Pediatric Respiratory Diseases: a comprehensive textbook
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Springer International Publishing
[2020]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxviii, 807 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783030269630 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pediatric Respiratory Diseases |b a comprehensive textbook |c Pablo Bertrand, Ignacio Sánchez, editors |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham |b Springer International Publishing |c [2020] | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Pneumology/Respiratory System | |
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| adam_text | Contents 1 History of Specialist Training in Respiratory Diseases.............. Ignacio Sánchez Introduction..................................................................................... The Situation in South America.................................................... Sources........................................................................................... 1 1 1 4 2 Development of the Respiratory System...................................... Fernando Iñiguez Osmer and Ignacio Sánchez Introduction..................................................................................... Stages in Lung Development........................................................ Development of Bronchial Circulation.......................................... Respiratory Mechanics.................................................................. Lung Weight/Body Weight and Lung Volume/Body Weight Ratios................................................................................. Genetic Control of Lung Development.......................................... Factors That Influence Lung Development.................................... Conclusion..................................................................................... Sources........................................................................................... 9 10 11 14 15 3 17 4 Physiological Basis of the Respiratory System............................ Pablo Bertrand and Ignacio Sánchez Respiratory Mechanics................................................................... Airway
Resistance........................................................................ Pulmonary Ventilation..................................................................... Alterations in Pulmonary Ventilation............................................ Pulmonary Circulation.................................................................. The Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio.................................................... Respiratory Gases in the Blood...................................................... Sources........................................................................................... Clinical History and Physical Examination of the Respiratory System............................................................................................. Pablo Bertrand Anamnesis....................................................................................... Physical Examination.................................................................... Sources........................................................................................... 5 5 5 8 9 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 29 29 31 36 vii
Contents viii 5 6 7 8 Physiological Evolution of Sleep...................................................... Mara Cvejic and Christian Guilleminault Introduction.......................................................................................... History and Anamnesis....................................................................... Age and Development......................................................................... The Fetal Stage................................................................................... Premature Newborns........................................................................... Newborns............................................................................................ Infants.................................................................................................. Preschool Children and Older Infants (1-3 Years of Age)............. Schoolchildren and Neuronal Plasticity........................................... Adolescents.......................................................................................... Risk Factors and Academic Performance......................................... Specific Sleep-Associated Symptoms............................................... Sources................................................................................................ Immunological Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System................................................................ Arturo Borzutzky Schächter and Pamela Morales Matamala Organization of the Respiratory Immune
System............................ Immune Induction in the Lung.......................................................... Innate Immunity................................................................................. Adaptive Immunity............................................................................. Immune Responses to Respiratory Infections.................................. Immunology of Acute Alveolar Damage and Tissue Repair......... The Microbiome................................................................................. Sources................................................................................................ New Frontiers in Research on the Respiratory System............... Andrew Bush and Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño Cystic Fibrosis as a Model for Dealing with Chronic Lung Disease................................................................ Chronic Lung Disease Crises or Attacks: Lessons for a Long-Term Response...................................................................... Genetically Associated Diseases and Their Close Systemic Relationship: Ciliopathy.................................................................... Learning from Follow-Up Studies on Chronic Lung Diseases.... The Microenvironment of the Airway and Development of Respiratory Diseases: The Microbiome....................................... Sources................................................................................................ Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in Infants and Preschool
Children.................................................................... Alejandro Teper, Carlos Kofman, and Alejandro Colom Pulmonary Function in Infants.......................................................... Measurement Conditions.................................................................. Methods................................................................................................ Pulmonary Function in Preschool Children.................................... Sources................................................................................................ 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 47 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 52 55 56 60 62 65 66 70 73 73 74 74 80 82
Contents IX 9 Assessment of Pulmonary Function in Schoolchildren and Adolescents.............................................................................. Marcela Linares Paselini and Solange Caussade Larrain Introduction.................................................................................... Spirometry and the Flow/Volume Curve........................................ Peak Expiratory Flow.................................................................... Bronchial Provocation Tests.......................................................... Provocation Test with Exercise...................................................... Methacholine-Induced Bronchial Test.......................................... Static Lung Volume Measurement................................................ Plethysmography............................................................................ Helium Dilution............................................................................ Nitrogen Wash................................................................................. Lung Carbon Monoxide Diffusion................................................ Airway Resistance........................................................................ Exhaled Nitric Oxide Measurement.............................................. Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Strength.................................. Sources........................................................................................... 10 Assessment of Respiratory Muscular Function in Patients with Neuromuscular
Diseases.................................... Solange Caussade Larrain Introduction.................................................................................... General Respiratory Muscle Assessment...................................... Muscular Strength.......................................................................... Muscular Fatigue.......................................................................... Conclusion.................................................................................... Sources.......................................................................................... 85 85 86 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 97 97 98 101 104 104 105 11 Study of Images in Respiratory Diseases...................................... 107 Cristian García Bruce and Rodrigo Parra Rojas Introduction..................................................................................... 107 Methods of Study........................................................................... 107 Evaluation of the Structures of the Chest...................................... 110 Sources........................................................................................... 125 12 Assessing Arterial Oxygen Saturation.......................................... 127 Christian Poets and Pablo Brockmann Veloso Oxygen Transport in the Blood...................................................... 127 Transcutaneous Measurement of Oxygen Saturation.................... 128 Factors That Affect Oxygen Saturation Measurement.................. 129 Sp02 Reference
Values.................................................................. 131 Transcutaneous Oxygen Measurement.......................................... 132 Sources........................................................................................... 133 13 Assessment of Sleep in Newborns to Adolescents.......................... 135 Oscar Sans Capdevila and David Gozal Introduction..................................................................................... 135 Diagnosis......................................................................................... 137
Contents Conclusion.......................................................................................... Sources................................................................................................ 143 144 14 Study of Infectious Agents in Respiratory Diseases........................ 145 Cecilia Perret Pérez Virological Diagnosis......................................................................... 145 Bacterial Diagnosis............................................................................. 148 Diagnosis of Fungi................... N....................................................... 149 Sources................................................................................................ 149 15 Assessment of the Airway with Flexible Endoscopy......................151 Pablo Bertrand, Nils Linus Holmgren Palmen, and Francisco Prado Atlagic Indications............................................................................................ 152 Contraindications............................................................................... 152 Technical Aspects............................................................................... 152 Complications of Flexible Bronchoscopy......................................... 155 Performance of Flexible Bronchoscopy........................................... 156 Sources................................................................................................ 160 16 Assessment of the Airway with Rigid Endoscopy..........................161 Harlan Muntz and Constanza Beltrán Morales
History.................................................................................................. 161 Assessment of the Patient.................................................................. 162 Symptoms and Signs of Airway Obstruction.................................. 162 Indications for Airway Endoscopy................................................... 163 When Is Rigid Endoscopy, Rather than Flexible Endoscopy, Appropriate?....................................................................................... 163 Rigid Instruments............................................................................... 163 Complications of Airway Endoscopy............................................... 166 Sources............................................................................................... 167 17 Children with Respiratory Failure................................................... 169 Juan Andrés Carrasco Orellana and Andrés Castillo Moya Definition........................................................................................... 169 Classification....................................................................................... 169 Physiopathology................................................................................. 170 Clinical Effects................................................................................... 172 Diagnosis............................................................................................. 173 Sources...............................................................................................
176 18 Children with Persistent Cough..........................................................177 Katalina Bertran Salinas, Ricardo Saranz, Alejandro Lozano, and José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Definition and General Concepts..................................................... 177 Cough Reflex Anatomy...................................................................... 178 Etiology................................................................................................ 178 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 179 Treatment............................................................................................ 181 Conclusion.......................................................................................... 185 Sources................................................................................................ 186
Contents 19 Infants with Persistent Tachypnea................................................ 187 Pablo Bertrand and Ana Moya Olivares Definition....................................................................................... 187 Respiration Control Mechanisms.................................................. 188 Etiology........................................................................................... 188 Diagnosis......................................................................................... 189 Sources........................................................................................... 191 20 Children with Persistent Stridor.................................................... 193 Solange Caussade Larrain and Carlos Flores Berrios Definition....................................................................................... 193 Epidemiology................................................................................. 193 Applied Physiopathology.............................................................. 194 Clinical History............................................................................... 195 Assessment..................................................................................... 196 Sources........................................................................................... 199 21 Children with Snoring.................................................................... 201 Daniel Zenteno Araos, José Luis Pérez Sánchez, and Pablo Brockmann Veloso
Introduction..................................................................................... 201 Diagnosis......................................................................................... 202 Sources........................................................................................... 203 22 Children with Recurrent Wheezing.............................................. 205 Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño, Ilse Contreras Estay, and Ignacio Sánchez Epidemiology................................................................................. 205 Etiology........................................................................................... 206 Physiopathology............................................................................. 206 Clinical Characteristics.................................................................. 207 Diagnosis......................................................................................... 209 Management................................................................................... 210 Sources........................................................................................... 213 23 Hemoptysis in Children.................................................................. 215 Julio Maggiolo Massone, Carlos Mendoza Fox, and Ricardo Kogan Alterman Epidemiology and Etiology........................................................... 216 Physiopathology............................................................................. 216
Etiology........................................................................................... 216 Diagnostic Approach to Hemoptysis in Children.......................... 219 Treatment....................................................................................... 222 Conclusion.............................................. 224 Sources........................................................................................... 224 24 Infants with an Apparent Life-Threatening Event......................227 Pablo Brockmann Veloso, Daniel Zenteno Araos, and José Luis Pérez Sánchez Diagnosis......................................................................................... 227 Management Algorithm................................................................ 227
Contents xii Indications for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring................................... 230 Sources................................................................................................ 230 25 Imimmosuppressed Children with Lung Infection....................... 233 Alejandra Zamorano Wittwer and Marcela Ferrés Garrido Epidemiology...................................................................................... 233 Physiopathology................................................................................. 234 Etiology................................................................................................ 235 Diagnostic Studies............................................................................. 241 Sources................................................................................................ 243 26 Respiratory Complications in Children with Neurological Diseases.................................................................. 245 Raúl Escobar Henriquez and Bernardka Chateau Infante Epidemiology...................................................................................... 245 Etiology and Physiopathology.......................................................... 246 Clinical Manifestations....................................................................... 247 Diagnostic Foci................................................................................... 248 Treatment............................................................................................ 250
Prognosis.............................................................................................. 252 Ethical Dilemmas............................................................................... 252 Sources................................................................................................ 253 27 A Children with an Airway Foreign Body...................................... 255 Jacques de Blic and Agustín León Cortés Epidemiology..................................................................................... 255 Clinical Presentation........................................................................... 256 Radiological Study............................................................................. 256 Treatment............................................................................................ 258 Prevention............................................................................................ 260 Sources................................................................................................ 260 28 Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections...........................................263 Luis Avendaflo Carvajal and Cecilia Perret Pérez Viral Respiratory Infections.............................................................. 264 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 266 Epidemiological Management: The Winter Plan............................ 268 Epidemiology of the Most Frequent Bacterial Infections............... 269
Sources................................................................................................ 272 29 Laryngitis (Croup).............................................................................. 273 Ida Concha Murray and Cecilia Perret Pérez Epidemiology..................................................................................... 273 Etiology and Physiopathology.......................................................... 274 Clinical Manifestations...................................................................... 275 Severity Scores................................................................................... 275 Diagnostic Focus................................................................................. 276 Treatment............................................................................................ 276 Hospitalization................................................................................... 279 Indications for Hospitalization.......................................................... 279
xiii Contents Criteria for Patient Release from an Emergency Service.............. Complications................................................................................ Specialist Follow-Up...................................................................... Summary......................................................................................... Sources........................................................................................... 280 280 280 280 281 30 Bronchiolitis...................................................................................... 283 Miriam Pérez and Giovanni Piedimonte Historical Perspective.................................................................... 283 Epidemiology................................................................................. 284 Pathogenesis and Physiopathology................................................ 285 Microbiology................................................................................... 285 Clinical Manifestations.................................................................. 290 Treatment....................................................................................... 291 Prevention....................................................................................... 294 Sources........................................................................................... 297 31 Community-Acquired Pneumonia.......... ....................................... 299 María Lina Boza Costagliela
Definition....................................................................................... 299 Epidemiology................................................................................. 299 Etiology........................................................................................... 300 Physiopathology............................................................................ 301 Clinical Manifestations.................................................................. 301 Diagnostic Approach...................................................................... 302 Differential Diagnosis.................................................................... 304 Treatment...................................................................................... 305 Complications................................................................................ 306 Prevention....................................................................................... 306 Conclusion..................................................................................... 307 Sources........................................................................................... 307 32 Atypical Pneumonia........................................................................ 309 Ricardo Kogan Alterman and Julio Maggiolo Massone Definition....................................................................................... 309 Pneumonia Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.......................... 310 Pneumonia Caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae...................... 317
Summary......................................................................................... 320 Sources........................................................................................... 321 33 Complicated Pneumonia................................................................ 323 Francisco Prado Atlagic, Rodrigo Vásquez-De Kartzow, Pamela Salinas Flores, and Pamela Navarrete Contreras Definition....................................................................................... 323 Epidemiology................................................................................. 324 Etiology........................................................................................... 325 Empyema Physiopathology.......................................................... 325 Pleural Effusion, Classification, and Progression Phases.............. 326 Sources........................................................................................... 333
Contents xiv 34 Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents............................ 335 Cecilia Perret Pérez and Marcela Ferrés Garrido Middle East Respiratory Syndrome................................................. 335 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/Asian Pneumonia................. 337 HCoV-NL 63 and HCoV-HKUl........................................................ 337 Avian Influenza.................................................................................... 338 Hantavirus............................................................................................ 339 Enterovirus D68 ................................................................................. 340 Polyomavirus...................................................................................... 341 Sources................................................................................................ 341 35 Pulmonary Tuberculosis...................................................................... 343 Carlos Casar Collazo, María Elena Guarda Barros, and Carolina Gvirtzman Introduction......................................................................................... 343 Epidemiology..................................................................................... 344 Etiology and Pathophysiology.......................................................... 344 Treatment............................................................................................ 350 Follow-Up and Control...................................................................... 352
Sources................................................................................................ 353 36 Respiratory Diseases in the Newborn...............................................355 José Luis Tapia Illanes, Paulina Toso Milos, and Javier Kattan Said Respiratory Physiology...................................................................... 355 Approaching the Newborn with Respiratory Disease..................... 356 Classification of the Respiratory Problems of the Newborn........... 359 Sources................................................................................................ 370 37 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia........................................................... 373 Alberto Toso Milos, Jorge Fabres Biggs, and Pablo Bertrand Introduction......................................................................................... 373 Epidemiology..................................................................................... 374 Physiopathology................................................................................. 374 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 375 Complications and Treatment.................................. 376 Sources................................................................................................ 381 38 Allergic Diseases, from the Infant to the Adolescent..................... 383 Mario Calvo Gil and Fernando Ifliguez Osmer Definition........................................................................................... 383
Epidemiology..................................................................................... 383 Etiology and Physiopathology.......................................................... 384 Clinical Manifestations...................................................................... 385 Therapy................................................................................................ 389 Summary.............................................................................................. 391 Sources................................................................................................ 391
Contents XV 39 Latin America Asthma Epidemiology and Related Risk Factors...................................................................................... 393 Viviana Aguirre Camposano, Manuel Soto Martinez, and Manuel Soto Quires Introduction..................................................................................... 393 Asthma in Latin America: Phase I and Phase ПІ ISAAC Studies . 394 Risk Factors................................................................................... 396 Asthma Epidemiology in Chile....................................................... 398 Sources........................................................................................... 399 40 Evaluation of Asthma Risk in Infants and Preschoolers..............401 José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Wheezing Phenotypes and Their Risk Factors.............................. 402 Asthma Predictive Indexes............................................................ 404 Sources........................................................................................... 406 41 Asthma: Clinical and Diagnosis Approach.................................... 407 Guido Girardi Briere Definition....................................................................................... 407 Etiopathogenesis............................................................................. 408 Physiopathology............................................................................. 409 Clinical Aspects............................................................................. 409
Diagnosis......................................................................................... 411 Sources........................................................................................... 413 42 Asthma: Treatment.......................................................................... 415 Pablo Bertrand and Andrea Beckhaus Faccin Introduction..................................................................................... 415 Treatment....................................................................................... 416 Nonpharmacological Treatment.................................................... 416 Pharmacological Treatment.......................................................... 417 Sources........................................................................................... 427 43 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia............................................................ 429 Nils Linus Holmgren Palmen, Ximena Fonseca Arneta, and Sergio González Bombardiere Definition....................................................................................... 429 Epidemiology................................................................................. 430 Etiology and Physiopathology....................................................... 430 Clinical Condition........................................................................... 432 Diagnosis......................................................................................... 433 Diagnostic Approach....................................................................... 435 Evaluation
and Treatment.............................................................. 435 Prognosis......................................................................................... 437 Sources........................................................................................... 438 44 Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical and Diagnosis Approach........................439 Claudio Castaños, Lilien Chertkoff, and Luis Gravina Introduction............ ........................................................................ 439 Epidemiology................................................................................. 440 Pathophysiology............................................................................. 440
Contents XVI Diagnosis.............................................................................................. Clinical Manifestations....................................................................... Laboratory Methods........................................................................... Molecular Diagnosis........................................................................... CF Neonatal Screening....................................................................... Sources................................................................................................ 441 441 445 447 448 450 45 Cystic Fibrosis: Treatment................................................................ 453 Felix Ratjen and María Ester Pizarro Gamboa General Considerations....................................................................... 453 Minimum Standard of a Cystic Fibrosis Center.............................. 454 Nutritional Support and Enzyme Supplements................................ 455 Treatment of Lung Disease................................................................ 456 Sources................................................................................................ 465 46 Pulmonary Aspergillosis...................................................................... 467 Claudio Castaños, Verónica Aguerre, and Veronica Giubergia Epidemiology..................................................................................... 467 Etiology and Physiopathology.......................................................... 467 Invasive Pulmonary
Aspergillosis...................................................... 468 Chronic Necrotizing Pulmonary Aspergillosis................................ 470 Aspergilloma........................................................................................ 470 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis....................................... 471 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Asthma.................... 471 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in CF............................ 472 Sources................................................................................................ 473 47 Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans.......................................... 475 Alejandro Colom, Gilberto Fischer, and Alejandro Teper Prevalence............................................................................................ 475 Pathology........................................................................................... 476 Etiology................................................................................................ 476 Clinical Findings................................................................................. 478 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 478 Evolution and Prognosis.................................................................... 481 Treatment........................................................................................... 482 Sources................................................................................................ 482 48 Obstructive
Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children........................... 485 Asher Tal, Pablo Brockmann Veloso, and Aviv Goldbart Introduction......................................................................................... 486 Epidemiology..................................................................................... 486 Physiopathology................................................................................. 486 Clinical Presentation........................................................................... 488 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 492 Treatment............................................................................................ 493 Sources................................................................................................ 494
XVII Contents 49 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.................................................... 495 Maria Angelica Oyarzún and Pablo Brockmann Veloso Introduction..................................................................................... 495 Epidemiology................................................................................. 496 Etiology........................................................................................... 496 Risk Factors and Clinical Presentation.......................................... 496 Prevention and Approach.............................................................. 499 Conclusions..................................................................................... 500 Sources........................................................................................... 500 50 Primary Immunodeficiencies and Immune Diseases.................... 501 Eduardo Talesnik Guendelman and Cecilia Méndez Rivera Introduction..................................................................................... 502 Primary Immunodeficiencies (РШ).............................................. 503 Antibody Immunodeficiencies....................................................... 504 Cellular and Combined Immunodeficiency.................................. 506 Phagocytes Immunodeficiencies.................................................... 508 Clinical Case................................................................................... 508 Complement Immunodeficiencies................................................ 509 Non-classified
PID......................................................................... 509 Clinical Case................................................................................... 509 Immunological Diseases................................................................ 511 Connective Tissue Diseases and Lung.......................................... 513 Autoinflammatory Diseases of the Lung...................................... 515 Sources........................................................................................... 516 51 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome......................................517 Anamaría Peña Donati and Marcelo Laufer Introduction..................................................................................... 517 Epidemiology................................................................................. 518 Physiopathology............................................................................. 518 Clinical Aspects............................................................................. 519 Sources........................................................................................... 528 52 Sickle Cell Disease............................................................................ 529 Ofelia Álvarez and María Angélica Wietstruck Definition....................................................................................... 529 Epidemiology................................................................................. 530 Etiology and Physiopathology...................................................... 530 Clinical
Manifestation of Sickle Cell Disease.............................. 532 Respiratory Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approach and Treatment................................................................................. 532 Sources........................................................................................... 540 53 Congenital Malformations of the Airway...................................... 543 Use Contreras Estay, Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño, and Ignacio Sánchez Epidemiology................................................................................. 543
Contents xviii Clinical Presentation........................................................................... Sources................................................................................................ 543 549 54 Congenital Lung Malformations....................................................... 551 Juan Carlos Pattillo Silva, Sergio Zuniga Rocha, and José Vuletin Solis Embryology.......................................................................................... 551 Epidemiology..................................................................................... 552 Congenital Malformations of the Lung............................................. 552 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 558 Treatment............................................................................................ 558 Sources................................................................................................ 559 55 Gastroesophageal Reflux and Respiratory Diseases..................... 561 Maria Francisca Jaime Méndez, José San Martín Prieto, and Juan Cristóbal Gana Ansaldo Introduction......................................................................................... 561 Proposed GER Damage Mechanisms in Respiratory Diseases ... 562 Asthma................................................................................................ 562 Chronic Cough................................................................................... 563 Swallow
Disorders............................................................................. 563 Obstructive Sleep Apnea.................................................................... 564 Apnea and ALTE................................................................................. 564 Subglottic Stenosis............................................................................. 564 Laryngomalacia................................................................................... 565 Recurrent Laryngitis........................................................................... 565 Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomatosis................................................. 565 Diagnosis.............................................................................................. 566 Treatment........................................................................................... 566 Conclusions......................................................................................... 568 Sources................................................................................................ 568 56 Pneumothorax and Thoracic Trauma...............................................571 Claudia Fuentes Sáez and Raúl Bustos Betanzo Pneumothorax..................................................................................... 571 Thorax Trauma................................................................................... 577 Summary............................................................................................. 577
Sources................................................................................................ 578 57 Nutrition in Chronic Respiratory Disease...................................... 579 Salesa Baija Yáñez Introduction......................................................................................... 579 Specific Diseases................................................................................. 582 Nutritional Support In Chronic Respiratory Diseases................... 584 Conclusion......................................................................................... 589 Sources................................................................................................ 589 58 Diseases Caused by Pollutants and Tobacco Exposure.................591 Lidia Amarales Osorio, María José Prieto Correa, and Gabriela Muñoz Gómez 591 Introduction
XIX Contents Atmospheric Pollution (AP).......................................................... Indoor Pollution (IP)...................................................................... Smoking, a Pediatric Disease........................................................ Sources........................................................................................... 59 592 595 597 603 Nursing Care Education in Chronic Respiratory Diseases........ 605 Ana Moya Isamitt Introduction..................................................................................... 606 Nursing Care Management............................................................ 608 Self-Care in Asthma...................................................................... 610 Self-Care in Cystic Fibrosis.......................................................... 612 Self-Care in Sleep Disorders.......................................................... 614 Self-Care in Allergies..................................................................... 617 Conclusions..................................................................................... 621 Sources........................................................................................... 621 60 Evidence-Based Medicine for Respiratory Diseases....................623 Carlos Uhilla Pérez, Maria Angélica Palomino Montenegro, and José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Introduction..................................................................................... 623 How to Practice Evidence-Based Medicine.................................. 623
Classification of Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations.......................................................................... 631 Sources........................................................................................... 632 61 Inhalation Therapy.......................................................................... 633 Fernando Iñiguez Osmer and Viviana Aguirre Camposano Physical Characteristics of Aerosols.............................................. 633 Aerosol Deposition Mechanisms.................................................. 635 General Factors That Affect Airway Aerosol Deposition.............. 635 Advantages and Disadvantages of Aerosol Drug Therapy............ 637 Aerosol Generating Systems.......................................................... 637 Sources........................................................................................... 641 62 Pulmonary Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Macrolides..................643 Luis Enrique Vega-Bricefio and Ignacio Sánchez Introduction..................................................................................... 643 Macrolides....................................................................................... 643 Physiopathology............................................................................. 644 Sources........................................................................................... 648 63 Chest Physiotherapy........................................................................ 649 Homero Puppo Gallardo and Gonzalo Hidalgo Soler
Introduction..................................................................................... 649 Objectives....................................................................................... 650 Bases............................................................................................... 650 Therapeutic Intervention................................................................. 652 Techniques of Respiratory Physical Therapy................................ 653 Conclusions..................................................................................... 658 Sources........................................................................................... 658
Contents XX 64 Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Children with Chronic Respiratory Diseases................................................... 661 Rodrigo Torres Castro, Homero Puppo Gallardo, and Daniel Zenteno Araos Definition............................................................................................ 661 Goals of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program................................ 661 Parts of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program................................ 662 Final Comments................................................................................. 667 Sources................................................................................................ 667 65 Prolonged Hospitalization Due to Chronic Respiratory Diseases............................................................................ 669 Mireya Méndez Raggi and Claudia Astudillo Maggio Introduction......................................................................................... 669 Definitions........................................................................................... 670 Chronic Hospitalization Outside the Intensive Care Unit............... 670 Medical Team..................................................................................... 671 Role of the Professional Team.......................................................... 672 Infrastructure and Equipment............................................................ 672 Monitoring of Chronic Respiratory Ill Patient by Level of Complexity.................................................................... 672
Routine Monitoring to Avoid in-Hospital Infections...................... 673 Additional Activities........................................................................... 673 Progression......................................................................................... 674 Discharge Planning............................................................................. 674 Sources................................................................................................ 674 66 Oxygen Therapy...................................................................................675 Alejandra Zamorano Wittwer and Claudia Astudillo Maggio Introduction......................................................................................... 675 Physio Pathological Basis.................................................................. 676 Conclusions......................................................................................... 681 Sources................................................................................................ 681 67 Acute Mechanical Ventilation........................................................... 683 Andrés Castillo Moya Historical Review of Mechanical Ventilation.................................. 683 Mechanical Ventilation Physiology................................................... 684 Conclusion......................................................................................... 694 Sources................................................................................................ 694 68 Chronic Invasive
Ventilation............................................................. 697 Claudia Astudillo Maggio, Patricio Barañao Garcés, and Mireya Méndez Raggi Epidemiology..................................................................................... 697 Chronic Mechanical Ventilation Indications.................................... 699 Weaning or Removal of Invasive Chronic Mechanical Ventilation...................................................................... 702 Sources................................................................................................ 704
Contents XXI 69 Long-Term Non-invasive Ventilation.............................................. 705 Francisco Prado Atlagic, Pamela Salinas Flores, and Gerardo Ferrerò Physiological Båses...................................................................... 705 Benefits of Non-invasive Ventilation in Chronic Patients.............. 706 Ethical Dilemmas.......................................................................... 711 Conclusions..................................................................................... 712 Sources........................................................................................... 712 70 Tracheotomy.................................................................................... 715 Bemardita Chateau Infante and Constanza Beltrán Morales Introduction..................................................................................... 715 Anatomy......................................................................................... 716 Indications....................................................................................... 716 Tube Selection................................................................................. 717 Complications................................................................................. 718 Early Complications....................................................................... 718 Late Complications........................................................................ 719 Care................................................................................................. 720
Decannulation................................................................................. 722 Sources........................................................................................... 722 71 Airway Surgery and Endoscopic Procedures................................725 Patricio Varela Balbontin Larynx Diseases............................................................................ 725 Congenital Laryngeal Anomalies.................................................. 725 Congenital Tracheal Anomalies.................................................... 728 Technical Aspects.......................................................................... 731 Pediatric Airway Frequently Acquired Lesions............................ 732 Summary........................................................................................ 735 Sources........................................................................................... 735 72 Lung, Chest Cavity, and Dorsal Spine Surgery............................737 Mauricio Campos Daziano, José Vuletin Solis, and Juan Carlos Pattillo Silva Introduction..................................................................................... 737 Surgery of Congenital Malformations of the Chest Cavity.......... 737 Lung Surgery................................................................................... 741 Dorsal Spine Surgery..................................................................... 743 Sources........................................................................................... 747 73 Extracorporeal
Circulation Membrane Oxygenation Therapy for Acute Respiratory Diseases...................................... 749 Javier Kattan Said, Alvaro González Morandé, and Andrés Castillo Moya Introduction..................................................................................... 749 Selection Criteria for Applying ECMO........................................ 753 Managing ECMO.......................................................................... 754 Complications................................................................................. 756 Prognosis and ECMO Programs in Latin America........................ 756
Contents XXII Conclusions and Future Considerations........................................... 758 Sources................................................................................................ 759 74 Pediatric Lung Transplantation......................................................... 761 Anand Patel and Albert Faro History.................................................................................................. 762 Indications............................................................................................ 762 Contraindications............................................................................... 763 Disease Specific Indications and Contraindications........................ 763 Donor Evaluation............................................................................... 765 Surgical Technique............................................................................. 766 Immunosuppression........................................................................... 766 Post-operative Monitoring and Management.................................. 767 Post-transplantation Monitoring........................................................ 768 Post-transplantation Complications................................................. 768 Rejection.............................................................................................. 771 Outcomes............................................................................................ 773 Future Considerations......................................................................... 773
Sources................................................................................................ 774 Index 777
■Hiis book isiä comprehensive and authoritative textbook on pediatric pulmonology. Edited by Pablo Bertrand and Ignacio Sánchez, renowned academics and pediatricians from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, it encompasses five sections and 74 chapters, presenting and discussing the most important topics related to pediatric respiratory diseases. Written and presented in a simple and didactic format, it intends to simplify learning and settlement of doubts in pediatric respira tor) diseases. The reader is naturally introduced into the physidogy, diagnosis, syndromes, diseases and the treatment associated to the res piratory pathologies affecting children. The chapters within this book includes algorithms for the treatment of syndromes and updated treat ment proposals grounded on evidence-based medicine for more than 50 pulmonary diseases of pediatric importance. Pediatric Respiratory Diseases - A Comprehensive Textbook is an essen tial material for the proper clinical approach of respiratory diseases in children. It is intended for all interns, residents and fellows with interest in pediatric pulmonary medicine, as well as to physicians, general prac titioners, pediatricians and pulmonogists who face pediatric respiratory disorders on their clinical practice.
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Contents 1 History of Specialist Training in Respiratory Diseases. Ignacio Sánchez Introduction. The Situation in South America. Sources. 1 1 1 4 2 Development of the Respiratory System. Fernando Iñiguez Osmer and Ignacio Sánchez Introduction. Stages in Lung Development. Development of Bronchial Circulation. Respiratory Mechanics. Lung Weight/Body Weight and Lung Volume/Body Weight Ratios. Genetic Control of Lung Development. Factors That Influence Lung Development. Conclusion. Sources. 9 10 11 14 15 3 17 4 Physiological Basis of the Respiratory System. Pablo Bertrand and Ignacio Sánchez Respiratory Mechanics. Airway
Resistance. Pulmonary Ventilation. Alterations in Pulmonary Ventilation. Pulmonary Circulation. The Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio. Respiratory Gases in the Blood. Sources. Clinical History and Physical Examination of the Respiratory System. Pablo Bertrand Anamnesis. Physical Examination. Sources. 5 5 5 8 9 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 29 29 31 36 vii
Contents viii 5 6 7 8 Physiological Evolution of Sleep. Mara Cvejic and Christian Guilleminault Introduction. History and Anamnesis. Age and Development. The Fetal Stage. Premature Newborns. Newborns. Infants. Preschool Children and Older Infants (1-3 Years of Age). Schoolchildren and Neuronal Plasticity. Adolescents. Risk Factors and Academic Performance. Specific Sleep-Associated Symptoms. Sources. Immunological Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System. Arturo Borzutzky Schächter and Pamela Morales Matamala Organization of the Respiratory Immune
System. Immune Induction in the Lung. Innate Immunity. Adaptive Immunity. Immune Responses to Respiratory Infections. Immunology of Acute Alveolar Damage and Tissue Repair. The Microbiome. Sources. New Frontiers in Research on the Respiratory System. Andrew Bush and Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño Cystic Fibrosis as a Model for Dealing with Chronic Lung Disease. Chronic Lung Disease Crises or Attacks: Lessons for a Long-Term Response. Genetically Associated Diseases and Their Close Systemic Relationship: Ciliopathy. Learning from Follow-Up Studies on Chronic Lung Diseases. The Microenvironment of the Airway and Development of Respiratory Diseases: The Microbiome. Sources. Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in Infants and Preschool
Children. Alejandro Teper, Carlos Kofman, and Alejandro Colom Pulmonary Function in Infants. Measurement Conditions. Methods. Pulmonary Function in Preschool Children. Sources. 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 47 47 48 48 49 50 51 52 52 55 56 60 62 65 66 70 73 73 74 74 80 82
Contents IX 9 Assessment of Pulmonary Function in Schoolchildren and Adolescents. Marcela Linares Paselini and Solange Caussade Larrain Introduction. Spirometry and the Flow/Volume Curve. Peak Expiratory Flow. Bronchial Provocation Tests. Provocation Test with Exercise. Methacholine-Induced Bronchial Test. Static Lung Volume Measurement. Plethysmography. Helium Dilution. Nitrogen Wash. Lung Carbon Monoxide Diffusion. Airway Resistance. Exhaled Nitric Oxide Measurement. Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Strength. Sources. 10 Assessment of Respiratory Muscular Function in Patients with Neuromuscular
Diseases. Solange Caussade Larrain Introduction. General Respiratory Muscle Assessment. Muscular Strength. Muscular Fatigue. Conclusion. Sources. 85 85 86 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 97 97 98 101 104 104 105 11 Study of Images in Respiratory Diseases. 107 Cristian García Bruce and Rodrigo Parra Rojas Introduction. 107 Methods of Study. 107 Evaluation of the Structures of the Chest. 110 Sources. 125 12 Assessing Arterial Oxygen Saturation. 127 Christian Poets and Pablo Brockmann Veloso Oxygen Transport in the Blood. 127 Transcutaneous Measurement of Oxygen Saturation. 128 Factors That Affect Oxygen Saturation Measurement. 129 Sp02 Reference
Values. 131 Transcutaneous Oxygen Measurement. 132 Sources. 133 13 Assessment of Sleep in Newborns to Adolescents. 135 Oscar Sans Capdevila and David Gozal Introduction. 135 Diagnosis. 137
Contents Conclusion. Sources. 143 144 14 Study of Infectious Agents in Respiratory Diseases. 145 Cecilia Perret Pérez Virological Diagnosis. 145 Bacterial Diagnosis. 148 Diagnosis of Fungi. N. 149 Sources. 149 15 Assessment of the Airway with Flexible Endoscopy.151 Pablo Bertrand, Nils Linus Holmgren Palmen, and Francisco Prado Atlagic Indications. 152 Contraindications. 152 Technical Aspects. 152 Complications of Flexible Bronchoscopy. 155 Performance of Flexible Bronchoscopy. 156 Sources. 160 16 Assessment of the Airway with Rigid Endoscopy.161 Harlan Muntz and Constanza Beltrán Morales
History. 161 Assessment of the Patient. 162 Symptoms and Signs of Airway Obstruction. 162 Indications for Airway Endoscopy. 163 When Is Rigid Endoscopy, Rather than Flexible Endoscopy, Appropriate?. 163 Rigid Instruments. 163 Complications of Airway Endoscopy. 166 Sources. 167 17 Children with Respiratory Failure. 169 Juan Andrés Carrasco Orellana and Andrés Castillo Moya Definition. 169 Classification. 169 Physiopathology. 170 Clinical Effects. 172 Diagnosis. 173 Sources.
176 18 Children with Persistent Cough.177 Katalina Bertran Salinas, Ricardo Saranz, Alejandro Lozano, and José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Definition and General Concepts. 177 Cough Reflex Anatomy. 178 Etiology. 178 Diagnosis. 179 Treatment. 181 Conclusion. 185 Sources. 186
Contents 19 Infants with Persistent Tachypnea. 187 Pablo Bertrand and Ana Moya Olivares Definition. 187 Respiration Control Mechanisms. 188 Etiology. 188 Diagnosis. 189 Sources. 191 20 Children with Persistent Stridor. 193 Solange Caussade Larrain and Carlos Flores Berrios Definition. 193 Epidemiology. 193 Applied Physiopathology. 194 Clinical History. 195 Assessment. 196 Sources. 199 21 Children with Snoring. 201 Daniel Zenteno Araos, José Luis Pérez Sánchez, and Pablo Brockmann Veloso
Introduction. 201 Diagnosis. 202 Sources. 203 22 Children with Recurrent Wheezing. 205 Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño, Ilse Contreras Estay, and Ignacio Sánchez Epidemiology. 205 Etiology. 206 Physiopathology. 206 Clinical Characteristics. 207 Diagnosis. 209 Management. 210 Sources. 213 23 Hemoptysis in Children. 215 Julio Maggiolo Massone, Carlos Mendoza Fox, and Ricardo Kogan Alterman Epidemiology and Etiology. 216 Physiopathology. 216
Etiology. 216 Diagnostic Approach to Hemoptysis in Children. 219 Treatment. 222 Conclusion. 224 Sources. 224 24 Infants with an Apparent Life-Threatening Event.227 Pablo Brockmann Veloso, Daniel Zenteno Araos, and José Luis Pérez Sánchez Diagnosis. 227 Management Algorithm. 227
Contents xii Indications for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring. 230 Sources. 230 25 Imimmosuppressed Children with Lung Infection. 233 Alejandra Zamorano Wittwer and Marcela Ferrés Garrido Epidemiology. 233 Physiopathology. 234 Etiology. 235 Diagnostic Studies. 241 Sources. 243 26 Respiratory Complications in Children with Neurological Diseases. 245 Raúl Escobar Henriquez and Bernardka Chateau Infante Epidemiology. 245 Etiology and Physiopathology. 246 Clinical Manifestations. 247 Diagnostic Foci. 248 Treatment. 250
Prognosis. 252 Ethical Dilemmas. 252 Sources. 253 27 A Children with an Airway Foreign Body. 255 Jacques de Blic and Agustín León Cortés Epidemiology. 255 Clinical Presentation. 256 Radiological Study. 256 Treatment. 258 Prevention. 260 Sources. 260 28 Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections.263 Luis Avendaflo Carvajal and Cecilia Perret Pérez Viral Respiratory Infections. 264 Diagnosis. 266 Epidemiological Management: The Winter Plan. 268 Epidemiology of the Most Frequent Bacterial Infections. 269
Sources. 272 29 Laryngitis (Croup). 273 Ida Concha Murray and Cecilia Perret Pérez Epidemiology. 273 Etiology and Physiopathology. 274 Clinical Manifestations. 275 Severity Scores. 275 Diagnostic Focus. 276 Treatment. 276 Hospitalization. 279 Indications for Hospitalization. 279
xiii Contents Criteria for Patient Release from an Emergency Service. Complications. Specialist Follow-Up. Summary. Sources. 280 280 280 280 281 30 Bronchiolitis. 283 Miriam Pérez and Giovanni Piedimonte Historical Perspective. 283 Epidemiology. 284 Pathogenesis and Physiopathology. 285 Microbiology. 285 Clinical Manifestations. 290 Treatment. 291 Prevention. 294 Sources. 297 31 Community-Acquired Pneumonia. . 299 María Lina Boza Costagliela
Definition. 299 Epidemiology. 299 Etiology. 300 Physiopathology. 301 Clinical Manifestations. 301 Diagnostic Approach. 302 Differential Diagnosis. 304 Treatment. 305 Complications. 306 Prevention. 306 Conclusion. 307 Sources. 307 32 Atypical Pneumonia. 309 Ricardo Kogan Alterman and Julio Maggiolo Massone Definition. 309 Pneumonia Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 310 Pneumonia Caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae. 317
Summary. 320 Sources. 321 33 Complicated Pneumonia. 323 Francisco Prado Atlagic, Rodrigo Vásquez-De Kartzow, Pamela Salinas Flores, and Pamela Navarrete Contreras Definition. 323 Epidemiology. 324 Etiology. 325 Empyema Physiopathology. 325 Pleural Effusion, Classification, and Progression Phases. 326 Sources. 333
Contents xiv 34 Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents. 335 Cecilia Perret Pérez and Marcela Ferrés Garrido Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. 335 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/Asian Pneumonia. 337 HCoV-NL 63 and HCoV-HKUl. 337 Avian Influenza. 338 Hantavirus. 339 Enterovirus D68 . 340 Polyomavirus. 341 Sources. 341 35 Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 343 Carlos Casar Collazo, María Elena Guarda Barros, and Carolina Gvirtzman Introduction. 343 Epidemiology. 344 Etiology and Pathophysiology. 344 Treatment. 350 Follow-Up and Control. 352
Sources. 353 36 Respiratory Diseases in the Newborn.355 José Luis Tapia Illanes, Paulina Toso Milos, and Javier Kattan Said Respiratory Physiology. 355 Approaching the Newborn with Respiratory Disease. 356 Classification of the Respiratory Problems of the Newborn. 359 Sources. 370 37 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. 373 Alberto Toso Milos, Jorge Fabres Biggs, and Pablo Bertrand Introduction. 373 Epidemiology. 374 Physiopathology. 374 Diagnosis. 375 Complications and Treatment. 376 Sources. 381 38 Allergic Diseases, from the Infant to the Adolescent. 383 Mario Calvo Gil and Fernando Ifliguez Osmer Definition. 383
Epidemiology. 383 Etiology and Physiopathology. 384 Clinical Manifestations. 385 Therapy. 389 Summary. 391 Sources. 391
Contents XV 39 Latin America Asthma Epidemiology and Related Risk Factors. 393 Viviana Aguirre Camposano, Manuel Soto Martinez, and Manuel Soto Quires Introduction. 393 Asthma in Latin America: Phase I and Phase ПІ ISAAC Studies . 394 Risk Factors. 396 Asthma Epidemiology in Chile. 398 Sources. 399 40 Evaluation of Asthma Risk in Infants and Preschoolers.401 José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Wheezing Phenotypes and Their Risk Factors. 402 Asthma Predictive Indexes. 404 Sources. 406 41 Asthma: Clinical and Diagnosis Approach. 407 Guido Girardi Briere Definition. 407 Etiopathogenesis. 408 Physiopathology. 409 Clinical Aspects. 409
Diagnosis. 411 Sources. 413 42 Asthma: Treatment. 415 Pablo Bertrand and Andrea Beckhaus Faccin Introduction. 415 Treatment. 416 Nonpharmacological Treatment. 416 Pharmacological Treatment. 417 Sources. 427 43 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. 429 Nils Linus Holmgren Palmen, Ximena Fonseca Arneta, and Sergio González Bombardiere Definition. 429 Epidemiology. 430 Etiology and Physiopathology. 430 Clinical Condition. 432 Diagnosis. 433 Diagnostic Approach. 435 Evaluation
and Treatment. 435 Prognosis. 437 Sources. 438 44 Cystic Fibrosis: Clinical and Diagnosis Approach.439 Claudio Castaños, Lilien Chertkoff, and Luis Gravina Introduction. . 439 Epidemiology. 440 Pathophysiology. 440
Contents XVI Diagnosis. Clinical Manifestations. Laboratory Methods. Molecular Diagnosis. CF Neonatal Screening. Sources. 441 441 445 447 448 450 45 Cystic Fibrosis: Treatment. 453 Felix Ratjen and María Ester Pizarro Gamboa General Considerations. 453 Minimum Standard of a Cystic Fibrosis Center. 454 Nutritional Support and Enzyme Supplements. 455 Treatment of Lung Disease. 456 Sources. 465 46 Pulmonary Aspergillosis. 467 Claudio Castaños, Verónica Aguerre, and Veronica Giubergia Epidemiology. 467 Etiology and Physiopathology. 467 Invasive Pulmonary
Aspergillosis. 468 Chronic Necrotizing Pulmonary Aspergillosis. 470 Aspergilloma. 470 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. 471 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Asthma. 471 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in CF. 472 Sources. 473 47 Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans. 475 Alejandro Colom, Gilberto Fischer, and Alejandro Teper Prevalence. 475 Pathology. 476 Etiology. 476 Clinical Findings. 478 Diagnosis. 478 Evolution and Prognosis. 481 Treatment. 482 Sources. 482 48 Obstructive
Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children. 485 Asher Tal, Pablo Brockmann Veloso, and Aviv Goldbart Introduction. 486 Epidemiology. 486 Physiopathology. 486 Clinical Presentation. 488 Diagnosis. 492 Treatment. 493 Sources. 494
XVII Contents 49 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. 495 Maria Angelica Oyarzún and Pablo Brockmann Veloso Introduction. 495 Epidemiology. 496 Etiology. 496 Risk Factors and Clinical Presentation. 496 Prevention and Approach. 499 Conclusions. 500 Sources. 500 50 Primary Immunodeficiencies and Immune Diseases. 501 Eduardo Talesnik Guendelman and Cecilia Méndez Rivera Introduction. 502 Primary Immunodeficiencies (РШ). 503 Antibody Immunodeficiencies. 504 Cellular and Combined Immunodeficiency. 506 Phagocytes Immunodeficiencies. 508 Clinical Case. 508 Complement Immunodeficiencies. 509 Non-classified
PID. 509 Clinical Case. 509 Immunological Diseases. 511 Connective Tissue Diseases and Lung. 513 Autoinflammatory Diseases of the Lung. 515 Sources. 516 51 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.517 Anamaría Peña Donati and Marcelo Laufer Introduction. 517 Epidemiology. 518 Physiopathology. 518 Clinical Aspects. 519 Sources. 528 52 Sickle Cell Disease. 529 Ofelia Álvarez and María Angélica Wietstruck Definition. 529 Epidemiology. 530 Etiology and Physiopathology. 530 Clinical
Manifestation of Sickle Cell Disease. 532 Respiratory Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approach and Treatment. 532 Sources. 540 53 Congenital Malformations of the Airway. 543 Use Contreras Estay, Luis Enrique Vega-Briceño, and Ignacio Sánchez Epidemiology. 543
Contents xviii Clinical Presentation. Sources. 543 549 54 Congenital Lung Malformations. 551 Juan Carlos Pattillo Silva, Sergio Zuniga Rocha, and José Vuletin Solis Embryology. 551 Epidemiology. 552 Congenital Malformations of the Lung. 552 Diagnosis. 558 Treatment. 558 Sources. 559 55 Gastroesophageal Reflux and Respiratory Diseases. 561 Maria Francisca Jaime Méndez, José San Martín Prieto, and Juan Cristóbal Gana Ansaldo Introduction. 561 Proposed GER Damage Mechanisms in Respiratory Diseases . 562 Asthma. 562 Chronic Cough. 563 Swallow
Disorders. 563 Obstructive Sleep Apnea. 564 Apnea and ALTE. 564 Subglottic Stenosis. 564 Laryngomalacia. 565 Recurrent Laryngitis. 565 Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomatosis. 565 Diagnosis. 566 Treatment. 566 Conclusions. 568 Sources. 568 56 Pneumothorax and Thoracic Trauma.571 Claudia Fuentes Sáez and Raúl Bustos Betanzo Pneumothorax. 571 Thorax Trauma. 577 Summary. 577
Sources. 578 57 Nutrition in Chronic Respiratory Disease. 579 Salesa Baija Yáñez Introduction. 579 Specific Diseases. 582 Nutritional Support In Chronic Respiratory Diseases. 584 Conclusion. 589 Sources. 589 58 Diseases Caused by Pollutants and Tobacco Exposure.591 Lidia Amarales Osorio, María José Prieto Correa, and Gabriela Muñoz Gómez 591 Introduction
XIX Contents Atmospheric Pollution (AP). Indoor Pollution (IP). Smoking, a Pediatric Disease. Sources. 59 592 595 597 603 Nursing Care Education in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. 605 Ana Moya Isamitt Introduction. 606 Nursing Care Management. 608 Self-Care in Asthma. 610 Self-Care in Cystic Fibrosis. 612 Self-Care in Sleep Disorders. 614 Self-Care in Allergies. 617 Conclusions. 621 Sources. 621 60 Evidence-Based Medicine for Respiratory Diseases.623 Carlos Uhilla Pérez, Maria Angélica Palomino Montenegro, and José Antonio Castro-Rodríguez Introduction. 623 How to Practice Evidence-Based Medicine. 623
Classification of Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. 631 Sources. 632 61 Inhalation Therapy. 633 Fernando Iñiguez Osmer and Viviana Aguirre Camposano Physical Characteristics of Aerosols. 633 Aerosol Deposition Mechanisms. 635 General Factors That Affect Airway Aerosol Deposition. 635 Advantages and Disadvantages of Aerosol Drug Therapy. 637 Aerosol Generating Systems. 637 Sources. 641 62 Pulmonary Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Macrolides.643 Luis Enrique Vega-Bricefio and Ignacio Sánchez Introduction. 643 Macrolides. 643 Physiopathology. 644 Sources. 648 63 Chest Physiotherapy. 649 Homero Puppo Gallardo and Gonzalo Hidalgo Soler
Introduction. 649 Objectives. 650 Bases. 650 Therapeutic Intervention. 652 Techniques of Respiratory Physical Therapy. 653 Conclusions. 658 Sources. 658
Contents XX 64 Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Children with Chronic Respiratory Diseases. 661 Rodrigo Torres Castro, Homero Puppo Gallardo, and Daniel Zenteno Araos Definition. 661 Goals of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program. 661 Parts of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program. 662 Final Comments. 667 Sources. 667 65 Prolonged Hospitalization Due to Chronic Respiratory Diseases. 669 Mireya Méndez Raggi and Claudia Astudillo Maggio Introduction. 669 Definitions. 670 Chronic Hospitalization Outside the Intensive Care Unit. 670 Medical Team. 671 Role of the Professional Team. 672 Infrastructure and Equipment. 672 Monitoring of Chronic Respiratory Ill Patient by Level of Complexity. 672
Routine Monitoring to Avoid in-Hospital Infections. 673 Additional Activities. 673 Progression. 674 Discharge Planning. 674 Sources. 674 66 Oxygen Therapy.675 Alejandra Zamorano Wittwer and Claudia Astudillo Maggio Introduction. 675 Physio Pathological Basis. 676 Conclusions. 681 Sources. 681 67 Acute Mechanical Ventilation. 683 Andrés Castillo Moya Historical Review of Mechanical Ventilation. 683 Mechanical Ventilation Physiology. 684 Conclusion. 694 Sources. 694 68 Chronic Invasive
Ventilation. 697 Claudia Astudillo Maggio, Patricio Barañao Garcés, and Mireya Méndez Raggi Epidemiology. 697 Chronic Mechanical Ventilation Indications. 699 Weaning or Removal of Invasive Chronic Mechanical Ventilation. 702 Sources. 704
Contents XXI 69 Long-Term Non-invasive Ventilation. 705 Francisco Prado Atlagic, Pamela Salinas Flores, and Gerardo Ferrerò Physiological Båses. 705 Benefits of Non-invasive Ventilation in Chronic Patients. 706 Ethical Dilemmas. 711 Conclusions. 712 Sources. 712 70 Tracheotomy. 715 Bemardita Chateau Infante and Constanza Beltrán Morales Introduction. 715 Anatomy. 716 Indications. 716 Tube Selection. 717 Complications. 718 Early Complications. 718 Late Complications. 719 Care. 720
Decannulation. 722 Sources. 722 71 Airway Surgery and Endoscopic Procedures.725 Patricio Varela Balbontin Larynx Diseases. 725 Congenital Laryngeal Anomalies. 725 Congenital Tracheal Anomalies. 728 Technical Aspects. 731 Pediatric Airway Frequently Acquired Lesions. 732 Summary. 735 Sources. 735 72 Lung, Chest Cavity, and Dorsal Spine Surgery.737 Mauricio Campos Daziano, José Vuletin Solis, and Juan Carlos Pattillo Silva Introduction. 737 Surgery of Congenital Malformations of the Chest Cavity. 737 Lung Surgery. 741 Dorsal Spine Surgery. 743 Sources. 747 73 Extracorporeal
Circulation Membrane Oxygenation Therapy for Acute Respiratory Diseases. 749 Javier Kattan Said, Alvaro González Morandé, and Andrés Castillo Moya Introduction. 749 Selection Criteria for Applying ECMO. 753 Managing ECMO. 754 Complications. 756 Prognosis and ECMO Programs in Latin America. 756
Contents XXII Conclusions and Future Considerations. 758 Sources. 759 74 Pediatric Lung Transplantation. 761 Anand Patel and Albert Faro History. 762 Indications. 762 Contraindications. 763 Disease Specific Indications and Contraindications. 763 Donor Evaluation. 765 Surgical Technique. 766 Immunosuppression. 766 Post-operative Monitoring and Management. 767 Post-transplantation Monitoring. 768 Post-transplantation Complications. 768 Rejection. 771 Outcomes. 773 Future Considerations. 773
Sources. 774 Index 777
■Hiis book isiä comprehensive and authoritative textbook on pediatric pulmonology. Edited by Pablo Bertrand and Ignacio Sánchez, renowned academics and pediatricians from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, it encompasses five sections and 74 chapters, presenting and discussing the most important topics related to pediatric respiratory diseases. Written and presented in a simple and didactic format, it intends to simplify learning and settlement of doubts in pediatric respira tor)' diseases. The reader is naturally introduced into the physidogy, diagnosis, syndromes, diseases and the treatment associated to the res piratory pathologies affecting children. The chapters within this book includes algorithms for the treatment of syndromes and updated treat ment proposals grounded on evidence-based medicine for more than 50 pulmonary diseases of pediatric importance. Pediatric Respiratory Diseases - A Comprehensive Textbook is an essen tial material for the proper clinical approach of respiratory diseases in children. It is intended for all interns, residents and fellows with interest in pediatric pulmonary medicine, as well as to physicians, general prac titioners, pediatricians and pulmonogists who face pediatric respiratory disorders on their clinical practice. |
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| spelling | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook Pablo Bertrand, Ignacio Sánchez, editors Cham Springer International Publishing [2020] xxviii, 807 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pneumology/Respiratory System Pediatrics Respiratory organs—Diseases Atemwegskrankheit (DE-588)4003360-0 gnd rswk-swf Kinderkrankheit (DE-588)4114195-7 gnd rswk-swf Kinderkrankheit (DE-588)4114195-7 s Atemwegskrankheit (DE-588)4003360-0 s DE-604 Bertrand, Pablo edt Sánchez Díaz, Ignacio 1961- (DE-588)1076889417 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-26961-6 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032583414&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032583414&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook Pneumology/Respiratory System Pediatrics Respiratory organs—Diseases Atemwegskrankheit (DE-588)4003360-0 gnd Kinderkrankheit (DE-588)4114195-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003360-0 (DE-588)4114195-7 |
| title | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook |
| title_auth | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook |
| title_exact_search | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook |
| title_full | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook Pablo Bertrand, Ignacio Sánchez, editors |
| title_fullStr | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook Pablo Bertrand, Ignacio Sánchez, editors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases a comprehensive textbook Pablo Bertrand, Ignacio Sánchez, editors |
| title_short | Pediatric Respiratory Diseases |
| title_sort | pediatric respiratory diseases a comprehensive textbook |
| title_sub | a comprehensive textbook |
| topic | Pneumology/Respiratory System Pediatrics Respiratory organs—Diseases Atemwegskrankheit (DE-588)4003360-0 gnd Kinderkrankheit (DE-588)4114195-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pneumology/Respiratory System Pediatrics Respiratory organs—Diseases Atemwegskrankheit Kinderkrankheit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032583414&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032583414&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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