On the edge: life along the Russia-China border
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
2021
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| Beschreibung: | 376 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780674979482 0674979486 |
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| adam_text | The border between Russia and China winds for 2,600 miles through rivers, swamps, and vast taiga forests. It s a thin line of direct engagement, extraordinary contrasts, frequent tension, and occasional war between two of the world s political giants. Franck Bilié and Caroline Hum phrey have spent years traveling through and studying this important yet forgotten region. Drawing on pioneer ing fieldwork, they introduce readers to the lifeways, poli tics, and history of one of the world s most consequential and enigmatic borderlands. It is telling that, along a border consisting mainly of rivers, there is not a single operating passenger bridge. Two different worlds have emerged. On the Russian side, in territory seized from China In the nineteenth century, defense is prioritized over the economy, leaving dilapidat ed villages slumbering amid the forests. For its part, the Chinese side is heavily settled and increasingly prosper ous and dynamic. Moscow worries about the imbalance, and both governments discourage citizens from interact ing. But as Bilié and Humphrey show, cross-border con nection is a fact of life, whatever distant authorities say. There are marriages, friendships, and sexual encounters. There are joint businesses and underground deals, includ ing no shortage of smuggling. Meanwhile some indige nous peoples, persecuted on both sides, seek to revive their own alternative social groupings that span the bor der. And Chinese towns make much of their proximity to Europe, building giant Russian dolls and replicas of St. Basil s Cathedral to woo
tourists. Surprising and rigorously researched, On the Edge testi fies to the rich diversity of an extraordinary world haunted by history and divided by remote political decisions but connected by the ordinary imperatives of daily life.
CONTENTS List of Maps ix Note on Language and Spelling xi Introduction 1 1. Border Spaces 23 2. Standoff in the Border River 65 3. Making a Living in the Cross-Border Economy 95 4. Indigenous Peoples of the Borderlands 131 5. Friends, Foes, and Kin across the Border 171 6. Resources and Environment 205 7. Bright Lights across the Amur 228 Coda: Bridging the Gap? 269 Notes 277 References 333 Acknowledgments 357 Index 359
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INDEX activism, 76,120, 223, 309ո94 administration, 92-93; “adminis trative rent,” 101, 297n72; reform in China, 44; in Russia, 44-45. See also bureaucracy; hierarchies; regional leaders; state agriculture, 6, 8, 34,50,74-75, 83, 210,217,224,227; agribusiness, 108, 111, 114-115; Chinese farming in Russia, 112-116, 274, 295n45; exports, 100; indigenous, 132, 152; inten sive, 53, 80, 116, 129, 230; land for, 21; “peasant,” 115; pollution in, 116, 319nn61-62; practices, 220; products, 3, 274, 299-300n91; soybeans, 114-115, 299n91; vegetable, 116; workers, 113, 299n91 Aihui (ШЩ, 197-198, 314n52, 328n82. See also museums Albazin Fort, 209, 233 alcohol, 216,244; alcoholism, 107, 145, 152, 185, 189,214; Chinese alcohol (baijiu), 176 Amilhat Szary, Anne-Laure, 66 Amur Gas Processing Plant, 34—38, 58,99 Amur Highway (Route 297), 25, 30, 32, 35 Amur River (Heilongjiang HᎠ/X), 4, 25, 31-32, 39, 66; character of, 49-52; memorial journey down, 76-77; navigation, 49-51, 105; source of, 40. See also bridges anger, 72, 91, 96-97, 259; of mountain deity, 168 architecture, 228-268; Manzhouli, 47-48, 52, 176-177, 234, 236, 262, 266, 323n20, 324n28, 326n57. See also urban features Arctic, 8,12, 74, 122,222; “Arctic Village,” 85 Argun River (Erguna he WfrOÑM), 4, 24, 31, 49, 66 Armenia, 15, 106, 169 Association for Elderly People (Blagoveshchensk), 191 authoritarianism, 1,17-18,23, 92, 97, 224, 226,307-308n81; increasing, 17, 25, 84, 92, 269, 281n70, ЗЗОпІО
360 Baikal, Lake, 39, 74,133,136,160, 219; pollution in, 206 Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM), 31, 37, 38, 52,155, 281n62 barbarians, 42 Barga (people) (Ch: Ba’erhu bu Е ЙЭД, 132, 133, 135, 138, 148, 157-160, 165-170, 203 Barga (region), 135, 166-170 bazaars. See markets bears, 19, 71, 74, 86,176, 199, 225-226,237,239,259, 315n5; meat, 207; paws, 207 Beidabuang (ÁtizM Great Northern Wilderness), 41, 74 Belarus, 15, 281n59 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI -íf“g ), 14, 17, 270-271; road building, 24-25 Blagoveshchensk (Ch: Bulageweishensike ШШЗсШФШЅ or Hailanpao Ш—.Ш), 26, 34, 54, 56-57, 105, 171-200, 209, 228-268. See also bridges blat, 178, 208 Blyakher, Leonid, 97, 100-103 Boli (ititi). See Khabarovsk Bol’shoe Kamen’ (Big Stone), 62-63, 121-125 Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island, 7, 66, 86-92,156, 290n38. See also Heixiazi Island border: “borderwork” concept, 133, 277n8; bottlenecks at, 52-53; concepts of, 40-41; confusion, 285n58; crossing points, 8, 25-26, 55, 89,165; on divided island, 83, 89; guards, 7, 78, 93, 125, 127-128, 165, 239; and indigenous people, INDEX 134; land, 283n2; “natural,” 49, 55-56; physical structure of, 34-35, 83; rivers as, 49-51; and Russian restricted access zone (see pogranzona); sacro sanct, 54, 239; sea, 40-41; skirmishes, 7; surreptitious crossing, 165, 199; thalweg, 71, 272, 285n52 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative bridges, 4, 70; absence of, 12, 26, 54—56,270-275; attitudes to, 53; Heihe-Blagoveshchensk, 54-57; to island, 83, 87, 90; of Novgorod, 272; “phantom,” 56; pontoon, 55, 90, 272; rail freight, 54-55, 272; refusal of, 155, 281n62; as res publica,
271-272, 275; TongjiangNizhneleninskoe, 57, 272-275 buffers, 1, 3, 71 bureaucracy, 1, 4, 61, 69-70,125, 155, 271, 273,297n72. See also administration Buryat (Ch: Buliyate fhllHEf#, Mong. Buriyad): and Buddhism, 138-139,165, 170, 328n81; Buryat-Mongol ASSR, 144, 306n62; in China, 155-170, ЗОЗпЗб; groups, 158-170, 203, 300nl; internal politics, 308n87; Khori, 160-165; lan guage, 149, 308n85, 308n87; in Mongolia, 155-170; oppres sion of, 306n62; people, 30, 32, 103, 132,133, 136, 138-139, 143, 146; population number, 300nl; resettlement, 169; in Russia, 155-170, ЗОЗпЗб; Shenehen, 149, 158, 162,170, 203; villages, 29, 166
INDEX Buryat Republic (Buryatia)·, 117-121, 144, 217, 219-220, 286n71,296n59, 299n84 business, 5,16,47,58, 87,100-105, 123, 153, 161, 203, 214-215, 218,243,296n56,296-297n67; agribusiness, 108, 111, 114; barter, 103; contrasting ways of doing, 96, 99,116,178-179; forum, 89; initiatives, 6, 98; joint, 4, 117, 251; networks, 124, 179-180, 207; people, 48, 61,130,161,185,189,221,252, 260, 313n49. See also economy; fishing; jade; partnerships; trade cairns. See oboos cannabis, 100,124, 126 capitalism, 1, 2, 62, 96, 100, 257, 319n60; authoritarian, 1; Chinese, 44; “cultures of capi talism,” 96; democratic, 1; “petty,” 96, 296n59; Russian, 113,130; unbridled, 23, 57,221 casinos, 189, 236 censorship: in China, 223; in Russia, 224. See also telecommunications Central Asia, 4, 244; borders, 277n2; BRI, 24; and China, 12, 75; cities, 325n50, 328n84; gas, 10; Koreans, 139, 301n2, 317n29; migrants, 213, 294n36, 298n78, 325n37; and Russia, 11-12, 220 central heating, 38, 90, 122,129 centralization (of administration), 23, 45; and recentralization in China, 45, 92; in Russia, 44-45, 63, 287 “Century of Humiliation,” 15, 170, 196 361 Changchun (lx#), 188, 233 China, Republic of, 42 Chinatowns, 13, 263 Chinese Communist Party (CCP 18, 84-85, 92,169, 304n44 Chinese villages, 97,105,113-116, 171, 177, 197, 300nl; on the border, 25, 228, 255; migration from, 109-111. See also villages Chita, 30, 39,108,109,161,163, 244 Chosõn, 209, 211. See also Korea citizenship. See law civilization, 2, 26,142, 170,197, 204, 263; Chinese ideas of, 42, 44, 53; “ecological,” 67; Russian ideas of, 179,
232-233, 243, 245, 254-255, 263 clans, 155, 158-165; character attributed to, 163; cross-border extension of, 158-160, 162; role in protest, 308n81; symbols, 307n70 class: enemy, 43,139; middle-class, 55,111,243; social, 181-183 climate change, 20-21,269,278nl7, 299֊300n91; harsh, 14, 30, 51, 234 closed areas, 32-39,62-63, 88,121, 239, 281n62, 284n22, 294n36. See also Gulags; pogranzona; ZATO coal. See mining: coal collective farms, 29, 75, 90, 106-109, 162, 203, 247 collectivization, 144 colonialism, 21,134,146,170,188, 262, 284n33, 302n29, 313n51 Confucius Institutes, 171-172,180, 191-194, 310nl
362 construction, 24, 34, 37, 48, 97, 151, 297,315ո3; bridge, 54-56, 83, 237, 273-274; Chinese in Russia, 35, 99, 294n36; Chinese urban, 251-252, 254; Japanese, 43; river works, 73; Russian urban, 256, 265-267; workers, 115, 294n36 consumption, 3,45,190,218,243, 261, 270; domestic, 3 cooperation. See partnerships corruption, 17, 37, 45, 61, 116, 119-120, 157, 209, 222, 286-287n74, 307n81; “admin istrative rents,” 62, 297n72; anti-corruption, 105, 215-216; border officials, 178; bribes, 62, 101,104,126, 214; electoral, 136; in Russia, 62, 90; war on, 101 Cossacks, 49, 50, 72, 73, 76, 87, 106,134, 138,156, 197, 209, 301-302nl6, 316nl4 COVID-19/coronavirus, 56, 269, 272, 299-300n91 credit, 48, 108, 116. See also debt crime: bosses, 100-101, 126; culture of, 126-127; on island, 90; in jade trade, 119-120 Crimea, annexation of, 8, 18 Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), 74, 81, 96,171,174, 201 culture: heritage, 147-148, 149, 153-154, 155-157, 174, 218; hierarchies, 256-257; incom prehension, 251, 259, 260, 282n85, 31ІПІ1, 316nl6, 318n45; partnership, 259; relevance, 256; rights, 157, 305n49. See also mirroring INDEX customs, 15-16,53, 58,104,105, 121,122, 214, 254, 293n22, 298n75; avoidance, 104, 208, 215, 318n43; delays, 178-179, 293n22, 297n67, 298n79; officials, 180; quotas, 254 cynicism, 38-39, 56, 90,150,275 Dalai Lama, 166,170, 309n96 Dalian (ж@Ё, R: Dalny), 117,136, 190, 250, 258, 296-297n67 Damansky Island (Zhenbao Island Ï^S ), 7,193, 278nll, 278nl3 Daur (people) (ЙШһ), 75,132, 135,149,201, ЗООпІ, 302ո24, 303ո32, 305ո53 Dauria, 138 debt, 17, 37, 48, 56, 107, 116, 258;
and pyramid schemes, 107 decentralization, 44-45 demographics, 144, 157; decline, 9, 38-39, 75, 97; imbalance, 12, 57; of Khabarovsk, 294n32; life expectancy, 304n42. See also migration demonstration (spectacle) at border, 84-85 deportations, 212, 317n29 desertification, 219, 221 development, 152, 274; demon stration of, 48; imagined projects, 87, 89, 92; joint projects, 69-70, 87, 272-275; offshore, 286n74; policy in Russian Far East, 57-58, 87, 289n26; prohibition of in China, 84; urban, 85; zones, 64, 286n74. See also TORs digital technology, 98, 104, 140-141; in emergencies, 271;
INDEX state control, 141. See also telecommunications diplomacy, 40; cultures of, 14; ineffective, 68-70; “strategic cooperation,” 6 discourse: of friendship, 176,197; political, 19-20, 53-54, 176, 197, 221, 247, 323nl7 disputes, territorial, 7,14, 66,219, 328n82 Dongbei (Northeast region of China, %it), 41, 43, 206, 209, 228 D ungans, 4 earthquakes, 271 Eastern Cosmodrome, 35-37, 38, 63, 289n26 Eastern Economic Forum (EEF), 68-69 ecology, 80, 84; “ecological civilization,” 67; “ecological development,” 83; “ecological migration,” 146-147; ecological tourist park, 77; nature reserves, 80-84, 88, 290n36; wetlands, 80-82, 290n36 economy: centralized, 3; credit, 108; crises, 39, 108; development policy, 3, 80; dynamism, 242; integration of different spheres, 98; legal, 95; planned, 96; rustbelt, 43, 47; semi-legal, 214; shadow/illegal, 95, 102, 127-129. See also informal economy; specific economic sectors education, 109,122,148,181-182, 213, 232; China-Russia differ ences, 294n33; indigenous, 304n42; language learning (see 363 language); in patriotism, 85; schools, 106,156,161; Sinology departments, 174; training, 122-123, 299n91; universities, 122,179, 181,201,207, 241, 248, 254, 263, 265 elections, 90, 91, 156, 213; US, 330n2 emergencies, dealing with, 271-272. See also wildfires energy: electricity supply, 107, 239; gas pipelines, 11, 34, 99, 207, 283n20; oil pipeline, 99; projects, 6, 34-35; provider, 3. See also coal; gas environment: advocate for in China, 289n31; degradation, 220-223; litigation, 223; policy, 67. See also ecology equality, 63, 267; policies to create,
47, 144, 327n63. See also inequality Erguna he Argun River), 4, 24, 31, 49, 66 ethnicity, 131-133; activists, 155-157; autonomy in China, 304n44; Chinese citizens with Russian ethnicity, 116, 201-202; classification of, 143-144, 300nl; identity, 154-155, 167, 288n3; Russian citizens with Chinese ethnicity, 113; sepa rated by border, 168 “ethnic villages,” 149-153 “ethnographic villages” and “museums,” 85, 87. See also villages: model Eurasia, 16, 49, 54, 68, 281n61 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU; Evraziiskii Ekonomicbeskii Soyuz), 15
364 Europe, 173,183, 233, 255, 262; businessmen in, 150; imperi alism and, 170; markets in, 16; music in, 194; powers, 196; pretensions of, 28-29 European Union, 1,15 Evenki (people), 117-124, 132, 138, 144-147, 154-156, 201, ЗОО-ЗОІпІ, 302n24, 303n32, 305n53 exile, 41, 135 expansionism, 18; ethnic, 153, 157-158,163,168 Facebook, 162, 320n74 fake goods, 151,177,218,319n62, 324n29 families, 6,117-118,161,162,173, 184, 186,188,202,277-278n9, 313n48 “family-clan commune,” 118,145 family farms, 91, 113-114 Far Eastern Development Corpo ration (FEDC), 58, 62, 287n77, 297n72. See also TORs Federal Security Bureau/Service (FSB/FSS), 32, 54, 55, 62, 64, 70, 76, 78-79, 87, 103,126, 128. See also KGB Ferris wheels, 262-263 festivals, 154, 161; Altargana, 163-165,169; Barga, 166-167, 168; cross-border, 5, 114, 147-148, 161-166,168,170, 309n93; Khamnigan, 309n94; New Year, 161, 178 films, 31, 76, 111-112, 148, 261; documentaries, 172 fishing, 74, 93, 95,106,108,109; armed confrontations, 298n81; boats, 76, 101; competition INDEX over, 76,219,285n52,298n81; illegal, 82, 98,102,124-129, 155, 214-215; indigenous, 37, 65, 132,134,135,149-152, 304n41,305n57, 306n69; industry, 298nn78-79; migrant labor in, 298n78; overfishing, 80; prohibition of, 81; quotas, 125-129, 156; Russians, 145 flooding, 30,51,67,80,90-91,107, 212, 272, 326n54; as act of God, 272, 273-274; of Amur, 55, 83, 87,90-92,150,278nl3, 285n58; of Amur in 2013, 83, 87, 90-91; of Amur in 2019, 92 fonari. See traders food security, 84 forests, 20, 25, 30, 34, 38, 74, 80, 317n38; fires in, 168, 217, 271; loss of, 222;
protection of, 84. See also timber free ports, 62,122, 296-297n67 Furgal, Sergei, 90-91, 93-94 Fuyuan (ШЩ, 72-74, 80-85, 93, 94, 149, 150,210-211,235 Gansu province 219 gas, natural: China-Central Asia pipeline, 11; Power of Siberia pipeline, 283n20; resources, 3, 8,10, 12, 99. See also Amur Gas Processing Plant; energy gathering, 108, 126, 134; by indigenous peoples, 145, 210; of scrap metal, 90, 98 gazebos, 48, 266 Gazprom, 11, 36, 122-123; pipelines, 99, 283n20 gender, 6, 96; imbalance, 188-189; norms, 171,188-189, 244 ghost towns, 48, 257-258
INDEX Gilgit-Baltistan, 16 ginseng, 100, 200, 205, 210-211, 215,305ո57 gold. See mining: gold Great Northern Wilderness (Ch: Beidahuang), 41, 43, 74 Great Wall of China, 41, 53; reconceptualization of, 53 greenhouses, 116 grid: railways, 26. See also urban features guanxi, 178, 208 Gulags, 37, 39, 43, 97, 106, 139, 287n77, 317n29 Hailanpao (Ш=-Ш). See Blagoveshchensk Hailar (Ш^), 136 Haishenwai See Vladivostok Hamashita, Takeshi, 40, 285n35 Harbin (П Ш), 51, 86,116,136, 154, 171, 178, 190, 213,233, 250, 260 Hebei province (mt), 233 Heihe (UM), 54,175-177,182-200, 207, 228-230, 234-268, 270, 272, 282n85, 310n6, 321nl. See also bridges Heilongjiang HáÉčI (River). See Amur River Heilongjiang province(Háž il ), 150,171-173,189, 201, 213, 224-225; population, 12, 57, 114, 204, 206, 211; regional government, 55-56, 69, 272; Russian communities, 173 Heixiazi Island JMŽŤ, 7, 66-68, 80-86, 149, 290n38; name, 288nll. See also Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island 365 Hezhe (people), 72, 84, 131-134, 149-150, 157, 305n49; prosperity under Qing, 305n57; view of from Russia, 307n76. See also Nanai (people) hierarchies, 2; administrative in China, 44, 92-93; political, 42; in Russia, 88, 93-94; spatial, 28-29 history: Chinese invocation of, 56-57; consciousness of, 153, 165, 306n62; disputed, 41; monuments, 199, 237; mythical, 159-160,168, 308n84; pro duction of, 141, 167, 170, 309nl02; teaching of, 39-40, 153 homeland, love of, 133-134,140, 147 Hong Kong, 14, 17, 59 hospitals, 45 hotels, 117,161,235-236, 252-254, 267,296n56, 324n27 housing, 31, 45, 48, 90, 106,114, 134, 150, 294n38; in closed
zones, 39; developments, 122; dilapidated, 30, 90-92,107,241; simple, 74, 108, 230, 304n24; social, 110; wooden, 150,151. See also hotels Hu Jintao, 17 hukou (ЯР, Chinese household registration), 97-98, 110,113 hunting, 81,100, 107, 108, 112, 129,146; of endangered species, 86, 315n5; illicit, 98, 207-209, 214; by indigenous peoples, 37, 65,117,132,135-139,149,156, 210, 306n69, 316ПІ4; over hunting, 80, 155, 211; by Russians, 31,134,145. See also poaching
366 “hunting grounds,” 100-112,119, 125-129 Hunza Valley, 16 imperialism, 50,132,134,138, 142,143; and China, 16, 21, 41, 50, 208-213, 227, 302n31, 305-306n57, 317n27; Euro pean, 170; Japanese, 43; Rus sian, 21, 43, 208-213, 265, 313n51; and Soviet Union, 7 India: China’s border with, 14, 280n49; investments, 68; trade with, 99, 270, 291-292n7 indigeneity, 142, 302n29; not rec ognized in China, 304-305n45 indigenous peoples, 5, 21, 65, 131-170, 300nl; activism, 120, 156-157, 304n41, 305n49, 307n78; and citizenship, 143-144; cross-border ties, 157-170; life expectancy, 304n42; and natural resources, 208-213, 317n27; non-ethnic classification of, 303n32; policy in China, 135, 137-138, 146-148; policy in Russia, 132-133,136, 139,144-146, 304n38; resettlement of, 290n36, 317n27; rights organization RAIPON, 157, 304n41. See also specific peoples “indigenous small peoples of the North” (korennyye malochislennyie narody severa, KMNS), 144-146, 153, 156; criteria, 304n38; rights, 303n40 industry, 6; Chinese heavy, 43, 47, 97; Chinese high-tech, 43, 292n7; industrial zones, 47; rustbelt, 43, 47-48 INDEX inequality, 3; economic, 44, 45; ethnic, 44; rural in Russia, 107-108, 113; social, 113; socioeconomic, 123-125, 307n81; territorial, 121 informal economy, 95,98,100-103, 107-108,109,116-117,124-125, 127-128,129; in China, 110; and global circulation of com modities, 98,118-119; invis ibility of, 97, 102-103, 115; short-term thinking, 102-103. See also specific informal economic sectors infrastructure: projects, 3; transport, 10. See also specific types of infrastructure Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region (ΝϋΐΊΐΙΪρΕ), 17,41, 135, 147, 309nl00; ecology, 319n66; Han migration to, 322nl5 investment, 3, 270; in agriculture, 108, 111; in bridges, 55, 62; Chinese, 17; Chinese in Russia, 56, 61-62, 99, 121, 129, 272-273; Chinese overseas, 45; “foreign,” 60; global, 62, 270; illusions of, 68, 87, 297n67; Indian, 68; in TORs, 58, 61-62, 64 Irkutsk, 91,119,247,298-299n82, 325-326n52 irony, 59, 87 jade, 95, 102,117-121,126,129, 203,205, 215, 218, 316nl6 Japan, 40; economic networks, 68, 98, 124,126, 31ІПІ6, 318n43; invasion of China, 43,138-139, 284n33; investment by, 56,
INDEX 111, 270; Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, 322nl5; SinoJapanese War of 1894-1895, 322nl5; war with Soviet Union, 138-139; World War II, 194 Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR), 46, 57, 86, 112, 134-135, 232, 272-274, 295n44 Jilin (ПОД Province, 69,188, 211, 221, 225 joint ventures, 114, 117 journalism: Chinese, 18-19, 224; Russian, 61, 106, 224 Kaczmarski, Marcin, 14, 278nl8 Kazakhstan, 4,15,17, 273; kin ship across borders, 173-174, 282n82; Koreans in, 301n2; markets, 277n5; territory, 35; trade with China, 281n63, 282n82, 293n22; urbanization in, 324n27, 328n84 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti, Committee for State Security), 19; NKVD, 287n77. See also Federal Security Bureau /Service Khabarovsk (Ch: Habaluofusike ПёЕР^Шог Boli ÍÖtl), 39, 50, 51, 79, 83, 86-94, 150, 155-156, 221, 228; bordercrossing, 26, 175; islands, 71-75; migration, 109; popula tion, 233, 294n32; previously Chinese, 200; road and rail connections, 30, 50 Khamnigan (people), 132, 138, 143, 153,165, 300-30ІПІ, 303n32 Kharkhordin, Oleg, 271-272 Khrushchev, Nikita, 7 367 kinship, 159-164, 165, 282n82; genealogies, 158, 160 kirpichi. See traders Korea: deportation, 301n2, 317n29; Korean Empire, 316nl3; Korean pine, 216; Koreans, 32, 40, 139, 173, 301n2, 305n53. See also North Korea; South Korea Kosygin, Aleksei, 7 Krasnokamensk, 34, 222 Kremlin, 12,18, 93, 94,122,270, 271 Kruglova, Anna, 28 Kyakhta (Ch: Qiaketu ӀиЙЭ), 131; Treaty of, 42 Kyrgyzstan, 15; markets in, 277, 293n22 land: allocation of free land in RFE, 112; competition for, 67; empty land, 29, 30, 295n45; leasing in Russia, 295n46;
“lost lands,” 53, 72-73, 75-76, 82, 289n22; shortage of in China, 114; “subsidiary plots,” 296n50 language: Chinese, 4, 172, 179, 180, 182-183, 207, 253, 273; Chinese classes for Russians, 123, 191-195; dialects, 174; English classes for Russians, 192, 195; ethnic, 156; extinction, 304n42; lack of skills, 62, 114, 224; Manchu, 300nl; Russian, 173, 179, 188,252-253; Russian classes for Chinese, 191; scripts, 133, 163, 193, 199, 308n85, 312n36; Sinicized Russians, 174; Sino-Russian pidgin, 195-196; translation, 141
368 Larin, Viktor, 13, 62, 323ո22 law, 44, 156; in China, 157; citizenship, 3,18, 113, 137,142, 144, 311n22; “costs of legality,” 102; cultural heritage rights, 147; exemption from, 58-59; Law 473-FZ (authorizing TORs), 57-59; “law of nature,” 66, 75; legalization, 101-102, 116-117, 120-121; lenient in Far East, 128-129; “natural law,” 66; property rights, 59, 295n43; recompense, 90 “Lenin’s road,” 59, 61 leopards, Amur, 74, 225-226 Li, Fenglin, 11 Lo, Bobo, 269 logging. See timber love, romantic, 184-189. See also marriage Lukin, Alexander, 9, 10, 278nl8 Manchu people, 41,300nl. See also Qing Dynasty Manchuria, 41, 42-43, 74; as “Fourth Economic Engine,” 44; name of, 74, 284-285n33, 317n27. See also Dongbei Manzhouli (ШНШІ, Russ: Manchzhuriya), 149,158; architecture, 47-48, 52,176-177, 234, 236, 262,266, 323n20,324n28, 326n57; at the bordei; 104-105, 175, 228, 259, 310n4, 328n75; boundary of, 230, 321nl; com merce in, 118,175,205,228,242, 260-262; prestige of, 242, 328n77 Maoism, 139 Mao Zedong, 7, 43, 78, 141 INDEX markets, 4, 15; flea, 244, 247; street, 243-248; yarmarka, 247 marriage, 4, 111, 117,185-189, 305-306n57, 306n69; of convenience, 9, 269; inter ethnic, 4, 111, 117, 133, 173, 184-189, 201, 305-306n57; and parental rights, 311n22 massacre in Blagoveshchensk, 7, 57, 175, 197-198, 313n51 matryoshka dolls, 205, 236-237, 259-262,282, 328n78, 329n88 media: in China, 157, 185, 223, 271, 298n81, 312n27; in Mongolia, 214; in Russia, 13, 19, 34,111,113,127,137,206, 214, 224, 298n81,318n49; social, 6, 21, 271-272. See also films; journalism; television migration, 3, 5,
63, 72, 132, 140, 163; from Central Asia, 213; from China, 12,13,16, 42, 66, 108, 112,113,175,198,199, 206; to China, 117, 123, 135, 186,313n39; ecological, 146-147, 223; emigration, 32, 181; immigration to Russia, 9, 12, 13, 66, 190; internal Chinese, 42-43, 74, 81,91, 98,109-110, 212, 233; internal Russian, 20, 38, 108-109, 110, 123, 160, 298n78; mass migrations, 21,42, 109-110, 135-136; migration pressure, 129; otkhodniki (labor migrants), 108-109,123, 298n78; from Russia, 32 Milanovic, Branko, 1 militarization, 69, 284n22; arms sales, 291n7,292nl0; of border, 31-32, 72, 82, 85; exercise grounds, 33, 69; garrisons, 32;
INDEX and local economy, 283nl9; missiles, 63, 284n24; nuclear decommissioning, 63; Soviet, 96, 99; of towns, 233 mimesis, 21, 196, 230, 234, 258-268 miniaturizations, 261-262, 328n84 mining, 31,118,135,147,284n22; coal, 47-48, 50, 99, 124, 222, 257, 284n22, 328n77; as economic activity, 11, 67; gold, 37, 50, 98,100,118-119,124, 134, 205, 209, 212-213, 215, 329n92; illegal, 119, 120, 126; iron ore, 273; jade, 218; museum of, 48; towns, 232; uranium, 33-34, 222 minorities. See indigenous peoples; law: citizenship mirroring, 22, 44, 76, 260, 267 mistrust, 5, 61,153,196,202-203, 218, 31ІПІ2, 319n62 Mohe (¡UM), 85, 201, 213 Mongolia, 1, 29, 41, 165-167, 169-170, 281n61, 302n23; Buddhist links with Tibet, 133; Pan-Mongolist movement, 138, 169 morality: Chinese, 157; Communist, 45, 243-244; Confucian, 40, 45; “crime against the people,” 59; indigenous, 163, 166; Russian, 126 multiethnicity: in business, 161; in communes, 149; in state/nation, 23, 201, 317п27; in villages, 305n53 multilateralism, 68-69 municipalities, 47,110,122, 297n72; revenues of, 48, 82-83 Muraviev-Amurskii, Nikolai, 50-51 369 museums: Aihui, 197-198, 314n52; Chinese, 39,147,175; indig enous, 151, 154, 307n70; Mu seum of Mining, 48; Russian, 73, 200-201, 237, 314n58, 328n82 music, 147,194, 236,277-278n9 music hall, 329n88 naming: of divided island, 71; of peoples, 142-144; of places, 39, 85, 284n33; renaming, 139, 169, 200-201 Nanai (people) (Ch: Hezhe ШШ), 32, 72,131-134,139,149-156,200, 300nl, 305-306n57, 307n76; campaigner Sungorkin, 155-157 nationalism, 5,139,179, 314n57; celebration of national tradi
tions, 88; increased, 92 NATO, 78 nature reserves: in China, 80-84, 86, 88; in Russia, 88, 290n36. See also ecology nephrite. See jade NGOs, 80, 142, 224-225 North Korea, 56, 85, 98, 324n26; border of, 1, 40, 48, 74, 225; relations with Russia, 11,12; trade with, 312n29; workers, 126, 294n36 oboos (shrines), 148-149,161, 167-168 October Revolution, 158,193, 208 oil, 3, 8; price of, 101. See also energy oligarchs, 56, 58, 59, 273, 293nl4 One Belt One Road. See Belt and Road Initiative otkhodniki (labor migrants). See migration
370 Pakistan, 16 Pamir Mountains, 16 partnerships: commercial, 179; cross-border, 4; cultural, 175; economic, 6; strategic, 6, 9 patriotism, 82, 92, 265; frontier patriotism, 93; ritual in China, 84-85; ritual in Russia, 76-77 payment systems, 12,115,167, 280n41, 296n56; credit cards, 104, 167 “peaceful rise” 17 penal facilities, 34, 126-127. See also Gulags pensions, 30, 89, 91,156; as source of income, 108 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 82 peripheries, 1; and relation to metropolis, 26-28, 86, 137 permafrost, 8, 20, 30. See also climate change personality cults: Vladimir Putin, 19, 226; Xi Jinping, 19 pivot to the East (povorot na vostok), 8, 268, 279n23 place names. See naming poaching, 20,124,125-129, 214, 225, 298n81 pogranzona (restricted access border zone of Russian Fed eration), 32-33, 62, 75, 88, 138 pokazukba (“put on for show”), 20,150 pollution, 47, 56, 220-223; air, 227, 234, 260; land, 80, 116, 167; water, 152, 206, 219. See also agriculture pollution, religious, 167-168 pomogaiki. See traders postcolonialism, 132,134 INDEX poverty, 91, 103,107-108,114, 116,129,145, 240; eradication of in China, 67, 110-111, 146-147; “radical poverty,” 111 “power vertical,” 18, 27-28, 47, 87, 93,140, 218 precariousness, economic: in China, 110,113; in Russia, 102-103. See also poverty privatization: in China, 43-44; in Russia, 58, 107 production brigades, 29 propaganda, 174,191,199, 232 property rights, 59, 295n43 propiska (Russian household registration), 232 prostitution, 110,189-190 protests, 86-87, 94, 111, 136, 156-157, 298n75, 307n78; in China, 307-308n81 Putin,
Vladimir Vladimirovich, 19, 30, 35, 57-58, 63, 74,112, 293nl4; as deity, 309n95; as demon, 136; era of, 169; as sex symbol, 19, 282n80; visit to Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island, 91-92 Qing Dynasty, 40-42,50,155,160, 197, 322nl3; ethnicity, 300nl, 302n31, 303n32, 305n57, 306n69, 307n76; maps, 72, 73; and natural resources, 209-213, 317n27; officials, 137 quotas. See visas RABZ (Restricted Access Border Zone), 32-33, 88. See also pogranzona Radchenko, Sergei, 8, 16
INDEX railways: Baikal-Amur Mainline (ВАМ), 31, 37-38, 52, 97,155; bridge, 54, 57, 272; children’s, 38; Chinese, 273; connections, 4, 35, 47, 99,100; gauges, 52; highspeed, 45, 52; Japanese, 43; network, 10, 26, 31, 52, 207; Russian, 43, 52; TransSiberian, 25, 30, 38, 50, 138 rebellions, 135,137-142, 325n50; Boxer, 314n52 refugees, 21, 88, 135, 158, 201, 212, ЗОЗпЗб. See also migration regional autonomy: ethnic regional in China, 135, 304n44; regional separatism, 32, 66, 310n8; in Russia, 46, 63, 93-94, 135, 137-138, 306n62 regional leaders: appointment of, 87; in China, 44, 54-55, 69, 81, 83,272-273,289n33; in Russia, 38, 54-55, 86-90, 93, 126, 273-275 religion: activities, 20, 166-168; Buddhism, 78, 133, 138, 165-166,167, 309n96; Buddhist autonomy movement, 302nl9; Christian Orthodoxy, 75, 94, 134, 154, 165, 233; miracleworking deities, 165-166; mountain deities, 167-168, 309n98; neo-shamanism, 306n65; New Age faiths, 154, 165; Old Believer, 76-77,134, 169; Shamanism, 136-137, 153-154,162, 167 remittances, 30 remoteness, 108, 111, 205, 207, 261, 309nl00, 322n7; of bor derlands, 103, 204, 211, 228, 371 232, 305n53; increase in, 16, 23-28,281n62,283n6; in Russia, 33-37, 61, 91, 112, 134-136, 217, 234, 298n78 replicas, 48, 236, 261-263 Repnikova, Maria, 13,18, 223 resettlement, 90,139, 212, 290n36 residence registration in Russia, 100. See also hukou; propiska resources: animal, 12; mineral, 12, 99; natural, 3, 8, 12, 14; “natural resources appendage,” 12, 99, 199, 299n91. See also gas; ginseng; oil; timber; water restaurants, 177; Chinese, 207 rights: citizens’, 3. See
also law: citizenship Rippa, Alessandro, 3-4 rivers: attitudes to, 51-52; banks of, 72-77, 82-85,105,235-236, 239-241, 251-254, 278nll, 314n52; as barrier, 26, 131; borders of, 4, 54, 66, 106, 219, 285n58; as contact zones, 117, 221; embankments of, 235, 237-238,255,260-267,329n90; islands, 66; as passages, 49-50; thalweg, 71, 82,285n52. See also specific rivers roads: dirt roads, 29, 38, 90; “the gap,” 30; high-speed, 69, 78, 86; highways, 25; maintenance, 29; network, 10; radial, 27; Route 297, 25, 30-31, 32, 35; toll roads, 24, 45 Rodoman, Bori, 27-28, 34; “anisotropic society,” 27-28, 37; “depressed zones,” 28-29 Rozman, Gilbert, 8
372 Russian villages, 51, 72-75,103, 105-109, 125-127, 131,162; migration from, 29,38,232,274; neglect, 28,111-112,129,222; Old Believers, 134; remote, 205, 217. See also villages Ryzhova, Natalia, 63, 64, 89, 152, 214-215, 327n62 sacred lands/places, 72, 76, 77, 78, 211,239,261; shrines, 165-166, 167 “salvage accumulation,” 117, 292-293nl3 sanctions on Russia, 8, 102, 176, 280n41 Saposhnikovia divaricate (Ch: fangfeng fôjxl), 218-219 Saxer, Martin, 16, 236 Sea of Japan, 40, 121, 277 secrecy, 63, 93,102,115,118-119, 120,155,157,198,284n22 security, 4, 69-70, 80, 87, 88,138; national defense (China), 25, 45, 82; Russian concern, 25, 32-33, 53, 56-57, 62-63, 70-71, 88, 237, 239. See also Federal Security Bureau/Ser vice; militarization; sovereignty sex: Putin as sex symbol, 19, 282n80; sexual attractiveness, 188-190; sexual encounters, 4, 114 Shandong province ( ІІІлН ), 233 Shenyang (ftffi), 233, 322nl5 Shenzhen (ШН), 181,190, 194 Shilka River (Ch: Shileika 31, 49, 50, 77, 284n28 shuttle trade. See under trade Siberia: Asian Siberia, 29, 288n3; South Siberia, 5; Soviet neglect of, 283n9 INDEX signs: on stores, 207, 323n21, 329n92; on streets, 194,199, 253, 264, 312n36 Silk Road, 14; Economic Belt, 282n61; new, 16, 52; Polar, 8. See also Belt and Road Initiative Singapore, 13, 99, 190 Sinophobia, 111, 174, 199; in Kazakhstan, 17; in Mongolia, 17, 199. See also xenophobia Sino-Soviet split (Ch: zhong-su jiaowu Russ: sovetsko-kitaiskii raskol), 139, 173, 235, 277-278n9, 278nl2. See also Damansky Island; war “Sixty-Four Villages East of the River,” 198, 314n52 smuggling,
5,20,86,124,127-128, 134, 155, 208, 315n5 socialism, 2, 96, 123,169 Solon (Mié), 137, 30ІПІ6, 303n32, 316nl4 Songhua River (ЩЕ; Russ: Sungari), 40, 46, 51, 221, 222,317n27 South China Sea, 14, 41 South Korea, 56, 68, 98, 324n26; trade with, 104, 270, 312n29; travel to, 310n8 sovereignty: Chinese, 280n49; “religious,” 165; rights, 14; Russian concerns about, 25, 35, 55, 60; Westphalian, 285n35 Soviet Union, 35,135,171,175, 197, 203,283n9; collapse of, 206,215,233; Communist Party, 162; friendship with China, 47, 196; influence in China, 6, 277-278n9; internationalism, 169; military, 96. See also collective farms; socialism; state
INDEX space: contrast between Russian and Chinese vision, 40,258; discur sive, 26-27, 284n21; empty, 3, 27-28,107, 249; liminal, 26, 218, 259; Russian spatial order; 15,27-29,63,230, 232,288n3; “spaces of exception,” 58 space industry. See Eastern Cosmodrome spies, 139; double-agents, 302n21; suspicion of, 168, 201 Sri Lanka, 17 Stalin, Josef, 7 state: avoiding structures of, 168-169; control of volunteers, 272; end of support by, 29-30; funding by, 57, 96-97,121-122, 156; officials, 272; power, 47; Soviet, 29; “struggle with itself,” 64; “turning a blind eye,” 97, 100. See also administration; centralization; law state farms: in China, 43, 74, 81, 83, 93; in Russia, 29, 106-107 subsistence, 103, 107-108 subsistence farming, 113 Suifenhe (ШШ), 175,177, 228, 259, 283n2, 321nl Sungari (Ch: Songhua ШШ), 40, 46, 51, 221, 222, 317n27 Sungorkin, Leonid, 155-157 superiority: cultural, 142,196-197, 251, 267; economic, 10, 291-292n7 Svobodny, 34-39, 58, 62-63, 125, 284n22, 284n25 symbolism, 65, 75-76, 79-80; of Buryat clans, 163; ethnic, 150; ideological in China, 84-85; of island, 94; of martyrdom, 79; of 373 Nani clans, 307n70; of pagoda, 77-78; of Russia, 176, 259 Taiwan, 288nl2 Tajikistan, 16 Taobao ($0Ջ), 104 Tashkent, 16, 325n50 taxation, 45, 58, 121, 216; con cessions, 58, 91,122; customs, 16, 178, 298; exemptions, 118, 215,234, 246, 286n74; feder alism, 44; fiscal policy, 44, 145, 287n84; income, 81, 83. See also customs; tribute telecommunications, 45, 114, 128, 173; cell phone coverage, 302n24; cell phones, 28, 103-104,140-141,161, 167; Facebook, 162, 320n74; firewall,
141, 320n74; tele phone exchange, 106; Viber, 161, 162; WeChat (Weixin ШШ), 115,162, 296n56. See also digital technology; television telescopes, 82 television, 61, 73,140,148, 151, 172, 194, 302n24 territorial loss, 72,196 Territories of Advanced Develop ment (TORs). See TORs theme parks, 47, 87,158,262,265, 323n20 Tibetan Buddhist teachers in Russia, 309n96 Tibet Autonomous Region (Й$1Ш /пЕ): Buddhism, 166, 309n96; Buddhist links with Mongolia, 133, 301n6; ecology, 319n66; minority, 201, 225; rebellion, 139; suppression, 17, 149
374 tigers, 19, 74, 80, 86, 88, 205, 226-227, 315ո5 timber: forest industry/logging, 58, 84, 99, 156, 215-217, 328n78; resources, 8, 12, 100, 205, 215-217, 304n41; transport, 53, 315n3. See also forests Toal, Gerard, 11 Tongjiang (ІЩЕ), 43, 46, 57, 270, 272, 274 TORs (Territories of Advanced Socio-Economic Development), 57-64, 121-125; Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island as a TOR, 88-89; cancellation of, 296-297n67; criticism of, 58-59, 69; employment in, 123-125. See also Far Eastern Develop ment Corporation; free ports tourism, 147-154, 202, 274, 290n38, 306n59, 323nl7; attractions, 85-86, 88, 94, 262; Chinese tourists, 47, 55, 63, 176, 200, 260, 312n36; ecotourism, 77, 83, 151; guides, 93, 247, 310n6; income from, 48, 79; patterns, 190; Russian tourists, 151-152, 239, 259, 324n28, 326n57, 327n66; shopping tourism, 11,104-105, 113; tourist parks, 47-48, 289n26, 328n77; tourist visas, 246 trade, 2, 6, 40-41; arms sales, 291n7, 292nl; attitudes to, 51-52; barter, 103; cannabis, 299n84; cross-border, 98-99, 118-121, 127, 161, 281n63; food, 100, 292nl2, 298n79, 299n85; free-trade zone, 47; fur, 50, 100, 143, 155, 208-213; illegal, 51; import-export, INDEX 179-180; missions, 42; mo nopolies, 298n79; online, 104; quotas, 254; shuttle trade, 103-105, 244; trade war, 100; used cars, 124—125, 318n43 traders, 4,120,178, 179,181, 190,195-197, 242-244, 246; Central Asian, 294n36; inter mediaries, 119, 180, 214, 253, 313n40, 327n62; pomogaiki (assistants/intermediaries), 179, 253, 313n40; shuttle traders (kirpichi, fonari), 178, 254, 31ІПІ0; women, 244 Transbaikalia, 30. See also Zabaikal
province transport: air, 29, 35; aircraft, 291-292n7, 292nl0; airlines, 310n8; airports, 29, 38; air routes, 310n8; buses, 26, 28, 29, 56, 90,104,167, 236, 237, 274, 290n38; cable cars, 56, 266; car usage, 222; corridors, 296n67; delays, 297n67; electric cars, 89; ferries, 56, 90, 177, 237; freight, 56; helicop ters, 274; private cars, 30, 31, 54, 55, 236, 246, 251, 290n38, 298n75, 318n43, 324n25; riverine, 33, 38, 49-50, 52, 77; taxis, 29,124,198; trucks, 238. See also railways treaties, 285n35; Khabarovsk protocol, 72; of Kyakhta, 42; of Nerchinsk, 42; “unequal,” 7, 13, 50 tribute, 119, 143, 206, 208, 285n35, 302n31, 305n57, 316nl7; tributary states, 40, 42 troops: Chinese, 7; Russian, 96 Trump, Donald J., 223, 281-282n70
INDEX trust, 5, 69, 153, 178-180, 183-185, 218, 296—297ո67, 31ІПІ1, 328ո82 Trutnev, Yury, 62, 70, 91, 274 Tsiolkovsky, 35, 36, 38 Udege (people), 120,132, 155 Ukraine, 169,171,185; popula tion transfers from, 88, 204, 230, 233 United Russia party (Russia), 89 United States, 1, 3, 8,163, 223, 225, 269, 282, 305; and China, 223, 330n2; relations with Russia and China, 9, 269, 278; and Russia, 8, 183, 265; trade war with China, 100 uranium, 33-34, 222 urban features: aesthetics, 230; construction, 251-252, 254; clustering, 232; furniture, 259, 264, 282n85; grid, 245-255, 325n50, 325-326n52; horizontality, 230, 242-243, 251-255, 326-327n58, 327n63; layout, 240; lighting, 230, 236, 239, 255-256, 263-264; modernity, 245; skyline, 243; surface, 251; verticality, 229, 242, 252-253, 266, 326-327n58, 327n63. See also mimesis urbanization, 111, 150, 196, 234 Ussuri River (Wusuli jiang ЭД, 4, 7, 25, 66, 70-71, 74, 81, 86,149 Uyghurs (Ch: Weiivu’er ШЩЩ, 17, 304-305n45 vassalage, 206, 208 Viber, 161,162 Vietnam, 40, 68, 185, 199, 291-292n7 375 villages: “arctic,” 85; Buryat, 165-168; closed, 33, 313n51; ghost, 322n8; Hezhe, 84, 305n49; indigenous, 147, 149-155, 161, 163, 306n69; Khamnigan, 143; model, 199, 260-261; multiethnic, 305n53; Potemkin, 240; riverine, 50; Siberian, 104. See also Chinese villages; Russian villages visas, 157,167, 202, 246, 260, 295n48, 310n8; manipulation of, 115; quotas, 12,115,156, 317n33; work, 113-114, 125-126, 213, 221, 314n56 Vladivostok (Ch: Fuladiwosituoke SíŕÉlS or Haishenwai ШШ), 68, 69, 93, 99, 100, 296-297n67, 298n75, 310n8, 312n30, 325n43, 329n94;
and the border, 175, 233, 267; Chinese name, 41, 200; closed city, 33,121, 239; and TORs, 122-127. See also free ports war: “irrigation war,” 73, 82; Japan-Russia, 139,194, 322nl5; “nephrite war,” 119-120; Russia-China (1960s), 7, 8,193, 278nl2; Russian civil war, 138; Second World War, 43, 76, 322nl5; symbolism and, 79-80 water: diversion of, 219-220; resources, 3, 12 WeChat (Weixin Ши), 115,162, 296n56 “Western values,” 279n20, 302n29 wildfires, 217, 271 wildlife, 74, 86, 88, 239. See also bears; leopard, Amur; tigers
INDEX 376 women: forced sterilization, 17; representation of, 312nn26-27; traders, 244-245; workers, 233. See also gender; sex worldviews, 43, 66,181-193,197 Wusuli jiang (-Siilil). See Ussuri River xenophobia, 156,197-199, 294n36, 314n57. See also Sinophobia Xi Jinping, 14, 25, 45, 69,110; as “Big Daddy,” 19; and “China’s Dream,” 67; visit to northeast, 83-84 Xinjiang, Uyghur Autonomous Region (ï»Étgfcgí K), 139, 146; border with Russia, 280n40; ecology, 319n66; Han migration, 322nl5; human rights, 304—305n45; internment camps, 17; Kazakhs, 282n82; markets, 277n5 Yanji (Ш§), 48 Yeltsin, Boris, 63 Young Pioneers, 38,171 Zabaikal province (R: Zabaikal’skii Krai), 107,108, 111, 112,134, 219, 286n71 Zabaikal’sk, 52, 228, 283n2 ZATOs (zakrytoe administrativnoterritorial’noe obrazovanie), 32-39, 62-63, 121, 281n62, 284n22 Zeya River (Jieya ЅѓШ), 37, 38, 238, 314n52 Zhalainuoer (Mong. Jalan Nuur), 47-48 Zheltuga Republic, 213 Zhenbao Island (Damansky Island), 7,193,278nll, 278nl3 Zhou Enlai, 7 Ziegler, Dominic, 30 Zuenko, Ivan, 70, 289n33, 296-297n67 x Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v_____ _______ /
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The border between Russia and China winds for 2,600 miles through rivers, swamps, and vast taiga forests. It's a thin line of direct engagement, extraordinary contrasts, frequent tension, and occasional war between two of the world's political giants. Franck Bilié and Caroline Hum phrey have spent years traveling through and studying this important yet forgotten region. Drawing on pioneer ing fieldwork, they introduce readers to the lifeways, poli tics, and history of one of the world's most consequential and enigmatic borderlands. It is telling that, along a border consisting mainly of rivers, there is not a single operating passenger bridge. Two different worlds have emerged. On the Russian side, in territory seized from China In the nineteenth century, defense is prioritized over the economy, leaving dilapidat ed villages slumbering amid the forests. For its part, the Chinese side is heavily settled and increasingly prosper ous and dynamic. Moscow worries about the imbalance, and both governments discourage citizens from interact ing. But as Bilié and Humphrey show, cross-border con nection is a fact of life, whatever distant authorities say. There are marriages, friendships, and sexual encounters. There are joint businesses and underground deals, includ ing no shortage of smuggling. Meanwhile some indige nous peoples, persecuted on both sides, seek to "revive" their own alternative social groupings that span the bor der. And Chinese towns make much of their proximity to "Europe," building giant Russian dolls and replicas of St. Basil's Cathedral to woo
tourists. Surprising and rigorously researched, On the Edge testi fies to the rich diversity of an extraordinary world haunted by history and divided by remote political decisions but connected by the ordinary imperatives of daily life.
CONTENTS List of Maps ix Note on Language and Spelling xi Introduction 1 1. Border Spaces 23 2. Standoff in the Border River 65 3. Making a Living in the Cross-Border Economy 95 4. Indigenous Peoples of the Borderlands 131 5. Friends, Foes, and Kin across the Border 171 6. Resources and Environment 205 7. Bright Lights across the Amur 228 Coda: Bridging the Gap? 269 Notes 277 References 333 Acknowledgments 357 Index 359
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INDEX activism, 76,120, 223, 309ո94 administration, 92-93; “adminis trative rent,” 101, 297n72; reform in China, 44; in Russia, 44-45. See also bureaucracy; hierarchies; regional leaders; state agriculture, 6, 8, 34,50,74-75, 83, 210,217,224,227; agribusiness, 108, 111, 114-115; Chinese farming in Russia, 112-116, 274, 295n45; exports, 100; indigenous, 132, 152; inten sive, 53, 80, 116, 129, 230; land for, 21; “peasant,” 115; pollution in, 116, 319nn61-62; practices, 220; products, 3, 274, 299-300n91; soybeans, 114-115, 299n91; vegetable, 116; workers, 113, 299n91 Aihui (ШЩ, 197-198, 314n52, 328n82. See also museums Albazin Fort, 209, 233 alcohol, 216,244; alcoholism, 107, 145, 152, 185, 189,214; Chinese alcohol (baijiu), 176 Amilhat Szary, Anne-Laure, 66 Amur Gas Processing Plant, 34—38, 58,99 Amur Highway (Route 297), 25, 30, 32, 35 Amur River (Heilongjiang HáŽ'/X), 4, 25, 31-32, 39, 66; character of, 49-52; memorial journey down, 76-77; navigation, 49-51, 105; source of, 40. See also bridges anger, 72, 91, 96-97, 259; of mountain deity, 168 architecture, 228-268; Manzhouli, 47-48, 52, 176-177, 234, 236, 262, 266, 323n20, 324n28, 326n57. See also urban features Arctic, 8,12, 74, 122,222; “Arctic Village,” 85 Argun River (Erguna he WfrOÑM), 4, 24, 31, 49, 66 Armenia, 15, 106, 169 Association for Elderly People (Blagoveshchensk), 191 authoritarianism, 1,17-18,23, 92, 97, 224, 226,307-308n81; increasing, 17, 25, 84, 92, 269, 281n70, ЗЗОпІО
360 Baikal, Lake, 39, 74,133,136,160, 219; pollution in, 206 Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM), 31, 37, 38, 52,155, 281n62 barbarians, 42 Barga (people) (Ch: Ba’erhu bu Е ЙЭД, 132, 133, 135, 138, 148, 157-160, 165-170, 203 Barga (region), 135, 166-170 bazaars. See markets bears, 19, 71, 74, 86,176, 199, 225-226,237,239,259, 315n5; meat, 207; paws, 207 Beidabuang (ÁtizM Great Northern Wilderness), 41, 74 Belarus, 15, 281n59 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI -íf“g ), 14, 17, 270-271; road building, 24-25 Blagoveshchensk (Ch: Bulageweishensike ШШЗсШФШЅ or Hailanpao Ш—.Ш), 26, 34, 54, 56-57, 105, 171-200, 209, 228-268. See also bridges blat, 178, 208 Blyakher, Leonid, 97, 100-103 Boli (ititi). See Khabarovsk Bol’shoe Kamen’ (Big Stone), 62-63, 121-125 Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island, 7, 66, 86-92,156, 290n38. See also Heixiazi Island border: “borderwork” concept, 133, 277n8; bottlenecks at, 52-53; concepts of, 40-41; confusion, 285n58; crossing points, 8, 25-26, 55, 89,165; on divided island, 83, 89; guards, 7, 78, 93, 125, 127-128, 165, 239; and indigenous people, INDEX 134; land, 283n2; “natural,” 49, 55-56; physical structure of, 34-35, 83; rivers as, 49-51; and Russian restricted access zone (see pogranzona); sacro sanct, 54, 239; sea, 40-41; skirmishes, 7; surreptitious crossing, 165, 199; thalweg, 71, 272, 285n52 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative bridges, 4, 70; absence of, 12, 26, 54—56,270-275; attitudes to, 53; Heihe-Blagoveshchensk, 54-57; to island, 83, 87, 90; of Novgorod, 272; “phantom,” 56; pontoon, 55, 90, 272; rail freight, 54-55, 272; refusal of, 155, 281n62; as res publica,
271-272, 275; TongjiangNizhneleninskoe, 57, 272-275 buffers, 1, 3, 71 bureaucracy, 1, 4, 61, 69-70,125, 155, 271, 273,297n72. See also administration Buryat (Ch: Buliyate fhllHEf#, Mong. Buriyad): and Buddhism, 138-139,165, 170, 328n81; Buryat-Mongol ASSR, 144, 306n62; in China, 155-170, ЗОЗпЗб; groups, 158-170, 203, 300nl; internal politics, 308n87; Khori, 160-165; lan guage, 149, 308n85, 308n87; in Mongolia, 155-170; oppres sion of, 306n62; people, 30, 32, 103, 132,133, 136, 138-139, 143, 146; population number, 300nl; resettlement, 169; in Russia, 155-170, ЗОЗпЗб; Shenehen, 149, 158, 162,170, 203; villages, 29, 166
INDEX Buryat Republic (Buryatia)·, 117-121, 144, 217, 219-220, 286n71,296n59, 299n84 business, 5,16,47,58, 87,100-105, 123, 153, 161, 203, 214-215, 218,243,296n56,296-297n67; agribusiness, 108, 111, 114; barter, 103; contrasting ways of doing, 96, 99,116,178-179; forum, 89; initiatives, 6, 98; joint, 4, 117, 251; networks, 124, 179-180, 207; people, 48, 61,130,161,185,189,221,252, 260, 313n49. See also economy; fishing; jade; partnerships; trade cairns. See oboos cannabis, 100,124, 126 capitalism, 1, 2, 62, 96, 100, 257, 319n60; authoritarian, 1; Chinese, 44; “cultures of capi talism,” 96; democratic, 1; “petty,” 96, 296n59; Russian, 113,130; unbridled, 23, 57,221 casinos, 189, 236 censorship: in China, 223; in Russia, 224. See also telecommunications Central Asia, 4, 244; borders, 277n2; BRI, 24; and China, 12, 75; cities, 325n50, 328n84; gas, 10; Koreans, 139, 301n2, 317n29; migrants, 213, 294n36, 298n78, 325n37; and Russia, 11-12, 220 central heating, 38, 90, 122,129 centralization (of administration), 23, 45; and recentralization in China, 45, 92; in Russia, 44-45, 63, 287 “Century of Humiliation,” 15, 170, 196 361 Changchun (lx#), 188, 233 China, Republic of, 42 Chinatowns, 13, 263 Chinese Communist Party (CCP 18, 84-85, 92,169, 304n44 Chinese villages, 97,105,113-116, 171, 177, 197, 300nl; on the border, 25, 228, 255; migration from, 109-111. See also villages Chita, 30, 39,108,109,161,163, 244 Chosõn, 209, 211. See also Korea citizenship. See law civilization, 2, 26,142, 170,197, 204, 263; Chinese ideas of, 42, 44, 53; “ecological,” 67; Russian ideas of, 179,
232-233, 243, 245, 254-255, 263 clans, 155, 158-165; character attributed to, 163; cross-border extension of, 158-160, 162; role in protest, 308n81; symbols, 307n70 class: enemy, 43,139; middle-class, 55,111,243; social, 181-183 climate change, 20-21,269,278nl7, 299֊300n91; harsh, 14, 30, 51, 234 closed areas, 32-39,62-63, 88,121, 239, 281n62, 284n22, 294n36. See also Gulags; pogranzona; ZATO coal. See mining: coal collective farms, 29, 75, 90, 106-109, 162, 203, 247 collectivization, 144 colonialism, 21,134,146,170,188, 262, 284n33, 302n29, 313n51 Confucius Institutes, 171-172,180, 191-194, 310nl
362 construction, 24, 34, 37, 48, 97, 151, 297,315ո3; bridge, 54-56, 83, 237, 273-274; Chinese in Russia, 35, 99, 294n36; Chinese urban, 251-252, 254; Japanese, 43; river works, 73; Russian urban, 256, 265-267; workers, 115, 294n36 consumption, 3,45,190,218,243, 261, 270; domestic, 3 cooperation. See partnerships corruption, 17, 37, 45, 61, 116, 119-120, 157, 209, 222, 286-287n74, 307n81; “admin istrative rents,” 62, 297n72; anti-corruption, 105, 215-216; border officials, 178; bribes, 62, 101,104,126, 214; electoral, 136; in Russia, 62, 90; war on, 101 Cossacks, 49, 50, 72, 73, 76, 87, 106,134, 138,156, 197, 209, 301-302nl6, 316nl4 COVID-19/coronavirus, 56, 269, 272, 299-300n91 credit, 48, 108, 116. See also debt crime: bosses, 100-101, 126; culture of, 126-127; on island, 90; in jade trade, 119-120 Crimea, annexation of, 8, 18 Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), 74, 81, 96,171,174, 201 culture: heritage, 147-148, 149, 153-154, 155-157, 174, 218; hierarchies, 256-257; incom prehension, 251, 259, 260, 282n85, 31ІПІ1, 316nl6, 318n45; partnership, 259; relevance, 256; rights, 157, 305n49. See also mirroring INDEX customs, 15-16,53, 58,104,105, 121,122, 214, 254, 293n22, 298n75; avoidance, 104, 208, 215, 318n43; delays, 178-179, 293n22, 297n67, 298n79; officials, 180; quotas, 254 cynicism, 38-39, 56, 90,150,275 Dalai Lama, 166,170, 309n96 Dalian (ж@Ё, R: Dalny), 117,136, 190, 250, 258, 296-297n67 Damansky Island (Zhenbao Island Ï^S ), 7,193, 278nll, 278nl3 Daur (people) (ЙШһ), 75,132, 135,149,201, ЗООпІ, 302ո24, 303ո32, 305ո53 Dauria, 138 debt, 17, 37, 48, 56, 107, 116, 258;
and pyramid schemes, 107 decentralization, 44-45 demographics, 144, 157; decline, 9, 38-39, 75, 97; imbalance, 12, 57; of Khabarovsk, 294n32; life expectancy, 304n42. See also migration demonstration (spectacle) at border, 84-85 deportations, 212, 317n29 desertification, 219, 221 development, 152, 274; demon stration of, 48; imagined projects, 87, 89, 92; joint projects, 69-70, 87, 272-275; offshore, 286n74; policy in Russian Far East, 57-58, 87, 289n26; prohibition of in China, 84; urban, 85; zones, 64, 286n74. See also TORs digital technology, 98, 104, 140-141; in emergencies, 271;
INDEX state control, 141. See also telecommunications diplomacy, 40; cultures of, 14; ineffective, 68-70; “strategic cooperation,” 6 discourse: of friendship, 176,197; political, 19-20, 53-54, 176, 197, 221, 247, 323nl7 disputes, territorial, 7,14, 66,219, 328n82 Dongbei (Northeast region of China, %it), 41, 43, 206, 209, 228 D ungans, 4 earthquakes, 271 Eastern Cosmodrome, 35-37, 38, 63, 289n26 Eastern Economic Forum (EEF), 68-69 ecology, 80, 84; “ecological civilization,” 67; “ecological development,” 83; “ecological migration,” 146-147; ecological tourist park, 77; nature reserves, 80-84, 88, 290n36; wetlands, 80-82, 290n36 economy: centralized, 3; credit, 108; crises, 39, 108; development policy, 3, 80; dynamism, 242; integration of different spheres, 98; legal, 95; planned, 96; rustbelt, 43, 47; semi-legal, 214; shadow/illegal, 95, 102, 127-129. See also informal economy; specific economic sectors education, 109,122,148,181-182, 213, 232; China-Russia differ ences, 294n33; indigenous, 304n42; language learning (see 363 language); in patriotism, 85; schools, 106,156,161; Sinology departments, 174; training, 122-123, 299n91; universities, 122,179, 181,201,207, 241, 248, 254, 263, 265 elections, 90, 91, 156, 213; US, 330n2 emergencies, dealing with, 271-272. See also wildfires energy: electricity supply, 107, 239; gas pipelines, 11, 34, 99, 207, 283n20; oil pipeline, 99; projects, 6, 34-35; provider, 3. See also coal; gas environment: advocate for in China, 289n31; degradation, 220-223; litigation, 223; policy, 67. See also ecology equality, 63, 267; policies to create,
47, 144, 327n63. See also inequality Erguna he Argun River), 4, 24, 31, 49, 66 ethnicity, 131-133; activists, 155-157; autonomy in China, 304n44; Chinese citizens with Russian ethnicity, 116, 201-202; classification of, 143-144, 300nl; identity, 154-155, 167, 288n3; Russian citizens with Chinese ethnicity, 113; sepa rated by border, 168 “ethnic villages,” 149-153 “ethnographic villages” and “museums,” 85, 87. See also villages: model Eurasia, 16, 49, 54, 68, 281n61 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU; Evraziiskii Ekonomicbeskii Soyuz), 15
364 Europe, 173,183, 233, 255, 262; businessmen in, 150; imperi alism and, 170; markets in, 16; music in, 194; powers, 196; pretensions of, 28-29 European Union, 1,15 Evenki (people), 117-124, 132, 138, 144-147, 154-156, 201, ЗОО-ЗОІпІ, 302n24, 303n32, 305n53 exile, 41, 135 expansionism, 18; ethnic, 153, 157-158,163,168 Facebook, 162, 320n74 fake goods, 151,177,218,319n62, 324n29 families, 6,117-118,161,162,173, 184, 186,188,202,277-278n9, 313n48 “family-clan commune,” 118,145 family farms, 91, 113-114 Far Eastern Development Corpo ration (FEDC), 58, 62, 287n77, 297n72. See also TORs Federal Security Bureau/Service (FSB/FSS), 32, 54, 55, 62, 64, 70, 76, 78-79, 87, 103,126, 128. See also KGB Ferris wheels, 262-263 festivals, 154, 161; Altargana, 163-165,169; Barga, 166-167, 168; cross-border, 5, 114, 147-148, 161-166,168,170, 309n93; Khamnigan, 309n94; New Year, 161, 178 films, 31, 76, 111-112, 148, 261; documentaries, 172 fishing, 74, 93, 95,106,108,109; armed confrontations, 298n81; boats, 76, 101; competition INDEX over, 76,219,285n52,298n81; illegal, 82, 98,102,124-129, 155, 214-215; indigenous, 37, 65, 132,134,135,149-152, 304n41,305n57, 306n69; industry, 298nn78-79; migrant labor in, 298n78; overfishing, 80; prohibition of, 81; quotas, 125-129, 156; Russians, 145 flooding, 30,51,67,80,90-91,107, 212, 272, 326n54; as act of God, 272, 273-274; of Amur, 55, 83, 87,90-92,150,278nl3, 285n58; of Amur in 2013, 83, 87, 90-91; of Amur in 2019, 92 fonari. See traders food security, 84 forests, 20, 25, 30, 34, 38, 74, 80, 317n38; fires in, 168, 217, 271; loss of, 222;
protection of, 84. See also timber free ports, 62,122, 296-297n67 Furgal, Sergei, 90-91, 93-94 Fuyuan (ШЩ, 72-74, 80-85, 93, 94, 149, 150,210-211,235 Gansu province 219 gas, natural: China-Central Asia pipeline, 11; Power of Siberia pipeline, 283n20; resources, 3, 8,10, 12, 99. See also Amur Gas Processing Plant; energy gathering, 108, 126, 134; by indigenous peoples, 145, 210; of scrap metal, 90, 98 gazebos, 48, 266 Gazprom, 11, 36, 122-123; pipelines, 99, 283n20 gender, 6, 96; imbalance, 188-189; norms, 171,188-189, 244 ghost towns, 48, 257-258
INDEX Gilgit-Baltistan, 16 ginseng, 100, 200, 205, 210-211, 215,305ո57 gold. See mining: gold Great Northern Wilderness (Ch: Beidahuang), 41, 43, 74 Great Wall of China, 41, 53; reconceptualization of, 53 greenhouses, 116 grid: railways, 26. See also urban features guanxi, 178, 208 Gulags, 37, 39, 43, 97, 106, 139, 287n77, 317n29 Hailanpao (Ш=-Ш). See Blagoveshchensk Hailar (Ш^), 136 Haishenwai See Vladivostok Hamashita, Takeshi, 40, 285n35 Harbin (П Ш), 51, 86,116,136, 154, 171, 178, 190, 213,233, 250, 260 Hebei province (mt), 233 Heihe (UM), 54,175-177,182-200, 207, 228-230, 234-268, 270, 272, 282n85, 310n6, 321nl. See also bridges Heilongjiang HáÉčI (River). See Amur River Heilongjiang province(Háž'il ), 150,171-173,189, 201, 213, 224-225; population, 12, 57, 114, 204, 206, 211; regional government, 55-56, 69, 272; Russian communities, 173 Heixiazi Island JMŽŤ, 7, 66-68, 80-86, 149, 290n38; name, 288nll. See also Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island 365 Hezhe (people), 72, 84, 131-134, 149-150, 157, 305n49; prosperity under Qing, 305n57; view of from Russia, 307n76. See also Nanai (people) hierarchies, 2; administrative in China, 44, 92-93; political, 42; in Russia, 88, 93-94; spatial, 28-29 history: Chinese invocation of, 56-57; consciousness of, 153, 165, 306n62; disputed, 41; monuments, 199, 237; mythical, 159-160,168, 308n84; pro duction of, 141, 167, 170, 309nl02; teaching of, 39-40, 153 homeland, love of, 133-134,140, 147 Hong Kong, 14, 17, 59 hospitals, 45 hotels, 117,161,235-236, 252-254, 267,296n56, 324n27 housing, 31, 45, 48, 90, 106,114, 134, 150, 294n38; in closed
zones, 39; developments, 122; dilapidated, 30, 90-92,107,241; simple, 74, 108, 230, 304n24; social, 110; wooden, 150,151. See also hotels Hu Jintao, 17 hukou (ЯР, Chinese household registration), 97-98, 110,113 hunting, 81,100, 107, 108, 112, 129,146; of endangered species, 86, 315n5; illicit, 98, 207-209, 214; by indigenous peoples, 37, 65,117,132,135-139,149,156, 210, 306n69, 316ПІ4; over hunting, 80, 155, 211; by Russians, 31,134,145. See also poaching
366 “hunting grounds,” 100-112,119, 125-129 Hunza Valley, 16 imperialism, 50,132,134,138, 142,143; and China, 16, 21, 41, 50, 208-213, 227, 302n31, 305-306n57, 317n27; Euro pean, 170; Japanese, 43; Rus sian, 21, 43, 208-213, 265, 313n51; and Soviet Union, 7 India: China’s border with, 14, 280n49; investments, 68; trade with, 99, 270, 291-292n7 indigeneity, 142, 302n29; not rec ognized in China, 304-305n45 indigenous peoples, 5, 21, 65, 131-170, 300nl; activism, 120, 156-157, 304n41, 305n49, 307n78; and citizenship, 143-144; cross-border ties, 157-170; life expectancy, 304n42; and natural resources, 208-213, 317n27; non-ethnic classification of, 303n32; policy in China, 135, 137-138, 146-148; policy in Russia, 132-133,136, 139,144-146, 304n38; resettlement of, 290n36, 317n27; rights organization RAIPON, 157, 304n41. See also specific peoples “indigenous small peoples of the North” (korennyye malochislennyie narody severa, KMNS), 144-146, 153, 156; criteria, 304n38; rights, 303n40 industry, 6; Chinese heavy, 43, 47, 97; Chinese high-tech, 43, 292n7; industrial zones, 47; rustbelt, 43, 47-48 INDEX inequality, 3; economic, 44, 45; ethnic, 44; rural in Russia, 107-108, 113; social, 113; socioeconomic, 123-125, 307n81; territorial, 121 informal economy, 95,98,100-103, 107-108,109,116-117,124-125, 127-128,129; in China, 110; and global circulation of com modities, 98,118-119; invis ibility of, 97, 102-103, 115; short-term thinking, 102-103. See also specific informal economic sectors infrastructure: projects, 3; transport, 10. See also specific types of infrastructure Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region (ΝϋΐΊΐΙΪρΕ), 17,41, 135, 147, 309nl00; ecology, 319n66; Han migration to, 322nl5 investment, 3, 270; in agriculture, 108, 111; in bridges, 55, 62; Chinese, 17; Chinese in Russia, 56, 61-62, 99, 121, 129, 272-273; Chinese overseas, 45; “foreign,” 60; global, 62, 270; illusions of, 68, 87, 297n67; Indian, 68; in TORs, 58, 61-62, 64 Irkutsk, 91,119,247,298-299n82, 325-326n52 irony, 59, 87 jade, 95, 102,117-121,126,129, 203,205, 215, 218, 316nl6 Japan, 40; economic networks, 68, 98, 124,126, 31ІПІ6, 318n43; invasion of China, 43,138-139, 284n33; investment by, 56,
INDEX 111, 270; Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, 322nl5; SinoJapanese War of 1894-1895, 322nl5; war with Soviet Union, 138-139; World War II, 194 Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR), 46, 57, 86, 112, 134-135, 232, 272-274, 295n44 Jilin (ПОД Province, 69,188, 211, 221, 225 joint ventures, 114, 117 journalism: Chinese, 18-19, 224; Russian, 61, 106, 224 Kaczmarski, Marcin, 14, 278nl8 Kazakhstan, 4,15,17, 273; kin ship across borders, 173-174, 282n82; Koreans in, 301n2; markets, 277n5; territory, 35; trade with China, 281n63, 282n82, 293n22; urbanization in, 324n27, 328n84 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti, Committee for State Security), 19; NKVD, 287n77. See also Federal Security Bureau /Service Khabarovsk (Ch: Habaluofusike ПёЕР^Шог Boli ÍÖtl), 39, 50, 51, 79, 83, 86-94, 150, 155-156, 221, 228; bordercrossing, 26, 175; islands, 71-75; migration, 109; popula tion, 233, 294n32; previously Chinese, 200; road and rail connections, 30, 50 Khamnigan (people), 132, 138, 143, 153,165, 300-30ІПІ, 303n32 Kharkhordin, Oleg, 271-272 Khrushchev, Nikita, 7 367 kinship, 159-164, 165, 282n82; genealogies, 158, 160 kirpichi. See traders Korea: deportation, 301n2, 317n29; Korean Empire, 316nl3; Korean pine, 216; Koreans, 32, 40, 139, 173, 301n2, 305n53. See also North Korea; South Korea Kosygin, Aleksei, 7 Krasnokamensk, 34, 222 Kremlin, 12,18, 93, 94,122,270, 271 Kruglova, Anna, 28 Kyakhta (Ch: Qiaketu ӀиЙЭ), 131; Treaty of, 42 Kyrgyzstan, 15; markets in, 277, 293n22 land: allocation of free land in RFE, 112; competition for, 67; empty land, 29, 30, 295n45; leasing in Russia, 295n46;
“lost lands,” 53, 72-73, 75-76, 82, 289n22; shortage of in China, 114; “subsidiary plots,” 296n50 language: Chinese, 4, 172, 179, 180, 182-183, 207, 253, 273; Chinese classes for Russians, 123, 191-195; dialects, 174; English classes for Russians, 192, 195; ethnic, 156; extinction, 304n42; lack of skills, 62, 114, 224; Manchu, 300nl; Russian, 173, 179, 188,252-253; Russian classes for Chinese, 191; scripts, 133, 163, 193, 199, 308n85, 312n36; Sinicized Russians, 174; Sino-Russian pidgin, 195-196; translation, 141
368 Larin, Viktor, 13, 62, 323ո22 law, 44, 156; in China, 157; citizenship, 3,18, 113, 137,142, 144, 311n22; “costs of legality,” 102; cultural heritage rights, 147; exemption from, 58-59; Law 473-FZ (authorizing TORs), 57-59; “law of nature,” 66, 75; legalization, 101-102, 116-117, 120-121; lenient in Far East, 128-129; “natural law,” 66; property rights, 59, 295n43; recompense, 90 “Lenin’s road,” 59, 61 leopards, Amur, 74, 225-226 Li, Fenglin, 11 Lo, Bobo, 269 logging. See timber love, romantic, 184-189. See also marriage Lukin, Alexander, 9, 10, 278nl8 Manchu people, 41,300nl. See also Qing Dynasty Manchuria, 41, 42-43, 74; as “Fourth Economic Engine,” 44; name of, 74, 284-285n33, 317n27. See also Dongbei Manzhouli (ШНШІ, Russ: Manchzhuriya), 149,158; architecture, 47-48, 52,176-177, 234, 236, 262,266, 323n20,324n28, 326n57; at the bordei; 104-105, 175, 228, 259, 310n4, 328n75; boundary of, 230, 321nl; com merce in, 118,175,205,228,242, 260-262; prestige of, 242, 328n77 Maoism, 139 Mao Zedong, 7, 43, 78, 141 INDEX markets, 4, 15; flea, 244, 247; street, 243-248; yarmarka, 247 marriage, 4, 111, 117,185-189, 305-306n57, 306n69; of convenience, 9, 269; inter ethnic, 4, 111, 117, 133, 173, 184-189, 201, 305-306n57; and parental rights, 311n22 massacre in Blagoveshchensk, 7, 57, 175, 197-198, 313n51 matryoshka dolls, 205, 236-237, 259-262,282, 328n78, 329n88 media: in China, 157, 185, 223, 271, 298n81, 312n27; in Mongolia, 214; in Russia, 13, 19, 34,111,113,127,137,206, 214, 224, 298n81,318n49; social, 6, 21, 271-272. See also films; journalism; television migration, 3, 5,
63, 72, 132, 140, 163; from Central Asia, 213; from China, 12,13,16, 42, 66, 108, 112,113,175,198,199, 206; to China, 117, 123, 135, 186,313n39; ecological, 146-147, 223; emigration, 32, 181; immigration to Russia, 9, 12, 13, 66, 190; internal Chinese, 42-43, 74, 81,91, 98,109-110, 212, 233; internal Russian, 20, 38, 108-109, 110, 123, 160, 298n78; mass migrations, 21,42, 109-110, 135-136; migration pressure, 129; otkhodniki (labor migrants), 108-109,123, 298n78; from Russia, 32 Milanovic, Branko, 1 militarization, 69, 284n22; arms sales, 291n7,292nl0; of border, 31-32, 72, 82, 85; exercise grounds, 33, 69; garrisons, 32;
INDEX and local economy, 283nl9; missiles, 63, 284n24; nuclear decommissioning, 63; Soviet, 96, 99; of towns, 233 mimesis, 21, 196, 230, 234, 258-268 miniaturizations, 261-262, 328n84 mining, 31,118,135,147,284n22; coal, 47-48, 50, 99, 124, 222, 257, 284n22, 328n77; as economic activity, 11, 67; gold, 37, 50, 98,100,118-119,124, 134, 205, 209, 212-213, 215, 329n92; illegal, 119, 120, 126; iron ore, 273; jade, 218; museum of, 48; towns, 232; uranium, 33-34, 222 minorities. See indigenous peoples; law: citizenship mirroring, 22, 44, 76, 260, 267 mistrust, 5, 61,153,196,202-203, 218, 31ІПІ2, 319n62 Mohe (¡UM), 85, 201, 213 Mongolia, 1, 29, 41, 165-167, 169-170, 281n61, 302n23; Buddhist links with Tibet, 133; Pan-Mongolist movement, 138, 169 morality: Chinese, 157; Communist, 45, 243-244; Confucian, 40, 45; “crime against the people,” 59; indigenous, 163, 166; Russian, 126 multiethnicity: in business, 161; in communes, 149; in state/nation, 23, 201, 317п27; in villages, 305n53 multilateralism, 68-69 municipalities, 47,110,122, 297n72; revenues of, 48, 82-83 Muraviev-Amurskii, Nikolai, 50-51 369 museums: Aihui, 197-198, 314n52; Chinese, 39,147,175; indig enous, 151, 154, 307n70; Mu seum of Mining, 48; Russian, 73, 200-201, 237, 314n58, 328n82 music, 147,194, 236,277-278n9 music hall, 329n88 naming: of divided island, 71; of peoples, 142-144; of places, 39, 85, 284n33; renaming, 139, 169, 200-201 Nanai (people) (Ch: Hezhe ШШ), 32, 72,131-134,139,149-156,200, 300nl, 305-306n57, 307n76; campaigner Sungorkin, 155-157 nationalism, 5,139,179, 314n57; celebration of national tradi
tions, 88; increased, 92 NATO, 78 nature reserves: in China, 80-84, 86, 88; in Russia, 88, 290n36. See also ecology nephrite. See jade NGOs, 80, 142, 224-225 North Korea, 56, 85, 98, 324n26; border of, 1, 40, 48, 74, 225; relations with Russia, 11,12; trade with, 312n29; workers, 126, 294n36 oboos (shrines), 148-149,161, 167-168 October Revolution, 158,193, 208 oil, 3, 8; price of, 101. See also energy oligarchs, 56, 58, 59, 273, 293nl4 One Belt One Road. See Belt and Road Initiative otkhodniki (labor migrants). See migration
370 Pakistan, 16 Pamir Mountains, 16 partnerships: commercial, 179; cross-border, 4; cultural, 175; economic, 6; strategic, 6, 9 patriotism, 82, 92, 265; frontier patriotism, 93; ritual in China, 84-85; ritual in Russia, 76-77 payment systems, 12,115,167, 280n41, 296n56; credit cards, 104, 167 “peaceful rise” 17 penal facilities, 34, 126-127. See also Gulags pensions, 30, 89, 91,156; as source of income, 108 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 82 peripheries, 1; and relation to metropolis, 26-28, 86, 137 permafrost, 8, 20, 30. See also climate change personality cults: Vladimir Putin, 19, 226; Xi Jinping, 19 pivot to the East (povorot na vostok), 8, 268, 279n23 place names. See naming poaching, 20,124,125-129, 214, 225, 298n81 pogranzona (restricted access border zone of Russian Fed eration), 32-33, 62, 75, 88, 138 pokazukba (“put on for show”), 20,150 pollution, 47, 56, 220-223; air, 227, 234, 260; land, 80, 116, 167; water, 152, 206, 219. See also agriculture pollution, religious, 167-168 pomogaiki. See traders postcolonialism, 132,134 INDEX poverty, 91, 103,107-108,114, 116,129,145, 240; eradication of in China, 67, 110-111, 146-147; “radical poverty,” 111 “power vertical,” 18, 27-28, 47, 87, 93,140, 218 precariousness, economic: in China, 110,113; in Russia, 102-103. See also poverty privatization: in China, 43-44; in Russia, 58, 107 production brigades, 29 propaganda, 174,191,199, 232 property rights, 59, 295n43 propiska (Russian household registration), 232 prostitution, 110,189-190 protests, 86-87, 94, 111, 136, 156-157, 298n75, 307n78; in China, 307-308n81 Putin,
Vladimir Vladimirovich, 19, 30, 35, 57-58, 63, 74,112, 293nl4; as deity, 309n95; as demon, 136; era of, 169; as sex symbol, 19, 282n80; visit to Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island, 91-92 Qing Dynasty, 40-42,50,155,160, 197, 322nl3; ethnicity, 300nl, 302n31, 303n32, 305n57, 306n69, 307n76; maps, 72, 73; and natural resources, 209-213, 317n27; officials, 137 quotas. See visas RABZ (Restricted Access Border Zone), 32-33, 88. See also pogranzona Radchenko, Sergei, 8, 16
INDEX railways: Baikal-Amur Mainline (ВАМ), 31, 37-38, 52, 97,155; bridge, 54, 57, 272; children’s, 38; Chinese, 273; connections, 4, 35, 47, 99,100; gauges, 52; highspeed, 45, 52; Japanese, 43; network, 10, 26, 31, 52, 207; Russian, 43, 52; TransSiberian, 25, 30, 38, 50, 138 rebellions, 135,137-142, 325n50; Boxer, 314n52 refugees, 21, 88, 135, 158, 201, 212, ЗОЗпЗб. See also migration regional autonomy: ethnic regional in China, 135, 304n44; regional separatism, 32, 66, 310n8; in Russia, 46, 63, 93-94, 135, 137-138, 306n62 regional leaders: appointment of, 87; in China, 44, 54-55, 69, 81, 83,272-273,289n33; in Russia, 38, 54-55, 86-90, 93, 126, 273-275 religion: activities, 20, 166-168; Buddhism, 78, 133, 138, 165-166,167, 309n96; Buddhist autonomy movement, 302nl9; Christian Orthodoxy, 75, 94, 134, 154, 165, 233; miracleworking deities, 165-166; mountain deities, 167-168, 309n98; neo-shamanism, 306n65; New Age faiths, 154, 165; Old Believer, 76-77,134, 169; Shamanism, 136-137, 153-154,162, 167 remittances, 30 remoteness, 108, 111, 205, 207, 261, 309nl00, 322n7; of bor derlands, 103, 204, 211, 228, 371 232, 305n53; increase in, 16, 23-28,281n62,283n6; in Russia, 33-37, 61, 91, 112, 134-136, 217, 234, 298n78 replicas, 48, 236, 261-263 Repnikova, Maria, 13,18, 223 resettlement, 90,139, 212, 290n36 residence registration in Russia, 100. See also hukou; propiska resources: animal, 12; mineral, 12, 99; natural, 3, 8, 12, 14; “natural resources appendage,” 12, 99, 199, 299n91. See also gas; ginseng; oil; timber; water restaurants, 177; Chinese, 207 rights: citizens’, 3. See
also law: citizenship Rippa, Alessandro, 3-4 rivers: attitudes to, 51-52; banks of, 72-77, 82-85,105,235-236, 239-241, 251-254, 278nll, 314n52; as barrier, 26, 131; borders of, 4, 54, 66, 106, 219, 285n58; as contact zones, 117, 221; embankments of, 235, 237-238,255,260-267,329n90; islands, 66; as passages, 49-50; thalweg, 71, 82,285n52. See also specific rivers roads: dirt roads, 29, 38, 90; “the gap,” 30; high-speed, 69, 78, 86; highways, 25; maintenance, 29; network, 10; radial, 27; Route 297, 25, 30-31, 32, 35; toll roads, 24, 45 Rodoman, Bori, 27-28, 34; “anisotropic society,” 27-28, 37; “depressed zones,” 28-29 Rozman, Gilbert, 8
372 Russian villages, 51, 72-75,103, 105-109, 125-127, 131,162; migration from, 29,38,232,274; neglect, 28,111-112,129,222; Old Believers, 134; remote, 205, 217. See also villages Ryzhova, Natalia, 63, 64, 89, 152, 214-215, 327n62 sacred lands/places, 72, 76, 77, 78, 211,239,261; shrines, 165-166, 167 “salvage accumulation,” 117, 292-293nl3 sanctions on Russia, 8, 102, 176, 280n41 Saposhnikovia divaricate (Ch: fangfeng fôjxl), 218-219 Saxer, Martin, 16, 236 Sea of Japan, 40, 121, 277 secrecy, 63, 93,102,115,118-119, 120,155,157,198,284n22 security, 4, 69-70, 80, 87, 88,138; national defense (China), 25, 45, 82; Russian concern, 25, 32-33, 53, 56-57, 62-63, 70-71, 88, 237, 239. See also Federal Security Bureau/Ser vice; militarization; sovereignty sex: Putin as sex symbol, 19, 282n80; sexual attractiveness, 188-190; sexual encounters, 4, 114 Shandong province ( ІІІлН ), 233 Shenyang (ftffi), 233, 322nl5 Shenzhen (ШН), 181,190, 194 Shilka River (Ch: Shileika 31, 49, 50, 77, 284n28 shuttle trade. See under trade Siberia: Asian Siberia, 29, 288n3; South Siberia, 5; Soviet neglect of, 283n9 INDEX signs: on stores, 207, 323n21, 329n92; on streets, 194,199, 253, 264, 312n36 Silk Road, 14; Economic Belt, 282n61; new, 16, 52; Polar, 8. See also Belt and Road Initiative Singapore, 13, 99, 190 Sinophobia, 111, 174, 199; in Kazakhstan, 17; in Mongolia, 17, 199. See also xenophobia Sino-Soviet split (Ch: zhong-su jiaowu Russ: sovetsko-kitaiskii raskol), 139, 173, 235, 277-278n9, 278nl2. See also Damansky Island; war “Sixty-Four Villages East of the River,” 198, 314n52 smuggling,
5,20,86,124,127-128, 134, 155, 208, 315n5 socialism, 2, 96, 123,169 Solon (Mié), 137, 30ІПІ6, 303n32, 316nl4 Songhua River (ЩЕ; Russ: Sungari), 40, 46, 51, 221, 222,317n27 South China Sea, 14, 41 South Korea, 56, 68, 98, 324n26; trade with, 104, 270, 312n29; travel to, 310n8 sovereignty: Chinese, 280n49; “religious,” 165; rights, 14; Russian concerns about, 25, 35, 55, 60; Westphalian, 285n35 Soviet Union, 35,135,171,175, 197, 203,283n9; collapse of, 206,215,233; Communist Party, 162; friendship with China, 47, 196; influence in China, 6, 277-278n9; internationalism, 169; military, 96. See also collective farms; socialism; state
INDEX space: contrast between Russian and Chinese vision, 40,258; discur sive, 26-27, 284n21; empty, 3, 27-28,107, 249; liminal, 26, 218, 259; Russian spatial order; 15,27-29,63,230, 232,288n3; “spaces of exception,” 58 space industry. See Eastern Cosmodrome spies, 139; double-agents, 302n21; suspicion of, 168, 201 Sri Lanka, 17 Stalin, Josef, 7 state: avoiding structures of, 168-169; control of volunteers, 272; end of support by, 29-30; funding by, 57, 96-97,121-122, 156; officials, 272; power, 47; Soviet, 29; “struggle with itself,” 64; “turning a blind eye,” 97, 100. See also administration; centralization; law state farms: in China, 43, 74, 81, 83, 93; in Russia, 29, 106-107 subsistence, 103, 107-108 subsistence farming, 113 Suifenhe (ШШ), 175,177, 228, 259, 283n2, 321nl Sungari (Ch: Songhua ШШ), 40, 46, 51, 221, 222, 317n27 Sungorkin, Leonid, 155-157 superiority: cultural, 142,196-197, 251, 267; economic, 10, 291-292n7 Svobodny, 34-39, 58, 62-63, 125, 284n22, 284n25 symbolism, 65, 75-76, 79-80; of Buryat clans, 163; ethnic, 150; ideological in China, 84-85; of island, 94; of martyrdom, 79; of 373 Nani clans, 307n70; of pagoda, 77-78; of Russia, 176, 259 Taiwan, 288nl2 Tajikistan, 16 Taobao ($0Ջ), 104 Tashkent, 16, 325n50 taxation, 45, 58, 121, 216; con cessions, 58, 91,122; customs, 16, 178, 298; exemptions, 118, 215,234, 246, 286n74; feder alism, 44; fiscal policy, 44, 145, 287n84; income, 81, 83. See also customs; tribute telecommunications, 45, 114, 128, 173; cell phone coverage, 302n24; cell phones, 28, 103-104,140-141,161, 167; Facebook, 162, 320n74; firewall,
141, 320n74; tele phone exchange, 106; Viber, 161, 162; WeChat (Weixin ШШ), 115,162, 296n56. See also digital technology; television telescopes, 82 television, 61, 73,140,148, 151, 172, 194, 302n24 territorial loss, 72,196 Territories of Advanced Develop ment (TORs). See TORs theme parks, 47, 87,158,262,265, 323n20 Tibetan Buddhist teachers in Russia, 309n96 Tibet Autonomous Region (Й$1Ш'/пЕ): Buddhism, 166, 309n96; Buddhist links with Mongolia, 133, 301n6; ecology, 319n66; minority, 201, 225; rebellion, 139; suppression, 17, 149
374 tigers, 19, 74, 80, 86, 88, 205, 226-227, 315ո5 timber: forest industry/logging, 58, 84, 99, 156, 215-217, 328n78; resources, 8, 12, 100, 205, 215-217, 304n41; transport, 53, 315n3. See also forests Toal, Gerard, 11 Tongjiang (ІЩЕ), 43, 46, 57, 270, 272, 274 TORs (Territories of Advanced Socio-Economic Development), 57-64, 121-125; Bolshoi Ussuriiskii Island as a TOR, 88-89; cancellation of, 296-297n67; criticism of, 58-59, 69; employment in, 123-125. See also Far Eastern Develop ment Corporation; free ports tourism, 147-154, 202, 274, 290n38, 306n59, 323nl7; attractions, 85-86, 88, 94, 262; Chinese tourists, 47, 55, 63, 176, 200, 260, 312n36; ecotourism, 77, 83, 151; guides, 93, 247, 310n6; income from, 48, 79; patterns, 190; Russian tourists, 151-152, 239, 259, 324n28, 326n57, 327n66; shopping tourism, 11,104-105, 113; tourist parks, 47-48, 289n26, 328n77; tourist visas, 246 trade, 2, 6, 40-41; arms sales, 291n7, 292nl; attitudes to, 51-52; barter, 103; cannabis, 299n84; cross-border, 98-99, 118-121, 127, 161, 281n63; food, 100, 292nl2, 298n79, 299n85; free-trade zone, 47; fur, 50, 100, 143, 155, 208-213; illegal, 51; import-export, INDEX 179-180; missions, 42; mo nopolies, 298n79; online, 104; quotas, 254; shuttle trade, 103-105, 244; trade war, 100; used cars, 124—125, 318n43 traders, 4,120,178, 179,181, 190,195-197, 242-244, 246; Central Asian, 294n36; inter mediaries, 119, 180, 214, 253, 313n40, 327n62; pomogaiki (assistants/intermediaries), 179, 253, 313n40; shuttle traders (kirpichi, fonari), 178, 254, 31ІПІ0; women, 244 Transbaikalia, 30. See also Zabaikal
province transport: air, 29, 35; aircraft, 291-292n7, 292nl0; airlines, 310n8; airports, 29, 38; air routes, 310n8; buses, 26, 28, 29, 56, 90,104,167, 236, 237, 274, 290n38; cable cars, 56, 266; car usage, 222; corridors, 296n67; delays, 297n67; electric cars, 89; ferries, 56, 90, 177, 237; freight, 56; helicop ters, 274; private cars, 30, 31, 54, 55, 236, 246, 251, 290n38, 298n75, 318n43, 324n25; riverine, 33, 38, 49-50, 52, 77; taxis, 29,124,198; trucks, 238. See also railways treaties, 285n35; Khabarovsk protocol, 72; of Kyakhta, 42; of Nerchinsk, 42; “unequal,” 7, 13, 50 tribute, 119, 143, 206, 208, 285n35, 302n31, 305n57, 316nl7; tributary states, 40, 42 troops: Chinese, 7; Russian, 96 Trump, Donald J., 223, 281-282n70
INDEX trust, 5, 69, 153, 178-180, 183-185, 218, 296—297ո67, 31ІПІ1, 328ո82 Trutnev, Yury, 62, 70, 91, 274 Tsiolkovsky, 35, 36, 38 Udege (people), 120,132, 155 Ukraine, 169,171,185; popula tion transfers from, 88, 204, 230, 233 United Russia party (Russia), 89 United States, 1, 3, 8,163, 223, 225, 269, 282, 305; and China, 223, 330n2; relations with Russia and China, 9, 269, 278; and Russia, 8, 183, 265; trade war with China, 100 uranium, 33-34, 222 urban features: aesthetics, 230; construction, 251-252, 254; clustering, 232; furniture, 259, 264, 282n85; grid, 245-255, 325n50, 325-326n52; horizontality, 230, 242-243, 251-255, 326-327n58, 327n63; layout, 240; lighting, 230, 236, 239, 255-256, 263-264; modernity, 245; skyline, 243; surface, 251; verticality, 229, 242, 252-253, 266, 326-327n58, 327n63. See also mimesis urbanization, 111, 150, 196, 234 Ussuri River (Wusuli jiang ЭД, 4, 7, 25, 66, 70-71, 74, 81, 86,149 Uyghurs (Ch: Weiivu’er ШЩЩ, 17, 304-305n45 vassalage, 206, 208 Viber, 161,162 Vietnam, 40, 68, 185, 199, 291-292n7 375 villages: “arctic,” 85; Buryat, 165-168; closed, 33, 313n51; ghost, 322n8; Hezhe, 84, 305n49; indigenous, 147, 149-155, 161, 163, 306n69; Khamnigan, 143; model, 199, 260-261; multiethnic, 305n53; Potemkin, 240; riverine, 50; Siberian, 104. See also Chinese villages; Russian villages visas, 157,167, 202, 246, 260, 295n48, 310n8; manipulation of, 115; quotas, 12,115,156, 317n33; work, 113-114, 125-126, 213, 221, 314n56 Vladivostok (Ch: Fuladiwosituoke SíŕÉlS or Haishenwai ШШ), 68, 69, 93, 99, 100, 296-297n67, 298n75, 310n8, 312n30, 325n43, 329n94;
and the border, 175, 233, 267; Chinese name, 41, 200; closed city, 33,121, 239; and TORs, 122-127. See also free ports war: “irrigation war,” 73, 82; Japan-Russia, 139,194, 322nl5; “nephrite war,” 119-120; Russia-China (1960s), 7, 8,193, 278nl2; Russian civil war, 138; Second World War, 43, 76, 322nl5; symbolism and, 79-80 water: diversion of, 219-220; resources, 3, 12 WeChat (Weixin Ши), 115,162, 296n56 “Western values,” 279n20, 302n29 wildfires, 217, 271 wildlife, 74, 86, 88, 239. See also bears; leopard, Amur; tigers
INDEX 376 women: forced sterilization, 17; representation of, 312nn26-27; traders, 244-245; workers, 233. See also gender; sex worldviews, 43, 66,181-193,197 Wusuli jiang (-Siilil). See Ussuri River xenophobia, 156,197-199, 294n36, 314n57. See also Sinophobia Xi Jinping, 14, 25, 45, 69,110; as “Big Daddy,” 19; and “China’s Dream,” 67; visit to northeast, 83-84 Xinjiang, Uyghur Autonomous Region (ï»Étgfcgí K), 139, 146; border with Russia, 280n40; ecology, 319n66; Han migration, 322nl5; human rights, 304—305n45; internment camps, 17; Kazakhs, 282n82; markets, 277n5 Yanji (Ш§), 48 Yeltsin, Boris, 63 Young Pioneers, 38,171 Zabaikal province (R: Zabaikal’skii Krai), 107,108, 111, 112,134, 219, 286n71 Zabaikal’sk, 52, 228, 283n2 ZATOs (zakrytoe administrativnoterritorial’noe obrazovanie), 32-39, 62-63, 121, 281n62, 284n22 Zeya River (Jieya ЅѓШ), 37, 38, 238, 314n52 Zhalainuoer (Mong. Jalan Nuur), 47-48 Zheltuga Republic, 213 Zhenbao Island (Damansky Island), 7,193,278nll, 278nl3 Zhou Enlai, 7 Ziegler, Dominic, 30 Zuenko, Ivan, 70, 289n33, 296-297n67 x Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v_ _ / |
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| author | Billé, Franck Humphrey, Caroline 1943- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1067085858 (DE-588)108703215 |
| author_facet | Billé, Franck Humphrey, Caroline 1943- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Billé, Franck |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047208623 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:53:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674979482 0674979486 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032613470 |
| oclc_num | 1256660175 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-739 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-739 DE-29 |
| physical | 376 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220311 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Billé, Franck Verfasser (DE-588)1067085858 aut On the edge life along the Russia-China border Franck Billé and Caroline Humphrey Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England Harvard University Press 2021 376 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 s DE-604 Humphrey, Caroline 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)108703215 aut Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Billé, Franck Humphrey, Caroline 1943- On the edge life along the Russia-China border Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021993-8 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | On the edge life along the Russia-China border |
| title_auth | On the edge life along the Russia-China border |
| title_exact_search | On the edge life along the Russia-China border |
| title_exact_search_txtP | On the edge life along the Russia-China border |
| title_full | On the edge life along the Russia-China border Franck Billé and Caroline Humphrey |
| title_fullStr | On the edge life along the Russia-China border Franck Billé and Caroline Humphrey |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the edge life along the Russia-China border Franck Billé and Caroline Humphrey |
| title_short | On the edge |
| title_sort | on the edge life along the russia china border |
| title_sub | life along the Russia-China border |
| topic | Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grenzgebiet China Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032613470&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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