, 324-325, 332-333, 353, 376 Noiet 204 О Obrovský, Jakub 311 O’Brian, John Patrick 69 O’Connell, William Henry, kardinál 325 Omstein, Charles L. 305, 308 440 Omstein, Max 100 Oss, van 204 Ovey, Sir Esmond 391 Owens, Jesse 314 P Pacovský, Ing. R. 284 Pajonk 336 Pathé, Émil 222 Pathé, Charles 222 Pecora, Ferdinand 306 Pelle, István 284 Phillips, William 66-67, 119,139 Philipp 279 Philippsohnová 375 Pirow, Oswald 256 Pius IX. 102 Poliasehuk 215 Posnansky, Israel 111,121 Prins, Alfred 205-206 Prittwitz, Friedrich von 64, 67 Proskauer, Joseph M. 63, 80, 83, 124 R Rabinovici, Walter 235 Rabinowitz, Ezekiel 78, 101-103, 105, 114, 128,134 Rath, Emst vom 149 Reading, Rufhs Issacs, markýz 86, 224,
332 Reese, Maria 209-210 Reifer, Manfred 339 Ridder, G. A. de 204 Riefenstahlová, Leni 315 Richards, Bemard G. 102,128-129 Rímet, Jules 310 Roedel, Emil 384 Roosevelt, Eleanor 360-361 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 14,16-17, 32, 60, 65, 74, 82-84, 89-90, 118, 138, 150-151, 156-157, 306, 314, 319, 361, 368, 380, 394395, 402,405-407 Roper, Daniel 380 Rosenblüth, Martin 322 Rosenfeld 221 Rosenheim, Jacob 331,334 Rosenwald, Lessing J. 114-115
Rejstřík Stojadinović, Milan 232 Straus, Percy J. 112-113 Streicher, Julius 48, 72,170, 377-379 Stricker, Robert 287 Sulzberger, Arthur 127 Szereszowski (Szereszewski), Rafał 188 Szoszkes, Henry 400 Rothschild, Edmond James de, baron 223 Rubien, Frederick W. 304 Rublee, George 156-157 Rumbold, Sir Horace 174-175 S Sargent, Orme G. 176-177 Sarraut, Maurice 221 Seabury, Samuel 120 Sears, James Edmond 204 Segal, Louis 120 Selbmann, Erich 19, 48-49 Sharkey, Jack 315 Sheldon, James H. 153 Sherrill, Charles H. 302 Shultzová, Lily 117 Schacht, Hjalmar 17,19, 31-37, 40-41, 49-50, 82-83,144,157-159,341, 343, 353, 369, 376, 378 Schieffelin, William Jay 151-152, 395, 409 Schmeling, Max 315-319 Schmitt, Kurt 34, 332, 353,378 Schulz (pseud. Cato), dr. 358-359 Schuschnigg, Kurt von 247 Schwerin-Krosigk, Lutz von 322-323, 327328 Siemssen, Paul 371 Silver, Abba Hillel 91,99-102,104,106, 306 Simon, Sir John 172, 174, 200, 309 Singer, Hugo 215 Sluyser, M. 205,286 Smertenko, Johan J. 153 Smith, Alfred E. 69, 100 Smith, Charles Howard 391 Sokołowski 186 Solmssen, Georg 380 Sommerfeldt, Martin Henry 322-323 Sommerstein, dr. Emil 194 Sonderling, Jacob 90 Spanknöbel, Heinz 368 Spiegelman, William 118-120, 403 Spier, Henry O. 368 Stanley, Oliver 387 Stiassni, Alfred 277 Stiassni, Emst 277 Stem, J. David 106, 113 Š Salda, František X. 273 T Tannenberg, Emst August Wilhelm 384 Tenenbaum, Joseph L. 9-10,15-16,21, 58, 90-91, 106-107, 110-111, 113, 116-122, 131-135, 137-146, 150-152, 154, 157-158, 392-394, 396-398, 400-410,412-413 Thiesing, Theodore Heinrich 384 Thomas, Harry 318 Thomas, Norman 113
Tietz, Ludwig 333 Tjarks, Emil 371 Trachtenberg, Jakow 359-360 Tschammer und Osten, Hans von 300, 303 Türkow 209 Tygel, Zelig 403 U Ulmanis, Karlis 195 Untermyer, Samuel 15-16, 77-81, 83, 85, 87-89, 91-93, 98-106, 110-113, 120-122, 124-131,133-136, 140-142,147,151-154, 166-167, 209-211, 298, 317, 356, 368, 411413 V Valsonokas, dr. 200 Valusek, Andrew J. 396 Vansittart, Sir Robert 175-176 Verdier, Jean 260 Végrin 221,223,225 Viereck, George Sylvester 367 Villard, Oswald Garrison 405 Visscher 205 Viadeck, Bamch Chamey 120, 136-142, 158,412 441
Rejstřík W Ž Wagner, Robert F. 69 Waldman, Morris 57-58, 80, 87, 92 Wallach, Ernst 68, 333 Walsh, David I. 144, 306 Walter, Reinhold 368 Wanamaker, John 116 Warburg, Erik 72 Warburg, Felix M. 54-55, 73, 157 Warburg, Frederick 72 Wasserman, Oscar 72 Webber, Walter Joseph 169 Weert, H. de 207 Weil, Bruno 326 Weinstein, dr. 403 Westhoff, E. 369 Wiener, Alfred 68, 87, 206, 326-327 Wiesenberg 283 Wilson, Hugh R. 150 Wilson, Woodrow 77 Winkel, Harald 10-11,19 Winkler, Max 117 Winterstein, dr. A. 279 Winterton, Edward Tumour, hrabě 156 Wise, Stephen S. 15-16, 21, 56, 63-70, 73, 77, 83-85, 89-93, 95, 97, 107-108, 113, 116-117, 120, 122-124, 132, 137-140, 144, 151,157-158, 248, 306, 314, 356, 406 Wiseová, Louis Waterman 107-108,116 Wiślicki, Wacław 188,209,335 Wohlthat, Helmut 157 Wojnowski, Tomasz 266 Wooley, Marie Emma 155 Wormser, Leo 338 Wortmann, Dietrich 307 Wurzel, Izydor 194 Žabotinskij, Vladimir 93, 97,278,411 Žitlovskij, Chajm 120 Y Young, Owen 24, 34 Z Ziegler, Alfred 277 Ziemke, Kurt Max Paul 259-260, 372 Ziv, Benjamin 196 Zonev 375-376 Zucker, Karl 387 Zwicker 277 442
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Résumé German Nazi Anti-Semitism did not affect only German Jews and thus, this research looks at how the global Jewish community reacted. Jews initiated a boycott of Nazi Germany with the aim to destroy the regime economically and steer the country ack to democracy. Even though the boycott movement did achieve some results, its overall aim failed. Most historians pay little or no attention to the boycott because of its limited economic impact. But it is interesting to explore why that was the case. Some claim that the economic rise of Nazi Germany resulted in reviving its internal rather than foreign market. Thus, the boycott could not have had stronger effect even though it made Nazi authorities concerned. Others stress that organizers failed to incite unity of the boycott and without the involvement of individual governments, the whole movement remained a series of private initiatives. Another very important claim refers to the German foreign trade, which was, at the time, under the influence of several concurrent phenomena. Their effects are inseparable and make the effect of the boycott impossible to calculate. When outlining German economic history, many authors comment on the boycott only briefly or do not mention it at all. The authors of this text base their research in existing sources and work mainly with archive materials from Germany, the U.S., Britain and partly from Austria and Czechoslovakia. The press also represents a very important research material. All the previously listed arguments deserve consideration. The
Jewish boycott definitely was damaging for German economy, even though it is impossible to state how much. However, an exact calculation is not necessarily the most important and interesting. There are many other questions which can be explored on the basis of existing documents. These questions refer to the ways in which the boycott was organised, what its promotion was like, how its ideas generally spread and how quickly. The researchers also analyse the approach ofJews in different parts of the world, their 445
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 level of involvement, the involvement ofJewish women organisations or the approach of German Jews. The text also considers whether the boycott movement took into account the situation ofJews in Germany; reasons why some Jews abroad continued buying or trading German goods; the fact that some Jewish sales representatives kept cooperating with German companies and vice versa; and the approach of Nazi offices. Boycott of Germany was not a solely Jewish project. It was organised by members and supporters of left-wing political movements all over the world, because they were also targeted by Nazi persecution. It is, of course, a question to what extent these boycott ideas resonated with the Jewish boycott, whether there was any influence ofJewish leaders on socialist political parties or whether all that was a claim of German propaganda. Many fhrther queries concern other negative effects on German foreign trade, e.g. non-economic areas targeted by the boycott, the boycott as an economic or political movement, the psychological impact of the boycott on both sides and the support of democratic states (open or official). German reaction to the boycott and its defence strategies are also a matter of discussion. The boycott was, of course, a prolonged process. The research looks at the boycott's intensity: whether it was constant, whether it varied in strength or whether it came in waves depending on the events taking place in Germany. It is clear that the topic of Jewish boycott of Germany poses many questions that historians have not
answered yet. This text strives to bring answers to most of the above questions and introduce new interpretations of the Jewish boycott. The study focuses on countries representing the core of the boycott, i.e. the U.S. and Great Britain, and it briefly addresses the boycott idea in all countries, which had a Jewish minority. It evaluates the activity of most influential individuals and organisations in various countries, the situation within the Jewish community in different countries and their varied boycott cooperation. It also deals with international Jewish congresses and conferences, which were very important because of resolutions defining the communities ' standpoint. Finally, the research analyses the approach of German offices focusing on various sources of information, e.g. diplomatic reports, as well as other activities limiting the impact of the boycott. The international integration of the boycott failed because of fragmented movements in individual countries. The U.S., for example, saw attempts to unify the boycott from the very beginning. Problems stemmed out of traditional divisions 446
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 within Jewish political thinking. Old and conservative organisations (e.g. the American Jewish Committee, B’nai В nth) rejected the boycott as too radical, while Zionist organisations (the American Jewish Congress) or the Jewish Labor Committee supported it. There was also a differing sectarian and non-sectarian approach to the movement. The first approach was pursued by the American Jewish Congress, the second was actively promoted by Samuel Untermyer and his Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League. The movement never managed to overcome these differences despite regular negotiations held from the very beginning of the boycott activity. It is difficult to quantify the impact of the boycott on Germany, because many other aspects came into play at the time. The Nazis saw the boycott as a confirmation of their ideology, i.e. the existence of a “global Jewish capitalist movement against Germany”. In this respect, they used the boycott as an excuse for their anti-Semitism (calling it “self-defence”). Nevertheless, at the beginning the boycott caused great concern with many German businessmen and Nazi politicians, because Jewish economic influence in many countries would make the decrease of trade with Germany rather severe. In mid-1930 's, the boycott movement had to deal with its internal crisis. After the initial two years, the interest in the movement was dwindling and the forecasts predicting Hitler's speedy defeat were proved wrong. The 1936 Olympic Games in Germany represented a great opportunity for promoting the boycott. The possible U.S.
boycott of the Olympics was a topic discussed for a long time. But though the idea was quite realistic, the U.S. in the end decided to participate in the Berlin Olympic Games, dealing the boycott a significant blow. Boycott sympathies increased again in the years 1938-1939. At the same time though, the boycott was overshadowed by the problems ofJewish emigrants. Then the situation changed completely at the beginning of the world war. The blockade of Germany as well as its international isolation made the boycott (theoretically) redundant. The beginning of WWII meant the end of the boycott movement. Hitler's regime would not be destroyed without an armed conflict. Leaving aside the international aspect of the boycott and focusing on its course only in Great Britain, the researchers see the main reason for failure in the inability to make the boycott a collective, official matter, formulated as official state policy. The boycott stood a 447
Jewish Boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 chance only if supported by the British government. Such radical step was never seriously considered, which was the case of other countries too. On the other hand, the impact of the boycott should not be underestimated especially in relation to forming modem Jewish identity and strengthening Jewish self-regard. Similar to Zionism, the boycott rejected the internalised image of Jews as passive victims. After all, in 1930's the boycott represented one of the few Jewish weapons. The movement reached across borders and through the complete Jewish community, as it involved both men and women. Its failure fully revealed the paranoia of anti-Semitism with its belief in the all-powerftil global Jewish coup attempting to rule the whole world. Had such “global Jewish brotherhood” existed, the boycott would have had to be successful. Studying the boycott reveals a plethora of relationships, issues and themes. It shows various forms of anti-Nazi movement or the internal tensions within Jewish communities with their traditional assimilation-oriented elites and the Zionist “new people”. That leads to the complex issue of immigration. Last but not least, the boycott movement was part of international relations and great powers diplomacy. Nevertheless, it was the policy of great powers which determined the boycott's failure. Jewish organisations wanted to gain government support, in which they did not succeed: no state government openly supported the boycott of Nazi Germany. In democratic countries, the boycott was usually tolerated pursuant to
freedom of speech and press. In addition, it was often backed up by sympathy with the resistance against the Nazi regime. The interventions of German diplomats were politely accepted, but had little impact. Some countries display another important aspect: the possibility to replace the boycotted German goods on the international market with their own products. Although it was usually an initiative of individual firms, the states often backed up their exporters by diplomatic support. The Jewish or non-Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany offers a wide range of research questions. The archives of state or private institutions are fiili of unresearched data, which can provide new information, especially concerning individual states in which the boycott took place. Translated by Olga Roebuck and John Roebuck
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Prameny a literatura 1938. Von der „Reichskristallnacht“ zum Völkermord, 9. vyd., Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 1999, s. 52-73. MEDLICOTT, William N., The Economic Blockade, voi. 1, 1939-1941, London 1952; voi. 2,1941-1945, London, Fi.M.S.O. - Longmans, Green and Co., 1959. MELZER, Emanuel, No Way Out. The Politics ofPolishJewry 1935-1939, Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College Press 1997. MENDELSOHN, Ezra, Interwar Poland: Good or Bad for the Jews?, in: Chimen ABRAMSKY ֊ MACIEJ JACHIMCZYK ֊ ANTON POLONSKY (eds.), The Jews in Poland, Oxford, Blackwell 1986, s. 130-139. MICHLIC, Joanna Beata, Poland's Threatening Others. The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present, Lincoln and London, University՜ of Nebrasca Press 2006. MONTEFIORE, Leonard G., The Jews in Germany. Facts and Figures, London, Anglo-Jewish Association 1934. MOORE, Deborah Dash, В 'nai В 'rith and the Challenge ofEthnic Leadership, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1981. MORRIS, Benny, The Roots ofAppeasement The British Weekly Press and Nazi Germany During 1930 's, London, Routledge 1991. MÜLLER, Helmut, Dějiny Německa, Praha, NLN 1995. NASAW, David, The chief The life ofWilliam Randolph Hurst, New York 2000. NICOSIA, Francis R„ Ein nützlicher Feind. Zionismus im nazionalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933-1939, VierteljahrshefteթրZeitgeschichte 1989, č. 3, s. 367-400. NICOSIA, Francis R., The Third Reich and the Palestine (Question, Austin, University of Texas Press 1985. NORDEN, Margaret К., American Editorial Response to the Rise of Adolf Hitler: A Preliminary Consideration, American
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Prameny a literatura Internetové zdroje: Leo DRIBINS, The History ofthe Jewish Community in Latvia. A BriefChronological Survey. Viz https://web.archive.org/web/20090511003319/http://www.am.gov.lv/en/ministry/ 4265/4299/#l֊32 [14. 12. 2018]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lithuania, [6. 1. 2019]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/estonia [6. 1. 2019]. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-losses-during-the-holocaustby-country [20. 12. 2018]. Ivo GOLDSTEIN, The Jews in Yugoslavia 1918-1941. Antisemitism and the Struggle for Equality, Jewish Studies, Public Lectures 1999-2000, s. 1. http://web.ceu.hu/ jewishstudies/pdf/02_goldstein.pdf [20. 1. 2018]. 434 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:55:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788075603371 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032621169 |
| oclc_num | 1245330213 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 448 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210507 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Univerzita Pardubice |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jiránek, Tomáš 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)141624205 aut Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Tomáš Jiránek, Zbyněk Vydra, Blanka Zubáková Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Vydání první Pardubice Univerzita Pardubice 2020 448 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 417-434 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 1933-1941 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Boykott (DE-588)4132654-4 gnd rswk-swf Drittes Reich (DE-588)4013021-6 gnd rswk-swf Drittes Reich (DE-588)4013021-6 s Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Boykott (DE-588)4132654-4 s Geschichte 1933-1941 z DE-604 Vydra, Zbyněk 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)131538764 aut Zubáková, Blanka Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jiránek, Tomáš 1965- Vydra, Zbyněk 1978- Zubáková, Blanka Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Boykott (DE-588)4132654-4 gnd Drittes Reich (DE-588)4013021-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4132654-4 (DE-588)4013021-6 |
| title | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| title_alt | Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| title_auth | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| title_exact_search | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| title_full | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Tomáš Jiránek, Zbyněk Vydra, Blanka Zubáková |
| title_fullStr | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Tomáš Jiránek, Zbyněk Vydra, Blanka Zubáková |
| title_full_unstemmed | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 Tomáš Jiránek, Zbyněk Vydra, Blanka Zubáková |
| title_short | Židovský bojkot nacistického Německa 1933-1941 |
| title_sort | zidovsky bojkot nacistickeho nemecka 1933 1941 jewish boycott of nazi germany 1933 1941 |
| title_sub | = Jewish boycott of Nazi Germany 1933-1941 |
| topic | Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Boykott (DE-588)4132654-4 gnd Drittes Reich (DE-588)4013021-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Boykott Drittes Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032621169&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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