Contemporary linguistics: an introduction
Language : a preview -- Phonetics : the sounds of language -- Phonology : contrasts and patterns -- Morphology : the analysis of word structure -- Syntax : the analysis of sentence structure -- Semantics : the analysis of meaning -- The classification of languages -- Historical linguistics : the stu...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Boston ; New York
Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning
[2017]
|
| Ausgabe: | Seventh edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Language : a preview -- Phonetics : the sounds of language -- Phonology : contrasts and patterns -- Morphology : the analysis of word structure -- Syntax : the analysis of sentence structure -- Semantics : the analysis of meaning -- The classification of languages -- Historical linguistics : the study of language change -- First language acquistion -- Second language acquisition -- Psycholinguistics : the study of language processing -- Brain and language -- Language in social contexts -- Writing and language |
| Beschreibung: | xxxiii, 636 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781319039776 1319039774 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Contemporary linguistics |b an introduction |c edited by William O'Grady (University of Hawaii at Manoa) and John Archibald (University of Calgary) ; U.S. edition prepared by Mark Aronoff (State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Janie Rees-Miller (Marietta College) |
| 250 | |a Seventh edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston ; New York |b Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning |c [2017] | |
| 300 | |a xxxiii, 636 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
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| 520 | 3 | |a Language : a preview -- Phonetics : the sounds of language -- Phonology : contrasts and patterns -- Morphology : the analysis of word structure -- Syntax : the analysis of sentence structure -- Semantics : the analysis of meaning -- The classification of languages -- Historical linguistics : the study of language change -- First language acquistion -- Second language acquisition -- Psycholinguistics : the study of language processing -- Brain and language -- Language in social contexts -- Writing and language | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182251113545728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTEMPORARY
LINGUISTICS
AN INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
Edited by
William O’Grady
University of Hawaii at Manoa
and
John Archibald
University of Calgary
U S edition prepared by
Mark Aronoff
State University of New York at Stony Brook
and
Janie Rees-Miller
Marietta College
bedford/st martin’s
Macmillan Learning
Boston | New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Preface to the First Edition xiii
List of Technical Abbreviations xxix
Language Matters Boxes xxxi
one
Language: a preview 1
1 Specialization for Language 2
2 A Creative System 3
3 Grammar and Linguistic Competence 6
3 1 Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar 7
3 2 Parity: All Grammars Are Equal 8
3 3 Universality: All Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways 9
3 4 Mutability: All Grammars Change over Time 10
3 5 Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious 12
Summing Up 13
Key Terms 13
Recommended Reading 13
Exercises 13
two
Phonetics: the sounds of language 17
1 Phonetic Transcription 18
1 1 Units of Representation 19
1 2 Segments 19
2 The Sound-Producing System 20
2 1 The Lungs 21
2 2 The Larynx 21
2 3 Glottal States 22
3 Sound Classes 24
3 1 Vowels and Consonants 24
3 2 Glides 25
4 Consonant Articulation 26
4 1 The Tongue 26
4 2 Places of Articulation 27
XV
CONTENTS
5 Manners of Articulation 29
5 1 Oral versus Nasal Phones 29
5 2 Stops 29
5 3 Fricatives 30
5 4 Affricates 32
5 5 Voice Lag and Aspiration 32
5 6 Liquids 35
5 7 Syllabic Liquids and Nasals 36
5 8 Glides 37
6 Vowels 38
6 1 Simple Vowels and Diphthongs 39
6 2 Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels 40
6 3 Tense and Lax Vowels 41
7 Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels 43
8 Suprasegmentals 45
8 1 Pitch: Tone and Intonation 45
8 2 Length 49
8 3 Stress 50
9 Speech Production 51
9 1 Coarticulation 51
9 2 Processes 51
9 3 Some Common Articulatory Processes 52
10 Other Vowels and Consonants 56
Summing Up 57
Key Terms 58
Recommended Reading 60
Appendix: Dialectal Variation in Pronunciation of Vowels 60
Exercises 63
For the Student Linguist 66
three
Phonology: contrasts and patterns 69
1 Segments 70
1 1 Phonemes and Allophones 70
1 2 Minimal Pairs 72
1 3 Complementary Distribution 73
1 4 Language-Specific Contrasts 74
1 5 In the Absence of Minimal Pairs 76
1 6 Differences in the Distribution of Allophones across Languages 77
1 7 Phonetic and Phonemic Representations 78
2 Syllables 79
2 1 Types of Syllable Patterns 80
2 2 Syllable Structure 81
CONTENTS xvii
2 3 Basic Syllables 84
2 4 Syllables with a More Complex Structure 86
2 5 Stress and Syllables 86
2 6 Syllable-Based Phonology 89
3 Features 91
3 1 Features as Phonetically Grounded Elements 91
3 2 Feature Representations 94
4 Derivations and Rules 102
4 1 Derivations 102
4 2 The Form of Rules 103
Slimming Up 105
Key Terms 106
Recommended Reading 107
Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems 107
Exercises 111
For the Student Linguist 119
four
Morphology: the analysis of word structure 121
1 Words and Word Structure 122
1 1 Morphemes 123
1 2 Analyzing Word Structure 125
2 Derivation 129
2 1 Some English Derivational Affixes 130
2 2 Two Classes of Derivational Affixes 133
3 Compounding 134
3 1 Properties of Compounds 136
3 2 Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds 136
3 3 Compounds in Other Languages 137
4 Inflection 138
4 1 Inflection in English 138
4 2 Inflection versus Derivation 139
4 3 Other Inflectional Phenomena 141
5 Other Morphological Phenomena 142
5 1 Processes Primarily Related to Inflection 142
5 2 Other Processes 145
6 Morphophonemics 151
Summing Up 151
Key Terms 152
Recommended Reading 153
Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages 153
Exercises 154
For the Student Linguist 163
CONTENTS
five
Syntax: the analysis of sentence structure
1 Categories and Structure
1 1 Categories of Words
1 2 Phrase Structure
1 3 Sentences
1 4 Tests for Phrase Structure
2 Complement Options
2 1 Complement Options for Verbs
2 2 Complement Options for Other Categories
2 3 Complement Clauses
3 Move
3 1 Yes-No Questions
3 2 Wh Questions
3 3 Deep Structure and Surface Structure
4 Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation
4 1 Verb Raising
5 Some Additional Structures
5 1 Modifiers
5 2 Relative Clauses
5 3 Passives
5 4 VP-Internal Subjects
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures
Exercises
For the Student Linguist
S i X
Semantics: the analysis of meaning
1 The Nature of Meaning
1 1 Semantic Relations among Words
1 2 Semantic Relations Involving Sentences
1 3 What Is Meaning?
2 The Conceptual System
2 1 Fuzzy Concepts
2 2 Metaphor
2 3 The Lexicalization of Concepts
2 4 Grammatical Concepts
CONTENTS xix
3 Syntax and Sentence Interpretation 235
3 1 Constructional Meaning 236
3 2 Structural Ambiguity 238
3 3 Thematic Roles 238
3 4 The Interpretation of Pronouns 242
4 Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation 245
4 1 The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes 245
4 2 Setting 246
4 3 Discourse 247
4 4 Grice s Conversational Maxims 249
Summing Up 251
Key Terms 251
Recommended Reading 252
Exercises 253
For the Student Linguist 257
seven
261The classification of languages
Basic Issues and Concerns 262
1 1 Dialect and Language 262
1 2 The Threat to Human Linguistic Diversity 262
1 3 Types of Classification 265
Typological Classification 267
2 1 Phonology 267
2 2 Morphology 274
2 3 Syntax 276
2 4 Explaining Universals 280
Genetic Classification 283
3 1 The Indo-European Family 284
3 2 Some Other Families 289
3 3 Language Phyla 292
Summing Up 292
Key Terms 293
Recommended Reading 293
Exercises 294
eight
Historical linguistics: the study of language change 297
1 The Nature of Language Change
1 1 Systematicity of Language Change
1 2 Causes of Language Change
2 Sound Change 301
2 1 Sequential Change 303
2 2 Segmental Change 308
2 3 Auditorily Based Change 309
2 4 Phonetic versus Phonological Change 309
2 5 Explaining Phonological Shift 311
2 6 Sound Change and Rule Ordering 311
3 Morphological Change 312
3 1 Addition of Affixes 312
3 2 Loss of Affixes 313
3 3 Analogy 314
3 4 Reanalysis 315
4 Syntactic Change 316
4 1 Word Order 316
4 2 Inversion in the History of English 318
5 Lexical and Semantic Change 319
5 1 Addition of Lexical Items 319
5 2 Loss of Lexical Items 323
5 3 Semantic Change 324
6 The Spread of Change 326
6 1 Diffusion through the Language 326
6 2 Spread through the Population 328
7 Language Reconstruction 329
7 1 Comparative Reconstruction 329
7 2 Techniques of Reconstruction 330
7 3 Internal Reconstruction 335
8 Language Change and Naturalness 336
Slimming Up 337
Key Terms 338
Recommended Reading 339
Exercises 340
nine
347First language acquisition
1 The Study of Language Acquisition 348
1 1 Methods 349
2 Phonological Development 352
2 1 Babbling 352
2 2 Developmental Order 353
2 3 Early Phonetic Processes 354
3 Vocabulary Development 357
3 1 Strategies for Acquiring Word Meaning 358
3 2 Meaning Errors 360
CONTENTS xxi
4 Morphological Development 364
4 1 Overgeneralization 364
42A Developmental Sequence 365
4 3 Word Formation Processes 367
5 Syntactic Development 368
5 1 The One-Word Stage 368
5 2 The Two-Word Stage 369
5 3 The Telegraphic Stage 370
5 4 Later Development 372
5 5 The Interpretation of Sentence Structure 373
6 What Makes Language Acquisition Possible? 376
6 1 The Role of Experience 376
6 2 The Role of Feedback 378
6 3 The Role of Cognitive Development 380
6 4 The Role of Inborn Knowledge 381
6 5 Is There a Critical Period? 383
Slimming Up 384
Key Terms 384
Recommended Reading 384
Exercises 385
te n
Second language acquisition 389
1 The Study of Second Language Acquisition 390
1 1 The Role of the First Language 391
1 2 The Nature of an Interlanguage 391
1 3 The Final State 392
1 4 Variation in Performance 394
2 Interlanguage Grammars 395
2 1 L2 Phonology 396
2 2 L2 Syntax 401
2 3 L2 Morphology 405
2 4 Morphology and Syntax 408
3 Factors Affecting SLA 409
3 1 Age 410
3 2 Individual Differences 411
4 The L2 Classroom 413
4 1 Focus on Form 414
4 2 Education in a Bilingual Environment 415
Summing Up 419
Key Terms 420
Recommended Reading 421
Exercises 421
CONTENTS
eleven
Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing 425
1 Methods of Psycholinguistic Research 426
1 1 Field Methods: Slips of the Tongue 426
1 2 Experimental Methods: Words in the Mind 428
1 3 Experimental Methods: Sentence Processing 431
1 4 Brain Activity: Event-Related Potentials 433
1 5 Language Corpora and Databases 435
2 Language Processing and Linguistics 436
2 1 Phonetics and Phonology 437
2 2 Morphological Processing 439
2 3 Syntax 443
3 Putting It All Together: Psycholinguistic Modeling 446
3 1 The Use of Metaphors in Psycholinguistic Modeling 447
3 2 Which Model Is Right? 451
Summing Up 452
Key Terms 453
Recommended Reading 453
Exercises 453
twelve
Brain and language 455
1 The Human Brain 456
1 1 The Cerebral Cortex 456
1 2 The Cerebral Hemispheres 457
1 3 The Lobes of the Cortex 459
2 Investigating the Brain 460
2 1 Autopsy Studies 461
2 2 Images of the Living Brain 463
2 3 Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections 465
3 Aphasia 467
3 1 Nonfluent Aphasia 467
3 2 Fluent Aphasia 470
4 Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia 472
4 1 Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia 472
4 2 Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit 473
5 Linguistic Theory and Aphasia 474
5 1 Features, Morphemes, and Meaning 474
5 2 Agrammatism 475
CONTENTS xxiii
5 3 The Loss of Syntactic Competence 475
5 4 Agrammatism in Other Languages 476
6 Language in the Brain: What s Where? 476
Summing Up 478
Key Terms 479
Recommended Reading 480
Exercises 480
thirteen
Language in social contexts 483
1 Language Variation and Social Distinctions 485
2 Place 488
2 1 The Origins of North American English 488
2 2 Regional Variation in Lexical Items 491
2 3 Regional Variation in Phonology 491
2 4 Regional Differences in Morphology and Syntax 493
3 Time 494
4 Isolation 497
4 1 Physical Isolation: The Case of Smith Island 497
4 2 Linguistic Isolation: The Case of Quebec French 498
4 3 Social Isolation: The Case of Urban African American English 500
5 Contact 501
5 1 Code-Switching and Borrowing 501
5 2 Contact Languages: Mixed Languages, Lingua Francas, Pidgins,
and Creoles 502
6 Distinctions within a Community: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender 508
6 1 Class 508
6 2 Ethnicity: The Case of African American English 510
6 3 Gender 514
6 4 Situation-Specific Factors 516
7 Social Interaction and Language 516
7 1 Ethnography of Communication 517
7 2 Ethnomethodology 517
7 3 Solidarity and Power 518
8 How Societies Deal with Language 520
Summing Up 524
Key Terms 524
Recommended Reading 526
Exercises 526
iv CONTENTS
fourteen
Writing and language 531
1 Types of Writing 532
1 1 Logographic Writing 532
1 2 Phonographic Writing 532
2 The Early History of Writing 534
2 1 Prewriting 534
2 2 Pictograms 535
3 The Evolution of Writing 536
3 1 Rebuses and the Emergence of Writing 537
3 2 Toward Syllabic Writing 538
3 3 Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphs 539
3 4 The Emergence of Alphabets 540
4 Some Non-European Writing Systems 543
4 1 Chinese Writing 543
4 2 Japanese Writing 545
4 3 Korean Writing 547
4 4 Cherokee Writing 548
5 English Orthography 548
5 1 Irregularities 548
5 2 Obstacles to Reform 551
6 Writing and Reading 553
Summing Up 555
Key Terms 556
Recommended Reading 556
Exercises 557
fi fteen
Indigenous languages of north America
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Origin and Classification
1 1 Ultimate Origins
1 2 Historical Relationships in North America
2 Phonetics and Phonology
2 1 Velar, Uvular, and Pharyngeal Articulations
2 2 Lateral Fricatives
2 3 Glottalized Stops and Affricates (Ejectives)
2 4 Vowels and Suprasegmental Features
2 5 Sounds Not Frequently Found
CONTENTS XXV
3 Morphology and Syntax
3 1 The Structure of Words
3 2 Grammatical Categories
3 3 Pronominal Systems
3 4 Noun Classification
4 The Future of Indigenous North American Languages
Slimming Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
sixteen
Sign languages
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at laimchpadworks com]
1 Phonology
1 1 Formational Elements
1 2 Combining Formational Elements
1 3 Prosody
2 Morphology
2 1 Word Formation
2 2 Verb Agreement
2 3 Classifier Constructions
3 Syntax
3 1 Recursion
3 2 Word Order
3 3 Sign Language and Universal Grammar
4 Language as an Art Form: Sign Language Poetry
5 New Sign Languages
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
seventeen
Animal communication
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Nonvocal communication
2 Communication Structure: The Study of Signs
2 1 Signs
2 2 Types of Signs
xxvi CONTENTS
2 3 Sign Structure
24A View of Animal Communication
3 The Bees
3 1 The System
3 1 Bees and Humans
4 The Birds
4 1 Bird Vocalization
4 2 Birds and Humans
5 Nonhuman Primates
5 1 Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication
5 2 Prosimian Communication
5 3 Monkeys
5 4 Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees
6 Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability
6 1 Sign Language
6 2 Nonsigning Experiments
6 3 The Clever Hans Controversy
6 4 The Great Ape Debate
6 5 Implications
7 Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features
7 1 The Features
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Eighteen
Computational linguistics
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Computational Phonetics and Phonology
1 1 The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis
1 2 Speech Recognition
2 Computational Morphology
2 1 Morphological Processes
2 2 Some Problems in Computational Morphology
3 Computational Syntax
3 1 Data and Resources
3 2 Natural Language Analysis
3 3 Natural Language Generation
3 4 The Role of Syntax and Semantics
4 Computational Lexicography
CONTENTS xxvii
5 Computational Semantics
6 Pragmatics
6 1 Reference Resolution
6 2 Discourse Markers
6 3 Spoken Dialogue
7 Applications of Computational Linguistics
7 1 Indexing and Concordances
7 2 Automatic Summarization
7 3 Machine Translation
7 4 Spoken-Dialogue Systems
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Glossary 559
Sources 593
Language Index 611
Index 617
|
| adam_txt |
CONTEMPORARY
LINGUISTICS
AN INTRODUCTION
SEVENTH EDITION
Edited by
William O’Grady
University of Hawaii at Manoa
and
John Archibald
University of Calgary
U S edition prepared by
Mark Aronoff
State University of New York at Stony Brook
and
Janie Rees-Miller
Marietta College
bedford/st martin’s
Macmillan Learning
Boston | New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Preface to the First Edition xiii
List of Technical Abbreviations xxix
Language Matters Boxes xxxi
one
Language: a preview 1
1 Specialization for Language 2
2 A Creative System 3
3 Grammar and Linguistic Competence 6
3 1 Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar 7
3 2 Parity: All Grammars Are Equal 8
3 3 Universality: All Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways 9
3 4 Mutability: All Grammars Change over Time 10
3 5 Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious 12
Summing Up 13
Key Terms 13
Recommended Reading 13
Exercises 13
two
Phonetics: the sounds of language 17
1 Phonetic Transcription 18
1 1 Units of Representation 19
1 2 Segments 19
2 The Sound-Producing System 20
2 1 The Lungs 21
2 2 The Larynx 21
2 3 Glottal States 22
3 Sound Classes 24
3 1 Vowels and Consonants 24
3 2 Glides 25
4 Consonant Articulation 26
4 1 The Tongue 26
4 2 Places of Articulation 27
XV
CONTENTS
5 Manners of Articulation 29
5 1 Oral versus Nasal Phones 29
5 2 Stops 29
5 3 Fricatives 30
5 4 Affricates 32
5 5 Voice Lag and Aspiration 32
5 6 Liquids 35
5 7 Syllabic Liquids and Nasals 36
5 8 Glides 37
6 Vowels 38
6 1 Simple Vowels and Diphthongs 39
6 2 Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels 40
6 3 Tense and Lax Vowels 41
7 Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels 43
8 Suprasegmentals 45
8 1 Pitch: Tone and Intonation 45
8 2 Length 49
8 3 Stress 50
9 Speech Production 51
9 1 Coarticulation 51
9 2 Processes 51
9 3 Some Common Articulatory Processes 52
10 Other Vowels and Consonants 56
Summing Up 57
Key Terms 58
Recommended Reading 60
Appendix: Dialectal Variation in Pronunciation of Vowels 60
Exercises 63
For the Student Linguist 66
three
Phonology: contrasts and patterns 69
1 Segments 70
1 1 Phonemes and Allophones 70
1 2 Minimal Pairs 72
1 3 Complementary Distribution 73
1 4 Language-Specific Contrasts 74
1 5 In the Absence of Minimal Pairs 76
1 6 Differences in the Distribution of Allophones across Languages 77
1 7 Phonetic and Phonemic Representations 78
2 Syllables 79
2 1 Types of Syllable Patterns 80
2 2 Syllable Structure 81
CONTENTS xvii
2 3 Basic Syllables 84
2 4 Syllables with a More Complex Structure 86
2 5 Stress and Syllables 86
2 6 Syllable-Based Phonology 89
3 Features 91
3 1 Features as Phonetically Grounded Elements 91
3 2 Feature Representations 94
4 Derivations and Rules 102
4 1 Derivations 102
4 2 The Form of Rules 103
Slimming Up 105
Key Terms 106
Recommended Reading 107
Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems 107
Exercises 111
For the Student Linguist 119
four
Morphology: the analysis of word structure 121
1 Words and Word Structure 122
1 1 Morphemes 123
1 2 Analyzing Word Structure 125
2 Derivation 129
2 1 Some English Derivational Affixes 130
2 2 Two Classes of Derivational Affixes 133
3 Compounding 134
3 1 Properties of Compounds 136
3 2 Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds 136
3 3 Compounds in Other Languages 137
4 Inflection 138
4 1 Inflection in English 138
4 2 Inflection versus Derivation 139
4 3 Other Inflectional Phenomena 141
5 Other Morphological Phenomena 142
5 1 Processes Primarily Related to Inflection 142
5 2 Other Processes 145
6 Morphophonemics 151
Summing Up 151
Key Terms 152
Recommended Reading 153
Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages 153
Exercises 154
For the Student Linguist 163
CONTENTS
five
Syntax: the analysis of sentence structure
1 Categories and Structure
1 1 Categories of Words
1 2 Phrase Structure
1 3 Sentences
1 4 Tests for Phrase Structure
2 Complement Options
2 1 Complement Options for Verbs
2 2 Complement Options for Other Categories
2 3 Complement Clauses
3 Move
3 1 Yes-No Questions
3 2 Wh Questions
3 3 Deep Structure and Surface Structure
4 Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation
4 1 Verb Raising
5 Some Additional Structures
5 1 Modifiers
5 2 Relative Clauses
5 3 Passives
5 4 VP-Internal Subjects
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures
Exercises
For the Student Linguist
S i X
Semantics: the analysis of meaning
1 The Nature of Meaning
1 1 Semantic Relations among Words
1 2 Semantic Relations Involving Sentences
1 3 What Is Meaning?
2 The Conceptual System
2 1 Fuzzy Concepts
2 2 Metaphor
2 3 The Lexicalization of Concepts
2 4 Grammatical Concepts
CONTENTS xix
3 Syntax and Sentence Interpretation 235
3 1 Constructional Meaning 236
3 2 Structural Ambiguity 238
3 3 Thematic Roles 238
3 4 The Interpretation of Pronouns 242
4 Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation 245
4 1 The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes 245
4 2 Setting 246
4 3 Discourse 247
4 4 Grice's Conversational Maxims 249
Summing Up 251
Key Terms 251
Recommended Reading 252
Exercises 253
For the Student Linguist 257
seven
261The classification of languages
Basic Issues and Concerns 262
1 1 Dialect and Language 262
1 2 The Threat to Human Linguistic Diversity 262
1 3 Types of Classification 265
Typological Classification 267
2 1 Phonology 267
2 2 Morphology 274
2 3 Syntax 276
2 4 Explaining Universals 280
Genetic Classification 283
3 1 The Indo-European Family 284
3 2 Some Other Families 289
3 3 Language Phyla 292
Summing Up 292
Key Terms 293
Recommended Reading 293
Exercises 294
eight
Historical linguistics: the study of language change 297
1 The Nature of Language Change
1 1 Systematicity of Language Change
1 2 Causes of Language Change
2 Sound Change 301
2 1 Sequential Change 303
2 2 Segmental Change 308
2 3 Auditorily Based Change 309
2 4 Phonetic versus Phonological Change 309
2 5 Explaining Phonological Shift 311
2 6 Sound Change and Rule Ordering 311
3 Morphological Change 312
3 1 Addition of Affixes 312
3 2 Loss of Affixes 313
3 3 Analogy 314
3 4 Reanalysis 315
4 Syntactic Change 316
4 1 Word Order 316
4 2 Inversion in the History of English 318
5 Lexical and Semantic Change 319
5 1 Addition of Lexical Items 319
5 2 Loss of Lexical Items 323
5 3 Semantic Change 324
6 The Spread of Change 326
6 1 Diffusion through the Language 326
6 2 Spread through the Population 328
7 Language Reconstruction 329
7 1 Comparative Reconstruction 329
7 2 Techniques of Reconstruction 330
7 3 Internal Reconstruction 335
8 Language Change and Naturalness 336
Slimming Up 337
Key Terms 338
Recommended Reading 339
Exercises 340
nine
347First language acquisition
1 The Study of Language Acquisition 348
1 1 Methods 349
2 Phonological Development 352
2 1 Babbling 352
2 2 Developmental Order 353
2 3 Early Phonetic Processes 354
3 Vocabulary Development 357
3 1 Strategies for Acquiring Word Meaning 358
3 2 Meaning Errors 360
CONTENTS xxi
4 Morphological Development 364
4 1 Overgeneralization 364
42A Developmental Sequence 365
4 3 Word Formation Processes 367
5 Syntactic Development 368
5 1 The One-Word Stage 368
5 2 The Two-Word Stage 369
5 3 The Telegraphic Stage 370
5 4 Later Development 372
5 5 The Interpretation of Sentence Structure 373
6 What Makes Language Acquisition Possible? 376
6 1 The Role of Experience 376
6 2 The Role of Feedback 378
6 3 The Role of Cognitive Development 380
6 4 The Role of Inborn Knowledge 381
6 5 Is There a Critical Period? 383
Slimming Up 384
Key Terms 384
Recommended Reading 384
Exercises 385
te n
Second language acquisition 389
1 The Study of Second Language Acquisition 390
1 1 The Role of the First Language 391
1 2 The Nature of an Interlanguage 391
1 3 The Final State 392
1 4 Variation in Performance 394
2 Interlanguage Grammars 395
2 1 L2 Phonology 396
2 2 L2 Syntax 401
2 3 L2 Morphology 405
2 4 Morphology and Syntax 408
3 Factors Affecting SLA 409
3 1 Age 410
3 2 Individual Differences 411
4 The L2 Classroom 413
4 1 Focus on Form 414
4 2 Education in a Bilingual Environment 415
Summing Up 419
Key Terms 420
Recommended Reading 421
Exercises 421
CONTENTS
eleven
Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing 425
1 Methods of Psycholinguistic Research 426
1 1 Field Methods: Slips of the Tongue 426
1 2 Experimental Methods: Words in the Mind 428
1 3 Experimental Methods: Sentence Processing 431
1 4 Brain Activity: Event-Related Potentials 433
1 5 Language Corpora and Databases 435
2 Language Processing and Linguistics 436
2 1 Phonetics and Phonology 437
2 2 Morphological Processing 439
2 3 Syntax 443
3 Putting It All Together: Psycholinguistic Modeling 446
3 1 The Use of Metaphors in Psycholinguistic Modeling 447
3 2 Which Model Is Right? 451
Summing Up 452
Key Terms 453
Recommended Reading 453
Exercises 453
twelve
Brain and language 455
1 The Human Brain 456
1 1 The Cerebral Cortex 456
1 2 The Cerebral Hemispheres 457
1 3 The Lobes of the Cortex 459
2 Investigating the Brain 460
2 1 Autopsy Studies 461
2 2 Images of the Living Brain 463
2 3 Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections 465
3 Aphasia 467
3 1 Nonfluent Aphasia 467
3 2 Fluent Aphasia 470
4 Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia 472
4 1 Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia 472
4 2 Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit 473
5 Linguistic Theory and Aphasia 474
5 1 Features, Morphemes, and Meaning 474
5 2 Agrammatism 475
CONTENTS xxiii
5 3 The Loss of Syntactic Competence 475
5 4 Agrammatism in Other Languages 476
6 Language in the Brain: What's Where? 476
Summing Up 478
Key Terms 479
Recommended Reading 480
Exercises 480
thirteen
Language in social contexts 483
1 Language Variation and Social Distinctions 485
2 Place 488
2 1 The Origins of North American English 488
2 2 Regional Variation in Lexical Items 491
2 3 Regional Variation in Phonology 491
2 4 Regional Differences in Morphology and Syntax 493
3 Time 494
4 Isolation 497
4 1 Physical Isolation: The Case of Smith Island 497
4 2 Linguistic Isolation: The Case of Quebec French 498
4 3 Social Isolation: The Case of Urban African American English 500
5 Contact 501
5 1 Code-Switching and Borrowing 501
5 2 Contact Languages: Mixed Languages, Lingua Francas, Pidgins,
and Creoles 502
6 Distinctions within a Community: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender 508
6 1 Class 508
6 2 Ethnicity: The Case of African American English 510
6 3 Gender 514
6 4 Situation-Specific Factors 516
7 Social Interaction and Language 516
7 1 Ethnography of Communication 517
7 2 Ethnomethodology 517
7 3 Solidarity and Power 518
8 How Societies Deal with Language 520
Summing Up 524
Key Terms 524
Recommended Reading 526
Exercises 526
iv CONTENTS
fourteen
Writing and language 531
1 Types of Writing 532
1 1 Logographic Writing 532
1 2 Phonographic Writing 532
2 The Early History of Writing 534
2 1 Prewriting 534
2 2 Pictograms 535
3 The Evolution of Writing 536
3 1 Rebuses and the Emergence of Writing 537
3 2 Toward Syllabic Writing 538
3 3 Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphs 539
3 4 The Emergence of Alphabets 540
4 Some Non-European Writing Systems 543
4 1 Chinese Writing 543
4 2 Japanese Writing 545
4 3 Korean Writing 547
4 4 Cherokee Writing 548
5 English Orthography 548
5 1 Irregularities 548
5 2 Obstacles to Reform 551
6 Writing and Reading 553
Summing Up 555
Key Terms 556
Recommended Reading 556
Exercises 557
fi fteen
Indigenous languages of north America
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Origin and Classification
1 1 Ultimate Origins
1 2 Historical Relationships in North America
2 Phonetics and Phonology
2 1 Velar, Uvular, and Pharyngeal Articulations
2 2 Lateral Fricatives
2 3 Glottalized Stops and Affricates (Ejectives)
2 4 Vowels and Suprasegmental Features
2 5 Sounds Not Frequently Found
CONTENTS XXV
3 Morphology and Syntax
3 1 The Structure of Words
3 2 Grammatical Categories
3 3 Pronominal Systems
3 4 Noun Classification
4 The Future of Indigenous North American Languages
Slimming Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
sixteen
Sign languages
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at laimchpadworks com]
1 Phonology
1 1 Formational Elements
1 2 Combining Formational Elements
1 3 Prosody
2 Morphology
2 1 Word Formation
2 2 Verb Agreement
2 3 Classifier Constructions
3 Syntax
3 1 Recursion
3 2 Word Order
3 3 Sign Language and Universal Grammar
4 Language as an Art Form: Sign Language Poetry
5 New Sign Languages
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
seventeen
Animal communication
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Nonvocal communication
2 Communication Structure: The Study of Signs
2 1 Signs
2 2 Types of Signs
xxvi CONTENTS
2 3 Sign Structure
24A View of Animal Communication
3 The Bees
3 1 The System
3 1 Bees and Humans
4 The Birds
4 1 Bird Vocalization
4 2 Birds and Humans
5 Nonhuman Primates
5 1 Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication
5 2 Prosimian Communication
5 3 Monkeys
5 4 Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees
6 Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability
6 1 Sign Language
6 2 Nonsigning Experiments
6 3 The Clever Hans Controversy
6 4 The Great Ape Debate
6 5 Implications
7 Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features
7 1 The Features
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Eighteen
Computational linguistics
[online only in LaunchPad Solo for Contemporary Linguistics
at launchpadworks com]
1 Computational Phonetics and Phonology
1 1 The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis
1 2 Speech Recognition
2 Computational Morphology
2 1 Morphological Processes
2 2 Some Problems in Computational Morphology
3 Computational Syntax
3 1 Data and Resources
3 2 Natural Language Analysis
3 3 Natural Language Generation
3 4 The Role of Syntax and Semantics
4 Computational Lexicography
CONTENTS xxvii
5 Computational Semantics
6 Pragmatics
6 1 Reference Resolution
6 2 Discourse Markers
6 3 Spoken Dialogue
7 Applications of Computational Linguistics
7 1 Indexing and Concordances
7 2 Automatic Summarization
7 3 Machine Translation
7 4 Spoken-Dialogue Systems
Summing Up
Key Terms
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Glossary 559
Sources 593
Language Index 611
Index 617 |
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| spelling | Contemporary linguistics an introduction edited by William O'Grady (University of Hawaii at Manoa) and John Archibald (University of Calgary) ; U.S. edition prepared by Mark Aronoff (State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Janie Rees-Miller (Marietta College) Seventh edition Boston ; New York Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning [2017] xxxiii, 636 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Language : a preview -- Phonetics : the sounds of language -- Phonology : contrasts and patterns -- Morphology : the analysis of word structure -- Syntax : the analysis of sentence structure -- Semantics : the analysis of meaning -- The classification of languages -- Historical linguistics : the study of language change -- First language acquistion -- Second language acquisition -- Psycholinguistics : the study of language processing -- Brain and language -- Language in social contexts -- Writing and language Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 gnd rswk-swf Linguistics (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 s DE-604 O'Grady, William (DE-588)1031550402 edt Archibald, John 1959- (DE-588)1323032657 edt Aronoff, Mark 1949- (DE-588)133315681 edt Rees-Miller, Janie (DE-588)1131295285 edt HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032575691&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Contemporary linguistics an introduction |
| title_auth | Contemporary linguistics an introduction |
| title_exact_search | Contemporary linguistics an introduction |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Contemporary linguistics an introduction |
| title_full | Contemporary linguistics an introduction edited by William O'Grady (University of Hawaii at Manoa) and John Archibald (University of Calgary) ; U.S. edition prepared by Mark Aronoff (State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Janie Rees-Miller (Marietta College) |
| title_fullStr | Contemporary linguistics an introduction edited by William O'Grady (University of Hawaii at Manoa) and John Archibald (University of Calgary) ; U.S. edition prepared by Mark Aronoff (State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Janie Rees-Miller (Marietta College) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contemporary linguistics an introduction edited by William O'Grady (University of Hawaii at Manoa) and John Archibald (University of Calgary) ; U.S. edition prepared by Mark Aronoff (State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Janie Rees-Miller (Marietta College) |
| title_short | Contemporary linguistics |
| title_sort | contemporary linguistics an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Linguistik Einführung Aufsatzsammlung |
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