US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean: power politics and ideology under the sun
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Contents 1 The Theoretical Foundations of the ILS. Foreign Policy. 1 2 3 2 1 Introduction. A Continental Country That Thoughtto Be an Island. The Three Pillars of Success. 3.1 Individualism. 3.2 Mobility. 3.3 Exceptionalism. 4 The Hamiltonian School of Thought. 5 The Wilsonian School of Thought. 6 The Jeffersonian School of Thought. 7 The Jacksonian School of Thought. 8 The Obamian School of Thought. 9 Conclusions. References. 1 2 6 7 9 12 17 19 23 25 30 33 34 The U.S. in the Eastern Mediterranean: Historical and Political Considerations. 41 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction. The U.S. and the Eastern Mediterranean: A Long and Steady
Entanglement. The Barbary War of 1801-1805. The Truman Doctrine and the Eastern Mediterranean: The Beginning of a New Era. 4.1 The Greek Case. 4.2 The Turkish Case. 4.3 Together We Stand. The Suez Crisis: New Ways vs. Old Habits. 5.1 The Egyptian Conundrum. 5.2 War Drums in Suez: The Climax of a Crisis That Never Meant to Occur. 41 42 48 52 53 56 61 62 63 67
x Contents 6 The Cradle of Democracy in Chains and the American Nonintervention. 7 The Greek Junta and the American Nonintervention. 8 The Imia Crisis and the Goal of Nonviolent Friction. 8.1 A Problematic Relation Since the Early Beginning. 8.2 Greece and Turkey: Parallel Courses of Profound Decadence. 8.3 Imia: A Deep Interstate Crisis and the American Intervention. 9 Conclusion. References. 77 79 87 87 89 91 94 95 3 Obama’s Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: The Cases of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. 103 1 Introduction. 103 2 The Arab Spring: A Conceptual Analysis. 104 2.1 Second Image Analysis. 108 2.2 Third Image Analysis. 113 3 The U.S. and the Arab Spring in the Eastern Mediterranean: A General Approach. 115 3.1 Even Monkeys
Fall from Trees. 116 3.2 Neither Able Nor Willing. 119 4 The Egyptian Spring. 122 5 The Libyan Spring. 129 6 The Syrian Spring. 136 7 Conciusion. 146 References. 147 4 The Greek Crisis of 2015: A European Drama and an American Deus Ex Machina. 1 Introduction. 2 The Greek Crisis: A Sisyphean Condition. 3 SYRIZA in Power: The Beginning of a New Start?. 4 The Role of the American Factor in the Greek Crisis: Leading from Above. 5 Conclusion. References. 5 The U.S. Facing the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Different Cases of China, Russia, and
Turkey. 1 Introduction. 2 The Sino-American Competition in the Eastern Mediterranean . 155 155 156 161 169 176 178 181 181 184
Contents xi 3 Russia vs. the U.S. in the Eastern Mediterranean: Moscow’s Sui Generis Revisionism. 4 The Turkish Neo-Revisionism in the Eastern Mediterranean. 5 Conclusion. References. 192 199 207 209 Epilogue. 213 Index. 217
Index A Abdullah I bin Al-Hussein of Jordan, 63 Acheson, D., 59, 61, 81 Adams, J.Q., 3, 6,13 Admiral Forrest Sherman, 60,61 Admiral Vladimir Vassorin, 194 Aegean Sea, 41, 90, 91,93,94,204 Afghanistan Taliban, 15, 22,120,121,132 Aleksandrovich, Daniil (Prince), 192 Algerian National Liberation Front (Jabhatu I-Tahriri I-Watani)., 68 Ali Sābri, 70 al-Nour Party, 126 American Civil War, 9,26 American College of Greece, 176 American identity American exceptionalism, 11,13-16, 23, 28,42, 142, 205 American individualism, 8 American missionary operations, 19, 20,47 American mobility, 11 dispensable nation, 10 American Moroccan treaty, 1786,45 American War of Independence American Declaration of Independence, 3, 6,7,13,23,41—43,49 Anatolia, 44, 56, 87 Ancien regime, 46,109, 162,177 Anschuetz, N., 78 Arab Spring, 27,103-147,171,181,194, 195, 206 Armistice of Mudros, 1918, 56 Asia Minor, 44, 56 Atatürk, К., 88, 91, 200, 202 Atlantic Ocean, 1, 3-5, 14, 16,18,43, 45-47, 55, 194 AVGI, 84 В Baathism, 139 Baker, J., 18 Balkans, 28, 46,54,57,60, 90, 115, 117, 189, 192, 202 Ball, G„ 81 Baltic states, 18, 165, 189 Bandwagoning for profit, 201-203 Barbary States First Barbary War, 52 Bartholomeos, E.P., 199 Basil al-Assad, 136 Bassar al-Assad, 127, 141 Battle of Derne, 1805,48 Ben-Gurio, D., 69, 76 Bevin, E., 54 Biden, J., 125, 126 Black Sea, 5,47,53,56,58-60,77, 146,194,206 Black Sea Fleet, 194 Britain, 3,12,25,43, 53-55,57,59-61, 66, 68-70,72-76, 87,95,108,129, 135,137,192, 193 Bush, G.H.W., 19,118, 120 Bush, G.W., 10,21, 117, 120,170, 204 Byrnes, J.F., 54, 60 Byroade, H.A., 66 C Capitol
Hil, 11, 86,120, 182 Care-free rider vs. free-rider, 135 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 S. N. Litsas, US Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36895-l 217
218 Canonica, Pietro, 57 Center Union (Ένωσις Κέντρου), 77, 80 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 82 Challe, Mauris, 73 China 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, 186 Belt and Road Initiative, 186 Century ofHumiliation, 188 Churchill, W, 55, 58, 161 Clark Kerr, A. Sir., 53 Clinton, B., 117, 204 Clinton, H., 121,123, 125,126, 132, 143 Coalition of Radical Left (ΣΥΡΙΖΑ), 161 Colonel Gamal Abd al-Nasser, 63 Convention of Constantinople, 1888, 65 Countering America ’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, 2017 (CAATSA), 204 Cyprus Cypriot Question, 71, 79, 88 Enosis, 79, 87, 88 Greek Armed Forces in Cyprus (ΕΛΔΥΚ), 89 Tripartite Conference in London, 1955, 87 Turkish Invasion, 1974, 86, 88, 89 D Demirel, Süleyman, 204 Democratic Left Party (ΔΗΜΑΡ), 159 Democratic Peace Theory, 22,117 Deraa, 141-143 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 12,14 Dijsselbloem, Jeroen, 165 Dionysios Solomos, 41 Dodecanese islands, 91,92, 203 Dogru Yol Partisi (Ture Path Party), 91 E Eaton, W„ 51 Eden, A., 65, 69, 70, 73-75 Edward Church, 49 Egypt Aswan Dam, 66-69, 76 Coptic Church, 123 Eisenhower, D.D., 64, 65, 67-71, 73, 74, 76, 124 Erbakan, Necmettin, 91 Erdegün, Mehmet, 59 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 91, 206 Eurozone, 156-158, 160, 161, 167-175,177, !78, 194 Index F Farouk I, 63 Fear (Φόβος), 119 Forres tal, J., 61 Fort Mims massacre, 1813, 29 France, 3,4,11,15,16,43,50,68-70,72-76, 95,108,129,135,137,175,192,193 Franco-American Quasi-War, 50 The Freedom and Justice Party (Hizb al-Hurriyyah wa al-Adala), 126 G Gaddafi, Muamar, 85,130,131 Gazier, A., 73 Geithner, T., 172 General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, 195 General
Lauris Norstad, 61 Germany, 16, 29, 53, 57, 70, 126,129,134, 135, 160, 161,170, 171,173-177, 192 Offshore Balancer, 170 Ordoliberalism, 160,175, 177 Weimar Republic, 57 G-8 Genoa Conference, 2001,163 Ghonim, Wael, 122 Gorbachev, M., 18 Greek anti-Americanism 17 of November, 85 Greek Civil War Battle of Athens, December, 1944, 54 Greek Democratic Army (Δημοκρατικός Στρατός), 53, 54, 79 Greek People’s Liberation Army (Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός), 53 Greek Communist Party (Κομουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος), 53, 77, 78, 80, 163 Greek economic crisis GREXIT, 156, 171-174 Glorified defeat, 174 Greek Evangelicals, 47 Greek junta Greek State’s Intelligence Service (ΚΥΠ), 83 Greek Revolution, 1821, 12 Gunboat Diplomacy, 11 H Hafez al-Assad, 112,138-140,146 Halki Seminary, 199
Index Hamilton, A. Hamiltonian School of Thought, 17-19 Hassan al-Banna, 126 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 116 Henderson, L.W., 61 Hickerson, J.D., 61 Hmeymin Air Base, 196 Ho Chi Minh, 69, 85 Hoover, H. Jr., 66, 71 Hoxha, Enver, 55 Human Terrain System, 31 Humphrey, G.M., 75 Hungarian Uprising, 1956, 15 I Imia crisis, 41, 87-95, 205 India Indian Ocean, 52, 185 Indochina War, 14 International Criminal Court, 18 International law, 18, 31, 73, 92 International Monetary Fund, 75, 157, 162 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 121, 134, 136,143-145, 205 Islamic Welfare Party (Refah Partisi), 91 Israel, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 72-76, 95, 110,123, 127, 141, 145, 182, 187,207 Italy in Libya, 130 J Jackson, A. Jacksonian School of Thought, 25 Jackson Day Dinner, 1920, 27 Jefferson, T. Jeffersonian school of thought, 23-26 Jihadism 9/11, 114, 119 Al Qaeda, 33,119, 143 Johnson, L.B., 5, 81, 86 К Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 80 Karamanlis, Kostas AL, 157 Kemal Pasha/Kemal Atatürk, 44, 56, 57 Kennedy, J.F., 33, 64, 118 Khaisek, Chiang, 67 Khaled Mohamed Said, 122,123 Khalifa Haftar, 134, 195 King Idris, 130 219 Klimov, Andrei, 127 Konstantinos П, 77 Korean War, 22 Kostas Simitis, 93,94 L Lausanne Treaty, 1923,57, 87, 90 Lawson, E.B., 69 League of Nations, 22, 27, 92 Lew, J„ 175,176 Libya F.C. Al-Ahly, Benghazi, 130 F.C. Al-Ahly, Tripoli, 130 Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (Al-Jama’a al Islamiyyah al МщаТаһ bi-Libya), 130 Louisiana Purchase, 1803,11 M Macmillan, H., 70, 75 MacVeagh, L., 56 Mahmoud El Nokrashy, 63 Mahmoud Jibril el-Warfally, 132 Makarios, Archbishop, 88, 89 Make America
Reliable Again (MARA), 206 Mao Tse Tung, 67 Marshall, G.C. Marshall Plan, 62, 200 Maury, J.M., 82 Mediterranean Sea, 1,4, 5,43, 49, 51, 52, 55, 60,144, 186,189, 192, 195 Menendez, R., 182 Menzies, R, Sir., 71 Merkel, A., 160,161, 169, 171, 172 Middle East, 5, 19, 23, 27,45, 46, 52, 53, 63, 64, 68, 72, 73, 84, 105,113,121, 127, 128,135, 141, 146,194, 198, 200, 202 Mitsotakis, Konstantinos, 90 Mohamed Bouazizi, 105,106,115 Mohamed Morsi, 126,195 Monroe Doctrine, 1823, 46 Montreux Convention, 1936, 58, 59 Morgan, F.E. Sir. KCB, 54 Mubarak, H. Sharm el֊Shaikh Conference, 2000,127 Muhammad Naguib, 64 Miirted Air Base, 204 Muslim Brotherhood, 63,112,126, 129, 140
220 N National Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi), 91 National Radical Union (Εθνική Ριζοσπαστική Ένωσις), 81 National Republican Greek League (Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος), 53 ΝΑΤΟ, 15,18, 31, 77, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 131,132, 134, 135, 143, 170, 174,184, 196,199, 203, 204, 206, 208 Nea Dimokratia (ΝΔ), 157 Niles, T., 93 Nixon, R., 88 North Korea, 11, 32 Nouri al-Maliqi, 117 Nutting, A., 73 О Obama, В. Al-Azhar University, 117 Barack Obama in Cairo, 32,117,125 Barack Obama in Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, 155,205 obamian school of thought, 30-33,118 Unversity of Cairo, 117, 118 Old World, 2, 3,11,13,16-18 Operation Black Arrow, 66 Operation Desert Shield, 19 Operation Desert Stomi, 19 Operation Inherent Resolve, 144 Operation Musketeer (Suez Crisis), 74, 76 Operation Neptune Spear, 33 Operation Odyssey Dawn, 132, 133, 135 Operation Peace Spring, 145, 205, 206 Operation Vittles, 8 Orthodox Christian Church, 19 Ottoman American Treaty of Trade and Navigation, 1830,46 Ottoman Empire Sublime Porte, 44,46 Young Turks, 110 Özal, Turgut, 204 P Pact of Amman, 1956,72 Paine, T., 13,48 Panagiotis Kammenos, 164 Panerta, L., 143 Panhellenic Socialist Party (ΠΑΣΟΚ), 157 Papadopoulos, G. (Lt. Colonel), 83 Papandreou, Andreas, 78, 81-84, 157 Index Papandreou, Georgios, 77, 80,157 Papandreou, Giorgos, 156,157 Pasha, K„ 88, 91, 200, 202 Pattakos, B.S., 83 Patterson, R., 61 Pearce, D.D., 166,175 Pearl Harbor, 1941, 29 Pentagon, 11,120,143 People’s Protection Units (Yekineyen Parastina Gel (Y.P.G)), 205 Pineau, Christian, 68 Pompeo, M„ 182,183,205
Potsdam Conference, 1945, 59 Prague Spring, 1968,15,163 Presbyterians, Armenian, 47 Protestantism, 18-20 Pyatt, G.R., 182,183 R Reagan, R., 118 Reformist Democracy Party (Islahatçı Demokrasi Partisi), 91 Retrenchment Doctrine (Obama), 128 Roman Catholic Church, 19 Roosevelt, F.D., 58, 60 Roundtree, W., 67 Rubio, M., 182 Rusk, D., 86 Russia Pessimistic Pragmatism, 192 ROSATOM, 195, 204 Russkiy Mir, 197 S-300,195,196 S-400, 182, 204 Tartus Naval Base, 195-196 S Sadam Hussein, 19 Samaras, Antonis, 90,159,161,162,171, 172 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 160, 171, 172 The Septemvriana, 1955, 88 Sharp Power, 190, 196, 198,199, 208 Shia Islam, 22, 140 Sidi Bouzid, 105-107 Smith, W.B., 60 Somalia, 1991, 28 South-Eastern Europe, 45, 90,174, 182,196 Soviet Union Red Army, 56, 60 Stalin, J., 55, 58, 59,173 State Department, 6,11, 67, 78, 84, 86, 93, 94, 111,116,117,123,124,131,142 Storchak, Sergei, 165
221 Index The Straits convention, 57 Crisis, 1945, 60 Straits of Tiran, 72 Strasbourg-Kehl Summit, 2009,170 Suez Crisis Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, 1956,67 Suez Canal Base Agreement, 1954, 65 Suleiman, O., 125 Sunni Islam, 113,140, 145 Syria Alawite, 139, 146 Hama’s massacre, 141,146 Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (P.Y.D)), 205 T Tahrir uprising, 123, 125,127,128, 195 Talbot, W.P., 82, 84 Tartus Naval Base, 195 Tehran Conference, 1943, 58 Tevfik Rustu Aras, 202 Thucydides Thucydides’ Stasis, 107, 108 Thucydides’ Trap, 188, 191 Tito, Josip Broz, 55 Transatlantic ideals, 2 Treaty of Paris, 1783, 3,43 Trujillo, Rafael, 85 Truman, H.S. Point IV Program, 67 Truman Doctrine, 8,41,52-62,95,156, 200 Trump, Donald Make America Great Again (MAGA), 181 Tsipras, Alexis, 161-169,171-173,175-177 Tufts Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 14 Tunisia, 49,105-107, 111, 115,116,122,123, 129, 141 Turkey Turkish narcissistic revisionism, 199,207,208 Varlik Vergisi, 87 Turkish narcissistic revisionism, 204 U Unified Democratic Left (Ενωμένη Δημοκρατική Αριστερά), 77 U.N. Security Council, 18, 73, 83, 88,132, 134 U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 (Responsibility to Protect), 134 U.S. Financial Crisis, 2008,115 U.S. Marines, 26,48,51,52 U.S. Navy Squadron in the Mediterranean, 1801,44 U.S. Sixth Fleet, 147,193,194 V Vandenberg, A., 61 Varoufakis, Y, 164-168,171,176 Venizelos, Evangelos, 171 Vietnam War Vietnam Syndrome, 25 Vladimir Chizhov, 205 Vladimir Putin, 127,198,206 von Bismarck, O., 28 Vyacheslav Molotov, 58 W Warsaw Pact, 15,18, 68,
90,193, 203 Washington, G., 5, 12,23,41 White House, 11,15, 21, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33, 50,58,61, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74,76, 86,94, 115, 117-121, 124-128,134, 135, 142-144, 146, 169-172,186, 194, 204,207 Wieser, T„ 167 Wilson, W. Wilsonian school of thought, 19-22, 26,132 Winthrop, J., 12 Wisner, C.F.G., 125 X Xiaoping, Den, 184 Xi Jinping, 186 Y Yalta Conference, 1945, 58 Yugoslav Civil War, 14, 90,117 Yugoslavia, 55, 63 Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanlı, 50 Z Zine El Abídine Ben Ali, 106 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt |
Contents 1 The Theoretical Foundations of the ILS. Foreign Policy. 1 2 3 2 1 Introduction. A Continental Country That Thoughtto Be an Island. The Three Pillars of Success. 3.1 Individualism. 3.2 Mobility. 3.3 Exceptionalism. 4 The Hamiltonian School of Thought. 5 The Wilsonian School of Thought. 6 The Jeffersonian School of Thought. 7 The Jacksonian School of Thought. 8 The Obamian School of Thought. 9 Conclusions. References. 1 2 6 7 9 12 17 19 23 25 30 33 34 The U.S. in the Eastern Mediterranean: Historical and Political Considerations. 41 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction. The U.S. and the Eastern Mediterranean: A Long and Steady
Entanglement. The Barbary War of 1801-1805. The Truman Doctrine and the Eastern Mediterranean: The Beginning of a New Era. 4.1 The Greek Case. 4.2 The Turkish Case. 4.3 Together We Stand. The Suez Crisis: New Ways vs. Old Habits. 5.1 The Egyptian Conundrum. 5.2 War Drums in Suez: The Climax of a Crisis That Never Meant to Occur. 41 42 48 52 53 56 61 62 63 67
x Contents 6 The Cradle of Democracy in Chains and the American Nonintervention. 7 The Greek Junta and the American Nonintervention. 8 The Imia Crisis and the Goal of Nonviolent Friction. 8.1 A Problematic Relation Since the Early Beginning. 8.2 Greece and Turkey: Parallel Courses of Profound Decadence. 8.3 Imia: A Deep Interstate Crisis and the American Intervention. 9 Conclusion. References. 77 79 87 87 89 91 94 95 3 Obama’s Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: The Cases of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. 103 1 Introduction. 103 2 The Arab Spring: A Conceptual Analysis. 104 2.1 Second Image Analysis. 108 2.2 Third Image Analysis. 113 3 The U.S. and the Arab Spring in the Eastern Mediterranean: A General Approach. 115 3.1 Even Monkeys
Fall from Trees. 116 3.2 Neither Able Nor Willing. 119 4 The Egyptian Spring. 122 5 The Libyan Spring. 129 6 The Syrian Spring. 136 7 Conciusion. 146 References. 147 4 The Greek Crisis of 2015: A European Drama and an American Deus Ex Machina. 1 Introduction. 2 The Greek Crisis: A Sisyphean Condition. 3 SYRIZA in Power: The Beginning of a New Start?. 4 The Role of the American Factor in the Greek Crisis: Leading from Above. 5 Conclusion. References. 5 The U.S. Facing the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Different Cases of China, Russia, and
Turkey. 1 Introduction. 2 The Sino-American Competition in the Eastern Mediterranean . 155 155 156 161 169 176 178 181 181 184
Contents xi 3 Russia vs. the U.S. in the Eastern Mediterranean: Moscow’s Sui Generis Revisionism. 4 The Turkish Neo-Revisionism in the Eastern Mediterranean. 5 Conclusion. References. 192 199 207 209 Epilogue. 213 Index. 217
Index A Abdullah I bin Al-Hussein of Jordan, 63 Acheson, D., 59, 61, 81 Adams, J.Q., 3, 6,13 Admiral Forrest Sherman, 60,61 Admiral Vladimir Vassorin, 194 Aegean Sea, 41, 90, 91,93,94,204 Afghanistan Taliban, 15, 22,120,121,132 Aleksandrovich, Daniil (Prince), 192 Algerian National Liberation Front (Jabhatu I-Tahriri I-Watani)., 68 Ali Sābri, 70 al-Nour Party, 126 American Civil War, 9,26 American College of Greece, 176 American identity American exceptionalism, 11,13-16, 23, 28,42, 142, 205 American individualism, 8 American missionary operations, 19, 20,47 American mobility, 11 dispensable nation, 10 American Moroccan treaty, 1786,45 American War of Independence American Declaration of Independence, 3, 6,7,13,23,41—43,49 Anatolia, 44, 56, 87 Ancien regime, 46,109, 162,177 Anschuetz, N., 78 Arab Spring, 27,103-147,171,181,194, 195, 206 Armistice of Mudros, 1918, 56 Asia Minor, 44, 56 Atatürk, К., 88, 91, 200, 202 Atlantic Ocean, 1, 3-5, 14, 16,18,43, 45-47, 55, 194 AVGI, 84 В Baathism, 139 Baker, J., 18 Balkans, 28, 46,54,57,60, 90, 115, 117, 189, 192, 202 Ball, G„ 81 Baltic states, 18, 165, 189 Bandwagoning for profit, 201-203 Barbary States First Barbary War, 52 Bartholomeos, E.P., 199 Basil al-Assad, 136 Bassar al-Assad, 127, 141 Battle of Derne, 1805,48 Ben-Gurio, D., 69, 76 Bevin, E., 54 Biden, J., 125, 126 Black Sea, 5,47,53,56,58-60,77, 146,194,206 Black Sea Fleet, 194 Britain, 3,12,25,43, 53-55,57,59-61, 66, 68-70,72-76, 87,95,108,129, 135,137,192, 193 Bush, G.H.W., 19,118, 120 Bush, G.W., 10,21, 117, 120,170, 204 Byrnes, J.F., 54, 60 Byroade, H.A., 66 C Capitol
Hil, 11, 86,120, 182 Care-free rider vs. free-rider, 135 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 S. N. Litsas, US Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36895-l 217
218 Canonica, Pietro, 57 Center Union (Ένωσις Κέντρου), 77, 80 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 82 Challe, Mauris, 73 China 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, 186 Belt and Road Initiative, 186 Century ofHumiliation, 188 Churchill, W, 55, 58, 161 Clark Kerr, A. Sir., 53 Clinton, B., 117, 204 Clinton, H., 121,123, 125,126, 132, 143 Coalition of Radical Left (ΣΥΡΙΖΑ), 161 Colonel Gamal Abd al-Nasser, 63 Convention of Constantinople, 1888, 65 Countering America ’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, 2017 (CAATSA), 204 Cyprus Cypriot Question, 71, 79, 88 Enosis, 79, 87, 88 Greek Armed Forces in Cyprus (ΕΛΔΥΚ), 89 Tripartite Conference in London, 1955, 87 Turkish Invasion, 1974, 86, 88, 89 D Demirel, Süleyman, 204 Democratic Left Party (ΔΗΜΑΡ), 159 Democratic Peace Theory, 22,117 Deraa, 141-143 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 12,14 Dijsselbloem, Jeroen, 165 Dionysios Solomos, 41 Dodecanese islands, 91,92, 203 Dogru Yol Partisi (Ture Path Party), 91 E Eaton, W„ 51 Eden, A., 65, 69, 70, 73-75 Edward Church, 49 Egypt Aswan Dam, 66-69, 76 Coptic Church, 123 Eisenhower, D.D., 64, 65, 67-71, 73, 74, 76, 124 Erbakan, Necmettin, 91 Erdegün, Mehmet, 59 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 91, 206 Eurozone, 156-158, 160, 161, 167-175,177, !78, 194 Index F Farouk I, 63 Fear (Φόβος), 119 Forres tal, J., 61 Fort Mims massacre, 1813, 29 France, 3,4,11,15,16,43,50,68-70,72-76, 95,108,129,135,137,175,192,193 Franco-American Quasi-War, 50 The Freedom and Justice Party (Hizb al-Hurriyyah wa al-Adala), 126 G Gaddafi, Muamar, 85,130,131 Gazier, A., 73 Geithner, T., 172 General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, 195 General
Lauris Norstad, 61 Germany, 16, 29, 53, 57, 70, 126,129,134, 135, 160, 161,170, 171,173-177, 192 Offshore Balancer, 170 Ordoliberalism, 160,175, 177 Weimar Republic, 57 G-8 Genoa Conference, 2001,163 Ghonim, Wael, 122 Gorbachev, M., 18 Greek anti-Americanism 17 of November, 85 Greek Civil War Battle of Athens, December, 1944, 54 Greek Democratic Army (Δημοκρατικός Στρατός), 53, 54, 79 Greek People’s Liberation Army (Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός), 53 Greek Communist Party (Κομουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδος), 53, 77, 78, 80, 163 Greek economic crisis GREXIT, 156, 171-174 Glorified defeat, 174 Greek Evangelicals, 47 Greek junta Greek State’s Intelligence Service (ΚΥΠ), 83 Greek Revolution, 1821, 12 Gunboat Diplomacy, 11 H Hafez al-Assad, 112,138-140,146 Halki Seminary, 199
Index Hamilton, A. Hamiltonian School of Thought, 17-19 Hassan al-Banna, 126 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 116 Henderson, L.W., 61 Hickerson, J.D., 61 Hmeymin Air Base, 196 Ho Chi Minh, 69, 85 Hoover, H. Jr., 66, 71 Hoxha, Enver, 55 Human Terrain System, 31 Humphrey, G.M., 75 Hungarian Uprising, 1956, 15 I Imia crisis, 41, 87-95, 205 India Indian Ocean, 52, 185 Indochina War, 14 International Criminal Court, 18 International law, 18, 31, 73, 92 International Monetary Fund, 75, 157, 162 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 121, 134, 136,143-145, 205 Islamic Welfare Party (Refah Partisi), 91 Israel, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 72-76, 95, 110,123, 127, 141, 145, 182, 187,207 Italy in Libya, 130 J Jackson, A. Jacksonian School of Thought, 25 Jackson Day Dinner, 1920, 27 Jefferson, T. Jeffersonian school of thought, 23-26 Jihadism 9/11, 114, 119 Al Qaeda, 33,119, 143 Johnson, L.B., 5, 81, 86 К Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 80 Karamanlis, Kostas AL, 157 Kemal Pasha/Kemal Atatürk, 44, 56, 57 Kennedy, J.F., 33, 64, 118 Khaisek, Chiang, 67 Khaled Mohamed Said, 122,123 Khalifa Haftar, 134, 195 King Idris, 130 219 Klimov, Andrei, 127 Konstantinos П, 77 Korean War, 22 Kostas Simitis, 93,94 L Lausanne Treaty, 1923,57, 87, 90 Lawson, E.B., 69 League of Nations, 22, 27, 92 Lew, J„ 175,176 Libya F.C. Al-Ahly, Benghazi, 130 F.C. Al-Ahly, Tripoli, 130 Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (Al-Jama’a al Islamiyyah al МщаТаһ bi-Libya), 130 Louisiana Purchase, 1803,11 M Macmillan, H., 70, 75 MacVeagh, L., 56 Mahmoud El Nokrashy, 63 Mahmoud Jibril el-Warfally, 132 Makarios, Archbishop, 88, 89 Make America
Reliable Again (MARA), 206 Mao Tse Tung, 67 Marshall, G.C. Marshall Plan, 62, 200 Maury, J.M., 82 Mediterranean Sea, 1,4, 5,43, 49, 51, 52, 55, 60,144, 186,189, 192, 195 Menendez, R., 182 Menzies, R, Sir., 71 Merkel, A., 160,161, 169, 171, 172 Middle East, 5, 19, 23, 27,45, 46, 52, 53, 63, 64, 68, 72, 73, 84, 105,113,121, 127, 128,135, 141, 146,194, 198, 200, 202 Mitsotakis, Konstantinos, 90 Mohamed Bouazizi, 105,106,115 Mohamed Morsi, 126,195 Monroe Doctrine, 1823, 46 Montreux Convention, 1936, 58, 59 Morgan, F.E. Sir. KCB, 54 Mubarak, H. Sharm el֊Shaikh Conference, 2000,127 Muhammad Naguib, 64 Miirted Air Base, 204 Muslim Brotherhood, 63,112,126, 129, 140
220 N National Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi), 91 National Radical Union (Εθνική Ριζοσπαστική Ένωσις), 81 National Republican Greek League (Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικός Σύνδεσμος), 53 ΝΑΤΟ, 15,18, 31, 77, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 131,132, 134, 135, 143, 170, 174,184, 196,199, 203, 204, 206, 208 Nea Dimokratia (ΝΔ), 157 Niles, T., 93 Nixon, R., 88 North Korea, 11, 32 Nouri al-Maliqi, 117 Nutting, A., 73 О Obama, В. Al-Azhar University, 117 Barack Obama in Cairo, 32,117,125 Barack Obama in Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, 155,205 obamian school of thought, 30-33,118 Unversity of Cairo, 117, 118 Old World, 2, 3,11,13,16-18 Operation Black Arrow, 66 Operation Desert Shield, 19 Operation Desert Stomi, 19 Operation Inherent Resolve, 144 Operation Musketeer (Suez Crisis), 74, 76 Operation Neptune Spear, 33 Operation Odyssey Dawn, 132, 133, 135 Operation Peace Spring, 145, 205, 206 Operation Vittles, 8 Orthodox Christian Church, 19 Ottoman American Treaty of Trade and Navigation, 1830,46 Ottoman Empire Sublime Porte, 44,46 Young Turks, 110 Özal, Turgut, 204 P Pact of Amman, 1956,72 Paine, T., 13,48 Panagiotis Kammenos, 164 Panerta, L., 143 Panhellenic Socialist Party (ΠΑΣΟΚ), 157 Papadopoulos, G. (Lt. Colonel), 83 Papandreou, Andreas, 78, 81-84, 157 Index Papandreou, Georgios, 77, 80,157 Papandreou, Giorgos, 156,157 Pasha, K„ 88, 91, 200, 202 Pattakos, B.S., 83 Patterson, R., 61 Pearce, D.D., 166,175 Pearl Harbor, 1941, 29 Pentagon, 11,120,143 People’s Protection Units (Yekineyen Parastina Gel (Y.P.G)), 205 Pineau, Christian, 68 Pompeo, M„ 182,183,205
Potsdam Conference, 1945, 59 Prague Spring, 1968,15,163 Presbyterians, Armenian, 47 Protestantism, 18-20 Pyatt, G.R., 182,183 R Reagan, R., 118 Reformist Democracy Party (Islahatçı Demokrasi Partisi), 91 Retrenchment Doctrine (Obama), 128 Roman Catholic Church, 19 Roosevelt, F.D., 58, 60 Roundtree, W., 67 Rubio, M., 182 Rusk, D., 86 Russia Pessimistic Pragmatism, 192 ROSATOM, 195, 204 Russkiy Mir, 197 S-300,195,196 S-400, 182, 204 Tartus Naval Base, 195-196 S Sadam Hussein, 19 Samaras, Antonis, 90,159,161,162,171, 172 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 160, 171, 172 The Septemvriana, 1955, 88 Sharp Power, 190, 196, 198,199, 208 Shia Islam, 22, 140 Sidi Bouzid, 105-107 Smith, W.B., 60 Somalia, 1991, 28 South-Eastern Europe, 45, 90,174, 182,196 Soviet Union Red Army, 56, 60 Stalin, J., 55, 58, 59,173 State Department, 6,11, 67, 78, 84, 86, 93, 94, 111,116,117,123,124,131,142 Storchak, Sergei, 165
221 Index The Straits convention, 57 Crisis, 1945, 60 Straits of Tiran, 72 Strasbourg-Kehl Summit, 2009,170 Suez Crisis Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, 1956,67 Suez Canal Base Agreement, 1954, 65 Suleiman, O., 125 Sunni Islam, 113,140, 145 Syria Alawite, 139, 146 Hama’s massacre, 141,146 Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (P.Y.D)), 205 T Tahrir uprising, 123, 125,127,128, 195 Talbot, W.P., 82, 84 Tartus Naval Base, 195 Tehran Conference, 1943, 58 Tevfik Rustu Aras, 202 Thucydides Thucydides’ Stasis, 107, 108 Thucydides’ Trap, 188, 191 Tito, Josip Broz, 55 Transatlantic ideals, 2 Treaty of Paris, 1783, 3,43 Trujillo, Rafael, 85 Truman, H.S. Point IV Program, 67 Truman Doctrine, 8,41,52-62,95,156, 200 Trump, Donald Make America Great Again (MAGA), 181 Tsipras, Alexis, 161-169,171-173,175-177 Tufts Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 14 Tunisia, 49,105-107, 111, 115,116,122,123, 129, 141 Turkey Turkish narcissistic revisionism, 199,207,208 Varlik Vergisi, 87 Turkish narcissistic revisionism, 204 U Unified Democratic Left (Ενωμένη Δημοκρατική Αριστερά), 77 U.N. Security Council, 18, 73, 83, 88,132, 134 U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 (Responsibility to Protect), 134 U.S. Financial Crisis, 2008,115 U.S. Marines, 26,48,51,52 U.S. Navy Squadron in the Mediterranean, 1801,44 U.S. Sixth Fleet, 147,193,194 V Vandenberg, A., 61 Varoufakis, Y, 164-168,171,176 Venizelos, Evangelos, 171 Vietnam War Vietnam Syndrome, 25 Vladimir Chizhov, 205 Vladimir Putin, 127,198,206 von Bismarck, O., 28 Vyacheslav Molotov, 58 W Warsaw Pact, 15,18, 68,
90,193, 203 Washington, G., 5, 12,23,41 White House, 11,15, 21, 22, 24, 30, 32, 33, 50,58,61, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74,76, 86,94, 115, 117-121, 124-128,134, 135, 142-144, 146, 169-172,186, 194, 204,207 Wieser, T„ 167 Wilson, W. Wilsonian school of thought, 19-22, 26,132 Winthrop, J., 12 Wisner, C.F.G., 125 X Xiaoping, Den, 184 Xi Jinping, 186 Y Yalta Conference, 1945, 58 Yugoslav Civil War, 14, 90,117 Yugoslavia, 55, 63 Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanlı, 50 Z Zine El Abídine Ben Ali, 106 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Litsas, Spyridōn N. 1974- |
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| spelling | Litsas, Spyridōn N. 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1036321584 aut US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun Spyridon N. Litsas Cham, Switzerland Springer [2020] © 2020 xi, 221 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Sparpolitik (DE-588)4431627-6 gnd rswk-swf Schuldenkrise (DE-588)4200280-1 gnd rswk-swf Machtpolitik (DE-588)4168427-8 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Levante (DE-588)4196563-2 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Schuldenkrise (DE-588)4200280-1 s Sparpolitik (DE-588)4431627-6 s DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Machtpolitik (DE-588)4168427-8 s Levante (DE-588)4196563-2 g Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-36895-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032576208&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032576208&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Litsas, Spyridōn N. 1974- US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Sparpolitik (DE-588)4431627-6 gnd Schuldenkrise (DE-588)4200280-1 gnd Machtpolitik (DE-588)4168427-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4431627-6 (DE-588)4200280-1 (DE-588)4168427-8 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4196563-2 (DE-588)4022047-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun |
| title_auth | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun |
| title_exact_search | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun |
| title_exact_search_txtP | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun |
| title_full | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun Spyridon N. Litsas |
| title_fullStr | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun Spyridon N. Litsas |
| title_full_unstemmed | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun Spyridon N. Litsas |
| title_short | US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean |
| title_sort | us foreign policy in the eastern mediterranean power politics and ideology under the sun |
| title_sub | power politics and ideology under the sun |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Sparpolitik (DE-588)4431627-6 gnd Schuldenkrise (DE-588)4200280-1 gnd Machtpolitik (DE-588)4168427-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Sparpolitik Schuldenkrise Machtpolitik USA Levante Griechenland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032576208&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032576208&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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