Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Philadelphia, PA
Elsevier
[2021]
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| Ausgabe: | 14th edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Auf dem Umschlag: Enhanced Digital Version included |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 1132 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780323597128 9780323672801 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hall, John E. |d 1946- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)142024201 |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Textbook of medical physiology |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |c John E. Hall, PhD (Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Director, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi), Michael E. Hall, MD, MS (Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi) |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Textbook of medical physiology |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Medical physiology |
| 250 | |a 14th edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Philadelphia, PA |b Elsevier |c [2021] | |
| 300 | |a xix, 1132 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Auf dem Umschlag: Enhanced Digital Version included | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physiology, Pathological | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physiological Processes | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Physiologie |0 (DE-588)4045981-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Hall, Michael E. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Guyton, Arthur C. |d 1919-2003 |e Begründer eines Werks |0 (DE-588)142024279 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents UNIT II UNITI Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment 3 Cells Are the Living Units of the Body 3 Extracellular Fluid—the InternalEnvironment 3 Homeostasis—Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment 4 Control Systems of the Body 7 Summary—Automaticity of the Body 10 CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions 13 Organization of the Cell 13 Cell Structure 14 Comparison of the Animal Cell With Precellular Forms of Life 20 Functional Systems of the Cell 21 Locomotion of Cells 26 CHAPTER 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis Transcription—Transfer of Cell Nucleus DNA Code to Cytoplasm RNA Code Translation—Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction Cell Differentiation Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death Cancer 31 31 33 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes The Cell Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins Diffusion Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes 51 51 52 58 CHAPTER 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials 63 Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials 63 Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons 65 Neuron Action Potential 67 Propagation of the Action Potential 71 Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials
are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism 72 Plateau in Some Action Potentials 72 Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues— Repetitive Discharge 73 Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks 74 Excitation—The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential 75 CHAPTER 6 37 38 38 41 45 45 46 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Energetics of Muscle Contraction Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction 79 79 81 82 85 87 ix
Contents CHAPTER 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses From Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers Muscle Action Potential Excitation-Contraction Coupling CHAPTER 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle Contraction of Smooth Muscle Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction 93 93 97 97 101 101 103 105 Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex Current of Injury Abnormalities in the T Wave CHAPTER 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation Abnormal Sinus Rhythms Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways Premature Contractions Paroxysmal Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Cardiac Arrest 150 151 152 156 157 157 158 160 162 163 166 167 167 The Heart CHAPTER 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves Physiology of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Cycle Regulation of Heart Pumping The Circulation 113 113 117 123 Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance Physical Characteristics of the Circulation Basic Principles of Circulatory Function 171 171 173 127 Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance 173 127 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart 135 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial
and Venous Systems Vascular Distensibility Arterial Pressure Pulsations Veins and Their Functions 137 CHAPTER 16 138 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Lymphatic System 131 CHAPTER 11 Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle 135 Electrocardiographic Leads CHAPTER 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and its Significance X CHAPTER 14 143 143 145 148 183 183 184 188 193 193 194 195 196 197 201
Contents CHAPTER 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control Humoral Control of the Circulation 205 205 205 214 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure 217 217 226 CHAPTER 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation 229 229 236 243 CHAPTER 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart Methods For Measuring Cardiac Output CHAPTER 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise Coronary Circulation 245 280 280 CHAPTER 23 Heart Sounds Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease CHAPTER 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment Physiological Causes of Shock Shock Caused by Hypovolemia— Hemorrhagic Shock Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine
Shock Septic Shock Physiology of Treatment in Shock Circulatory Arrest 283 286 288 291 291 293 293 294 299 300 300 301 301 245 I ■ UNITV 245 256 259 259 262 CHAPTER 22 Cardiac Failure Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure Unilateral Left Heart Failure Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure Cardiac Reserve 278 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and 283 Congenital Heart Defects CHAPTER 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure Heart Failure With Diastolic Dysfunction and Normal Ejection Fraction High-Output Cardiac Failure 271 271 275 27S Հ/э 277 The Body Fluids and Kidneys CHAPTER 25 Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions Body Fluid Compartments Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Measurement of Body Fluid Compartment Volumes—Indicator-Dilution Principle Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States Glucose and Other Solutions Administered For Nutritive Purposes 305 305 306 307 308 310 312 313 xi
Contents Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body 314 316 319 Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 375 Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System 375 Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 377 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 30 The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys Multiple Functions of the Kidneys Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys Micturition Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration 321 321 322 324 329 CHAPTER 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control Glomerular Filtration—The First Step in Urine Formation Determinants of the Glomerular Filtration Rate Renal Blood Flow Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal BloodFlow Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow 331 331 333 336 337 338 CHAPTER 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Tubular Reabsorption Is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron Regulation of
Tubular Reabsorption Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function 343 343 343 349 355 383 390 Regulation of Renal Phosphate Excretion 391 Regulation of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration 392 Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid 392 Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance 394 Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System 396 Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control 396 Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake 399 Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume 400 Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume With Normal or Reduced Blood Volume 400 CHAPTER 31 360 CHAPTER 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 365 Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine 365 Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine 367 Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism Produces Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium 368 Loop of Henle Characteristics That Cause Solutes to Be Trapped in the Renal Medulla 368 xii 383 Acid-Base Regulation Hydrogen Ion Concentration Is Precisely Regulated 403 403 Acids and Bases—Definitions and Meanings Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids Bicarbonate Buffer System Phosphate Buffer System 403 Proteins Are Important
Intracellular Buffers Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3- by the Renal Tubules 407 408 409 404 404 405 407 410
Contents Combination of Excess Н+ With Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers In the Tubule Generates New HCO3֊ Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion Regulation of Renal Tubular H+ Secretion Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3՜ to the Extracellular Fluid Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3՜ CHAPTER 36 415 416 CHAPTER 32 Diuretics and Kidney Diseases Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action Kidney Diseases Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons 421 421 423 423 426 ewvi CHAPTER 33 471 471 471 473 474 475 CHAPTER 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation Hemostasis Events Mechanism of Blood Coagulation Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans Thromboembolic Conditions Anticoagulants for Clinical Use Blood Coagulation Tests II Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation Red Blood Cells, Anemia,and Polycythemia Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Anemias Polycythemia Blood Types; Transfusion; and Tissue and Organ Transplantation Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood O-A-B Blood Types Rh Blood Types Transfusion Reactions Resulting From Mismatched Blood Types Transplantation of Tissues and Organs 412 414 414 477 477 479 484 486 486 487 UNIT VII 1 Respiration CHAPTER 38 439 439 446 447 Pulmonary Ventilation Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Alveolar Ventilation 491 491 495 497 CHAPTER 34 CHAPTER 39 Resistance of the Body to Infection: 1. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-
Macrophage System, and Inflammation 449 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 449 Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections 450 Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) 452 Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages 454 Eosinophils 456 Basophils 457 Leukopenia 457 Leukemias 457 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid 503 Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System 503 Pressures in the Pulmonary System 503 Blood Volume of the Lungs 504 Blood Flow Through the Lungs and its Distribution 504 Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow 505 Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics 507 CHAPTER 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Allergy and Hypersensitivity 459 459 469 Fluid in the Pleural Cavity 509 CHAPTER 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane 511 513 515 xiii
Contents CHAPTER 41 The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids 521 Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues Transport of CO2 in Blood Respiratory Exchange Ratio 521 528 530 CHAPTER 42 Regulation of Respiration 531 Respiratory Center Chemical Control of Respiration Peripheral Chemoreceptor System— Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control Regulation of Respiration During Exercise 531 533 534 536 CHAPTER 43 CHAPTER 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters General Design of the Nervous System Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function Comparison of the Nervous System to a Computer Central Nervous System Synapses Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission 541 541 543 546 548 548 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses Signal Intensity Transmission in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits UNIT VIII CHAPTER 48 Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses CHAPTER 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body 553 553 Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals
Into the Central Nervous System Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Transmission of Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway 561 561 565 Somatic Sensations: 11. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations Fast Pain and Slow Pain and Their Qualities Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord Referred Pain Visceral Pain Thermal Sensations xiv 569 571 572 572 584 587 587 587 592 592 597 599 601 601 609 CHAPTER 49 CHAPTER 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions 569 CHAPTER 47 Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids Artificial Respiration Sensory Physiology 613 613 613 614 616 618 618 622
Contents UNIT X The Nervous System: В. The Special Senses CHAPTER 50 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision Physical Principles of Optics Optics of the Eye Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid 627 627 630 635 Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes Crossed Extensor Reflex Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion 686 691 693 693 693 CHAPTER 56 CHAPTER 51 The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina Photochemistry of Vision Color Vision Neural Function of the Retina 639 639 641 645 646 CHAPTER 52 The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision Visual Pathways Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Images Eye Movements and Their Control Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture 653 653 CHAPTER 58 656 657 660 663 663 664 669 CHAPTER 54 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell Sense of Taste Sense of Smell 675 675 679 UNIT XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory 727 Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex 727 Functions of Specific Cortical Areas 728 The Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres 735 Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory 735 CHAPTER 59
The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain 741 Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain 741 Limbic System 744 The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System 745 Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System 749 CHAPTER 60 CHAPTER 55 Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes CHAPTER 57 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Overall Motor Control 711 The Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions 711 The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions 720 Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System 724 654 CHAPTER 53 The Sense of Hearing Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System Cochlea Central Auditory Mechanisms Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function 697 Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract 697 Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem 703 Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium 704 685 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia 753 Sleep 753 685 xv
Contents CHAPTER 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Selective Stimulation of Target Organs by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems or Mass Discharge CHAPTER 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism Cerebral Blood Flow Cerebrospinal Fluid System Brain Metabolism 763 Gastric Secretion Pancreatic Secretion 811 814 Bile Secretion by the Liver Secretions of the Small Intestine 817 820 763 765 773 777 777 780 783 CHAPTER 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract Digestion of Various Foods byHydrolysis Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption Absorption in the Small Intestine Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces 831 CHAPTER 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders 833 UNIT XII UNIT XIII Gastrointestinal Physiology Metabolism and Temperature Regulation CHAPTER 63 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate 827 828 Lipid Metabolism Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat) Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids Protein Metabolism Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract The Liver 797 799 802 804 806 CHAPTER 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract 807 General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion 807 Secretion of Saliva 809 853 853 853 CHAPTER 70 CHAPTER 71 797 843 CHAPTER 69 CHAPTER 64 xvi 823 CHAPTER 68 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation 787 General
Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility 787 Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System 789 Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility 791 Functional Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract 793 Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation 794 Ingestion of Food Motor Functions of the Stomach Movements of the Small Intestine Movements of the Colon Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity 823 865 871 CHAPTER 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals 877 Energy Intake and Output Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions 877 Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage 879 CHAPTER 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate 893
Contents CHAPTER 74 CHAPTER 79 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever 901 Normal Body Temperatures 901 Body Temperature Is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss 901 Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus 905 Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation 909 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects Glucagon and Its Functions Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation UNIT XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction CHAPTER 75 Introduction to Endocrinology Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance From the Blood Mechanisms of Action of Hormones 915 915 915 919 920 CHAPTER 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus 929 Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 929 Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion 930 Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone 932 Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 938 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma Bone and Its Relationship to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate Vitamin D Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration Physiology of the Teeth Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) Spermatogenesis Male Sexual Act Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones CHAPTER 83 958 962 Pregnancy and Lactation Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
Early Nutrition of the Embryo 944 948 955 991 993 997 999 1002 1003 1006 1011 1011 1016 1018 CHAPTER 82 955 941 991 CHAPTER 81 955 941 CHAPTER 78 Adrenocortical Hormones Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones Functions of Mineralocorticoids— Aldosterone Functions of Glucocorticoids CHAPTER 80 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries Female Hormonal System Monthly Ovarian Cycle and Function of Gonadotropic Hormones Functions of Ovarian Hormones— Estradiol and Progesterone Regulation of Female Monthly Rhythm— Interplay Between Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones Female Sexual Act CHAPTER 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 973 973 982 983 1027 1027 1027 1027 1028 1032 1037 1041 1045 1045 1047 xvii
Contents Anatomy and Function of the Placenta Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy Parturition Lactation 1047 ■ UNIT XV 1049 Sports Physiology 1054 1056 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology xviii CHAPTER 85 Sports Physiology CHAPTER 84 1061 í 1073
Video and Audio Contents CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions Video 2-1 Endocytosis CHAPTER 38 Pulmonary Ventilation Video 38-1 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters Video 46-1 Chemical Synaptic Transmission Video 46-2 Neurotransmission Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Video 5-1 Action Potential CHAPTER 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Video 6-1 The Cross Bridge Cycle CHAPTER 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves Video 9-1 The Cardiac Cycle CHAPTER 48 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses Video 48-1 Fine Touch Video 48-2 Pain Pathways CHAPTER 50 CHAPTER 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects Audio 23-1 Normal Heart Sound Audio 23-2 Aortic Stenosis Audio 23-3 Aortic Regurgitation Audio 23-4 Mitral Regurgitation Audio 23-5 Mitral Stenosis CHAPTER 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration Video 29-1 The Countercurrent Multiplier CHAPTER 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation Video 34-1 Chemotaxis The Eye: I. Optics of Vision Video 50-1 Eye-Lens Accommodation CHAPTER 55 Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes Video 55-1 Muscle Spindle Video 55-2 Patella Reflex CHAPTER 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function— Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation Video 63-1 Peristalsis CHAPTER 82 Female Physiology
Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones Video 82-1 The Menstrual Cycle xix
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Contents UNIT II UNITI Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" 3 Cells Are the Living Units of the Body 3 Extracellular Fluid—the "InternalEnvironment" 3 Homeostasis—Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment 4 Control Systems of the Body 7 Summary—Automaticity of the Body 10 CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions 13 Organization of the Cell 13 Cell Structure 14 Comparison of the Animal Cell With Precellular Forms of Life 20 Functional Systems of the Cell 21 Locomotion of Cells 26 CHAPTER 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis Transcription—Transfer of Cell Nucleus DNA Code to Cytoplasm RNA Code Translation—Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction Cell Differentiation Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death Cancer 31 31 33 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes The Cell Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins Diffusion Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes 51 51 52 58 CHAPTER 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials 63 Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials 63 Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons 65 Neuron Action Potential 67 Propagation of the Action Potential 71 Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials
are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism 72 Plateau in Some Action Potentials 72 Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues— Repetitive Discharge 73 Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks 74 Excitation—The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential 75 CHAPTER 6 37 38 38 41 45 45 46 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Energetics of Muscle Contraction Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction 79 79 81 82 85 87 ix
Contents CHAPTER 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses From Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers Muscle Action Potential Excitation-Contraction Coupling CHAPTER 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle Contraction of Smooth Muscle Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction 93 93 97 97 101 101 103 105 Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex Current of Injury Abnormalities in the T Wave CHAPTER 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation Abnormal Sinus Rhythms Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways Premature Contractions Paroxysmal Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Cardiac Arrest 150 151 152 156 157 157 158 160 162 163 166 167 167 The Heart CHAPTER 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves Physiology of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Cycle Regulation of Heart Pumping The Circulation 113 113 117 123 Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance Physical Characteristics of the Circulation Basic Principles of Circulatory Function 171 171 173 127 Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance 173 127 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart 135 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial
and Venous Systems Vascular Distensibility Arterial Pressure Pulsations Veins and Their Functions 137 CHAPTER 16 138 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Lymphatic System 131 CHAPTER 11 Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle 135 Electrocardiographic Leads CHAPTER 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and its Significance X CHAPTER 14 143 143 145 148 183 183 184 188 193 193 194 195 196 197 201
Contents CHAPTER 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control Humoral Control of the Circulation 205 205 205 214 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure 217 217 226 CHAPTER 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation 229 229 236 243 CHAPTER 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart Methods For Measuring Cardiac Output CHAPTER 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise Coronary Circulation 245 280 280 CHAPTER 23 Heart Sounds Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease CHAPTER 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment Physiological Causes of Shock Shock Caused by Hypovolemia— Hemorrhagic Shock Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine
Shock Septic Shock Physiology of Treatment in Shock Circulatory Arrest 283 286 288 291 291 293 293 294 299 300 300 301 301 245 I ■ UNITV 245 256 259 259 262 CHAPTER 22 Cardiac Failure Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure Unilateral Left Heart Failure Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure Cardiac Reserve 278 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and 283 Congenital Heart Defects CHAPTER 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure Heart Failure With Diastolic Dysfunction and Normal Ejection Fraction High-Output Cardiac Failure 271 271 275 27S Հ/э 277 The Body Fluids and Kidneys CHAPTER 25 Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions Body Fluid Compartments Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Measurement of Body Fluid Compartment Volumes—Indicator-Dilution Principle Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States Glucose and Other Solutions Administered For Nutritive Purposes 305 305 306 307 308 310 312 313 xi
Contents Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body 314 316 319 Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 375 Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System 375 Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 377 CHAPTER 26 CHAPTER 30 The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys Multiple Functions of the Kidneys Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys Micturition Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration 321 321 322 324 329 CHAPTER 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control Glomerular Filtration—The First Step in Urine Formation Determinants of the Glomerular Filtration Rate Renal Blood Flow Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal BloodFlow Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow 331 331 333 336 337 338 CHAPTER 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Tubular Reabsorption Is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron Regulation of
Tubular Reabsorption Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function 343 343 343 349 355 383 390 Regulation of Renal Phosphate Excretion 391 Regulation of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration 392 Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid 392 Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance 394 Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System 396 Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control 396 Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake 399 Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume 400 Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume With Normal or Reduced Blood Volume 400 CHAPTER 31 360 CHAPTER 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 365 Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine 365 Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine 367 Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism Produces Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium 368 Loop of Henle Characteristics That Cause Solutes to Be Trapped in the Renal Medulla 368 xii 383 Acid-Base Regulation Hydrogen Ion Concentration Is Precisely Regulated 403 403 Acids and Bases—Definitions and Meanings Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids Bicarbonate Buffer System Phosphate Buffer System 403 Proteins Are Important
Intracellular Buffers Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3- by the Renal Tubules 407 408 409 404 404 405 407 410
Contents Combination of Excess Н+ With Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers In the Tubule Generates "New" HCO3֊ Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion Regulation of Renal Tubular H+ Secretion Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3՜ to the Extracellular Fluid Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3՜ CHAPTER 36 415 416 CHAPTER 32 Diuretics and Kidney Diseases Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action Kidney Diseases Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons 421 421 423 423 426 ewvi CHAPTER 33 471 471 471 473 474 475 CHAPTER 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation Hemostasis Events Mechanism of Blood Coagulation Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans Thromboembolic Conditions Anticoagulants for Clinical Use Blood Coagulation Tests II Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation Red Blood Cells, Anemia,and Polycythemia Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Anemias Polycythemia Blood Types; Transfusion; and Tissue and Organ Transplantation Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood O-A-B Blood Types Rh Blood Types Transfusion Reactions Resulting From Mismatched Blood Types Transplantation of Tissues and Organs 412 414 414 477 477 479 484 486 486 487 UNIT VII 1 Respiration CHAPTER 38 439 439 446 447 Pulmonary Ventilation Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Alveolar Ventilation 491 491 495 497 CHAPTER 34 CHAPTER 39 Resistance of the Body to Infection: 1. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-
Macrophage System, and Inflammation 449 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 449 Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections 450 Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) 452 Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages 454 Eosinophils 456 Basophils 457 Leukopenia 457 Leukemias 457 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid 503 Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System 503 Pressures in the Pulmonary System 503 Blood Volume of the Lungs 504 Blood Flow Through the Lungs and its Distribution 504 Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow 505 Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics 507 CHAPTER 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Allergy and Hypersensitivity 459 459 469 Fluid in the Pleural Cavity 509 CHAPTER 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane 511 513 515 xiii
Contents CHAPTER 41 The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids 521 Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues Transport of CO2 in Blood Respiratory Exchange Ratio 521 528 530 CHAPTER 42 Regulation of Respiration 531 Respiratory Center Chemical Control of Respiration Peripheral Chemoreceptor System— Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control Regulation of Respiration During Exercise 531 533 534 536 CHAPTER 43 CHAPTER 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters General Design of the Nervous System Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function Comparison of the Nervous System to a Computer Central Nervous System Synapses Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission 541 541 543 546 548 548 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses Signal Intensity Transmission in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits UNIT VIII CHAPTER 48 Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses CHAPTER 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body 553 553 Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals
Into the Central Nervous System Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Transmission of Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway 561 561 565 Somatic Sensations: 11. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations Fast Pain and Slow Pain and Their Qualities Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord Referred Pain Visceral Pain Thermal Sensations xiv 569 571 572 572 584 587 587 587 592 592 597 599 601 601 609 CHAPTER 49 CHAPTER 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions 569 CHAPTER 47 Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids Artificial Respiration Sensory Physiology 613 613 613 614 616 618 618 622
Contents UNIT X The Nervous System: В. The Special Senses CHAPTER 50 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision Physical Principles of Optics Optics of the Eye Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid 627 627 630 635 Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes Crossed Extensor Reflex Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion 686 691 693 693 693 CHAPTER 56 CHAPTER 51 The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina Photochemistry of Vision Color Vision Neural Function of the Retina 639 639 641 645 646 CHAPTER 52 The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision Visual Pathways Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Images Eye Movements and Their Control Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture 653 653 CHAPTER 58 656 657 660 663 663 664 669 CHAPTER 54 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell Sense of Taste Sense of Smell 675 675 679 UNIT XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory 727 Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex 727 Functions of Specific Cortical Areas 728 The Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres 735 Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory 735 CHAPTER 59
The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain 741 Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain 741 Limbic System 744 The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System 745 Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System 749 CHAPTER 60 CHAPTER 55 Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes CHAPTER 57 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Overall Motor Control 711 The Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions 711 The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions 720 Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System 724 654 CHAPTER 53 The Sense of Hearing Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System Cochlea Central Auditory Mechanisms Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function 697 Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract 697 Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem 703 Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium 704 685 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia 753 Sleep 753 685 xv
Contents CHAPTER 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Selective Stimulation of Target Organs by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems or "Mass Discharge" CHAPTER 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism Cerebral Blood Flow Cerebrospinal Fluid System Brain Metabolism 763 Gastric Secretion Pancreatic Secretion 811 814 Bile Secretion by the Liver Secretions of the Small Intestine 817 820 763 765 773 777 777 780 783 CHAPTER 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract Digestion of Various Foods byHydrolysis Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption Absorption in the Small Intestine Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces 831 CHAPTER 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders 833 UNIT XII UNIT XIII Gastrointestinal Physiology Metabolism and Temperature Regulation CHAPTER 63 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate 827 828 Lipid Metabolism Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat) Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids Protein Metabolism Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract The Liver 797 799 802 804 806 CHAPTER 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract 807 General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion 807 Secretion of Saliva 809 853 853 853 CHAPTER 70 CHAPTER 71 797 843 CHAPTER 69 CHAPTER 64 xvi 823 CHAPTER 68 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation 787 General
Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility 787 Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System 789 Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility 791 Functional Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract 793 Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation 794 Ingestion of Food Motor Functions of the Stomach Movements of the Small Intestine Movements of the Colon Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity 823 865 871 CHAPTER 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals 877 Energy Intake and Output Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions 877 Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage 879 CHAPTER 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate 893
Contents CHAPTER 74 CHAPTER 79 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever 901 Normal Body Temperatures 901 Body Temperature Is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss 901 Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus 905 Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation 909 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects Glucagon and Its Functions Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation UNIT XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction CHAPTER 75 Introduction to Endocrinology Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance From the Blood Mechanisms of Action of Hormones 915 915 915 919 920 CHAPTER 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus 929 Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 929 Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion 930 Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone 932 Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus 938 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma Bone and Its Relationship to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate Vitamin D Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration Physiology of the Teeth Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) Spermatogenesis Male Sexual Act Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones CHAPTER 83 958 962 Pregnancy and Lactation Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
Early Nutrition of the Embryo 944 948 955 991 993 997 999 1002 1003 1006 1011 1011 1016 1018 CHAPTER 82 955 941 991 CHAPTER 81 955 941 CHAPTER 78 Adrenocortical Hormones Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones Functions of Mineralocorticoids— Aldosterone Functions of Glucocorticoids CHAPTER 80 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries Female Hormonal System Monthly Ovarian Cycle and Function of Gonadotropic Hormones Functions of Ovarian Hormones— Estradiol and Progesterone Regulation of Female Monthly Rhythm— Interplay Between Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones Female Sexual Act CHAPTER 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 973 973 982 983 1027 1027 1027 1027 1028 1032 1037 1041 1045 1045 1047 xvii
Contents Anatomy and Function of the Placenta Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy Parturition Lactation 1047 ■ UNIT XV 1049 Sports Physiology 1054 1056 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology xviii CHAPTER 85 Sports Physiology CHAPTER 84 1061 í 1073
Video and Audio Contents CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions Video 2-1 Endocytosis CHAPTER 38 Pulmonary Ventilation Video 38-1 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters Video 46-1 Chemical Synaptic Transmission Video 46-2 Neurotransmission Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Video 5-1 Action Potential CHAPTER 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Video 6-1 The Cross Bridge Cycle CHAPTER 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves Video 9-1 The Cardiac Cycle CHAPTER 48 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses Video 48-1 Fine Touch Video 48-2 Pain Pathways CHAPTER 50 CHAPTER 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects Audio 23-1 Normal Heart Sound Audio 23-2 Aortic Stenosis Audio 23-3 Aortic Regurgitation Audio 23-4 Mitral Regurgitation Audio 23-5 Mitral Stenosis CHAPTER 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration Video 29-1 The Countercurrent Multiplier CHAPTER 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation Video 34-1 Chemotaxis The Eye: I. Optics of Vision Video 50-1 Eye-Lens Accommodation CHAPTER 55 Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes Video 55-1 Muscle Spindle Video 55-2 Patella Reflex CHAPTER 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function— Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation Video 63-1 Peristalsis CHAPTER 82 Female Physiology
Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones Video 82-1 The Menstrual Cycle xix |
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| author | Hall, John E. 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142024201 (DE-588)142024279 |
| author_facet | Hall, John E. 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hall, John E. 1946- |
| author_variant | j e h je jeh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047195183 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP34 |
| callnumber-raw | QP34.5 |
| callnumber-search | QP34.5 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 234.5 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | WW 1584 |
| classification_tum | MED 308 |
| contents | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1249659302 (DE-599)BVBBV047195183 |
| dewey-full | 612 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 612 - Human physiology |
| dewey-raw | 612 |
| dewey-search | 612 |
| dewey-sort | 3612 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Medizin |
| edition | 14th edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV047195183 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:49:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780323597128 9780323672801 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032600319 |
| oclc_num | 1249659302 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-578 DE-384 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-578 DE-384 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | xix, 1132 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hall, John E. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)142024201 aut Textbook of medical physiology Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology John E. Hall, PhD (Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Director, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi), Michael E. Hall, MD, MS (Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi) Medical physiology 14th edition Philadelphia, PA Elsevier [2021] xix, 1132 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auf dem Umschlag: Enhanced Digital Version included Includes bibliographical references and index Human physiology Physiology, Pathological Physiological Processes Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 s DE-604 Hall, Michael E. Sonstige oth Guyton, Arthur C. 1919-2003 Begründer eines Werks (DE-588)142024279 oth Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032600319&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hall, John E. 1946- Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology Includes bibliographical references and index Human physiology Physiology, Pathological Physiological Processes Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045981-0 (DE-588)4151278-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |
| title_alt | Textbook of medical physiology Medical physiology |
| title_auth | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |
| title_exact_search | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |
| title_full | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology John E. Hall, PhD (Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Director, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi), Michael E. Hall, MD, MS (Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi) |
| title_fullStr | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology John E. Hall, PhD (Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Director, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi), Michael E. Hall, MD, MS (Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology John E. Hall, PhD (Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Director, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi), Michael E. Hall, MD, MS (Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associate Vice Chair for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi) |
| title_short | Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology |
| title_sort | guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology |
| topic | Human physiology Physiology, Pathological Physiological Processes Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Human physiology Physiology, Pathological Physiological Processes Physiologie Einführung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032600319&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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