Lepanto 1571: the Madonna's victory
The battle of Lepanto has long been considered one of the decisive naval battles of history. Yet, the savage fighting on Sunday, 7 October 1571 left the strategic map unchanged and the defeated Ottoman Turks were able to replace their losses and launch a new fleet the following year. Nic Fields re-e...
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| Format: | Buch |
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2020
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| Zusammenfassung: | The battle of Lepanto has long been considered one of the decisive naval battles of history. Yet, the savage fighting on Sunday, 7 October 1571 left the strategic map unchanged and the defeated Ottoman Turks were able to replace their losses and launch a new fleet the following year. Nic Fields re-examines the battle and concludes that, while it merely confirmed a strategic reality that had already emerged during the 16th century (i.e. that naval supremacy lay with the Sublime Porte in the eastern Mediterranean, and with Habsburg Spain and its Catholic allies in the western Mediterranean), it's vital importance was psychological. It sank the perception of Ottoman dominance and the inevitability of Islam's westward encroachment beyond the Balkans. With over 200 ships per side, it was the largest naval battle in sixteen centuries and the last major fight between fleets composed entirely of the muscle-driven galley. These slender ships were the direct descendants of the Classical trireme but carried cannon and marines bearing firearms, although massed archery and cold steel still played a major role on the fateful day |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVII, 426 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln |
| ISBN: | 9781526716514 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a The battle of Lepanto has long been considered one of the decisive naval battles of history. Yet, the savage fighting on Sunday, 7 October 1571 left the strategic map unchanged and the defeated Ottoman Turks were able to replace their losses and launch a new fleet the following year. Nic Fields re-examines the battle and concludes that, while it merely confirmed a strategic reality that had already emerged during the 16th century (i.e. that naval supremacy lay with the Sublime Porte in the eastern Mediterranean, and with Habsburg Spain and its Catholic allies in the western Mediterranean), it's vital importance was psychological. It sank the perception of Ottoman dominance and the inevitability of Islam's westward encroachment beyond the Balkans. With over 200 ships per side, it was the largest naval battle in sixteen centuries and the last major fight between fleets composed entirely of the muscle-driven galley. These slender ships were the direct descendants of the Classical trireme but carried cannon and marines bearing firearms, although massed archery and cold steel still played a major role on the fateful day | |
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| adam_text | Contents List ofPlates Abbreviations A note on Turkish words and transliteration Lepanto Prelude Part I: The Players ix xvii xix xx 1 Chapter 1 The Veteran 3 Chapter 2 The Corsair 24 Chapter 3 The Emperor 35 Chapter 4 The King 40 Chapter 5 Spanish Steel 56 Chapter 6 The Bastard 74 Chapter 7 La Serenissima 86 Chapter 8 The Hospitallers 99 Chapter 9 His Holiness 118 Chapter 10 The Porte 134 Chapter 11 Invincible Infantry 150 Part II: The Pieces 171 Chapter 12 The Galleys 173 Chapter 13 The Guns 200 Chapter 14 The Men 225
vi Lepanto 1571 Part III: The Contest 255 Chapter 15 The Approach 257 Chapter 16 Battle Arrays 268 Chapter 17 Sunday Seventh 287 Chapter 18 Barren Victory 303 Part IV: The Myth 307 Chapter 19 War Stories 309 Chapter 20 Mary’s Victory 320 Lepanto Finale Appendix I: The Gunpowder Reformation Appendix II: Bull Against Elizabeth I Appendix III: A Town Called Naupaktos Notes Bibliography Index 328 335 340 345 354 397 409
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Index Acheloüs, river, 266, 389 ո. 18 Acre, 102-103 fall of (28 May 1291), 103 Actium, battle of (2 September 31 BC), 33-4, 265 Acquaviva d’Aragóna, Monsignor Giulio, 9, 365 n.lO Adrian VI, pope (r. 1522-23), 105 Adriatic Sea, 24, 79, 88-9,95, 117, 182, 263, 377 n.l Aegean Sea, xiv, 24, 26,143-5,148,177, 259, 371-2 ո.22 Agincourt, battle of (25 October 1415), 380 n.30, 365 n.7 Agnadello, battle of (14 May 1509), 95, 125, 371 n.17 Ágoston, Gábor, Hungarian academic and historian, 98, 148-9,164-5 Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, El Gran Duque de, 20, 44, 68, 78, 362-3 ո. 13 and firearms, 219, 221 Albania/Albanian(s), 17, 25-6,79,95, 229, 258, 328, 347, 350, 371 n.18, 377 n.l, 378 n.20, 396 n.19 Alberghetti, Giovanni (Zuane) II, Venetian gun founder, 204—205, 383 n.10 Alexander VI, pope (r. 1492-1503), 121-3,131, 337, 362 n.8, 369 n.U, 375-6 n.8 Algiers, xxv, 19, 25, 28, 31—2, 34,71,114, 131,132, 147,169, 236,237, 312, 331 el Peñón de Argel, 31 seized by Barbarossa brothers, 29-30 ‘All az-Zāhir, seventh caliph of the Fātimids (r. 1021-36), 99 Amalfi, duchy of/Amalfitane, 99-100 Amurét Turgut Re’īs, 259, 285, 390 ո. 16 Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (r. 1282-1328), 103 d’Andrada, Fra’ Gil, Castilian Knight Hospitaller and captain of La Real, 115,263,276 Ankara/Angora, 167 battle of (28 July 1402), 151-2 Anne de Beaujeu, regent of France (r. 1483-91), 335 Antwerp, citadel of, 204, 370 n.20 Ariosto, Ludovico, 230 Orlando Furioso (1516), 230-1 Armada, the Spanish, 13,45,47, 51-5, 71,129,196, 207-208, 250, 340, 364 n.37, 364 n.38 and the English Channel,
47, 52, 54—5, 197 departs Lisbon, 54—5 wrecks, 54-5, 205 Castillo Negro, 54 La Trinidad Valencera (née La Balanzara), 204—205, 383 n.9 armour, xiv-xv, 11, 58, 63, 66, 94, 164, 219, 221, 229, 260,287, 363 n.16, 365-6 n.14 brigantine, 115 burgonet, 69 half-, x, 115,295, 303 morion cabasset, x-xi, xiv-xv, 69, 303 of pikeman, 69 plate, 107, 303 arms trade, 206-208, 209 Arnaut Mamí, Albanian renegade and Barbary corsair, 17 artillery, passim and accuracy of, 193-4,203-204,212-14,232 see also gunnery
410 Lepanto 1571 and bell(s), church, 208-11, 216 bronze, 148, 201, 206, 208-12, 384 ո.23 copper, 98, 148, 211-12 tin, 98,148, 207-208, 212 zinc, 211-12, 384 n.30 English, 215 table culverin, 202-203, 207 demi-cannon, 202, 207 demi-culverin, xii, 196,198, 202-203, 215, 217 falcon, 203 falconet, 203 minion, 203 robinet, 203 saker, xii, 202-203 Genoese, basilico, 201 falconetto, 201 medio cañón, 201 sacre, 201 smerigli petrieri alla veneziana, 206 iron, cast, 207, 209 wrought, xi-xii, 206, 209, 384 n.23 Ottoman, basilisk, 148, 202 baş topu, 303 balyemez, 259 darbzen/zarbzen, 158, 379-80 n.28 sayka topu, xii, 303 Spanish (and dependencies), cañón, xi, 53,196, 203,217 cañón de batir, 203-204 culebrina, 203, 208-209 medio cañón, 53, 196 media culebrina, xi, 196, 205, 217 pedrero, 196, 217, 300 sacre, xi-xii, 196-7, 204, 217 verso, 206, 217 Venetian, aspide, 202 cannone, 202 colubrine, 202 falcone, 202, 216, 233, 273, 275, 277 falconetto, 202, 216, 233, 273 moschetto da braga/da maseolo, 216-17, 384 n.40 moschetto da zuogo, 216 pedrero/petriere, 216, 273, 275, 277, 300 petriere da braga, 205-206 petriere da mascolo, 205 sacro, xii, 202 Atatürk, Kemâl Mustafa, xxvi, 138 d’Avalos, Fernando Francesco, V marqués de Pescara, 60 Avignon, 104,120, 375 n.4 Ávila, Santa Teresa, 25, 256 n.4 Azores, 362 n.8 Punta Delgada, naval battle of (26 July 1582), 47, 363 n.20 Spanish conquest of, 47 Babington, Sir Anthony, English Catholic and conspirator, 128-9 Badoer, Andrea, Venetian bailo to Constantinople, xxvii Badoer, Gian Andrea, Venetian shipbuilder, 196 Balbi di Correggio, Francesco,
Italian harquebusier and journalist, 7, 373^1 n.18 Barbarigo, Agostino, Venetian provveditore generale da mar, 251, 265 at Lepanto, 267,272-3,288,289-92,302 Barbaro, Marc’Antonio, Venetian bailo in Constantinople, 301, 329 Barbarossa, Hayreddin (Khizr), 24—5, 27-31, 34, 38,144-5, 306, 390 n.15 as beylerbeyi of Algiers, 30-1 captures Tunis, 32 as kapudan-ı derya, 31-2 his origins, 26 at Preveza, 32-3, 271 retakes Algiers, 31 winters at Toulon, 177 wooed by Charles V, 32 Barbarossa, Oruç, 25-6, 29-31, 359 n.3, 359 п.7 Barbary Coast, 19, 29-30, 79,147, 179, 306, 330 see also Algiers, presidios, Tripoli, Tunis
Index Barcelona, xi, xxxvi, 17, 75, 362 Barry, Gerat, Irish Catholic Irish captain in Spanish service and military theorist, 68,160, 243, 367 n.29 battle scars, 21, 237 Bâyezîd I Yildirim, Ottoman sultan (r. 1389-1402, f 1403), 104, 152 Bâyezîd II, Ottoman sultan (r. 14811512), 168, 346, 395 n.5, 395 n.6 Bazán el Viejo, Don Alvaro de, cupitán general de las Galeras de España, 229 Beolco, Andrea, Paduan playwright and actor, 96 beer, 248-9 Belgrade, xxv, 355 ո. 13 fall of (29 August 1521), 105, 134 Bellay, Martin du, 384 ո.45 Bellini, Gentile, Venetian artist, xii-xiii Ben֊Hur{ 1959), 225-6,318 Bicocca, battle of (27 April 1522), 59, 228 Bingham, Sir Richard, English soldier and seaman, Lord President of Connaught, 311, 392 n.5 Birgitta of Sweden (Saint), mystic, xxxv Biringuccio, Vanoccio, 148, 203 De la pirotechnica (1540), 148 biscuit(s), sea/ship, 246-7, 248-51, 315, 363 n.21, 387 n.51, 387 n.52, 387 n.53 Black Sea, 237, 305, 371-2 n.22, 380 n.30, 388 n. 11 Blomberg, Barbara, mother of Don Juan de Austria, 74 boarding and entering, xii, 53—4, 115, 176,192-5,197, 205-206, 214, 216, 227-9, 295 Bologna, 124, 210-11 bombard(s), 142,148, 206, 336, 388 n.7 Bonnivet, Guillaume II Gouffier, seigneur de, 60 Borgia, Alfonso, see Callistus III, pope Borgia, Cesare, duca di Valentino, 118, 122-4, 337, 375-6 n.8, 376 n.12, 376 n.13 Borgia, Giovanni, II duca di Gandia, papal capitano generale, 121, 375-6 n.8, 376 n.12 Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, pope 411 Bosio, Giacomo, 236 Botero, Giovanni, Piemontese priest, thinker and diplomat, 334 Della Ragion di Stato (1589), 334 bow,
composite recurve, Turkish, xiii, 158-9,161-1,198, 272, 296, 303, 373 n.16, 380 ո.32 bow gun, see main centreline gun Bragadin, Ambrogio, Venetian galleass captain, 272-3, 390 n.8 Bragadin, Antonio, Venetian galleass captain, 273, 390 n.8 Bragadin, Filippo, provveditore generale del Golfo, 304 Bragadin, Marc’ Antonio, Venetian capitano generale of Famagusta, xxxi-v, 356 n.31, 390 n.8 Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbé et seigneur de, 21, 60 Braudel, Fernand, French historian, 28, 88,116, 320-1,333-4 bread, xxxiv, 18,152, 225, 247-50, 319, 334, 387 n.51, 387 n.58 Broquière, Bertrandon de, Burgundian spy, 150 Bua, Pietro, Venetian galley capitan, 278, 299 Buchanan, George, Scottish Protestant historian and humorist, 126-7, 323 Burgundy, duchy of, 36,70, 360 n.3 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, Habsburg ambassador to Constantinople, 155-6, 160,162,165-7 Byron, George Gordon Noël, Lord, Scottish philhellene and poet, 345, 347-53 death of, 349 at Mesolóngi, 347, 349, 351-2 final siege of (27 April 1825-23 April 1826), 396 n.19 and Naupaktos, 347 his Souliotes, 347, 395 n.10 his works, Childe Harold s Pilgrimage (1812— 18), 348, 350, 395 n.13,396 n.20, 396 n.23 Donjuan (1819-24), 351
412 Lepanto 1571 Cabrera de Cordoba, Luis, Spanish historian, 14 Caetani, Onorato, duca di Sermoneta, capitan generale delle fanterie pontifcie, 261, 294 caique, 198, 385 n.4 Calabria/Calabrian(s), 25, 113, 143-5, 262, 305 Çaldıran, battle of (23 August 1514), 168 Callistus III, pope (r. 1455-8), 121 Campaldino, battle of (11 June 1289), 371 n.8 Campion, Edmund (Saint), English Catholic martyr, 341 Canal, Antonio, Venetian provveditore, 313 Canal, Cristoforo, Venetian naval commander, 203 Canning, George, British foreign secretary (in office 1822-7), 352 Capo d’Orso, naval battle of (28 May 1528), 201, 228 Carafa, Antonio, duca di Rocca Mondragone, 261 Cárdenas, Don Bernardino de, 295 Cardona, Giovanni Antonio de, 271, 281, 290, 298 Carpio, Bernardo del, legendary hero of Asturias, xxiii, 354 n.7 Carlos III of Spain (r. 1759-88), 360 n.5, 369 n.ll Carlos, Don (Carlos de Austria), 75, 368 n.2 carrack(s), 176, 374n.25 Sant’ Anna (Hospitaller), 114, 374 n.28 Casimir, Johann, von Pfalz-Simmern, 81, 370 n. 17 Cassière, Jean l’Evesque de la, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1572-81), 374-5 n.35 Castlereagh, Viscount, British foreign secretary (in office 1812-22), 351-2, 396 n.23 Castiglione, Baldassare, 122 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, passim and captive in Algiers, xiii, 11,15,18-21, 23,145, 147, 239, 358 n.42 his death and (re)burial, 22-3 flees Spain, 8-9 soldier at Lepanto, ix, 10-11, 13-16, 82 suffers PTSD, 19-22 his works, Don Quixote (1605,1615), passim and La historia del cautivo, 20-1, 326, 332, 378 n.20 El trato de Argel (1582), 20-1, 85, 326, 358 n.42 La Galatea
(1585), 17,21, 357 п.10 Los baños de Argel (1615), 20-1 Los trabajos de Persiks y Sigismunda (1617), 8,21 Novelas ejemplares (1613), 22-3, 368-9 n.6 El amante liberal, 8 El coloquio de los perros, 8-9 La gitanilla, 8 Viaje del Parnaso (1614), 4,16, 76, 368-9 n.6 his wounds, ix, 11,15-16, 23 Cervantes, Rodrigo de, father of Cervantes, 7 Cervantes, Rodrigo de, brother of Cervantes, 17,18, 261, 363 n.20 Charles V, king of Spain (r. 1516-56), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-56, J1558), xi, 4, 30, 32, 49, 56, 60, 67, 75, 89,105, 227, 243, 304, 357 n. 12, 358 n.29, 360-1 n.8 his abdication, 39 his empire, 35—7, 68, 360 n.4 suffers gout, 39,41, 361 n. 10 and Tunis campaign (1535), 36-8, 114, 229, 330, 332, 361 n.9, 363 n.16 Charles VII of France, 225 Charles VIII of France (r. 1483-98), 335-7, 363 n.16 Charles IX of France (r. 1560-74), ix, 135, 240, 306, 377 n.4 Charles Téméraire, duc de Bourgogne (r. 1467-77), 70, 360 n.3, 376-7 n. 15 Chesterton, G.K. (Gilbert Keith), 134, 135, 309 ‘Lepanto’, x, 44—5, 56
Index Cicogna, Marco, Venetian galley captain, 281,291 Ciğalzade Yusuf Sinan Paşa (née Scipione Cicala), Genoese renegade and kapudan-i derya, 143-4, 331 Cinuzzi, Imperiale, Tuscan soldier of fortune, 248 Cinzio, Giovan Battista Giraldi (Cinthio), Ferrarese novelist and poet, 324 Un Capitano Moro (1565), 324 Cisneros, Cardinal Francesco Jimenez de, 25 ciurma, 247-8, 252, 269 Hospitaller, 113, 246, 249, 374 ո.29, 385 ո.17 Ottoman Turk, 257-8, 272, 305-306, 354 ո.10 Spanish (and dependencies), 184, 229, 246, 262, 269 Venetian, 93-4, 182-3,185,196, 261-2, 270, 329 Clausewitz, Carl von, 394 ո. 1 Clement V, pope (r. 1305-14), 104 Clement VII, pope (r. 1523-34), 106, 382 n.l Clement XI, pope (r. 1700-21), 393 n.15 Clerkenwell Priory, 109, 373 n.15 Colonna, Fabrizio, Roman condottiere, 58, 123 Colonna, Marc’Antonio, duca di Tagliacozzo, Roman noble and papal capitano generale, 117,183, 261, 265, 319 at Lepanto, 267, 277, 295 Colonna, Oddo, see Martin V, pope Colonna, Prospero, Roman condottiere, 262, 269 Contarini, Giovanni Pietro, 214, 291-2, 302, 391 n. 10 Contarini, Marino, Venetian galley captain, 281,290, 390ո.13 Contarini del Zaffo, Giovanni, Venetian galley captain, 274, 291 Conti II, Niccolò di, Venetian gun founder, 205 Constance, Council of (1414—18), 119-20 Constantinople, passim and harem, 33, 138 413 Ottoman conquest of (29 May 1453), xxiv, 77,134 Topkapı Sarayı, 138,152 convict(s), xiii, 84, 94,113,185-6,192, 225-6, 234, 238-9, 250, 270, 296 see also ciurma Cordoba, Gonzalvo Fernandez de, El gran capitân, 57-8, 221, 358 n.29 Cerignola, battle of (28 April 1503), 57-8
Corinth, Gulf of, xiv, 258, 345, 347 Corinth, Isthmus of, 259 Сотаго, Caterina, queen of Cyprus (r. 1473-89, f 1510), xxx corsair(s), 198-9, 333-4 see also piracy Barbary, 11,17-18, 24-5, 27-8, 30-1, 34, 50-1, 76, 135,137, 144,146,179, 251, 259, 298-9, 301, 306, 312, 321, 330-1 Christian, xxvi, 25, 46, 51,113, 116-17, 234 corso/guerre de course, 113-14 see also piracy Cortes, Hernán, conquistadore, 4 Cortinas, Doña Leonor, mother of Cervantes, 18—19 la Creda у Silva, Juan de, duque de Medina Celi, Spanish viceroy of Sicily, 49 Crillon, Louis des Balbes de Berton de (le Brave Crillon), French Knight Hospitaller, 310 Dali Mamí el Cojo, Greek renegade and Barbary corsair, 17—18 Dandolo, Niccolò, Venetian lugotenente generale del regno of Cyprus, xxxi, xxxiii Dante, Alighieri, 21-2, 36, 90-1, 371 n.8 Dardanelles, 34, 371—2 n.22 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord 323 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, conquistadore, 4 Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid), xxiii, 354 n.7 Djerba, 27, 34, 237
414 Lepanto 1571 expedition to (1560), 49-50,114, 143, 145, 227, 260, 263, 296-7 Donjuan de Austria, passim and his ambitions, 74, 78-9 and Cervantes, 11,16, 20, 85 his death, 84-5 his early life, 74-5 at Lepanto, xv, 53, 77-8, 214, 266-7, 270-1, 275-6,287-8, 292-6,300, 304-305, 312, 327 in the Low Countries, 79-82, 84, 311 and the morisco revolt, 76-7, 270, 381 n.6 and Tunis campaign (1573), 330-3 Doria, Andrea, 32, 49,114,145,173, 201, 228-9 at Preveza, 89-90 Doria, Antonio, 228 Doria, Filippino, 201 Doria, Gianandrea, 49-50, 78,117, 144-5, 250, 261 at Lepanto, xv, 275, 277, 279, 296-9 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 22 Drake, Sir Francis, 27-8, 51, 340, 364 n.32 ducato/ducati, 93, 96,116,197, 216, 328, 346, 358 ո.29, 363 ո.19, 363 n.21 Duodo, Francesco, Venetian galleass captain, 275, 304 Dutch Republic, xx, 79-80, 85, 208, 370 n.23 rebellion/rebels, 43, 71, 80-5, 311, 362-3 n.13, 368 n.2, 369 n.8, 369 n.12, 370 n.20, 370 n.24 urban militias (schutters), 79, 369 n.10 Dürer, Albrecht, German artist and theorist, 339, 360 ո. 1 Echinades (Curzolaris archipelago), 266, 300 Oxeia, islet of, 300, 389 n.18 Edward VI of England (r. 1547-53), 109 Eliot, T.S. (Thomas Stearns), 22-3 Elisabeth de Valois, 42,129, 362 n.5, 368 n.2 Elizabeth I of England, 13, 53, 74,109, 128-9,131, 207, 322, 361 n.2, 364 n.32, 367 n.28, 370 n. 14 and the Dutch rebels, 81, 85 excommunicated (25 February 1570), 127, 321, 340֊4 and Mary queen of Scots, 126-7,129 her navy, 207-209, 245, 363 n.21 Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch theologian and humanist, 65, 83, 95, 166 Duke bellum inexpertis, 65, 366 n.16 Escorial, San
Lorenzo del, 40, 52, 85 Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of, 367 n.28 Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman traveller and writer, 160, 379 n.23 Falklands/Malvinas War (2 April-20 June 1982), 59,121, 242, 364 n.33, 387 n.62 Famagusta, xx, xxx-i, xxxv-vi, 89, 355 n.26, 393 n.10 Martinengo Bastion, ix-x San Luca Bastion, ix-x siege of (15 September 1570-1 August 1571), xxxi—v, 148, 356 n.31, 390 n.8 Farnese, Alessandro, duca di Parma e Piacenza (r. 1586-92), 47,75 at Lepanto, 309-10 in the Low Countries, 80-1 Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, pope Farnese, Giulia, 369 n.ll Farnese, Ottavio, duca di Parma e Piacenza (r. 1547-86), 75 Fausto, Vettor, Venetian naval architect, 181-3,187 Felton, John, English Catholic martyr, 125,127 Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479-1516), 24, 26, 35-6, 57, 106,121, 361 n.4, 362 n.8 Ferdinand I de Austria, king of Bohemia and Hungry (r. 1526-64), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1556-64), xxiv-v, 39, 155, 361 n.12, 363 n.16 Ferrara, duchy of, 9,125,211 d’Este, Alfonso, duca di Ferrara (r. 1504-34), 211 Ferrara, Fra’ Martin de, Aragonese Knight Hospitaller, 318—19 Fincati, Luigi, 381 n.2
Index Finlay, George, Scottish philhellene and historian, 347, 348-9, 395 ո. 10 Flanders, Army of (Ejército de Flandes), 13,68, 78, 84, 248, 369ո.13 and mutinies, 84, 357 n.12, 370 n.20 and professionalism, 71-2 Florence, 9,120,125,180, 234, 337, 376 n.13, 376-7 n.15, 383 n.10, 391 n.13, 394 n.7 forzati, 186-7 see also convict(s) Fortuna (personification), 371 n.8, 391 n.16 Franco, Francisco, General, xxii-iii François I of France, 59-60, 357 n.8, 363 n.16, 365 n.4, 384 n.45 Madrid, Treaty of (1526), 60 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 243-4, 249, 364 n.37 Froissart, Jean, Flemish chronicler, 193 Furttenbach der Altere, Joseph, Bavarian engineer and architect, 180, 226 galleass(es), 53, 196-7, 233, 269, 305, 363 n.21 Venetian at Lepanto, 196-7, 257, 259, 266, 268, 271-3, 275, 277, 287, 289, 296, 304-305,329 galiot(s), 197-9, 268, 271-2, 281-3,285, 299-300 Barbary, 17-19, 237, 251, 284 galleon(s), 116, 364 n.38, 374n,28 Spanish, xii, 53, 55, 341, 363 n.21, 364 n.37 galley(s), passim and armament of, xii, 92-3,175-6, 200-201, 205-206,216-18,303, 306 bastarda, 186, 271-2, 382 n.21, 389-90 n.7 capitana, 113,184, 195,197, 375 n.37, 389-90 n.7 construction of, 177-80 fighting complement of, Genoese, 226, 228-9, 269-70 Hospitaller, 112-13, 115, 261, 374 n.29 Ottoman Turk, 271-2, 294-5 415 Papal, 269-70, 295 Spanish (and dependencies), 227-9, 261, 269-70 Venetian, 93—4, 229, 264, 269 lanterna, 184, 389—90 n.7, 390 n.14 limitations of, 89,173-7 named, 272-81 Aquila Nero e D’Oro (Venetian), 278, 299 Cristo Risorto IV (Venetian), 278, 299 La Donzella (Genoese), 279, 299 Dio Padre e la Trinità
(Venetian), 274, 291 Due Mani (Venetian), 280, 294 La Elbigina (Tuscan), 49 La Fiorenza (Tuscan), 277, 299 La Grifona (papal), 277, 294, 390 n.9 Gusmana (Napolese), 278, 299 La Loba (Spanish), 280, 295 La Marchesa (Spanish), 10, 280, 310 Nostra Donna (Venetian), 281, 291 La Piemontesa (Savoyard), 278, 299 La Pisana (Tuscan), 277, 317 La Real (Spanish), xi, xv, 115, 217, 262-3, 267, 269-70, 276, 288, 292-6,310, 327 San Giorgio (Venetian), 280, 293 San Giovanni (Hospitaller), 277, 374 n.29 San Giovanni (papal), 279, 299 San Pietro (Hospitaller), 277, 374 n.29 Santa Caterina (Venetian), 281, 291 Santa Lucia (papal), 94 Santa Maria della Concezione (Hospitaller), 26 Santa Maria Maddalena (Venetian), 281, 290-1 Santa Maria della Victoria (Hospitaller), 117, 268, 277, 318-19, 374 n.29 El Sol (Spanish), 17 II Sole (Venetian), 281, 290-1 Sultana (Ottoman Turk), xi, xv, 269, 272, 282, 292-6, 309, 312-13, 390 n.12 La Toscana I (Tuscan), 49
416 Lepanto 1571 La Toscana II (Tuscan), 277 Uomo Armato (Venetian), 264, 278 patrona, 197—8 provisioning of, 174, 246-50 rowing systems, alla zenzile (sémiié), 181-3,185, 187-8 a scaloccio, 113,183,185-7,197, 199, 233 sailing rig of, 173—4 tactical use of, 192-5, 214—16 boarding and entering, xii, 14—15, 93, 115, 176, 192-5, 197, 205-206, 214, 216, 227-9, 292, 295 arrumbada (It. arrembata), 217, 288 spalliera, 91, 201, 205, 252, 267, 288, 294-5 spur (sperone), the, 179,193-4, 303 Gama, Vasco da, 188, 315 Gerard d’Amalfi (Blessed Gerard), 100 García Alvarez de Toledo Osorio, Don, capitan generai de la Mar Mediterraneo y Adriatico, 50, 75, 77-8, 227, 261 advises Donjuan de Austria, 264, 271, 388 п.10 Germigny, Jacques de, French ambassador to Constantinople, 208 Gerung, Matthias, German woodcut artist, 120 Gascony/Gascon(s), 115,117,122, 221, 357 п.18, 365 n.4 Gembloux, battle of (31 January 1578), 81 Genoa, Republic of, Genoese, xv, xxx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 51, 145, 206, 234, 236, 260, 272 n.22, 346, 371-2 n.22, 388 n.ll galleys of, xv, 32, 38,105, 135,145, 173,179-80,187, 201, 225-9, 250, 261, 269-70, 275, 287, 388 n.ll, 391 n.9 gens d armes, 58-60 Geuffroy, Fra’ Antoine de, French Knight Hospitaller, 151 Ghislieri, Michele (née Antonio), see Pius V, pope Ghislieri, Paolo, nephew of Pius V, 131-2, 312 Giustiniani, Fra’ Pietro, Hospitaller prior of Messenia, 261, 277, 298-9, 391 n.10 Golden Fleece, Order of the, 75, 368 n.4 Góngora y Argote, Luis de, Spanish lyric poet, 236 Gonzaga, Fernando, viceroy of Sicily, 32 Gonzaga, Giulia, duchess of Traetto, 33, 360 n.ll Grácián de la
Madre Dios, Fra’Jerónimo, Spanish Carmelite and Barbary slave, 251 Granada, Kingdom of, 26, 76-7, 270, 381 n.6 Granvelle, Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de, senior advisor to Philip II, 44, 261, 331 Gravelines, naval battle of (8 August 1588), 364Ո.38 Greece/Greeks, xiv, 5, 25-6, 32, 56, 77, 79,95,229,234,257,259,263,266, 272,351-3, 360 n.4, 389 n.18 and Lord Byron, 349-52, 395 n.13 Gregory I, pope (r. AD 590-604), 130 Gregory XI, pope (r. 1370-8), 375 n.4 Gregory XIII, pope (r. 1572-85), 165—6, 310-11, 316, 328, 374-5 n.35, 393 n.15 Guicciardini, Francesco, Florentine diplomat and historian, 59, 336, 376 n.12, 39ІП.16, 394 n.3 gunner(s)/gunnery, 53-4, 212-13, 264, 394 n.6 ‘point blank’, 212, 215 table Venetian, 232-3 gunpowder, passim and charcoal, 148, 223, 241 saltpetre (potassium nitrate), 148, 222-4, 241 oxygen, 222-3 sulphur, 148, 223—4, 241 guns, see artillery Haarlem, siege of (1572—3), 369 n.10, 370 n.23 Habsburg, Rudolf von, King of the Romans (r. 1273-91), 36, 371 n.8 Hacì Murād Re’is, xv, 147, 378 n.20 Haedo, Fra’ Diego de, Benedictine monk and Barbary slave, 56, 169
Index halberd(s)/halberdier, 62, 64,115, 228, 313, 360 n.3, 366 n.23, 384 n.23 Halut, Remigy de, Flemish gun founder, 204 hardtack, see biscuit(s), sea/ship Hawkins (Hawkyns), Sir Richard, English seaman and privateer, 315 Henri II of France (r. 1547-59), 240, 242 Henri III of France, 129, 240, 357 n.18 Henri IV of France (r. 1589-1610), 239, 310 Edict of Nantes (15 April 1598), 239 Henri duc de Guise, 129 Henry VIII of England, 119, 125, 209-10, 340, 342, 357 n.8, 365 n.7, 383-4 n.22, 392 n.3 guns of, 201-202, 207, 209, 339 and the Hospitallers, 109 Hindi Mahmud, Lepanto veteran, 315—16 Holy See, 104,119-20,124, 267, 371 n.8 see also Papal States Great Schism, the (1378-1417), 119, 124 d’Homedes y Coscon, Juan, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1536-53), 109, 374 n.28 Howard, Lord Charles of Effingham, 51, 364 n.37 Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, 244 Hoyos, Juan López de, Spanish Erasmist intellect, 8 Hungary, kingdom of,/Hungarian(s), 25, 39, 73, 98,104, 111, 139,149,158,161, 164,166, 361 n.ll, 361 n.4, 380 n.33, 380 n.34 Mohács, battle of (29 August 1526), 158, 161, 164, 355 n.13, 379-80 n.28 Hürrem Sultan (Roxelane), wife of Süleyman I and mother of Selim II, ix, xxviii, 260, 355 n.19 Idiáquez, Don Juan de, secretary to Philip II of Spain, 52 Innocent II, pope (r. 1130-43), 100 Quant amabilis Deo (20 February 1131), 100 417 Innocent III, pope (r. 1198-1216), 358 n.39 Inquisition, Holy Office of the, xx-xxi, 3, 30,42,131, 362 n.9 Ionian Sea, xiv, 258, 266 Ireland, 70, 73, 108-109, 310-11, 361 n.3, 374-5 n.35 Smerwick, siege (and massacre) of (7-10 November 1580),
311 Spanish wrecks on, 54—5, 204 Isabella of Castile (r. 1474—1504), 26, 35-6, 121, 361 n.4, 362 n.8 Lisle-Adam, Fra’ Philippe Villiers de, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1521-34), 105, 109 Istanbul, see Constantinople Italian wars (1494 to 1559), 57, 59-60, 240-1 Ithaka, xiv, 265 James V of Scotland (r. 1513—12), 126 James VI/I of Scotland/England (r. 1603-25), 129,137, 322-4, 355 n.18, 366 n.19, 370 n.24 Lepanto (1591), 323 janissaries, corps of, passim and and archery, 151, 153, 162-3 composite recurve bow(s), xiii, 158-9,161-1, 272, 296, 303, 380 n.32 and the Bektaşi order, 154,170, 380-1 n.42, 381 n.43 devşirme, 151-2 kazan-ı şerif, 153, 156, 167-8, 170 mehter takımı, 156-7, 161 mutinies, 167-8 numbers of, 154—5 orta(s), 153-4, 168 officers of, 169-70 tabur cengi, the, 157-8 training of, 151, 153-4, 157,160-1, 378 n.8 uniform of, xii-xiii, 153, 155-6 yatağanlar), xiii, 157, 159, 160 Jomini, Baron de, 394 n.l Jonson, Ben, English soldier playwright, 231-2
418 Lepanto 1571 Juana la Loca, mother of Charles V, 35, 368 ո.2 Julius II, pope (r. 1503-13), 27, 123-5, 210, 241,338, 384 n.28 League of Cambrai (1508), 86, 125, 288 Black Band (Schwarze Bande), 365-6 ո.14 Fründsberg, Georg von, ‘Father of the Landsknechte , 365-6 ո. 14 Wild, Johannes, Landsknecht and Ottoman kul, 139—40 Kara Hodja, Barbary corsair captain, 257, Lautrec, Odet de Foix, vicomte de, 376 258, 265, 294 n.10 Kātib Çelebi, Ottoman chronicler, 258, Le Saige, Jacques, Flemish silk merchant, 260, 354 n.10, 39ІП.10 xxxii, 355 n.26 Kemāl Re’īs, Ottoman corsair, 346, 395 Leicester, Sir Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of, n.5-6 13, 85,245,311 Kephalonia, xiv, 257-8, 265 Leiva, Don Sancho de, 17-18 Knolles, Richard, xx, xxvi-vii, 116-17, Leo X, pope (r. 1513-21), 375 n.5, 376 309, 324—5 n.13 Knox, John, founder of Presbyterian Lesley, John, Scottish Catholic bishop and historian, 126-7 Church of Scotland, 126, 239 Knights Hospitaller (Ordo Fratrum Loredano, Giovanni, 280, 294 Louis XI of France (r. 1461-83), 335, 360 Hospitalis Sancii Ioannis Hierosolymitani), passim and n.3 arms and armour, 107,114—15 Louis XII of France (r. 1498—1515), 56, corso, 112-14 363 n.16 Louis XIII of France (r. 1610-43), xx on Cyprus, 103, 111, 373 n.17 Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715), 194, on Malta, 105-107 233, 238-9, 250-1, 382-3 n.3 navy, 112-17 Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October offices and officials, 110-12 their origins, 99-101 1685), 239 on Rhodes, 103,105 Louis V of France (r. 1715-74), 238 socio-ethnic organisation, 107 Louis de Genève, king of Cyprus tongues (langues), 108-109 (r.
1459-82), xxiv Turcopoii/turcopolier, 110, 373 n. 16, Louis of Hungary, 161 373-4 n.18 Lucio, Cristoforo, 280, 293 vows of, 108, 112, 115 Lusignan, Charlotte de, xxix—xxx Knights of Saint Stephen (Sacro Lusignan, Guy de, king ofJerusalem Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa (r. 1186-92), king of Cyprus (r. e Martire), 51, 234, 261, 317-18, 385 1192-4), xxix Lusignan, Henri II de, king of Cyprus n.18 Knights Templar, xxix, 101-104, 372 ո.6 (r. 1285-1306, 1310-24), 103 Lusignan, Jacques III de (le bâtard), king of Cyprus (r. 1473—4), xxix-xxx La Noue, François de, seigneur de La Nouë-Briord, Huguenot leader, 12, 356 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 69,122-3,141, 230, n.4, 366-7 n.25 336, 371 n.17, 376 n.12 Lala Kara Mustafa Paşa, xxxi-iii, xxxiv-vi, on Cesar Borgia, 122, 376 n.13 329-30 on Spanish sword-and-buckler men, Landsknechte, 63-7, 69-70, 83-4, 120, 62-3,67 139, 365 n.7, 365 ո.12, 366 ո.15, 366 his works, 356 n.4,376-7 n.15, 391 n.16 ո.18, 370 Ո.19
Index Arte della guerra (1522), 123 Discorsi (1531), 123, 376-7 n.15 il Principe (1532), 122, 300, 376 n.13, 376-7 n.15 Mahan, Alfred Thomas, 175, 381 n.5 main centreline gun, 93,197-9, 200-201, 214,216, 218, 300, 303 Malea, Cape, 191-2 Malipiero, Pier Francesco, Venetian galley captain, 281, 291 Malta, passim siege of (1565), xxvi, 7, 50, 75, 99, 117, 145-6, 390 n.16 Mamlūk(s), xxix-xxx, 105,147-8 maravedí/maravedíes, 358 n.29, 363 n.21 Margaret de Austria, bastard daughter of Charles V, 75 Margaret Tudor, 126 María la Bailadora, 311-12 Marignano, battle of (13-14 September 1515), 125, 363 n.16 Marseilles, xxxvi, 236 Marteilhe de Bergerac, Jean, Huguenot galley slave, 185-6,194, 238 Mandlini, Fra’ Angelo, Sicilian Knight Hospitaller, 319 Martin V, pope (r. 1417-31), 119-20 Mary I of England (r. 1553-8), 41, 54, 109, 204, 361 n.2, 361 п.3 Mary Stuart, queen of Scots (r. 1542-67, 11587), 42, 74,126-9, 323, 340, 342 and the Babington Plot (1586), 128-9 her execution, 129 defeat at Langside, battle of (13 May 1568), 127 Mary of Burgundy, 36, 361 n.4, 376 n.15 Mary de Guise, mother of Mary Stuart and regent of Scotland (r. 1542-60), 126 Maximilian I (née Maximilian von Österreich), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1508-19), 35-6, 66,125, 360 n.l, 360 n.3, 361 n.4, 363 n.16, 376-7 n.15 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1564-76), ix Medici, Caterina de’, queen of France, 136 419 Medici, Cosimo I de’, II Duca di Firenze (r. 1537-69), I Granducato di Toscana (r. 1569-74), 49,196, 234, 261, 293, 317-18, 390 п.9 Medici, Francesco I de’, II Granducato di Toscana (r. 1574—87), 318 Medici,
Giovanni de’, condottiere, 365-6, n.14 Black Bands of (Bande Nere), 365 n.7, 365-6 n.14 Medici, Giovanni di Lorenzo de’, see Leo X,pope Medici, Giulio di Guiliano de’, see Clement VII, pope Medici, Guiliano de’, 376 n.13 Medici, Tommaso de’, Tuscan galley captain, 299 Medina Sidonia, Don Alonso Pérez du Guzman y de Zúñiga-Sotomayor el Bueno, duque de, capitán general del Mar Océano, 51-3, 197 Mediterranean Sea, passim and winds of, 17,175,177,189-92 Mehmed II Fatih, Ottoman sultan (r. 1444—6, 1451-81), xiii, xxviii, 26, 105,131, 151, 168, 321,346 Mehmed III, Ottoman sultan (r. 1595-1603), xxviii Melville, Herman, 387 n.52 Menelaos of Sparta, 191, 382 n.29 Mendoza, Don Bernardino de, Spanish ambassador to England, 128, 208 Messina, port of, xi, xxxvi, 10, 16, 37, 143, 234, 236, 261-4, 277, 298, 316, 319 Metternich, Prince Klemens von, Austrian foreign minister, 350, 351-3, 396 n.23 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 125, 211, 337-8, 384 n.28, 384 n.29 Milan, duchy of, Milanese, x, xiv, 9, 39-40,48,94,120-2,130,180, 394 n.6 Molay, Jacques de, grand master of the Templars (r. 1298-1312, f1314), 104 Moneada, Don Miguel de, 10, 16, 261, 270 Moneada, Don Ugo de, 201
420 Lepanto 1571 Monluc, Blaise de, Catholic leader, 11-12, 59, 231, 365 n.4, 376 n.10, 376 n.ll, 385 n.13 his career, 357 n. 18 Montagne, Michel de, 221 Montecuccoli, Raimondo, Austrian Habsburg general and military theorist, 69-70, 379 n.23 Morat, battle of (22 June 1476), 70 Morea (Peloponnesos), the, xxv, 79, 346, 350 moriscos, 4, 30, 76, 238 rebellion of (1568-71), 73, 76-7, 270, 310, 327, 381 n.6 Morocco, kingdom of, 27, 28, 46, 311, 362 n.7, 378 n.20 mortar(s), 203, 206, 383 n.18, 394 n.6, 396 n.19 Müezzinzâde Ali Paşa, kapudan-i derya, xv, 257-60 at Lepanto, 268, 282, 288, 292-6, 309 his origins, 260 Mühlberg, battle of (24 April 1547), 56, 357 n.8 Muley Ahmad, Hafsid caliph of Tunis, 146, 332 Muley al-Hasan, Hafsid caliph of Tunis (r. 1526-42), 38 Muley Muhammad VI, Hafsid caliph of Tunis, 332 Murād I, Ottoman sultan (r. 1359-89), 150-1 Murād II, Ottoman sultan (r. 1421-44, 1446-51), 150-1,154 Murād III, Ottoman sultan (r. 1574—95), xxviii, 316 Naillac, Fra’ Philibert de, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1397-1421), 104-105 Nancy, battle of (5 January 1477), 70 Nani, Federigo, 291 Nantes, Edict of (1598), 239 Naples, 10,17,19, 27, 51, 197, 207, 228, 236, 260-2, 269, 316, 359 n.2 Kingdom of, xxxvii, 24, 36, 39-40, 44, 51,54, 57-8,60,71,73,94,113, 120-2,248, 329, 331,334-7,375-6 n.8, 388 n.13 Napoléon I Bonaparte, 106, 347-8, 365 n.4, 370 n.1,395 n.12 Naupaktos, ix, xiv, 258-9, 266, 287, 299, 345-7 Navarino, 16, 73, 332, 346, 394 n.7,395 n.6 naval battle of (20 October 1827), 352 Navarro, Don Pedro, Spanish engineer and artillerist, 24—5, 359 n.2 navigation,
173,177,188-92, 301 pilot(s), 189,190, 226, 302 rutter(s), 189-90 Negroponte, 259, 388 n.8 Nemours, Louis d’Armagnac, duc de, 58 Neville, Henry, English savant, 40 New World, the, 47-8, 121, 364 n.32 Nicosia, xxii, xxix, xxi, xxxii siege of (22 July-9 September 1570), xxxi-iii Nieuwpoort, battle of (2 July 1600), 18, 379 n.26 Nikopolis, battle of (25 September 1396), 104-105 Noailles, François de, évêque de Dax, French ambassador to Constantinople, 306 Nölly, Hans, member of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, 312-13 Nonsuch, Treaty of (19 August 1585), 85 Northern Rebellion, the, 340 oarsmen, xi, xiii, 93,113, 173—5,179-88, 198, 200-201,214, 216, 225-6, 233-9, 247-8, 250, 263, 269-70, 272, 291 see also ciurma power output of, 174,184 Odysseus, 191, 265 oficiales, 229, 391 n.21 Orán, 24, 25,27, 70, 334 Orhan Gărzi, Ottoman sultan (r. 132659), 136,150 Orpheus, 368-9 n.6 Orsini, Paolo, Venetian marine commander, 290-1
Index Orsini, Paolo Giordano, Genoese galley captain, 293-4 Osedo, Francesco de, Napolese galley captain, 278, 299 Osman, Ottoman sultan (r. 1290-1326), 136,138 Otho I, king of the Hellenes (r. 1832-62, f 1867), 353 Otranto, Ottoman sack of (11 August 1480), 134, 377 n.l Ottoman navy, 5-6,19, 31-2, 143,146, 176,258, 267, 346, 359 n.9 Pantera, Pantero, papal capitano generale, 93—4, 313 Papal States, xv, xxxvii, 95, 118, 120-5, 131, 133, 179, 275, 287 Vatican City, 9-Ю, 118,120 Castel Sant’Angelo, 118,124, 316 Parma, duchy of, 9, 80, 221, 369 ո.11 Parry, William, Welsh courtier and spy, 128 Paschal II, pope (r. 1099-1118), 100 Pie postulano voluntatis (15 February 1113), 100 Patras, Gulf of, xiv, 88, 258-9, 263, 265-6, 287 Paul III, pope (r. 1534-49), 38, 369 n.ll and the Holy League (1538), 89 Paul IV, pope (r. 1555-59), 130 Pavia, battle of (24 February 1525), 59-60, 64, 73, 228, 363 n.16, 365 n.7, 365-6 n.l 4 Percy, Sir Henry (Harry Hotspur), 222 Shrewsbury, battle of (21 July 1403), 222 Perikles, Athenian statesman, xxii Pertev Paşa, 257, 260, 282, 292-4 Pfalz-Simmern, Johann Casimir von, 81, 370 n.14 Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-98), passim and his empire, 39-4-1 his faith, 42-3,47-8 improves English navy, 52-3 control of the Low Countries, 42-3, 79-80,131, 362-3 n.13, 370 n.22 marriage to Mary Tudor, 41, 54, 361 n.3 421 annexation of Portugal, 28, 45,46 the Spanish Armada, 51-3, 129, 207, 363 n.21 his wives, 41-2, 129 Philip III of Spain (r. 1598-1621), 43, 370 n.24 Philipp I von Österreich der Schöne, father of Charles V, 35, 50 Philippe IV le Bel of France (r.
12851314), 104 Phillipe III de Bourgogne (le Bon), 368 n.4, 380 n.30 Pimentel, Don Alonso, 334 piracy, 24—5, 28, 103, 113,137, 259, 310, 364 п.32, 388 n.ll Piri Re’īs, Ottoman corsair and cartographer, 25, 191-2, 346, 395 n.6 Piyale Paşa, kapudan-ı derya, 49, 260 pike, 57-8, 60-4, 67, 69-70, 219, 228, 313, 384 n.42 half-pike(s), xiv, 115, 228, 291, 295, 313 Pius IV, pope (r. 1559-65), 40,130 Pius V (Saint), pope (r. 1566-72), x, xxii, 9, 77, 127-31,257,312,316, 328, 340-1, 389 n.6, 390 n.9 and the Holy League (1571), 77, 131-3, 327 his origins, 130-1 Regnans in Excelsis (25 February 1570), 127, 341—4 and the rosary, 321-2, 326, 393 n.l5 Pole, Richard de la, duke of Suffolk (White Rose), 365 n.7 Ponce de León, Manuel, Spanish capitan, 16 Pontifical Swiss Guard (Cohors Helvetica), 124, 295, 312-13 Brunegg, Jost Segesser von, commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, 313 Porcia, Silvio da, 291 Portugal, kingdom of/Portuguese, 27, 29, 35,40-1,48, 57, 70-1,73,110-11,121, 311, 334, 362 n.7, 364 n.32, 364 n.38, 378 n.20, 382 n.22, 383 n.16 annexed by Philip II of Spain, 20, 28, 42,45-7, 362 n.7, 363 n.20
422 Lepanto 1571 presidios, 24, 332-4 Preveza, naval battle of (28 September 1538), xxvi, 32-t, 89,114,144, 227-8, 271 privateer(s), see piracy Protestantism, Protestant(s), 42—3, 53, 80-1, 84, 94,126-8, 194, 238-9, 310-11, 317, 322-3, 340-1, 359 n.46, 361 n.2, 364 n.32, 368 n.2, 368 n.31, 368 n.4, 369 n.12, 370 n.23, 375 n.5, 379 n.16, 393 n.8 Calvinism, Calvinist(s), 80-1, 85, 135, 323, 326, 343, 348, 356 n.4, 370 n.23, 375 n.5 Huguenot(s), 12-13, 81,131,135, 239, 316,356 n.4, 366-7 n.25 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (24 August 1572), 316, 377 n.4 Luther, Martin, 120, 357 n.8, 375 n.5 Lutheran(s), 37, 80, 131, 135, 357, n.8, 366 n.18, 375 n.5 Rhodes, Cecil John, Victorian imperialist, xxi—ii Rhodes, xxv, 6,26,101,103—105,109, 111-12, 117, 237, 257, 304, 339,355 n.13 sieges of (1313, 1444,1480, 26 June-22 December 1522), 105,134 Rich, Barnabe, English soldier, 160, 379 n.22 Richard Cœur de Lion, king of England, xxix Ridefort, Gérard de, Master of the Temple (r. 1184-89), 372 n.8 Roland, semi-legendary hero, 230,354 n.7 Chanson de Roland, 354 n.7 Romegas, Fra’ Mathurin d’Aux de Lescaut, 115-17, 374—5 n.35 PTSD, 116 Rovere, Giuliano della, see Julius II, pope Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1576-1612), 42 al-Qasr al Kabir (Alcazarquivir), battle of (4 August 1578), 311, 362 n.7, 378 n.20 quintal(es), 197-8, 363 n.21 Qpirini, Marc’ Antonio, Venetian capitano generale del Golfo, xxxiii-iv Qurun Hattın, battle of (4 July 1187), 102, 372 n.7, 373 n.16 Saint John, Order of, see Knights Hospitaller Saint-Qpentin, battle of (10 August 1557), 311,363 n.16 Salâh ad-Dïn bin
Ayyübî (Saladin), sultan of Egypt (r. 1169-93), 102-103, 373 n.16 Salazar у Palacios, Doña Catalina de, wife of Cervantes, 23 Šālim al-Tūmī, emir of Algiers (f1516), 29 Sánchez-Albomoz y Menduiña, Claudio, Spanish historian and statesman, 73 Sande, Don Alvaro de, 49 Sangallo il Giovane, Antonio da, Florentine military engineer, 337-8 Sangallo, Giuliano da, Florentine military engineer, 337 Sanmicheli, Giovanni Girolamo, Veronese military engineer, x Sanmicheli, Michele, Veronese military engineer, x Santa Cruz, Don Alvaro Bazán, marques de, capitan general de Napoli, 262, 363 n.20 Raglan, FitzRoy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron of, xxi Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27-8, 207, 340, 377 n.7, 392 n.6 Ramadan Paşa, Corsican renegade and beylerbeyi of Algiers (r. 1578-7), 18 Raymond du Puy, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1121/23-1158/60), 100 La Reconquista, xxiii, 33, 57, 366 ո.22 renegade(s), Christian, xv, 17-19, 25, ЗО, 137,143-7,162, 233-4, 265-6, 294, 305, 377 n.5, 378 n.20 Reşid Mehmed Paşa, 396 ո. 19 Requeséns y Zúñiga, Don Luis de, capitán general of Ejército de Flandes, 13,79 at Lepanto, 78, 276, 300-301
Index his career, 46—7 at Lepanto, 267, 280, 295 and the Spanish Armada, 47, 363 n.21 Santiago de Compostela, 49-50, 66 Santiago Matamoros, 366 n.22 Sañudo, Marin (Marino Sanuto), Venetian senator and diarist, 183, 381 n.15, 395 n.5 Savorgnan del Friuli, Giulio, military engineer, xxxii-iii, 97, 212 Savoy, duchy of/Savoyards, xxxvii, 104, 179, 275, 287, 299, 365 n.12 Scetti, Aurelio, Tuscan galley slave, 317-18 Schön, Erhard, German woodcut artist, 64, 366 n.15 Schwendi, Lazarus von, Austrian Habsburg general and military theorist, 159 Scotland, 54-5, 74, 108, 126-7, 239, 323, 370 n.23 scurvy, 314—15 Sebastiano of Portugal, Dorn, 311, 362 n.7 Selim I Yavuz, Ottoman sultan (r. 1512-20), 27, 29-31,168-9 Selim II Sari, Ottoman sultan (r. 1566-74), ix, xxvi-xxxi, 50, 152, 259, 316, 330, 378 n.8 Sessa, Gonzalo II Fernández de Cordoba, III duque de, Spanish naval commander, 16, 132-3, 358 n.29, 381 n.6 Sessa, Juan (Latino) de, professor of Latin and epic poet, 381 n.6 Seville, xx-xxi, 8, 250 Seymour, Edward, 1st Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector of England (1547-49), 109 Sforza, Bianca Maria, 376 n.15 Sforza, Caterina di Forlì, 365-6 n. 14 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, duca di Milano (r. 1466-76), 365 n.14 Sforza, Ludovico Maria (il Moro), duca di Milano (r. 1480-1500), 394 n.6 Shakespeare, William, 11, 22-3, 96, 125, 200, 222, 231, 340, 359 n.46 423 Othello, 324-5, 393 n.10 Şuluk Mehmed Paşa (Mehmed Sirocco), beylerbeyi oí Alexandria, 259, 281-2, 289-91,388 n.5 Sicily, xi, xiv, 32, 37^10,48,113,143,191, 248, 331,334, 358 n.29, 381 n.9 Kingdom of, xxxvii, 36, 49, 50-1, 54, 57, 75,
77-8, 84, 94, 105-106, 246, 329 Sigismund de Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia (r. 1387-1437), 104 sipāhĶs), 26,141, 272, 306 see also timar system of the Porte, 150,156-7, 161 small arms, passim and ballistics of, 380 n.37 bullet(s), 11-12, 23,58,64,163, 217-18, 220-1, 230-1, 240-2, 245, 290, 292, 294, 296,390 η. 11 handgun(s)/handgunner(s), 11, 85, 154,161,168, 218-20, 223, 380 n.34, 384 n.23 harquebus(es)/harquebusier(s), 7, 67, 161,165, 218-20, 228, 231, 288, 292, 295, 300, 303, 312-13, 365-6 n.14, 379 n.26 Spanish, xi, xiv, 57—61, 68, 219, 229, 264, 269, 292, 299-300, 312 Ottoman, 153-4,158-9,161, 269, 290, 294, 306 musket/musketeer(s), 67-8,165,197, 216, 221, 246, 369 n.10, 379 n.26 Smyrna, 104, 350—1 Sobieski, Jan III, king of Poland (r. 1674-96), 85 Solakzade Mehmed, Ottoman chronicler, 259 Sokoliu Mehmed Paşa, grand vizier, ix, xxvii-xxviii, xxx, 305, 329-30 Soranzo, Benedetto, Venetian galley captain, 278, 299 Stănileşti, battle of (18—21 July 1711), 163 Starkey, Fra’ Oliver, 373-4 n.18 Stucley (Stukley), Sir Thomas, English Catholic soldier of fortune, 310-11, 392 n.3
424 Lepanto 1571 Süleyman I Kānūnt, Ottoman sultan (r. 1520-66), ix, xxiv-v, xxvi, xxxi, 31, 32, 50,105,116,144, 151,155,158, 165, 330, 355 ո.13, 355η .19 surgeon(s), 7-8,11-13, 67, 226,230-1, 239-47, 253, 300, 314-15, 366 η.24 Clowes (the elder), William, English surgeon, 12-13, 243, 245, 314-15, 357 n.20 on amputation, 12 Prooved Practice for all young Chirugians (1591), 245 Gale, Thomas, English surgeon, 244, 387 n.42 Killian, Hans Franz Edmund, Wehrmacht surgeon, 242 Paré, Ambroise, French surgeon, 240-3, 245 on debridement, 242 on gunshot wounds, 240-2 on hearing loss, 245 Styward, Thomas, English surgeon, 244-5 Vigo, Giovanni da, Italian surgeon, 240-1 Practica in arte chirurgica copiosa (1514), 241 Swiss, confederation and mercenaries (reisläufer), 58-9, 62-3, 66-7, 69-70, 81, 94, 122, 360 n.3, 365 n.12, 376 n.10 see also Pontifical Swiss Guard sword-and-buckler men (rodeleros/ espadachines), 61-4, 67, 365 n.9 Tangier, 25, 29 tercios españoles, los, 20,42, 61, 71, 80, 84, 361 n.12 at Lepanto, 60, 227, 229, 261, 269-70 organisation of, 66-8, 366-7 n.25 named, Tercio de Enriquez, 270 Tercio Nuevo de la Mar de Nápoles (Tercio de Moneada), 10, 13, 16, 261,270,310, 332,357 n.12 Tercio de Sardinia, 68, 269, 292 Tercio Viejo de Sicilia (Tercio de Figueroa), 50, 67-8, 261, 270, 302, 312, 391 n.25 Tercio Viejo de Lombardia, 67-8 Tercio Viejo de Nápoles, 67-8, 357 n.12 Tercio de Padilla, 270 Teutonic Order, 102, 372 n.6 Thirty Years’ War (1618—48), 69, 84, 367 n.29 Rocroi, battle of (18-19 May 1643), 71,84 Thucydides, Athenian soldier historian, 345,389 n.18 Tiber, river, xxi,
33, 73,118, 316 trnār system, 139,140-1 timariot(s), 257, 301, 306 see also sipāhi Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), Turkic conqueror, 104, 304, 373 n.13 Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti), Venetian artist, xii, 309, 322, 323 Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 56, 85, 321—3, 355 n.19, 356 n.31 Allegory ofthe Battle ofLepanto, 322 Charles V, 56 Donjuan de Austria, 85 TIemcen, 29-31 Toledo Osorio, Don Garcia Alvarez de, IV marqués de Villafranca, capitan general de la Mar Mediterraneo y Adriatico, 227, 271 advises Don Juan de Austria, 77-8, 261,264, 271,388 n.10 his career, 75, 78 and the siege of Malta (1565), 50, 75 Toraldo, Gaspare, barone di Badolato, 262 Tordesillas, Treaty of (7 June 1494), 121 trireme, ancient Greek, 182,184, 200, 345 Tripoli, 24, 28, 30, 34, 56, 70,105-106, 117,132, 236-7, 331 Trent, Council of (1545-63), 129, 375 n.5 Trinitarians, 19, 358 n.39 Troy, siege of, 191, 386 n.34 Tudor navy, 51-3,209 Elizabeth Jonas (née Philip), 52—3 Mary Rose, 209, 383—4 n.22, 384 n.23 Triumph, 364 n.37 Tunis, 16,25, 27-32, 36-7,132, 137, 145-6,251,330
Index captured by Charles V (21 July 1535), 38, 114, 229, 330, 332, 361 n.9, 363 n.16 captured by Don Juan de Austria (October 1573), 79, 330-3 La Goleta, 16, 38֊9, 73,114,146, 330-4 Turgut Re’īs (Dragut), Greek renegade and Barbary corsair, 144—6, 236, 306, 390 n.16 his origins, 144 Twombly, Jr., Edwin Parker ‘Су’, American artist, 326-7 Lepanto, a painting in twelve parts, 326-7 Tyndale, William, English theologian and Protestant martyr, 118-19 Uluç Ali Paşa (née Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, later Kiliç Ali Paşa), Calabrian renegade and Barbary corsair, 143, 145 as described by Cervantes, 145 as beylerbeyi of Algiers (r. 1568-71), 145-7, 257 as kapudan-ı derya, 146, 305-306 at Lepanto, xv, 146, 259, 272, 284, 296-9, 39 ln. 10 his origins, 144 Uluç Hassan Paşa (née Andrea Celeste), Venetian renegade and Barbary corsair, 378 n.20 as described by Cervantes, 147 beylerbey։ of Algiers (r. 1577-80, 1582-5,1586-7), 18-19,147 as kapudan-ı derya, 146-7 his origins, 146-7 Urbina, Don Diego de, 10, 13, 310, 357 n.13 Valette, Fra’ Jean Parisot de la, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1557-68), 114, 373—4 n. 18 Vanegas, Amonio de, Spanish gunnery officer, 53—4 Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz, Flemish artist and court painter to Charles V, 38, 361 n.9 425 Veronese, Paolo, xv, 323 The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto (c. 1572), xv-xvi Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 382-3 n.3 Vázquez, Mateo, secretary to Philip II, 15 Vázquez el Viejo, Juan Bautista, Spanish sculptor, 262 Venice, Republic of (la Serenissima), passim and Arsenale di Venezia, 90-2, 96,98,183, 196, 302 government of, 86-7 Council
of Ten (consiglio dei dieci), 87, 391 n.21 the doge, xii, 87, 301, 304, 329 the Senate, 87, 92,183, 251, 301, 322, 329 militia, 95-7, 232 navy, 90-5, 182 war galley (galea sottile), 92-3, 179-80,196 sea empire (impero da mar), 88-9,186, 229, 329 Corfu (Kerkyra), 89, 191, 263-4, 269, 304, 355 n.13, 388 n.13 Crete, xx, xxiv, 89, 257, 261, 264, 304, 330, 346, 392 n.5 Candía (Herakleion), xxiv, xxxiii, xxxiv, 330 Cyprus, xxvi, xxix-xxxvii, 50, 77, 89, 90, 92, 132, 257, 324, 328-30, 371-2 n.22 Veniero, Filippo, 295 Veniero (Venier), Sebastiano, Venetian capitano generale de mar, xii, 261-3, 265-7, 269 at Lepanto, 275, 288-9, 292—4 Vienna, Congress of (November 1814֊ June 1815), 350 Vienna, sieges of (1529,1683), xxiv, 137, 355 n.13 Vignoli, Vignolo dei, Genoese pirate, 103 Villaret, Fra’ Foulques de, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1305-19, J1327), 103 Villiers, Jean de, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1285-94), 103
426 Lepanto 1571 Vinci, Leonardo da, 337, 394 n.6 Virgil, Roman poet, xxii, 37, 360 ո.5, 381 n.6 Virgin Mary (the Madonna), xv-xvi, 321-2, 325-7, 393 n.6 Holy Rosary, the, 320-2, 325-7, 393 n.6, 393 n.16 Voltaire, 177, 328 Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado (1756), xx Walsingham, Sir Francis, spy master, 128-9 War of Chioggia (1377-81), 97, 371-2 n.22 Ward, John (Jack)/Yusuf Re’ïs, English pirate and renegade, 137 Wavrin, Jehan de, Burgundian chronicler, 162, 380 n.30 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 352, 386 n.4 William I the Silent, prince of Orange, 79-80,85,128 Williams, Sir Roger, Welsh professional soldier and military theorist, 71-2 Wotton, Sir Henry, English ambassador to Venice, xxvii, 355 n.18 Yusuf Ya’kub Ağa, father of the Barbarossa brothers, 26 Žižka, Jan, Hussite leader, 379 Zorzi, Alessandro, Venetian nobleman, 187-8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München -------— ľ,____✓
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Contents List ofPlates Abbreviations A note on Turkish words and transliteration Lepanto Prelude Part I: The Players ix xvii xix xx 1 Chapter 1 The Veteran 3 Chapter 2 The Corsair 24 Chapter 3 The Emperor 35 Chapter 4 The King 40 Chapter 5 Spanish Steel 56 Chapter 6 The Bastard 74 Chapter 7 La Serenissima 86 Chapter 8 The Hospitallers 99 Chapter 9 His Holiness 118 Chapter 10 The Porte 134 Chapter 11 Invincible Infantry 150 Part II: The Pieces 171 Chapter 12 The Galleys 173 Chapter 13 The Guns 200 Chapter 14 The Men 225
vi Lepanto 1571 Part III: The Contest 255 Chapter 15 The Approach 257 Chapter 16 Battle Arrays 268 Chapter 17 Sunday Seventh 287 Chapter 18 Barren Victory 303 Part IV: The Myth 307 Chapter 19 War Stories 309 Chapter 20 Mary’s Victory 320 Lepanto Finale Appendix I: The Gunpowder Reformation Appendix II: Bull Against Elizabeth I Appendix III: A Town Called Naupaktos Notes Bibliography Index 328 335 340 345 354 397 409
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408 Lepanto 1571 Yıldırım, О., 2007. ‘The battle of Lepanto and its impact on Ottoman history and historiography’. Mediterraneo in armi (secc. XV-XVIH) (Supplement of the Journal Mediterranea) 2: 533-56 Yılmaz, G., 2017. ‘Change in manpower in the early modern janissary army and its impact on the devshirme system’. Rivista di Studi Militari 6: 181-8 Zysberg, A., 1984. ‘Galley and hard labor convicts in France (1550-1850). From galleys to hard labor camps: essay on a long lasting penal institution’, in P.C. Spierenburg (ed.), The Emergence of Carcerai Institutions: Prisons, Galleys, and Lunatic Asylums, 1550-1900. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit (Centrum voor Maatschappijgeschiedenis, vol. 12) Zysberg, A., 1987. Les Galériens du roi — vies et destines de 60,000 forçats sur les galères de Prance: 1680-1748. Paris: Seuil - l’Univers historique
Index Acheloüs, river, 266, 389 ո. 18 Acre, 102-103 fall of (28 May 1291), 103 Actium, battle of (2 September 31 BC), 33-4, 265 Acquaviva d’Aragóna, Monsignor Giulio, 9, 365 n.lO Adrian VI, pope (r. 1522-23), 105 Adriatic Sea, 24, 79, 88-9,95, 117, 182, 263, 377 n.l Aegean Sea, xiv, 24, 26,143-5,148,177, 259, 371-2 ո.22 Agincourt, battle of (25 October 1415), 380 n.30, 365 n.7 Agnadello, battle of (14 May 1509), 95, 125, 371 n.17 Ágoston, Gábor, Hungarian academic and historian, 98, 148-9,164-5 Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, El Gran Duque de, 20, 44, 68, 78, 362-3 ո. 13 and firearms, 219, 221 Albania/Albanian(s), 17, 25-6,79,95, 229, 258, 328, 347, 350, 371 n.18, 377 n.l, 378 n.20, 396 n.19 Alberghetti, Giovanni (Zuane) II, Venetian gun founder, 204—205, 383 n.10 Alexander VI, pope (r. 1492-1503), 121-3,131, 337, 362 n.8, 369 n.U, 375-6 n.8 Algiers, xxv, 19, 25, 28, 31—2, 34,71,114, 131,132, 147,169, 236,237, 312, 331 el Peñón de Argel, 31 seized by Barbarossa brothers, 29-30 ‘All az-Zāhir, seventh caliph of the Fātimids (r. 1021-36), 99 Amalfi, duchy of/Amalfitane, 99-100 Amurét Turgut Re’īs, 259, 285, 390 ո. 16 Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (r. 1282-1328), 103 d’Andrada, Fra’ Gil, Castilian Knight Hospitaller and captain of La Real, 115,263,276 Ankara/Angora, 167 battle of (28 July 1402), 151-2 Anne de Beaujeu, regent of France (r. 1483-91), 335 Antwerp, citadel of, 204, 370 n.20 Ariosto, Ludovico, 230 Orlando Furioso (1516), 230-1 Armada, the Spanish, 13,45,47, 51-5, 71,129,196, 207-208, 250, 340, 364 n.37, 364 n.38 and the English Channel,
47, 52, 54—5, 197 departs Lisbon, 54—5 wrecks, 54-5, 205 Castillo Negro, 54 La Trinidad Valencera (née La Balanzara), 204—205, 383 n.9 armour, xiv-xv, 11, 58, 63, 66, 94, 164, 219, 221, 229, 260,287, 363 n.16, 365-6 n.14 brigantine, 115 burgonet, 69 half-, x, 115,295, 303 morion cabasset, x-xi, xiv-xv, 69, 303 of pikeman, 69 plate, 107, 303 arms trade, 206-208, 209 Arnaut Mamí, Albanian renegade and Barbary corsair, 17 artillery, passim and accuracy of, 193-4,203-204,212-14,232 see also gunnery
410 Lepanto 1571 and bell(s), church, 208-11, 216 bronze, 148, 201, 206, 208-12, 384 ո.23 copper, 98, 148, 211-12 tin, 98,148, 207-208, 212 zinc, 211-12, 384 n.30 English, 215 table culverin, 202-203, 207 demi-cannon, 202, 207 demi-culverin, xii, 196,198, 202-203, 215, 217 falcon, 203 falconet, 203 minion, 203 robinet, 203 saker, xii, 202-203 Genoese, basilico, 201 falconetto, 201 medio cañón, 201 sacre, 201 smerigli petrieri alla veneziana, 206 iron, cast, 207, 209 wrought, xi-xii, 206, 209, 384 n.23 Ottoman, basilisk, 148, 202 baş topu, 303 balyemez, 259 darbzen/zarbzen, 158, 379-80 n.28 sayka topu, xii, 303 Spanish (and dependencies), cañón, xi, 53,196, 203,217 cañón de batir, 203-204 culebrina, 203, 208-209 medio cañón, 53, 196 media culebrina, xi, 196, 205, 217 pedrero, 196, 217, 300 sacre, xi-xii, 196-7, 204, 217 verso, 206, 217 Venetian, aspide, 202 cannone, 202 colubrine, 202 falcone, 202, 216, 233, 273, 275, 277 falconetto, 202, 216, 233, 273 moschetto da braga/da maseolo, 216-17, 384 n.40 moschetto da zuogo, 216 pedrero/petriere, 216, 273, 275, 277, 300 petriere da braga, 205-206 petriere da mascolo, 205 sacro, xii, 202 Atatürk, Kemâl Mustafa, xxvi, 138 d’Avalos, Fernando Francesco, V marqués de Pescara, 60 Avignon, 104,120, 375 n.4 Ávila, Santa Teresa, 25, 256 n.4 Azores, 362 n.8 Punta Delgada, naval battle of (26 July 1582), 47, 363 n.20 Spanish conquest of, 47 Babington, Sir Anthony, English Catholic and conspirator, 128-9 Badoer, Andrea, Venetian bailo to Constantinople, xxvii Badoer, Gian Andrea, Venetian shipbuilder, 196 Balbi di Correggio, Francesco,
Italian harquebusier and journalist, 7, 373^1 n.18 Barbarigo, Agostino, Venetian provveditore generale da mar, 251, 265 at Lepanto, 267,272-3,288,289-92,302 Barbaro, Marc’Antonio, Venetian bailo in Constantinople, 301, 329 Barbarossa, Hayreddin (Khizr), 24—5, 27-31, 34, 38,144-5, 306, 390 n.15 as beylerbeyi of Algiers, 30-1 captures Tunis, 32 as kapudan-ı derya, 31-2 his origins, 26 at Preveza, 32-3, 271 retakes Algiers, 31 winters at Toulon, 177 wooed by Charles V, 32 Barbarossa, Oruç, 25-6, 29-31, 359 n.3, 359 п.7 Barbary Coast, 19, 29-30, 79,147, 179, 306, 330 see also Algiers, presidios, Tripoli, Tunis
Index Barcelona, xi, xxxvi, 17, 75, 362 Barry, Gerat, Irish Catholic Irish captain in Spanish service and military theorist, 68,160, 243, 367 n.29 battle scars, 21, 237 Bâyezîd I Yildirim, Ottoman sultan (r. 1389-1402, f 1403), 104, 152 Bâyezîd II, Ottoman sultan (r. 14811512), 168, 346, 395 n.5, 395 n.6 Bazán el Viejo, Don Alvaro de, cupitán general de las Galeras de España, 229 Beolco, Andrea, Paduan playwright and actor, 96 beer, 248-9 Belgrade, xxv, 355 ո. 13 fall of (29 August 1521), 105, 134 Bellay, Martin du, 384 ո.45 Bellini, Gentile, Venetian artist, xii-xiii Ben֊Hur{ 1959), 225-6,318 Bicocca, battle of (27 April 1522), 59, 228 Bingham, Sir Richard, English soldier and seaman, Lord President of Connaught, 311, 392 n.5 Birgitta of Sweden (Saint), mystic, xxxv Biringuccio, Vanoccio, 148, 203 De la pirotechnica (1540), 148 biscuit(s), sea/ship, 246-7, 248-51, 315, 363 n.21, 387 n.51, 387 n.52, 387 n.53 Black Sea, 237, 305, 371-2 n.22, 380 n.30, 388 n. 11 Blomberg, Barbara, mother of Don Juan de Austria, 74 boarding and entering, xii, 53—4, 115, 176,192-5,197, 205-206, 214, 216, 227-9, 295 Bologna, 124, 210-11 bombard(s), 142,148, 206, 336, 388 n.7 Bonnivet, Guillaume II Gouffier, seigneur de, 60 Borgia, Alfonso, see Callistus III, pope Borgia, Cesare, duca di Valentino, 118, 122-4, 337, 375-6 n.8, 376 n.12, 376 n.13 Borgia, Giovanni, II duca di Gandia, papal capitano generale, 121, 375-6 n.8, 376 n.12 Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, pope 411 Bosio, Giacomo, 236 Botero, Giovanni, Piemontese priest, thinker and diplomat, 334 Della Ragion di Stato (1589), 334 bow,
composite recurve, Turkish, xiii, 158-9,161-1,198, 272, 296, 303, 373 n.16, 380 ո.32 bow gun, see main centreline gun Bragadin, Ambrogio, Venetian galleass captain, 272-3, 390 n.8 Bragadin, Antonio, Venetian galleass captain, 273, 390 n.8 Bragadin, Filippo, provveditore generale del Golfo, 304 Bragadin, Marc’ Antonio, Venetian capitano generale of Famagusta, xxxi-v, 356 n.31, 390 n.8 Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbé et seigneur de, 21, 60 Braudel, Fernand, French historian, 28, 88,116, 320-1,333-4 bread, xxxiv, 18,152, 225, 247-50, 319, 334, 387 n.51, 387 n.58 Broquière, Bertrandon de, Burgundian spy, 150 Bua, Pietro, Venetian galley capitan, 278, 299 Buchanan, George, Scottish Protestant historian and humorist, 126-7, 323 Burgundy, duchy of, 36,70, 360 n.3 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, Habsburg ambassador to Constantinople, 155-6, 160,162,165-7 Byron, George Gordon Noël, Lord, Scottish philhellene and poet, 345, 347-53 death of, 349 at Mesolóngi, 347, 349, 351-2 final siege of (27 April 1825-23 April 1826), 396 n.19 and Naupaktos, 347 his Souliotes, 347, 395 n.10 his works, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812— 18), 348, 350, 395 n.13,396 n.20, 396 n.23 Donjuan (1819-24), 351
412 Lepanto 1571 Cabrera de Cordoba, Luis, Spanish historian, 14 Caetani, Onorato, duca di Sermoneta, capitan generale delle fanterie pontifcie, 261, 294 caique, 198, 385 n.4 Calabria/Calabrian(s), 25, 113, 143-5, 262, 305 Çaldıran, battle of (23 August 1514), 168 Callistus III, pope (r. 1455-8), 121 Campaldino, battle of (11 June 1289), 371 n.8 Campion, Edmund (Saint), English Catholic martyr, 341 Canal, Antonio, Venetian provveditore, 313 Canal, Cristoforo, Venetian naval commander, 203 Canning, George, British foreign secretary (in office 1822-7), 352 Capo d’Orso, naval battle of (28 May 1528), 201, 228 Carafa, Antonio, duca di Rocca Mondragone, 261 Cárdenas, Don Bernardino de, 295 Cardona, Giovanni Antonio de, 271, 281, 290, 298 Carpio, Bernardo del, legendary hero of Asturias, xxiii, 354 n.7 Carlos III of Spain (r. 1759-88), 360 n.5, 369 n.ll Carlos, Don (Carlos de Austria), 75, 368 n.2 carrack(s), 176, 374n.25 Sant’ Anna (Hospitaller), 114, 374 n.28 Casimir, Johann, von Pfalz-Simmern, 81, 370 n. 17 Cassière, Jean l’Evesque de la, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1572-81), 374-5 n.35 Castlereagh, Viscount, British foreign secretary (in office 1812-22), 351-2, 396 n.23 Castiglione, Baldassare, 122 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, passim and captive in Algiers, xiii, 11,15,18-21, 23,145, 147, 239, 358 n.42 his death and (re)burial, 22-3 flees Spain, 8-9 soldier at Lepanto, ix, 10-11, 13-16, 82 suffers PTSD, 19-22 his works, Don Quixote (1605,1615), passim and La historia del cautivo, 20-1, 326, 332, 378 n.20 El trato de Argel (1582), 20-1, 85, 326, 358 n.42 La Galatea
(1585), 17,21, 357 п.10 Los baños de Argel (1615), 20-1 Los trabajos de Persiks y Sigismunda (1617), 8,21 Novelas ejemplares (1613), 22-3, 368-9 n.6 El amante liberal, 8 El coloquio de los perros, 8-9 La gitanilla, 8 Viaje del Parnaso (1614), 4,16, 76, 368-9 n.6 his wounds, ix, 11,15-16, 23 Cervantes, Rodrigo de, father of Cervantes, 7 Cervantes, Rodrigo de, brother of Cervantes, 17,18, 261, 363 n.20 Charles V, king of Spain (r. 1516-56), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-56, J1558), xi, 4, 30, 32, 49, 56, 60, 67, 75, 89,105, 227, 243, 304, 357 n. 12, 358 n.29, 360-1 n.8 his abdication, 39 his empire, 35—7, 68, 360 n.4 suffers gout, 39,41, 361 n. 10 and Tunis campaign (1535), 36-8, 114, 229, 330, 332, 361 n.9, 363 n.16 Charles VII of France, 225 Charles VIII of France (r. 1483-98), 335-7, 363 n.16 Charles IX of France (r. 1560-74), ix, 135, 240, 306, 377 n.4 Charles Téméraire, duc de Bourgogne (r. 1467-77), 70, 360 n.3, 376-7 n. 15 Chesterton, G.K. (Gilbert Keith), 134, 135, 309 ‘Lepanto’, x, 44—5, 56
Index Cicogna, Marco, Venetian galley captain, 281,291 Ciğalzade Yusuf Sinan Paşa (née Scipione Cicala), Genoese renegade and kapudan-i derya, 143-4, 331 Cinuzzi, Imperiale, Tuscan soldier of fortune, 248 Cinzio, Giovan Battista Giraldi (Cinthio), Ferrarese novelist and poet, 324 Un Capitano Moro (1565), 324 Cisneros, Cardinal Francesco Jimenez de, 25 ciurma, 247-8, 252, 269 Hospitaller, 113, 246, 249, 374 ո.29, 385 ո.17 Ottoman Turk, 257-8, 272, 305-306, 354 ո.10 Spanish (and dependencies), 184, 229, 246, 262, 269 Venetian, 93-4, 182-3,185,196, 261-2, 270, 329 Clausewitz, Carl von, 394 ո. 1 Clement V, pope (r. 1305-14), 104 Clement VII, pope (r. 1523-34), 106, 382 n.l Clement XI, pope (r. 1700-21), 393 n.15 Clerkenwell Priory, 109, 373 n.15 Colonna, Fabrizio, Roman condottiere, 58, 123 Colonna, Marc’Antonio, duca di Tagliacozzo, Roman noble and papal capitano generale, 117,183, 261, 265, 319 at Lepanto, 267, 277, 295 Colonna, Oddo, see Martin V, pope Colonna, Prospero, Roman condottiere, 262, 269 Contarini, Giovanni Pietro, 214, 291-2, 302, 391 n. 10 Contarini, Marino, Venetian galley captain, 281,290, 390ո.13 Contarini del Zaffo, Giovanni, Venetian galley captain, 274, 291 Conti II, Niccolò di, Venetian gun founder, 205 Constance, Council of (1414—18), 119-20 Constantinople, passim and harem, 33, 138 413 Ottoman conquest of (29 May 1453), xxiv, 77,134 Topkapı Sarayı, 138,152 convict(s), xiii, 84, 94,113,185-6,192, 225-6, 234, 238-9, 250, 270, 296 see also ciurma Cordoba, Gonzalvo Fernandez de, El gran capitân, 57-8, 221, 358 n.29 Cerignola, battle of (28 April 1503), 57-8
Corinth, Gulf of, xiv, 258, 345, 347 Corinth, Isthmus of, 259 Сотаго, Caterina, queen of Cyprus (r. 1473-89, f 1510), xxx corsair(s), 198-9, 333-4 see also piracy Barbary, 11,17-18, 24-5, 27-8, 30-1, 34, 50-1, 76, 135,137, 144,146,179, 251, 259, 298-9, 301, 306, 312, 321, 330-1 Christian, xxvi, 25, 46, 51,113, 116-17, 234 corso/guerre de course, 113-14 see also piracy Cortes, Hernán, conquistadore, 4 Cortinas, Doña Leonor, mother of Cervantes, 18—19 la Creda у Silva, Juan de, duque de Medina Celi, Spanish viceroy of Sicily, 49 Crillon, Louis des Balbes de Berton de (le Brave Crillon), French Knight Hospitaller, 310 Dali Mamí el Cojo, Greek renegade and Barbary corsair, 17—18 Dandolo, Niccolò, Venetian lugotenente generale del regno of Cyprus, xxxi, xxxiii Dante, Alighieri, 21-2, 36, 90-1, 371 n.8 Dardanelles, 34, 371—2 n.22 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord 323 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, conquistadore, 4 Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid), xxiii, 354 n.7 Djerba, 27, 34, 237
414 Lepanto 1571 expedition to (1560), 49-50,114, 143, 145, 227, 260, 263, 296-7 Donjuan de Austria, passim and his ambitions, 74, 78-9 and Cervantes, 11,16, 20, 85 his death, 84-5 his early life, 74-5 at Lepanto, xv, 53, 77-8, 214, 266-7, 270-1, 275-6,287-8, 292-6,300, 304-305, 312, 327 in the Low Countries, 79-82, 84, 311 and the morisco revolt, 76-7, 270, 381 n.6 and Tunis campaign (1573), 330-3 Doria, Andrea, 32, 49,114,145,173, 201, 228-9 at Preveza, 89-90 Doria, Antonio, 228 Doria, Filippino, 201 Doria, Gianandrea, 49-50, 78,117, 144-5, 250, 261 at Lepanto, xv, 275, 277, 279, 296-9 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 22 Drake, Sir Francis, 27-8, 51, 340, 364 n.32 ducato/ducati, 93, 96,116,197, 216, 328, 346, 358 ո.29, 363 ո.19, 363 n.21 Duodo, Francesco, Venetian galleass captain, 275, 304 Dutch Republic, xx, 79-80, 85, 208, 370 n.23 rebellion/rebels, 43, 71, 80-5, 311, 362-3 n.13, 368 n.2, 369 n.8, 369 n.12, 370 n.20, 370 n.24 urban militias (schutters), 79, 369 n.10 Dürer, Albrecht, German artist and theorist, 339, 360 ո. 1 Echinades (Curzolaris archipelago), 266, 300 Oxeia, islet of, 300, 389 n.18 Edward VI of England (r. 1547-53), 109 Eliot, T.S. (Thomas Stearns), 22-3 Elisabeth de Valois, 42,129, 362 n.5, 368 n.2 Elizabeth I of England, 13, 53, 74,109, 128-9,131, 207, 322, 361 n.2, 364 n.32, 367 n.28, 370 n. 14 and the Dutch rebels, 81, 85 excommunicated (25 February 1570), 127, 321, 340֊4 and Mary queen of Scots, 126-7,129 her navy, 207-209, 245, 363 n.21 Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch theologian and humanist, 65, 83, 95, 166 Duke bellum inexpertis, 65, 366 n.16 Escorial, San
Lorenzo del, 40, 52, 85 Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of, 367 n.28 Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman traveller and writer, 160, 379 n.23 Falklands/Malvinas War (2 April-20 June 1982), 59,121, 242, 364 n.33, 387 n.62 Famagusta, xx, xxx-i, xxxv-vi, 89, 355 n.26, 393 n.10 Martinengo Bastion, ix-x San Luca Bastion, ix-x siege of (15 September 1570-1 August 1571), xxxi—v, 148, 356 n.31, 390 n.8 Farnese, Alessandro, duca di Parma e Piacenza (r. 1586-92), 47,75 at Lepanto, 309-10 in the Low Countries, 80-1 Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, pope Farnese, Giulia, 369 n.ll Farnese, Ottavio, duca di Parma e Piacenza (r. 1547-86), 75 Fausto, Vettor, Venetian naval architect, 181-3,187 Felton, John, English Catholic martyr, 125,127 Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479-1516), 24, 26, 35-6, 57, 106,121, 361 n.4, 362 n.8 Ferdinand I de Austria, king of Bohemia and Hungry (r. 1526-64), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1556-64), xxiv-v, 39, 155, 361 n.12, 363 n.16 Ferrara, duchy of, 9,125,211 d’Este, Alfonso, duca di Ferrara (r. 1504-34), 211 Ferrara, Fra’ Martin de, Aragonese Knight Hospitaller, 318—19 Fincati, Luigi, 381 n.2
Index Finlay, George, Scottish philhellene and historian, 347, 348-9, 395 ո. 10 Flanders, Army of (Ejército de Flandes), 13,68, 78, 84, 248, 369ո.13 and mutinies, 84, 357 n.12, 370 n.20 and professionalism, 71-2 Florence, 9,120,125,180, 234, 337, 376 n.13, 376-7 n.15, 383 n.10, 391 n.13, 394 n.7 forzati, 186-7 see also convict(s) Fortuna (personification), 371 n.8, 391 n.16 Franco, Francisco, General, xxii-iii François I of France, 59-60, 357 n.8, 363 n.16, 365 n.4, 384 n.45 Madrid, Treaty of (1526), 60 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 243-4, 249, 364 n.37 Froissart, Jean, Flemish chronicler, 193 Furttenbach der Altere, Joseph, Bavarian engineer and architect, 180, 226 galleass(es), 53, 196-7, 233, 269, 305, 363 n.21 Venetian at Lepanto, 196-7, 257, 259, 266, 268, 271-3, 275, 277, 287, 289, 296, 304-305,329 galiot(s), 197-9, 268, 271-2, 281-3,285, 299-300 Barbary, 17-19, 237, 251, 284 galleon(s), 116, 364 n.38, 374n,28 Spanish, xii, 53, 55, 341, 363 n.21, 364 n.37 galley(s), passim and armament of, xii, 92-3,175-6, 200-201, 205-206,216-18,303, 306 bastarda, 186, 271-2, 382 n.21, 389-90 n.7 capitana, 113,184, 195,197, 375 n.37, 389-90 n.7 construction of, 177-80 fighting complement of, Genoese, 226, 228-9, 269-70 Hospitaller, 112-13, 115, 261, 374 n.29 Ottoman Turk, 271-2, 294-5 415 Papal, 269-70, 295 Spanish (and dependencies), 227-9, 261, 269-70 Venetian, 93—4, 229, 264, 269 lanterna, 184, 389—90 n.7, 390 n.14 limitations of, 89,173-7 named, 272-81 Aquila Nero e D’Oro (Venetian), 278, 299 Cristo Risorto IV (Venetian), 278, 299 La Donzella (Genoese), 279, 299 Dio Padre e la Trinità
(Venetian), 274, 291 Due Mani (Venetian), 280, 294 La Elbigina (Tuscan), 49 La Fiorenza (Tuscan), 277, 299 La Grifona (papal), 277, 294, 390 n.9 Gusmana (Napolese), 278, 299 La Loba (Spanish), 280, 295 La Marchesa (Spanish), 10, 280, 310 Nostra Donna (Venetian), 281, 291 La Piemontesa (Savoyard), 278, 299 La Pisana (Tuscan), 277, 317 La Real (Spanish), xi, xv, 115, 217, 262-3, 267, 269-70, 276, 288, 292-6,310, 327 San Giorgio (Venetian), 280, 293 San Giovanni (Hospitaller), 277, 374 n.29 San Giovanni (papal), 279, 299 San Pietro (Hospitaller), 277, 374 n.29 Santa Caterina (Venetian), 281, 291 Santa Lucia (papal), 94 Santa Maria della Concezione (Hospitaller), 26 Santa Maria Maddalena (Venetian), 281, 290-1 Santa Maria della Victoria (Hospitaller), 117, 268, 277, 318-19, 374 n.29 El Sol (Spanish), 17 II Sole (Venetian), 281, 290-1 Sultana (Ottoman Turk), xi, xv, 269, 272, 282, 292-6, 309, 312-13, 390 n.12 La Toscana I (Tuscan), 49
416 Lepanto 1571 La Toscana II (Tuscan), 277 Uomo Armato (Venetian), 264, 278 patrona, 197—8 provisioning of, 174, 246-50 rowing systems, alla zenzile (sémiié), 181-3,185, 187-8 a scaloccio, 113,183,185-7,197, 199, 233 sailing rig of, 173—4 tactical use of, 192-5, 214—16 boarding and entering, xii, 14—15, 93, 115, 176, 192-5, 197, 205-206, 214, 216, 227-9, 292, 295 arrumbada (It. arrembata), 217, 288 spalliera, 91, 201, 205, 252, 267, 288, 294-5 spur (sperone), the, 179,193-4, 303 Gama, Vasco da, 188, 315 Gerard d’Amalfi (Blessed Gerard), 100 García Alvarez de Toledo Osorio, Don, capitan generai de la Mar Mediterraneo y Adriatico, 50, 75, 77-8, 227, 261 advises Donjuan de Austria, 264, 271, 388 п.10 Germigny, Jacques de, French ambassador to Constantinople, 208 Gerung, Matthias, German woodcut artist, 120 Gascony/Gascon(s), 115,117,122, 221, 357 п.18, 365 n.4 Gembloux, battle of (31 January 1578), 81 Genoa, Republic of, Genoese, xv, xxx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 51, 145, 206, 234, 236, 260, 272 n.22, 346, 371-2 n.22, 388 n.ll galleys of, xv, 32, 38,105, 135,145, 173,179-80,187, 201, 225-9, 250, 261, 269-70, 275, 287, 388 n.ll, 391 n.9 gens d'armes, 58-60 Geuffroy, Fra’ Antoine de, French Knight Hospitaller, 151 Ghislieri, Michele (née Antonio), see Pius V, pope Ghislieri, Paolo, nephew of Pius V, 131-2, 312 Giustiniani, Fra’ Pietro, Hospitaller prior of Messenia, 261, 277, 298-9, 391 n.10 Golden Fleece, Order of the, 75, 368 n.4 Góngora y Argote, Luis de, Spanish lyric poet, 236 Gonzaga, Fernando, viceroy of Sicily, 32 Gonzaga, Giulia, duchess of Traetto, 33, 360 n.ll Grácián de la
Madre Dios, Fra’Jerónimo, Spanish Carmelite and Barbary slave, 251 Granada, Kingdom of, 26, 76-7, 270, 381 n.6 Granvelle, Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de, senior advisor to Philip II, 44, 261, 331 Gravelines, naval battle of (8 August 1588), 364Ո.38 Greece/Greeks, xiv, 5, 25-6, 32, 56, 77, 79,95,229,234,257,259,263,266, 272,351-3, 360 n.4, 389 n.18 and Lord Byron, 349-52, 395 n.13 Gregory I, pope (r. AD 590-604), 130 Gregory XI, pope (r. 1370-8), 375 n.4 Gregory XIII, pope (r. 1572-85), 165—6, 310-11, 316, 328, 374-5 n.35, 393 n.15 Guicciardini, Francesco, Florentine diplomat and historian, 59, 336, 376 n.12, 39ІП.16, 394 n.3 gunner(s)/gunnery, 53-4, 212-13, 264, 394 n.6 ‘point blank’, 212, 215 table Venetian, 232-3 gunpowder, passim and charcoal, 148, 223, 241 saltpetre (potassium nitrate), 148, 222-4, 241 oxygen, 222-3 sulphur, 148, 223—4, 241 guns, see artillery Haarlem, siege of (1572—3), 369 n.10, 370 n.23 Habsburg, Rudolf von, King of the Romans (r. 1273-91), 36, 371 n.8 Hacì Murād Re’is, xv, 147, 378 n.20 Haedo, Fra’ Diego de, Benedictine monk and Barbary slave, 56, 169
Index halberd(s)/halberdier, 62, 64,115, 228, 313, 360 n.3, 366 n.23, 384 n.23 Halut, Remigy de, Flemish gun founder, 204 hardtack, see biscuit(s), sea/ship Hawkins (Hawkyns), Sir Richard, English seaman and privateer, 315 Henri II of France (r. 1547-59), 240, 242 Henri III of France, 129, 240, 357 n.18 Henri IV of France (r. 1589-1610), 239, 310 Edict of Nantes (15 April 1598), 239 Henri duc de Guise, 129 Henry VIII of England, 119, 125, 209-10, 340, 342, 357 n.8, 365 n.7, 383-4 n.22, 392 n.3 guns of, 201-202, 207, 209, 339 and the Hospitallers, 109 Hindi Mahmud, Lepanto veteran, 315—16 Holy See, 104,119-20,124, 267, 371 n.8 see also Papal States Great Schism, the (1378-1417), 119, 124 d’Homedes y Coscon, Juan, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1536-53), 109, 374 n.28 Howard, Lord Charles of Effingham, 51, 364 n.37 Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, 244 Hoyos, Juan López de, Spanish Erasmist intellect, 8 Hungary, kingdom of,/Hungarian(s), 25, 39, 73, 98,104, 111, 139,149,158,161, 164,166, 361 n.ll, 361 n.4, 380 n.33, 380 n.34 Mohács, battle of (29 August 1526), 158, 161, 164, 355 n.13, 379-80 n.28 Hürrem Sultan (Roxelane), wife of Süleyman I and mother of Selim II, ix, xxviii, 260, 355 n.19 Idiáquez, Don Juan de, secretary to Philip II of Spain, 52 Innocent II, pope (r. 1130-43), 100 Quant amabilis Deo (20 February 1131), 100 417 Innocent III, pope (r. 1198-1216), 358 n.39 Inquisition, Holy Office of the, xx-xxi, 3, 30,42,131, 362 n.9 Ionian Sea, xiv, 258, 266 Ireland, 70, 73, 108-109, 310-11, 361 n.3, 374-5 n.35 Smerwick, siege (and massacre) of (7-10 November 1580),
311 Spanish wrecks on, 54—5, 204 Isabella of Castile (r. 1474—1504), 26, 35-6, 121, 361 n.4, 362 n.8 Lisle-Adam, Fra’ Philippe Villiers de, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1521-34), 105, 109 Istanbul, see Constantinople Italian wars (1494 to 1559), 57, 59-60, 240-1 Ithaka, xiv, 265 James V of Scotland (r. 1513—12), 126 James VI/I of Scotland/England (r. 1603-25), 129,137, 322-4, 355 n.18, 366 n.19, 370 n.24 Lepanto (1591), 323 janissaries, corps of, passim and and archery, 151, 153, 162-3 composite recurve bow(s), xiii, 158-9,161-1, 272, 296, 303, 380 n.32 and the Bektaşi order, 154,170, 380-1 n.42, 381 n.43 devşirme, 151-2 kazan-ı şerif, 153, 156, 167-8, 170 mehter takımı, 156-7, 161 mutinies, 167-8 numbers of, 154—5 orta(s), 153-4, 168 officers of, 169-70 tabur cengi, the, 157-8 training of, 151, 153-4, 157,160-1, 378 n.8 uniform of, xii-xiii, 153, 155-6 yatağanlar), xiii, 157, 159, 160 Jomini, Baron de, 394 n.l Jonson, Ben, English soldier playwright, 231-2
418 Lepanto 1571 Juana la Loca, mother of Charles V, 35, 368 ո.2 Julius II, pope (r. 1503-13), 27, 123-5, 210, 241,338, 384 n.28 League of Cambrai (1508), 86, 125, 288 Black Band (Schwarze Bande), 365-6 ո.14 Fründsberg, Georg von, ‘Father of the Landsknechte', 365-6 ո. 14 Wild, Johannes, Landsknecht and Ottoman kul, 139—40 Kara Hodja, Barbary corsair captain, 257, Lautrec, Odet de Foix, vicomte de, 376 258, 265, 294 n.10 Kātib Çelebi, Ottoman chronicler, 258, Le Saige, Jacques, Flemish silk merchant, 260, 354 n.10, 39ІП.10 xxxii, 355 n.26 Kemāl Re’īs, Ottoman corsair, 346, 395 Leicester, Sir Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of, n.5-6 13, 85,245,311 Kephalonia, xiv, 257-8, 265 Leiva, Don Sancho de, 17-18 Knolles, Richard, xx, xxvi-vii, 116-17, Leo X, pope (r. 1513-21), 375 n.5, 376 309, 324—5 n.13 Knox, John, founder of Presbyterian Lesley, John, Scottish Catholic bishop and historian, 126-7 Church of Scotland, 126, 239 Knights Hospitaller (Ordo Fratrum Loredano, Giovanni, 280, 294 Louis XI of France (r. 1461-83), 335, 360 Hospitalis Sancii Ioannis Hierosolymitani), passim and n.3 arms and armour, 107,114—15 Louis XII of France (r. 1498—1515), 56, corso, 112-14 363 n.16 Louis XIII of France (r. 1610-43), xx on Cyprus, 103, 111, 373 n.17 Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715), 194, on Malta, 105-107 233, 238-9, 250-1, 382-3 n.3 navy, 112-17 Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October offices and officials, 110-12 their origins, 99-101 1685), 239 on Rhodes, 103,105 Louis V of France (r. 1715-74), 238 socio-ethnic organisation, 107 Louis de Genève, king of Cyprus tongues (langues), 108-109 (r.
1459-82), xxiv Turcopoii/turcopolier, 110, 373 n. 16, Louis of Hungary, 161 373-4 n.18 Lucio, Cristoforo, 280, 293 vows of, 108, 112, 115 Lusignan, Charlotte de, xxix—xxx Knights of Saint Stephen (Sacro Lusignan, Guy de, king ofJerusalem Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa (r. 1186-92), king of Cyprus (r. e Martire), 51, 234, 261, 317-18, 385 1192-4), xxix Lusignan, Henri II de, king of Cyprus n.18 Knights Templar, xxix, 101-104, 372 ո.6 (r. 1285-1306, 1310-24), 103 Lusignan, Jacques III de (le bâtard), king of Cyprus (r. 1473—4), xxix-xxx La Noue, François de, seigneur de La Nouë-Briord, Huguenot leader, 12, 356 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 69,122-3,141, 230, n.4, 366-7 n.25 336, 371 n.17, 376 n.12 Lala Kara Mustafa Paşa, xxxi-iii, xxxiv-vi, on Cesar Borgia, 122, 376 n.13 329-30 on Spanish sword-and-buckler men, Landsknechte, 63-7, 69-70, 83-4, 120, 62-3,67 139, 365 n.7, 365 ո.12, 366 ո.15, 366 his works, 356 n.4,376-7 n.15, 391 n.16 ո.18, 370 Ո.19
Index Arte della guerra (1522), 123 Discorsi (1531), 123, 376-7 n.15 il Principe (1532), 122, 300, 376 n.13, 376-7 n.15 Mahan, Alfred Thomas, 175, 381 n.5 main centreline gun, 93,197-9, 200-201, 214,216, 218, 300, 303 Malea, Cape, 191-2 Malipiero, Pier Francesco, Venetian galley captain, 281, 291 Malta, passim siege of (1565), xxvi, 7, 50, 75, 99, 117, 145-6, 390 n.16 Mamlūk(s), xxix-xxx, 105,147-8 maravedí/maravedíes, 358 n.29, 363 n.21 Margaret de Austria, bastard daughter of Charles V, 75 Margaret Tudor, 126 María la Bailadora, 311-12 Marignano, battle of (13-14 September 1515), 125, 363 n.16 Marseilles, xxxvi, 236 Marteilhe de Bergerac, Jean, Huguenot galley slave, 185-6,194, 238 Mandlini, Fra’ Angelo, Sicilian Knight Hospitaller, 319 Martin V, pope (r. 1417-31), 119-20 Mary I of England (r. 1553-8), 41, 54, 109, 204, 361 n.2, 361 п.3 Mary Stuart, queen of Scots (r. 1542-67, 11587), 42, 74,126-9, 323, 340, 342 and the Babington Plot (1586), 128-9 her execution, 129 defeat at Langside, battle of (13 May 1568), 127 Mary of Burgundy, 36, 361 n.4, 376 n.15 Mary de Guise, mother of Mary Stuart and regent of Scotland (r. 1542-60), 126 Maximilian I (née Maximilian von Österreich), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1508-19), 35-6, 66,125, 360 n.l, 360 n.3, 361 n.4, 363 n.16, 376-7 n.15 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1564-76), ix Medici, Caterina de’, queen of France, 136 419 Medici, Cosimo I de’, II Duca di Firenze (r. 1537-69), I Granducato di Toscana (r. 1569-74), 49,196, 234, 261, 293, 317-18, 390 п.9 Medici, Francesco I de’, II Granducato di Toscana (r. 1574—87), 318 Medici,
Giovanni de’, condottiere, 365-6, n.14 Black Bands of (Bande Nere), 365 n.7, 365-6 n.14 Medici, Giovanni di Lorenzo de’, see Leo X,pope Medici, Giulio di Guiliano de’, see Clement VII, pope Medici, Guiliano de’, 376 n.13 Medici, Tommaso de’, Tuscan galley captain, 299 Medina Sidonia, Don Alonso Pérez du Guzman y de Zúñiga-Sotomayor el Bueno, duque de, capitán general del Mar Océano, 51-3, 197 Mediterranean Sea, passim and winds of, 17,175,177,189-92 Mehmed II Fatih, Ottoman sultan (r. 1444—6, 1451-81), xiii, xxviii, 26, 105,131, 151, 168, 321,346 Mehmed III, Ottoman sultan (r. 1595-1603), xxviii Melville, Herman, 387 n.52 Menelaos of Sparta, 191, 382 n.29 Mendoza, Don Bernardino de, Spanish ambassador to England, 128, 208 Messina, port of, xi, xxxvi, 10, 16, 37, 143, 234, 236, 261-4, 277, 298, 316, 319 Metternich, Prince Klemens von, Austrian foreign minister, 350, 351-3, 396 n.23 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 125, 211, 337-8, 384 n.28, 384 n.29 Milan, duchy of, Milanese, x, xiv, 9, 39-40,48,94,120-2,130,180, 394 n.6 Molay, Jacques de, grand master of the Templars (r. 1298-1312, f1314), 104 Moneada, Don Miguel de, 10, 16, 261, 270 Moneada, Don Ugo de, 201
420 Lepanto 1571 Monluc, Blaise de, Catholic leader, 11-12, 59, 231, 365 n.4, 376 n.10, 376 n.ll, 385 n.13 his career, 357 n. 18 Montagne, Michel de, 221 Montecuccoli, Raimondo, Austrian Habsburg general and military theorist, 69-70, 379 n.23 Morat, battle of (22 June 1476), 70 Morea (Peloponnesos), the, xxv, 79, 346, 350 moriscos, 4, 30, 76, 238 rebellion of (1568-71), 73, 76-7, 270, 310, 327, 381 n.6 Morocco, kingdom of, 27, 28, 46, 311, 362 n.7, 378 n.20 mortar(s), 203, 206, 383 n.18, 394 n.6, 396 n.19 Müezzinzâde Ali Paşa, kapudan-i derya, xv, 257-60 at Lepanto, 268, 282, 288, 292-6, 309 his origins, 260 Mühlberg, battle of (24 April 1547), 56, 357 n.8 Muley Ahmad, Hafsid caliph of Tunis, 146, 332 Muley al-Hasan, Hafsid caliph of Tunis (r. 1526-42), 38 Muley Muhammad VI, Hafsid caliph of Tunis, 332 Murād I, Ottoman sultan (r. 1359-89), 150-1 Murād II, Ottoman sultan (r. 1421-44, 1446-51), 150-1,154 Murād III, Ottoman sultan (r. 1574—95), xxviii, 316 Naillac, Fra’ Philibert de, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1397-1421), 104-105 Nancy, battle of (5 January 1477), 70 Nani, Federigo, 291 Nantes, Edict of (1598), 239 Naples, 10,17,19, 27, 51, 197, 207, 228, 236, 260-2, 269, 316, 359 n.2 Kingdom of, xxxvii, 24, 36, 39-40, 44, 51,54, 57-8,60,71,73,94,113, 120-2,248, 329, 331,334-7,375-6 n.8, 388 n.13 Napoléon I Bonaparte, 106, 347-8, 365 n.4, 370 n.1,395 n.12 Naupaktos, ix, xiv, 258-9, 266, 287, 299, 345-7 Navarino, 16, 73, 332, 346, 394 n.7,395 n.6 naval battle of (20 October 1827), 352 Navarro, Don Pedro, Spanish engineer and artillerist, 24—5, 359 n.2 navigation,
173,177,188-92, 301 pilot(s), 189,190, 226, 302 rutter(s), 189-90 Negroponte, 259, 388 n.8 Nemours, Louis d’Armagnac, duc de, 58 Neville, Henry, English savant, 40 New World, the, 47-8, 121, 364 n.32 Nicosia, xxii, xxix, xxi, xxxii siege of (22 July-9 September 1570), xxxi-iii Nieuwpoort, battle of (2 July 1600), 18, 379 n.26 Nikopolis, battle of (25 September 1396), 104-105 Noailles, François de, évêque de Dax, French ambassador to Constantinople, 306 Nölly, Hans, member of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, 312-13 Nonsuch, Treaty of (19 August 1585), 85 Northern Rebellion, the, 340 oarsmen, xi, xiii, 93,113, 173—5,179-88, 198, 200-201,214, 216, 225-6, 233-9, 247-8, 250, 263, 269-70, 272, 291 see also ciurma power output of, 174,184 Odysseus, 191, 265 oficiales, 229, 391 n.21 Orán, 24, 25,27, 70, 334 Orhan Gărzi, Ottoman sultan (r. 132659), 136,150 Orpheus, 368-9 n.6 Orsini, Paolo, Venetian marine commander, 290-1
Index Orsini, Paolo Giordano, Genoese galley captain, 293-4 Osedo, Francesco de, Napolese galley captain, 278, 299 Osman, Ottoman sultan (r. 1290-1326), 136,138 Otho I, king of the Hellenes (r. 1832-62, f 1867), 353 Otranto, Ottoman sack of (11 August 1480), 134, 377 n.l Ottoman navy, 5-6,19, 31-2, 143,146, 176,258, 267, 346, 359 n.9 Pantera, Pantero, papal capitano generale, 93—4, 313 Papal States, xv, xxxvii, 95, 118, 120-5, 131, 133, 179, 275, 287 Vatican City, 9-Ю, 118,120 Castel Sant’Angelo, 118,124, 316 Parma, duchy of, 9, 80, 221, 369 ո.11 Parry, William, Welsh courtier and spy, 128 Paschal II, pope (r. 1099-1118), 100 Pie postulano voluntatis (15 February 1113), 100 Patras, Gulf of, xiv, 88, 258-9, 263, 265-6, 287 Paul III, pope (r. 1534-49), 38, 369 n.ll and the Holy League (1538), 89 Paul IV, pope (r. 1555-59), 130 Pavia, battle of (24 February 1525), 59-60, 64, 73, 228, 363 n.16, 365 n.7, 365-6 n.l 4 Percy, Sir Henry (Harry Hotspur), 222 Shrewsbury, battle of (21 July 1403), 222 Perikles, Athenian statesman, xxii Pertev Paşa, 257, 260, 282, 292-4 Pfalz-Simmern, Johann Casimir von, 81, 370 n.14 Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-98), passim and his empire, 39-4-1 his faith, 42-3,47-8 improves English navy, 52-3 control of the Low Countries, 42-3, 79-80,131, 362-3 n.13, 370 n.22 marriage to Mary Tudor, 41, 54, 361 n.3 421 annexation of Portugal, 28, 45,46 the Spanish Armada, 51-3, 129, 207, 363 n.21 his wives, 41-2, 129 Philip III of Spain (r. 1598-1621), 43, 370 n.24 Philipp I von Österreich der Schöne, father of Charles V, 35, 50 Philippe IV le Bel of France (r.
12851314), 104 Phillipe III de Bourgogne (le Bon), 368 n.4, 380 n.30 Pimentel, Don Alonso, 334 piracy, 24—5, 28, 103, 113,137, 259, 310, 364 п.32, 388 n.ll Piri Re’īs, Ottoman corsair and cartographer, 25, 191-2, 346, 395 n.6 Piyale Paşa, kapudan-ı derya, 49, 260 pike, 57-8, 60-4, 67, 69-70, 219, 228, 313, 384 n.42 half-pike(s), xiv, 115, 228, 291, 295, 313 Pius IV, pope (r. 1559-65), 40,130 Pius V (Saint), pope (r. 1566-72), x, xxii, 9, 77, 127-31,257,312,316, 328, 340-1, 389 n.6, 390 n.9 and the Holy League (1571), 77, 131-3, 327 his origins, 130-1 Regnans in Excelsis (25 February 1570), 127, 341—4 and the rosary, 321-2, 326, 393 n.l5 Pole, Richard de la, duke of Suffolk (White Rose), 365 n.7 Ponce de León, Manuel, Spanish capitan, 16 Pontifical Swiss Guard (Cohors Helvetica), 124, 295, 312-13 Brunegg, Jost Segesser von, commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, 313 Porcia, Silvio da, 291 Portugal, kingdom of/Portuguese, 27, 29, 35,40-1,48, 57, 70-1,73,110-11,121, 311, 334, 362 n.7, 364 n.32, 364 n.38, 378 n.20, 382 n.22, 383 n.16 annexed by Philip II of Spain, 20, 28, 42,45-7, 362 n.7, 363 n.20
422 Lepanto 1571 presidios, 24, 332-4 Preveza, naval battle of (28 September 1538), xxvi, 32-t, 89,114,144, 227-8, 271 privateer(s), see piracy Protestantism, Protestant(s), 42—3, 53, 80-1, 84, 94,126-8, 194, 238-9, 310-11, 317, 322-3, 340-1, 359 n.46, 361 n.2, 364 n.32, 368 n.2, 368 n.31, 368 n.4, 369 n.12, 370 n.23, 375 n.5, 379 n.16, 393 n.8 Calvinism, Calvinist(s), 80-1, 85, 135, 323, 326, 343, 348, 356 n.4, 370 n.23, 375 n.5 Huguenot(s), 12-13, 81,131,135, 239, 316,356 n.4, 366-7 n.25 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (24 August 1572), 316, 377 n.4 Luther, Martin, 120, 357 n.8, 375 n.5 Lutheran(s), 37, 80, 131, 135, 357, n.8, 366 n.18, 375 n.5 Rhodes, Cecil John, Victorian imperialist, xxi—ii Rhodes, xxv, 6,26,101,103—105,109, 111-12, 117, 237, 257, 304, 339,355 n.13 sieges of (1313, 1444,1480, 26 June-22 December 1522), 105,134 Rich, Barnabe, English soldier, 160, 379 n.22 Richard Cœur de Lion, king of England, xxix Ridefort, Gérard de, Master of the Temple (r. 1184-89), 372 n.8 Roland, semi-legendary hero, 230,354 n.7 Chanson de Roland, 354 n.7 Romegas, Fra’ Mathurin d’Aux de Lescaut, 115-17, 374—5 n.35 PTSD, 116 Rovere, Giuliano della, see Julius II, pope Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1576-1612), 42 al-Qasr al Kabir (Alcazarquivir), battle of (4 August 1578), 311, 362 n.7, 378 n.20 quintal(es), 197-8, 363 n.21 Qpirini, Marc’ Antonio, Venetian capitano generale del Golfo, xxxiii-iv Qurun Hattın, battle of (4 July 1187), 102, 372 n.7, 373 n.16 Saint John, Order of, see Knights Hospitaller Saint-Qpentin, battle of (10 August 1557), 311,363 n.16 Salâh ad-Dïn bin
Ayyübî (Saladin), sultan of Egypt (r. 1169-93), 102-103, 373 n.16 Salazar у Palacios, Doña Catalina de, wife of Cervantes, 23 Šālim al-Tūmī, emir of Algiers (f1516), 29 Sánchez-Albomoz y Menduiña, Claudio, Spanish historian and statesman, 73 Sande, Don Alvaro de, 49 Sangallo il Giovane, Antonio da, Florentine military engineer, 337-8 Sangallo, Giuliano da, Florentine military engineer, 337 Sanmicheli, Giovanni Girolamo, Veronese military engineer, x Sanmicheli, Michele, Veronese military engineer, x Santa Cruz, Don Alvaro Bazán, marques de, capitan general de Napoli, 262, 363 n.20 Raglan, FitzRoy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron of, xxi Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27-8, 207, 340, 377 n.7, 392 n.6 Ramadan Paşa, Corsican renegade and beylerbeyi of Algiers (r. 1578-7), 18 Raymond du Puy, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1121/23-1158/60), 100 La Reconquista, xxiii, 33, 57, 366 ո.22 renegade(s), Christian, xv, 17-19, 25, ЗО, 137,143-7,162, 233-4, 265-6, 294, 305, 377 n.5, 378 n.20 Reşid Mehmed Paşa, 396 ո. 19 Requeséns y Zúñiga, Don Luis de, capitán general of Ejército de Flandes, 13,79 at Lepanto, 78, 276, 300-301
Index his career, 46—7 at Lepanto, 267, 280, 295 and the Spanish Armada, 47, 363 n.21 Santiago de Compostela, 49-50, 66 Santiago Matamoros, 366 n.22 Sañudo, Marin (Marino Sanuto), Venetian senator and diarist, 183, 381 n.15, 395 n.5 Savorgnan del Friuli, Giulio, military engineer, xxxii-iii, 97, 212 Savoy, duchy of/Savoyards, xxxvii, 104, 179, 275, 287, 299, 365 n.12 Scetti, Aurelio, Tuscan galley slave, 317-18 Schön, Erhard, German woodcut artist, 64, 366 n.15 Schwendi, Lazarus von, Austrian Habsburg general and military theorist, 159 Scotland, 54-5, 74, 108, 126-7, 239, 323, 370 n.23 scurvy, 314—15 Sebastiano of Portugal, Dorn, 311, 362 n.7 Selim I Yavuz, Ottoman sultan (r. 1512-20), 27, 29-31,168-9 Selim II Sari, Ottoman sultan (r. 1566-74), ix, xxvi-xxxi, 50, 152, 259, 316, 330, 378 n.8 Sessa, Gonzalo II Fernández de Cordoba, III duque de, Spanish naval commander, 16, 132-3, 358 n.29, 381 n.6 Sessa, Juan (Latino) de, professor of Latin and epic poet, 381 n.6 Seville, xx-xxi, 8, 250 Seymour, Edward, 1st Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector of England (1547-49), 109 Sforza, Bianca Maria, 376 n.15 Sforza, Caterina di Forlì, 365-6 n. 14 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, duca di Milano (r. 1466-76), 365 n.14 Sforza, Ludovico Maria (il Moro), duca di Milano (r. 1480-1500), 394 n.6 Shakespeare, William, 11, 22-3, 96, 125, 200, 222, 231, 340, 359 n.46 423 Othello, 324-5, 393 n.10 Şuluk Mehmed Paşa (Mehmed Sirocco), beylerbeyi oí Alexandria, 259, 281-2, 289-91,388 n.5 Sicily, xi, xiv, 32, 37^10,48,113,143,191, 248, 331,334, 358 n.29, 381 n.9 Kingdom of, xxxvii, 36, 49, 50-1, 54, 57, 75,
77-8, 84, 94, 105-106, 246, 329 Sigismund de Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia (r. 1387-1437), 104 sipāhĶs), 26,141, 272, 306 see also timar system of the Porte, 150,156-7, 161 small arms, passim and ballistics of, 380 n.37 bullet(s), 11-12, 23,58,64,163, 217-18, 220-1, 230-1, 240-2, 245, 290, 292, 294, 296,390 η. 11 handgun(s)/handgunner(s), 11, 85, 154,161,168, 218-20, 223, 380 n.34, 384 n.23 harquebus(es)/harquebusier(s), 7, 67, 161,165, 218-20, 228, 231, 288, 292, 295, 300, 303, 312-13, 365-6 n.14, 379 n.26 Spanish, xi, xiv, 57—61, 68, 219, 229, 264, 269, 292, 299-300, 312 Ottoman, 153-4,158-9,161, 269, 290, 294, 306 musket/musketeer(s), 67-8,165,197, 216, 221, 246, 369 n.10, 379 n.26 Smyrna, 104, 350—1 Sobieski, Jan III, king of Poland (r. 1674-96), 85 Solakzade Mehmed, Ottoman chronicler, 259 Sokoliu Mehmed Paşa, grand vizier, ix, xxvii-xxviii, xxx, 305, 329-30 Soranzo, Benedetto, Venetian galley captain, 278, 299 Stănileşti, battle of (18—21 July 1711), 163 Starkey, Fra’ Oliver, 373-4 n.18 Stucley (Stukley), Sir Thomas, English Catholic soldier of fortune, 310-11, 392 n.3
424 Lepanto 1571 Süleyman I Kānūnt, Ottoman sultan (r. 1520-66), ix, xxiv-v, xxvi, xxxi, 31, 32, 50,105,116,144, 151,155,158, 165, 330, 355 ո.13, 355η .19 surgeon(s), 7-8,11-13, 67, 226,230-1, 239-47, 253, 300, 314-15, 366 η.24 Clowes (the elder), William, English surgeon, 12-13, 243, 245, 314-15, 357 n.20 on amputation, 12 Prooved Practice for all young Chirugians (1591), 245 Gale, Thomas, English surgeon, 244, 387 n.42 Killian, Hans Franz Edmund, Wehrmacht surgeon, 242 Paré, Ambroise, French surgeon, 240-3, 245 on debridement, 242 on gunshot wounds, 240-2 on hearing loss, 245 Styward, Thomas, English surgeon, 244-5 Vigo, Giovanni da, Italian surgeon, 240-1 Practica in arte chirurgica copiosa (1514), 241 Swiss, confederation and mercenaries (reisläufer), 58-9, 62-3, 66-7, 69-70, 81, 94, 122, 360 n.3, 365 n.12, 376 n.10 see also Pontifical Swiss Guard sword-and-buckler men (rodeleros/ espadachines), 61-4, 67, 365 n.9 Tangier, 25, 29 tercios españoles, los, 20,42, 61, 71, 80, 84, 361 n.12 at Lepanto, 60, 227, 229, 261, 269-70 organisation of, 66-8, 366-7 n.25 named, Tercio de Enriquez, 270 Tercio Nuevo de la Mar de Nápoles (Tercio de Moneada), 10, 13, 16, 261,270,310, 332,357 n.12 Tercio de Sardinia, 68, 269, 292 Tercio Viejo de Sicilia (Tercio de Figueroa), 50, 67-8, 261, 270, 302, 312, 391 n.25 Tercio Viejo de Lombardia, 67-8 Tercio Viejo de Nápoles, 67-8, 357 n.12 Tercio de Padilla, 270 Teutonic Order, 102, 372 n.6 Thirty Years’ War (1618—48), 69, 84, 367 n.29 Rocroi, battle of (18-19 May 1643), 71,84 Thucydides, Athenian soldier historian, 345,389 n.18 Tiber, river, xxi,
33, 73,118, 316 trnār system, 139,140-1 timariot(s), 257, 301, 306 see also sipāhi Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), Turkic conqueror, 104, 304, 373 n.13 Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti), Venetian artist, xii, 309, 322, 323 Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 56, 85, 321—3, 355 n.19, 356 n.31 Allegory ofthe Battle ofLepanto, 322 Charles V, 56 Donjuan de Austria, 85 TIemcen, 29-31 Toledo Osorio, Don Garcia Alvarez de, IV marqués de Villafranca, capitan general de la Mar Mediterraneo y Adriatico, 227, 271 advises Don Juan de Austria, 77-8, 261,264, 271,388 n.10 his career, 75, 78 and the siege of Malta (1565), 50, 75 Toraldo, Gaspare, barone di Badolato, 262 Tordesillas, Treaty of (7 June 1494), 121 trireme, ancient Greek, 182,184, 200, 345 Tripoli, 24, 28, 30, 34, 56, 70,105-106, 117,132, 236-7, 331 Trent, Council of (1545-63), 129, 375 n.5 Trinitarians, 19, 358 n.39 Troy, siege of, 191, 386 n.34 Tudor navy, 51-3,209 Elizabeth Jonas (née Philip), 52—3 Mary Rose, 209, 383—4 n.22, 384 n.23 Triumph, 364 n.37 Tunis, 16,25, 27-32, 36-7,132, 137, 145-6,251,330
Index captured by Charles V (21 July 1535), 38, 114, 229, 330, 332, 361 n.9, 363 n.16 captured by Don Juan de Austria (October 1573), 79, 330-3 La Goleta, 16, 38֊9, 73,114,146, 330-4 Turgut Re’īs (Dragut), Greek renegade and Barbary corsair, 144—6, 236, 306, 390 n.16 his origins, 144 Twombly, Jr., Edwin Parker ‘Су’, American artist, 326-7 Lepanto, a painting in twelve parts, 326-7 Tyndale, William, English theologian and Protestant martyr, 118-19 Uluç Ali Paşa (née Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, later Kiliç Ali Paşa), Calabrian renegade and Barbary corsair, 143, 145 as described by Cervantes, 145 as beylerbeyi of Algiers (r. 1568-71), 145-7, 257 as kapudan-ı derya, 146, 305-306 at Lepanto, xv, 146, 259, 272, 284, 296-9, 39 ln. 10 his origins, 144 Uluç Hassan Paşa (née Andrea Celeste), Venetian renegade and Barbary corsair, 378 n.20 as described by Cervantes, 147 beylerbey։ of Algiers (r. 1577-80, 1582-5,1586-7), 18-19,147 as kapudan-ı derya, 146-7 his origins, 146-7 Urbina, Don Diego de, 10, 13, 310, 357 n.13 Valette, Fra’ Jean Parisot de la, grand master of the Hospitallers (r. 1557-68), 114, 373—4 n. 18 Vanegas, Amonio de, Spanish gunnery officer, 53—4 Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz, Flemish artist and court painter to Charles V, 38, 361 n.9 425 Veronese, Paolo, xv, 323 The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto (c. 1572), xv-xvi Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 382-3 n.3 Vázquez, Mateo, secretary to Philip II, 15 Vázquez el Viejo, Juan Bautista, Spanish sculptor, 262 Venice, Republic of (la Serenissima), passim and Arsenale di Venezia, 90-2, 96,98,183, 196, 302 government of, 86-7 Council
of Ten (consiglio dei dieci), 87, 391 n.21 the doge, xii, 87, 301, 304, 329 the Senate, 87, 92,183, 251, 301, 322, 329 militia, 95-7, 232 navy, 90-5, 182 war galley (galea sottile), 92-3, 179-80,196 sea empire (impero da mar), 88-9,186, 229, 329 Corfu (Kerkyra), 89, 191, 263-4, 269, 304, 355 n.13, 388 n.13 Crete, xx, xxiv, 89, 257, 261, 264, 304, 330, 346, 392 n.5 Candía (Herakleion), xxiv, xxxiii, xxxiv, 330 Cyprus, xxvi, xxix-xxxvii, 50, 77, 89, 90, 92, 132, 257, 324, 328-30, 371-2 n.22 Veniero, Filippo, 295 Veniero (Venier), Sebastiano, Venetian capitano generale de mar, xii, 261-3, 265-7, 269 at Lepanto, 275, 288-9, 292—4 Vienna, Congress of (November 1814֊ June 1815), 350 Vienna, sieges of (1529,1683), xxiv, 137, 355 n.13 Vignoli, Vignolo dei, Genoese pirate, 103 Villaret, Fra’ Foulques de, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1305-19, J1327), 103 Villiers, Jean de, master of the Hospitallers (r. 1285-94), 103
426 Lepanto 1571 Vinci, Leonardo da, 337, 394 n.6 Virgil, Roman poet, xxii, 37, 360 ո.5, 381 n.6 Virgin Mary (the Madonna), xv-xvi, 321-2, 325-7, 393 n.6 Holy Rosary, the, 320-2, 325-7, 393 n.6, 393 n.16 Voltaire, 177, 328 Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado (1756), xx Walsingham, Sir Francis, spy master, 128-9 War of Chioggia (1377-81), 97, 371-2 n.22 Ward, John (Jack)/Yusuf Re’ïs, English pirate and renegade, 137 Wavrin, Jehan de, Burgundian chronicler, 162, 380 n.30 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of, 352, 386 n.4 William I the Silent, prince of Orange, 79-80,85,128 Williams, Sir Roger, Welsh professional soldier and military theorist, 71-2 Wotton, Sir Henry, English ambassador to Venice, xxvii, 355 n.18 Yusuf Ya’kub Ağa, father of the Barbarossa brothers, 26 Žižka, Jan, Hussite leader, 379 Zorzi, Alessandro, Venetian nobleman, 187-8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München -------— ľ,_✓ |
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| author | Fields, Nic |
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| bvnumber | BV047211486 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1249659214 (DE-599)BVBBV047211486 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047211486 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:54:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781526716514 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032616281 |
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| physical | XXXVII, 426 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln |
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| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
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| publisher | Pen & Sword Maritime |
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| spelling | Fields, Nic Verfasser (DE-588)13599344X aut Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory Nic Fields Lepanto fifteen hundred seventy-one Barnsley Pen & Sword Maritime 2020 XXXVII, 426 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The battle of Lepanto has long been considered one of the decisive naval battles of history. Yet, the savage fighting on Sunday, 7 October 1571 left the strategic map unchanged and the defeated Ottoman Turks were able to replace their losses and launch a new fleet the following year. Nic Fields re-examines the battle and concludes that, while it merely confirmed a strategic reality that had already emerged during the 16th century (i.e. that naval supremacy lay with the Sublime Porte in the eastern Mediterranean, and with Habsburg Spain and its Catholic allies in the western Mediterranean), it's vital importance was psychological. It sank the perception of Ottoman dominance and the inevitability of Islam's westward encroachment beyond the Balkans. With over 200 ships per side, it was the largest naval battle in sixteen centuries and the last major fight between fleets composed entirely of the muscle-driven galley. These slender ships were the direct descendants of the Classical trireme but carried cannon and marines bearing firearms, although massed archery and cold steel still played a major role on the fateful day Seeschlacht von Lepanto (DE-588)4208635-8 gnd rswk-swf Lepanto, Battle of, Greece, 1571 Greece 1571 Seeschlacht von Lepanto (DE-588)4208635-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032616281&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032616281&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032616281&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Fields, Nic Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory Seeschlacht von Lepanto (DE-588)4208635-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4208635-8 |
| title | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory |
| title_alt | Lepanto fifteen hundred seventy-one |
| title_auth | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory |
| title_exact_search | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory |
| title_full | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory Nic Fields |
| title_fullStr | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory Nic Fields |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lepanto 1571 the Madonna's victory Nic Fields |
| title_short | Lepanto 1571 |
| title_sort | lepanto 1571 the madonna s victory |
| title_sub | the Madonna's victory |
| topic | Seeschlacht von Lepanto (DE-588)4208635-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Seeschlacht von Lepanto |
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