The causes of war: Volume 4 1650-1800
This is the fourth volume of a projected five-volume series charting the causes of war from 3000 BCE to the present day, written by a leading international lawyer, and using as its principal materials the documentary history of international law, largely in the form of treaties and the negotiations...
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| Zusammenfassung: | This is the fourth volume of a projected five-volume series charting the causes of war from 3000 BCE to the present day, written by a leading international lawyer, and using as its principal materials the documentary history of international law, largely in the form of treaties and the negotiations which led up to them. These volumes seek to show why millions of people, over thousands of years, slew each other. In departing from the various theories put forward by historians, anthropologists and psychologists, Gillespie offers a different taxonomy of the causes of war, focusing on the broader settings of politics, religion, migrations and empire-building. These four contexts were dominant and often overlapping justifications during the first four thousand years of human civilisation, for which written records exist. |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 484 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781509912179 9781509944606 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This is the fourth volume of a projected five-volume series charting the causes of war from 3000 BCE to the present day, written by a leading international lawyer, and using as its principal materials the documentary history of international law, largely in the form of treaties and the negotiations which led up to them. These volumes seek to show why millions of people, over thousands of years, slew each other. In departing from the various theories put forward by historians, anthropologists and psychologists, Gillespie offers a different taxonomy of the causes of war, focusing on the broader settings of politics, religion, migrations and empire-building. These four contexts were dominant and often overlapping justifications during the first four thousand years of human civilisation, for which written records exist. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents I. Introduction................................................................................................................1 1. The Conversation on Sunday Afternoon....................................................... 1 2. Utopia................................................................................................................. 1 3. Facts....................................................................................................................2 4. Casus Belli in Practice........................................................................................ 3 5. Volumes One to Three..................................................................................... 3 6. Volume Four......................................................................................................4 II. The Glorious Revolution.......................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 8 2. Republics............................................................................................................ 8 (a) The Republic of the United Provinces....................................................9 (b) The Republic of Oliver Cromwell....................................................... 10 3. The First War between theDutchand English Republics........................... 12 (a) The Reasons for War............................................................................ 12 (b) The
Clash..............................................................................................13 (c) The Peace..............................................................................................14 4. Allies with France, War with Spain.................................................................15 5. The Restoration...............................................................................................17 (a) The End of the Commonwealth........................................................... 17 (b) The Promises of Charles II.................................................. ................. 17 (c) The Early Years...................................................................................... 18 6. Alliance with Portugal and Further War with Spain.................................... 18 7. A Second War with the Dutch, and then the French................................... 19 (a) The Reasons for War............................................................................20 (b) The Killing Begins................................................................................20 (c) The War Expands.................................................................................21 (d) The Treaty of Breda................................................................................. 22 8. Alliance with France, Further War against the Dutch, and Another Peace.......................................................................................... 23 9. War and Peace with English and the Indigenous Communities in the
Colonies.................................................................................................25 10. The Causes of the Revolution in England....................................................26 11. The Invasion of England................................................................................28 (a) William and Mary................................................................................... 28 (b) The Invitation......................................................................................... 29 (c) The International Politics of the Invasion.............................................29 (d) Setting Foot on the Shores of England................................................. 31 (e) The Denunciation of James II............................................................... 31 12. The Glorious Revolution................................................................................32
viii III. Contents 13. John Locke...................................................................................................... 33 14. Constitutional Monarchy Entrenched.........................................................34 15. Liberty............................................................................................................ 35 16. Conclusion...................................................................................................... 38 The Wars of Louis XIV........................................................................................40 1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 40 2. The Ongoing Conflict with Spain............................................................... 40 (a) Peace.......................................................................................................41 (b) Maria Theresa of Spain.......................................................................42 3. The War of Spanish Inheritance................................................................. 42 (a) The Justification..................................................................................... 43 (b) The Action............................................................................................. 43 (c) The Creation of a Collective Force against France........................... 44 (d) Peace, kind of......................................................................................... 45 (e) Planning for the Next Long-
termConflict...........................................45 4. The War of France and England against the Dutch Republic................. 46 (a) The Reasons........................................................................................... 46 (b) Planning..................................................................................................46 (c) The Killing Begins.................................................................................48 (d) The Dutch Survival via the Re-creation of a Web of Alliances............................................................................................ 48 (e) The Expanding Franco-Dutch War..................................................... 49 (f) Peace with the Treaties of Nijmegen......................................................... 51 5. The Reunion Wars........................................................................................52 (a) The Thinking of the French King....................................................... 52 (b) The Response of his Neighbours......................................................... 53 (c) Truce.......................................................................................................54 (d) Breach.....................................................................................................55 (e) The Invasion of England by William of Orange............................... 57 6. The Nine Years War......................................................................................57 (a) The Grand Alliance
1............................................................................ 57 (b) The War in Europe............................................................................... 58 (c) The War Outside Europe.....................................................................63 (d) The Peace of Ryswick............................................................................... 64 7. The War of Spanish Succession...................................................................66 (a) The Plan to Avoid the War...................................................................66 (b) The Slide to War....................................................................................68 (c) The Treaty of the Hague........................................................................... 70 (d) The Killing............................................................................................. 72 (e) The Grand Alliance Begins to Getthe Upper Hand.......................... 77 (f) Louis ХГѴ Refuses to Buckle................................................................77 (g) The 1713 7reatiesof Utrecht...................................................:............... 79 (h) The 1714 Treaties of Rastatt and Baden................................................... 83 8. Conclusion..................................................................................................... 85
Contents IV V VI. ix The Interregnum...................................................................................................86 1. Introduction...................................................................................................86 2. Succession and Dynastic Considerations.....................................................86 (a) The Pragmatic Sanction and the Habsburg Succession.................... 86 (b) British Succession.................................................................................. 87 (c) French Succession................................................................................. 89 3. The War of the Quadruple Alliance........................................................... 90 4. The 1720s......................................................................................................94 (a) War between Spain and Britain........................................................... 95 (b) The Return and Balance of Peace.......................................................96 5. Skirting a Major Conflict in the 1730s........................................................97 (a) The Polish Succession...........................................................................97 (b) Jenkins Ear...........................................................................................100 6. Conclusion................................................................................................... 102 The War of Austrian Succession........................................................................ 104 1.
Introduction.................................................................................................104 2. The Prize..................................................................................................... 104 3. Frederick II.................................................................................................. 105 4. The Opportunities for Others of the Habsburg Inheritance...................107 5. Splintering the Opposition and Building New Alliances.......................... 109 6. The Slide Towards World War...................................................................111 7. Coming to the Boil......................................................................................113 8. Full Boil....................................................................................................... 115 9. Bonnie Prince Charlie.................................................................................117 10. Expansion and Exhaustion.........................................................................118 11. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelk........................................................................121 12. Conclusion................................................................................................... 123 The Seven Years War..........................................................................................125 1. Introduction................................................................................................ 125 2. The New
Plan..............................................................................................125 3. Trouble in the Colonies.............................................................................. 127 4. Austria Backs Away from its Alliance with Britain................................... 130 5. Britain Makes a Deal with Russia...............................................................130 6. The Treaty of Westminster Trumps that with Russia.....................................131 7. Misreading the Opposition......................................................................... 132 8. New Friends and New Neutrals: The First Treaties of Versailles................. 133 9. The Deepening Conflict............................................................................. 133 10. The Invasion of Saxony.............................................................................134 11. The Widening Conflict in India and North America...............................135 12. The Expansion of the Anti-Prussian Alliance.......................................... 136 13. Extreme Pressure Applied on Prussia.........................................................138 14. The Push Back............................................................................................ 140 15. A Good Year for Britain............................................................................. 143
x Contents VII. VIII. 16. The Pressure on Prussia and Victories for Britain.................................145 17. The Entry of Spain................................................................................ 148 18. The Exit of Russia.................................................................................. 149 19. The Last Actions...................................................................................... 150 20. The Peace of Paris...................................................................................... 151 21. The Peace of Hubertusburg..........................................................................153 2 2. Conclusion................................................................................................. 154 The War of American Independence............................................................157 1. Introduction...............................................................................................157 2. Before the Revolution...............................................................................157 3. After the Seven Years War.......................................................................160 4. Land and Native Americans................................................................... 161 5. Sugar and Stamps.................................................................................... 162 6. A Revised Approach.................................................................................164 7.
lea............................................................................................................ 166 8. The Intolerable Acts................................................................................ 167 9. 1774: The Reaction................................................................................. 168 10. A Shot Heard Across the World.............................................................169 11. The Justification and Escalation..............................................................170 12. The First Help and Assistance................................................................ 172 13. Common Sense...............................................................................................172 14. The Declaration of Independence................................................................... 173 15. Military Survival and Political Cohesion............................................... 175 16. The French Enter the War...................................................................... 177 17. As the War Grinds on in North America, it Expands into Other Parts of the World................................................................ 178 18. Spain Enters the Fray...............................................................................180 19. Tupac’s Rebellion in Peru........................................................................ 181 20. A Global War........................................................................................... 182 21. The League of Armed
Neutrality.......................................................... 183 22. The Last Years of the Conflict...............................................................184 23. Peace.........................................................................................................186 (a) The Settlement between Britain and the Allies of the United States........................................................................ 187 (b) The Settlement between Britain and the United States.................................................................................... 188 24. The Native American Question.............................................................189 25. What the Americans Fought for.............................................................191 26. The United States and the Wider World in the 1790s......................... 192 27. The French Revolution and the Turn Towards Isolationism.............................................................................................. 194 28. Conclusion............................................................................................... 197 The French Revolution....................................................................................199 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 199
Contents 2. IX. xi Kings............................................................................................................ 199 (a) Louis XIV........................................................................................... 199 (b) Louis XV............................................................................................ 202 (c) Louis XVI........................................................................................... 204 3. Philosophers................................................................................................ 204 4. The Fuse to Revolution in France............................................................. 209 (a) The Assembly of Notables................................................................ 209 (b) The Estates General...........................................................................210 (c) The National Assembly..................................................................... 212 (d) The Bastille, 14July 1789.................................................................. 213 (e) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen..............................213 (f) The Mistake........................................................................................ 215 5. The Foreign Context..................................................................................216 (a) The United Provinces and theBatavian Revolution.........................217 (b) The Austrian Netherlands, the Brabant Revolution and
France.......................................................................................... 218 (c) The View from Britain.......................................................................220 6. War.............................................................................................................. 222 (a) Preparing for Impact..........................................................................222 (b) The Killing Begins..............................................................................225 (c) The Execution of a King.................................................................. 228 7. The First Coalition against the Republic of France................................. 229 8. Internal Enemies........................................................................................ 233 (a) Within the First Ahtanee.....................................................................233 (b) The Terror.......................................................................................... 234 (c) The Return to Stability within France............................................. 236 9. The War Changes, Turns and Expands....................................................237 (a) Survival................................................................................................237 (b) The Fragmentation of the FirstCoalition......................................... 239 (c) Concentrated Forces on FewerEnemies............................................ 241 (d) The Widening
War.............................................................................243 (e) Peace in Italy and Peace with Austria................................................244 10. Britain Fights Alone.................................................................................... 247 (a) Ireland.................................................................................................247 (b) Reform in Paris................................................................................... 249 (c) The Invasion of Egypt........................................................................250 11. The Second Coalition............................................................................... 253 (a) Another Year of Blood: 1799........................................................... 255 12. Napoleon.....................................................................................................257 13. Conclusion...................................................................................................259 Slavery................................................................................................................. 261 1. Introduction................................................................................................ 261 2. Numbers and Impact.................................................................................. 261
xii Contents 3. Supply.............................................................................................................263 4. Traders............................................................................................................264 5. Indentured Labour.........................................................................................265 6. The Laws of Slavery..................................................................................... 267 7. Slave Revolts in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century................ 268 8. Dissent against Slavery.................................................................................. 269 9. Slave Revolts up to 1765............................................................................... 273 10. The American Revolution.............................................................................274 11. The Abolitionist Movement in Britain........................................................276 12. The French Revolution................................................................................. 278 13. Saint Dominique/Haiti.................................................................................279 14. The Revolt..................................................................................................... 280 15. Conclusion..................................................................................................... 284 X. The Wars of North and Eastern Europe............................................................ 286 1.
Introduction.................................................................................................. 286 2. The First Northern War................................................................................286 (a) A Quest for Autonomy.........................................................................286 (b) From a Local to a Regional Conflict................................................... 287 (c) Peace....................................................................................................... 290 3. The Second Northern War...........................................................................292 (a) The End of the Peace............................................................................292 (b) New Rulers and a Chosen Target....................................................... 293 (c) The Killing Begins.................................................................................294 (d) Poland-Lithuania...................................................................................296 (e) The Swedish Invasion of Russia...........................................................297 (f) Russia becomes a World Power........................................................... 298 (e) Peace......................................................................................................301 4. Between the Wars.......................................................................................... 302 5. The War of Polish Succession......................................................................303 6. The Austrian War
of Succession.................................................................305 7. The Seven Years War....................................................................................306 8. Catherine the Great......................................................................................308 9. The First Partition of Poland....................................................................... 309 (a) The Russian Influence.......................................................................... 309 (b) The Risk of a Large-scale Regional War............................................312 (c) The Easier Alternative......................................................................... 313 10. Rebellions against Serfdom........................................................................ 315 (a) Pugachev...............................................................................................316 (b) Revolts in the Holy Roman Empire.................................................... 319 11. The Almost War of Bavarian Succession..................................................320 12. The Second Partition of Poland.................................................................320 13. The End of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania............................. 323 14. Pauli..............................................................................................................325 15. Conclusion.................................................................................................... 325
Contents XI. XII. xiii Religion............................................................................................................. 328 1. Introduction................................................................................................ 328 2. Enlightenment............................................................................................. 328 3. Religion as aPretext for War...................................................................... 330 (a) Switzerland......................................................................................... 330 (b) Eastern Europe................................................................................... 330 (c) The Omission of Religion in the Major Conflicts...........................332 (i) The Intolerance of Louis XIV...............................................332 (ii) The Nine Years War............................................................... 334 (iii) The Conflict of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years War......................................................................335 4. The Movement Towards Tolerance.......................................................... 336 (a) The United Provinces and Brandenburg......................................... 336 (b) Russia...................................................................................................338 (c) The Decline of the Papacy and theHabsburg Lands.......................339 (d) England...............................................................................................342 (i) The
Republic...........................................................................342 (ii) The Restoration.......................................................................343 (iii) Charlesil................................................................................. 345 (iv) James II.................................................................................... 347 (v) The Glorious Revolution........................................................ 350 (vi) Ireland...................................................................................... 352 (vii) Succession to the Throne of England and the Birth of Britain.................................................................................. 354 (viii) The Continuity of Intolerance.............................................. 355 (ix) Towards Tolerance..................................................................356 5. Religion in the Revolutionary Wars.......................................................... 358 (a) The American War of Independence...............................................358 (b) The French Revolution.......................................................................360 (i) An Intolerant Land................................................................. 360 (ii) A Land of Radical Thought...................................................361 (iii) The Established Religion in the Most Radical Revolution................................................................................ 363 (iv) A New
Cult..............................................................................365 (v) Rebalance................................................................................ 365 6. Conclusion...................................................................................................366 The Muslim Territories.................................................................................... 368 1. Introduction.................................................................................................368 2. The Ottoman Empire................................................................................. 369 (a) The Eastern Mediterranean.............................................................. 370 (b) C entrai Europe................................................................................... 371 (c) Crete.................................................................................................... 373 (d) Eastern Europe................................................................................... 373
xiv XIII. Contents 3. The Siege of Vienna................................................................................376 (a) Towards Conflict...............................................................................376 (b) The Tides of War.............................................................................378 (c) Peace................................................................................................. 382 4. North Africa............................................................................................. 383 5. New Ottoman Conflict with Russia....................................................... 384 6. New Ottoman Conflict with the Venetians and the Habsburgs................................................................................................. 387 7. The End of the Safavid Dynasty............................................................ 389 8. The Rise of Nader Shah......................................................................... 392 (a) Two Coups, Conflict and a Soft Peace...........................................393 9. The Austro-Russian and Ottoman War of 1735 to 1739.................... 395 10. Aurangzeb and the Mughal Empire...................................................... 397 11. Nader Shah at Full Strength..................................................................400 (a) The Mughal Empire........................................................................ 400 (b) Further Conflict with the Ottomans...............................................401 (c) The End of Nader, the Zand and the
Rise of the Qajar..............403 12. The Rise of the British in India............................................................. 404 13. Three Decades of Russian-Ottoman Conflict..................................... 411 (a) Round 1............................................................................................411 (b) Round 2............................................................................................414 (c) Peace at the End of the Eighteenth Century................................. 417 14. War and Peace in Eighteenth-century North Africa.............................419 15. The Challenge at the Epicentre of the Ottoman Empire.................... 421 16. Conclusion................................................................................................ 422 China and its Neighbours................................................................................424 1. Introduction.............................................................................................424 2. The Shunzhi Emperor............................................................................. 424 (a) The Conquest of China by the Qing.............................................424 (b) A New Social Cohesion and External Drive................................. 426 (c) Neighbours........................................................................................428 3. The Kangxi Emperor.............................................................................. 429 (a) Internal
Enemies.............................................................................. 429 (b) Taiwan..............................................................................................429 (c) Japan.................................................................................................431 (d) Russia................................................................................................ 431 (e) The Dzungar and Tibet...................................................................433 4. The Yongzheng Emperor........................................................................435 5. The Qianlong Emperor........................................................................... 436 (a) Solidifying the Realm: The Dzungar, Jinchuan and Xinjiang Campaigns........................................................................437 (b) Myanmar/Burma............................................................................ 439 (c) Tibet............................................................................... 440
Contents xv 6. XIV XV Index Europeans................................................................................................ 441 (a) Japan................................................................................................ 442 (b) Siam................................................................................................. 443 (c) China............................................................................................... 444 (d) Korea............................................................................................... 446 (e) Vietnam........................................................................................... 447 7. Conclusion............................................................................................... 449 Grand Plans for Peace..................................................................................... 450 1. Introduction............................................................................................. 450 2. Hobbes......................................................................................................450 3. Penn..........................................................................................................452 4. Leibniz......................................................................................................453 5. The Abbé Charles de Saint-Pierre.........................................................454 6. Vattel and Wolff...................................................................................... 455 7.
Voltaire.....................................................................................................456 8. Rousseau...................................................................................................456 9. Bentham...................................................................................................457 10. Kant.......................................................................................................... 458 11. Conclusion................................................................................................ 460 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 461 1. Absolute Rulers.........................................................................................461 2. Religion.....................................................................................................463 3. Ideologies of the Enlightenment............................................................ 463 4. The Muslim Territories...........................................................................466 5. China and Asia.........................................................................................467 469
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Contents I. Introduction.1 1. The Conversation on Sunday Afternoon. 1 2. Utopia. 1 3. Facts.2 4. Casus Belli in Practice. 3 5. Volumes One to Three. 3 6. Volume Four.4 II. The Glorious Revolution. 3 1. Introduction. 8 2. Republics. 8 (a) The Republic of the United Provinces.9 (b) The Republic of Oliver Cromwell. 10 3. The First War between theDutchand English Republics. 12 (a) The Reasons for War. 12 (b) The
Clash.13 (c) The Peace.14 4. Allies with France, War with Spain.15 5. The Restoration.17 (a) The End of the Commonwealth. 17 (b) The Promises of Charles II. . 17 (c) The Early Years. 18 6. Alliance with Portugal and Further War with Spain. 18 7. A Second War with the Dutch, and then the French. 19 (a) The Reasons for War.20 (b) The Killing Begins.20 (c) The War Expands.21 (d) The Treaty of Breda. 22 8. Alliance with France, Further War against the Dutch, and Another Peace. 23 9. War and Peace with English and the Indigenous Communities in the
Colonies.25 10. The Causes of the Revolution in England.26 11. The Invasion of England.28 (a) William and Mary. 28 (b) The Invitation. 29 (c) The International Politics of the Invasion.29 (d) Setting Foot on the Shores of England. 31 (e) The Denunciation of James II. 31 12. The Glorious Revolution.32
viii III. Contents 13. John Locke. 33 14. Constitutional Monarchy Entrenched.34 15. Liberty. 35 16. Conclusion. 38 The Wars of Louis XIV.40 1. Introduction. 40 2. The Ongoing Conflict with Spain. 40 (a) Peace.41 (b) Maria Theresa of Spain.42 3. The War of Spanish Inheritance. 42 (a) The Justification. 43 (b) The Action. 43 (c) The Creation of a Collective Force against France. 44 (d) Peace, kind of. 45 (e) Planning for the Next Long-
termConflict.45 4. The War of France and England against the Dutch Republic. 46 (a) The Reasons. 46 (b) Planning.46 (c) The Killing Begins.48 (d) The Dutch Survival via the Re-creation of a Web of Alliances. 48 (e) The Expanding Franco-Dutch War. 49 (f) Peace with the Treaties of Nijmegen. 51 5. The Reunion Wars.52 (a) The Thinking of the French King. 52 (b) The Response of his Neighbours. 53 (c) Truce.54 (d) Breach.55 (e) The Invasion of England by William of Orange. 57 6. The Nine Years War.57 (a) The Grand Alliance
1. 57 (b) The War in Europe. 58 (c) The War Outside Europe.63 (d) The Peace of Ryswick. 64 7. The War of Spanish Succession.66 (a) The Plan to Avoid the War.66 (b) The Slide to War.68 (c) The Treaty of the Hague. 70 (d) The Killing. 72 (e) The Grand Alliance Begins to Getthe Upper Hand. 77 (f) Louis ХГѴ Refuses to Buckle.77 (g) The 1713 7reatiesof Utrecht.:. 79 (h) The 1714 Treaties of Rastatt and Baden. 83 8. Conclusion. 85
Contents IV V VI. ix The Interregnum.86 1. Introduction.86 2. Succession and Dynastic Considerations.86 (a) The Pragmatic Sanction and the Habsburg Succession. 86 (b) British Succession. 87 (c) French Succession. 89 3. The War of the Quadruple Alliance. 90 4. The 1720s.94 (a) War between Spain and Britain. 95 (b) The Return and Balance of Peace.96 5. Skirting a Major Conflict in the 1730s.97 (a) The Polish Succession.97 (b) Jenkins Ear.100 6. Conclusion. 102 The War of Austrian Succession. 104 1.
Introduction.104 2. The Prize. 104 3. Frederick II. 105 4. The Opportunities for Others of the Habsburg Inheritance.107 5. Splintering the Opposition and Building New Alliances. 109 6. The Slide Towards World War.111 7. Coming to the Boil.113 8. Full Boil. 115 9. Bonnie Prince Charlie.117 10. Expansion and Exhaustion.118 11. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelk.121 12. Conclusion. 123 The Seven Years War.125 1. Introduction. 125 2. The New
Plan.125 3. Trouble in the Colonies. 127 4. Austria Backs Away from its Alliance with Britain. 130 5. Britain Makes a Deal with Russia.130 6. The Treaty of Westminster Trumps that with Russia.131 7. Misreading the Opposition. 132 8. New Friends and New Neutrals: The First Treaties of Versailles. 133 9. The Deepening Conflict. 133 10. The Invasion of Saxony.134 11. The Widening Conflict in India and North America.135 12. The Expansion of the Anti-Prussian Alliance. 136 13. Extreme Pressure Applied on Prussia.138 14. The Push Back. 140 15. A Good Year for Britain. 143
x Contents VII. VIII. 16. The Pressure on Prussia and Victories for Britain.145 17. The Entry of Spain. 148 18. The Exit of Russia. 149 19. The Last Actions. 150 20. The Peace of Paris. 151 21. The Peace of Hubertusburg.153 2 2. Conclusion. 154 The War of American Independence.157 1. Introduction.157 2. Before the Revolution.157 3. After the Seven Years War.160 4. Land and Native Americans. 161 5. Sugar and Stamps. 162 6. A Revised Approach.164 7.
lea. 166 8. The Intolerable Acts. 167 9. 1774: The Reaction. 168 10. A Shot Heard Across the World.169 11. The Justification and Escalation.170 12. The First Help and Assistance. 172 13. Common Sense.172 14. The Declaration of Independence. 173 15. Military Survival and Political Cohesion. 175 16. The French Enter the War. 177 17. As the War Grinds on in North America, it Expands into Other Parts of the World. 178 18. Spain Enters the Fray.180 19. Tupac’s Rebellion in Peru. 181 20. A Global War. 182 21. The League of Armed
Neutrality. 183 22. The Last Years of the Conflict.184 23. Peace.186 (a) The Settlement between Britain and the Allies of the United States. 187 (b) The Settlement between Britain and the United States. 188 24. The Native American Question.189 25. What the Americans Fought for.191 26. The United States and the Wider World in the 1790s. 192 27. The French Revolution and the Turn Towards Isolationism. 194 28. Conclusion. 197 The French Revolution.199 1. Introduction. 199
Contents 2. IX. xi Kings. 199 (a) Louis XIV. 199 (b) Louis XV. 202 (c) Louis XVI. 204 3. Philosophers. 204 4. The Fuse to Revolution in France. 209 (a) The Assembly of Notables. 209 (b) The Estates General.210 (c) The National Assembly. 212 (d) The Bastille, 14July 1789. 213 (e) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.213 (f) The Mistake. 215 5. The Foreign Context.216 (a) The United Provinces and theBatavian Revolution.217 (b) The Austrian Netherlands, the Brabant Revolution and
France. 218 (c) The View from Britain.220 6. War. 222 (a) Preparing for Impact.222 (b) The Killing Begins.225 (c) The Execution of a King. 228 7. The First Coalition against the Republic of France. 229 8. Internal Enemies. 233 (a) Within the First Ahtanee.233 (b) The Terror. 234 (c) The Return to Stability within France. 236 9. The War Changes, Turns and Expands.237 (a) Survival.237 (b) The Fragmentation of the FirstCoalition. 239 (c) Concentrated Forces on FewerEnemies. 241 (d) The Widening
War.243 (e) Peace in Italy and Peace with Austria.244 10. Britain Fights Alone. 247 (a) Ireland.247 (b) Reform in Paris. 249 (c) The Invasion of Egypt.250 11. The Second Coalition. 253 (a) Another Year of Blood: 1799. 255 12. Napoleon.257 13. Conclusion.259 Slavery. 261 1. Introduction. 261 2. Numbers and Impact. 261
xii Contents 3. Supply.263 4. Traders.264 5. Indentured Labour.265 6. The Laws of Slavery. 267 7. Slave Revolts in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century. 268 8. Dissent against Slavery. 269 9. Slave Revolts up to 1765. 273 10. The American Revolution.274 11. The Abolitionist Movement in Britain.276 12. The French Revolution. 278 13. Saint Dominique/Haiti.279 14. The Revolt. 280 15. Conclusion. 284 X. The Wars of North and Eastern Europe. 286 1.
Introduction. 286 2. The First Northern War.286 (a) A Quest for Autonomy.286 (b) From a Local to a Regional Conflict. 287 (c) Peace. 290 3. The Second Northern War.292 (a) The End of the Peace.292 (b) New Rulers and a Chosen Target. 293 (c) The Killing Begins.294 (d) Poland-Lithuania.296 (e) The Swedish Invasion of Russia.297 (f) Russia becomes a World Power. 298 (e) Peace.301 4. Between the Wars. 302 5. The War of Polish Succession.303 6. The Austrian War
of Succession.305 7. The Seven Years War.306 8. Catherine the Great.308 9. The First Partition of Poland. 309 (a) The Russian Influence. 309 (b) The Risk of a Large-scale Regional War.312 (c) The Easier Alternative. 313 10. Rebellions against Serfdom. 315 (a) Pugachev.316 (b) Revolts in the Holy Roman Empire. 319 11. The Almost War of Bavarian Succession.320 12. The Second Partition of Poland.320 13. The End of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. 323 14. Pauli.325 15. Conclusion. 325
Contents XI. XII. xiii Religion. 328 1. Introduction. 328 2. Enlightenment. 328 3. Religion as aPretext for War. 330 (a) Switzerland. 330 (b) Eastern Europe. 330 (c) The Omission of Religion in the Major Conflicts.332 (i) The Intolerance of Louis XIV.332 (ii) The Nine Years War. 334 (iii) The Conflict of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years War.335 4. The Movement Towards Tolerance. 336 (a) The United Provinces and Brandenburg. 336 (b) Russia.338 (c) The Decline of the Papacy and theHabsburg Lands.339 (d) England.342 (i) The
Republic.342 (ii) The Restoration.343 (iii) Charlesil. 345 (iv) James II. 347 (v) The Glorious Revolution. 350 (vi) Ireland. 352 (vii) Succession to the Throne of England and the Birth of Britain. 354 (viii) The Continuity of Intolerance. 355 (ix) Towards Tolerance.356 5. Religion in the Revolutionary Wars. 358 (a) The American War of Independence.358 (b) The French Revolution.360 (i) An Intolerant Land. 360 (ii) A Land of Radical Thought.361 (iii) The Established Religion in the Most Radical Revolution. 363 (iv) A New
Cult.365 (v) Rebalance. 365 6. Conclusion.366 The Muslim Territories. 368 1. Introduction.368 2. The Ottoman Empire. 369 (a) The Eastern Mediterranean. 370 (b) C entrai Europe. 371 (c) Crete. 373 (d) Eastern Europe. 373
xiv XIII. Contents 3. The Siege of Vienna.376 (a) Towards Conflict.376 (b) The Tides of War.378 (c) Peace. 382 4. North Africa. 383 5. New Ottoman Conflict with Russia. 384 6. New Ottoman Conflict with the Venetians and the Habsburgs. 387 7. The End of the Safavid Dynasty. 389 8. The Rise of Nader Shah. 392 (a) Two Coups, Conflict and a Soft Peace.393 9. The Austro-Russian and Ottoman War of 1735 to 1739. 395 10. Aurangzeb and the Mughal Empire. 397 11. Nader Shah at Full Strength.400 (a) The Mughal Empire. 400 (b) Further Conflict with the Ottomans.401 (c) The End of Nader, the Zand and the
Rise of the Qajar.403 12. The Rise of the British in India. 404 13. Three Decades of Russian-Ottoman Conflict. 411 (a) Round 1.411 (b) Round 2.414 (c) Peace at the End of the Eighteenth Century. 417 14. War and Peace in Eighteenth-century North Africa.419 15. The Challenge at the Epicentre of the Ottoman Empire. 421 16. Conclusion. 422 China and its Neighbours.424 1. Introduction.424 2. The Shunzhi Emperor. 424 (a) The Conquest of China by the Qing.424 (b) A New Social Cohesion and External Drive. 426 (c) Neighbours.428 3. The Kangxi Emperor. 429 (a) Internal
Enemies. 429 (b) Taiwan.429 (c) Japan.431 (d) Russia. 431 (e) The Dzungar and Tibet.433 4. The Yongzheng Emperor.435 5. The Qianlong Emperor. 436 (a) Solidifying the Realm: The Dzungar, Jinchuan and Xinjiang Campaigns.437 (b) Myanmar/Burma. 439 (c) Tibet. 440
Contents xv 6. XIV XV Index Europeans. 441 (a) Japan. 442 (b) Siam. 443 (c) China. 444 (d) Korea. 446 (e) Vietnam. 447 7. Conclusion. 449 Grand Plans for Peace. 450 1. Introduction. 450 2. Hobbes.450 3. Penn.452 4. Leibniz.453 5. The Abbé Charles de Saint-Pierre.454 6. Vattel and Wolff. 455 7.
Voltaire.456 8. Rousseau.456 9. Bentham.457 10. Kant. 458 11. Conclusion. 460 Conclusion. 461 1. Absolute Rulers.461 2. Religion.463 3. Ideologies of the Enlightenment. 463 4. The Muslim Territories.466 5. China and Asia.467 469 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:47:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:05:08Z |
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| isbn | 9781509912179 9781509944606 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Gillespie, Alexander 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)159329388 aut The causes of war Volume 4 1650-1800 Alexander Gillespie Oxford Hart 2021 XV, 484 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke This is the fourth volume of a projected five-volume series charting the causes of war from 3000 BCE to the present day, written by a leading international lawyer, and using as its principal materials the documentary history of international law, largely in the form of treaties and the negotiations which led up to them. These volumes seek to show why millions of people, over thousands of years, slew each other. In departing from the various theories put forward by historians, anthropologists and psychologists, Gillespie offers a different taxonomy of the causes of war, focusing on the broader settings of politics, religion, migrations and empire-building. These four contexts were dominant and often overlapping justifications during the first four thousand years of human civilisation, for which written records exist. (DE-604)BV041445306 4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032594139&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gillespie, Alexander 1966- The causes of war |
| title | The causes of war |
| title_auth | The causes of war |
| title_exact_search | The causes of war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The causes of war |
| title_full | The causes of war Volume 4 1650-1800 Alexander Gillespie |
| title_fullStr | The causes of war Volume 4 1650-1800 Alexander Gillespie |
| title_full_unstemmed | The causes of war Volume 4 1650-1800 Alexander Gillespie |
| title_short | The causes of war |
| title_sort | the causes of war 1650 1800 |
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