Verfügbarkeit: A grammar of Şirvan Tat

A grammar of Şirvan Tat:

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1. Verfasser:	Suleymanov, Murad (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Wiesbaden Reichert 2021
Schriftenreihe:	Beiträge zur Iranistik 46
Schlagworte:	Mundart Tatisch > Schirwan, Landschaft Grammatik Religion Indogermanistik Sprachwissenschaft Iranistik Indoiranisch Sprachwissenschaft/Iranistik Sprachwissenschaft/Indogermanistik Hochschulschrift
Online-Zugang:	http://reichert-verlag.de/9783752000115_a_grammar_of_şirvan_tat-detail Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	400 Seiten 1 Illustration 24 cm x 17 cm
ISBN:	9783752000115 3752000112

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. 17 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 19 1.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OFTAT ..................................................................................... 19 1.1.1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION .......................................................................... 22 1.1.1.1. NORTH CAUCASUS ...................................................................................... 22 1.1.1.2. SOUTH CAUCASUS ...................................................................................... 23 1.1.2. NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................. 24 1.1.3. THE POSITION OF TAT AMONG IRANIAN LANGUAGES .......................................... 26 1.1.4. CLASSIFICATION OFTAT DIALECTS .................................................................... 27 1.1.4.1. JUDAEO-TAT .......................... 27 1.1.4.2. MUSLIM TAT ............................................................................................. 27 1.2. SALIENT FEATURES OFTAT ...................................................................................... 28 1.2.1. PHONOLOGY .................................................................................................. 29 1.2.2. MORPHOLOGY ............................................................................................... 30 1.2.3. SYNTAX ........................................................................................................ 31 1.3. SOCIOLINGUISTICS OFTAT ........................................................................................ 32 1.3.1. LANGUAGE CONTACT ....................................................................................... 33 1.3.2. MULTILINGUALISM .......................................................................................... 34 1.3.3. LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE SHIFT ....................................................... 35 1.4. EXISTING DESCRIPTIONS AND CORPORA OF TAT ............................................................ 37 1.4.1. STUDIES AND DOCUMENTATION OF JUDAEO-TAT ................................................. 37 1.4.2. STUDIES AND DOCUMENTATION OF MUSLIM TAT ................................................ 37 1.4.3. CONTEMPORARY LITERARY AND MUSICAL ACTIVITY IN MUSLIM TAT ....................... 39 1.5. $IRVAN: GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................... 40 1.5.1. GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF UPPER §IRVAN ........................... 40 1.5.2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF UPPER §IRVAN ......................................................... 42 1.5.3. ETHNOLINGUISTIC AND RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF UPPER §IRVAN ..................... 44 1.6. §IRVAN: THE TAT-SPEAKING CONTEXT ........................................................................ 47 1.6.1. PRESENTLY TAT-SPEAKING VILLAGES ................................................................. 48 1.6.2. FORMERLY TAT-SPEAKING VILLAGES .................................................................. 49 1.6.3. SUB-DIALECTS OF §IRVAN TAT .......................................................................... 52 1.7. PURPOSE OF THIS WORK ........................................................................................... 52 1.8. FIELDWORK AND SELECTED VILLAGES .......................................................................... 53 1.8.1. MOLHOM ...................................................................................................... 53 1.8.2. LAHIC .......................................................................................................... 54 1.8.3. MULUX ......................................................................................................... 56 1.8.4. OHAN ........................................................................................................... 56 1.8.5. DOMING ...................................................................................................... 57 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.8.6. HOFTOSOV ..................................................................................................... 57 1.8.7. QOYDAN ....................................................................................................... 58 1.8.8. BUROVDAL ..................................................................................................... 58 1.8.9. BUYNUZ ....................................................................................................... 58 1.8.10. GOMBORI ..................................................................................................... 59 1.9. DATA AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 59 1.9.1. CONSULTANTS ................................................................................................. 60 1.9.2. SPONTANEOUS SPEECH ................................................................................... 60 1.9.3. ELICITATIONS ................................................................................................. 60 1.9.4. TRANSLATED TEXTS ........................................................................................... 61 1.9.5. OTHER WRITTEN TEXTS ....................................................................................... 61 1.9.6. GLOSSING AND TRANSLATION OF EXAMPLES ........................................................ 61 2. PHONOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 63 2.1. TRANSCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 63 2.1.1. TRANSCRIPTION OF TAT ................................................................................... 63 2.1.2. TRANSCRIPTION OF OTHER LANGUAGES ................................................................ 64 2.1.3. TRANSCRIPTION OF PLACENAMES ...................................................................... 65 2.2. VOCALISM ............................................................................................................. 65 2.2.1. VOWEL PHONEMES ........................................................................................ 65 2.2.2. VOWEL PROCESSES ......................................................................................... 70 2.2.3. VOWEL LENGTH .............................................................................................. 71 2.2.4. VOWEL ASSIMILATION AND DISSIMILATION ........................................................ 72 2.3. CONSONANTISM ..................................................................................................... 73 2.3.1. VOICE .......................................................................................................... 74 2.3.2. ASPIRATION ................................................................................................... 74 2.3.3. GEMINATION ................................................................................................. 75 2.3.4. CONSONANT PROCESSES .................................................................................. 76 2.3.4.1. PALATALISATION .......................................................................................... 76 2.3.4.2. VOICED DORSALS ........................................................................................ 76 2.3.4.3. VOICELESS DORSALS ..................................................................................... 77 2.3.4.4. FRONTING .................................................................................................. 78 2.3.4.5. PHARYNGEALS ............................................................................................. 81 2.3.4.6. SONORANTS .................................................................................................. 83 2.3.4.7. TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS .................................................................... 83 2.4. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE ................................................................................................ 83 2.5. STRESS ................................................................................................................... 84 2.6. SAMPLE TEXT IN TRANSLITERATION AND IPA ................................................................. 84 3. PARTS OF SPEECH ............................................................................................................. 87 3.1. NOUNS ................................................................................................................... 87 3.1.1. LEXICAL OVERVIEW OF NOUNS ........................................................................ 87 3.1.2. NOMINAL DERIVATION .................................................................................... 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 3.1.2.1. DENOMINAL NOUNS .................................................................................... 89 3.1.2.2. DEADJECTIVAL NOUNS .................................................................................. 91 3.1.2.3. DEVERBAL NOUNS ........................................................................................ 92 3.1.3. NOMINAL COMPOSITION ................................................................................. 92 3.1.3.1. VERB-GOVERNED COMPOUNDS .................................................................... 92 3.1.3.2. DETERMINATIVE COMPOUNDS ...................................................................... 93 3.1.3.3. POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS ........................................................................... 93 3.1.3.4. COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS ............................................................................ 93 3.1.3.5. ECHOING AND REDUPLICATION COMPOUNDS ................................................... 94 3.1.3.6. NON-TRANSPARENT COMPOUNDS ................................................................... 94 3.1.4. GRAMMATICAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................. 94 3.1.4.1. GENDER ..................................................................................................... 95 3.1.4.2. NUMBER ................................................................................................... 95 3.1.4.2.1. PLURAL FORMS IN -HO .......................................................................... 95 3.1.4.2.2. PLURAL FORMS IN -UN .......................................................................... 95 3.1.4.3. DIRECT AND OBLIQUE MARKING .................................................................... 96 3.2. PRONOUNS .......................................................................................................... 97 3.2.1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS ...................................................................................... 97 3.2.2. POSSESSIVE CLITICS ........................................................................................ 98 3.2.3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................... 98 3.2.4. DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS ........................................................................ 99 3.2.5. REFLEXIVITY ............................................................................................... 102 3.2.5.1. REFLEXIVITY IN COMPLEMENTS .................................................................. 102 3.2.5.2. REFLEXIVITY AND POSSESSION .................................................................... 103 3.2.5.3. EMPHATIC REFLEXIVES ............................................................................... 104 3.2.6. RECIPROCITY ............................................................................................... 105 3.2.7. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ............................................................................. 106 3.2.8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS .................................................................................. 106 3.2.9. UNIVERSAL AND NEGATIVE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ............................................. 107 3.3. ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 108 3.3.1. LEXICAL OVERVIEW OF ADJECTIVES ................................................................. 108 3.3.2. ADJECTIVAL DERIVATION ................................................................................ 109 3.3.2.1. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES ............................................................................ 109 3.3.2.2. DEADJECTIVAL ADJECTIVES ......................................................................... 111 3.3.2.3. DEADVERBIAL ADJECTIVES .......................................................................... 111 3.3.2.4. DEVERBAL ADJECTIVES ............................................................................... ILL 3.3.3. ADJECTIVAL COMPOSITION ............................................................................ 111 3.3.3.1. VERB-GOVERNED COMPOUNDS ................................................................... ILL 3.3.3.2. POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS .......................................................................... 112 3.3.3.3. COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS .......................................................................... 112 3.3.4. STRONG ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 112 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.3.5. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES ................................................................................ 113 3.4. ADVERBS ............................................................................................................. 114 3.4.1. ADVERBS OF PLACE ...................................................................................... 114 3.4.2. ADVERBS OF TIME ........................................................................................ 117 3.4.3. ADVERBS OF MANNER .................................................................................... 119 3.4.4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE AND QUANTITY ............................................................... 121 3.5. VERBS ................................................................................................................. 122 3.5.1. VERB STEMS .............................................................................................. 122 3.5.2. STEM TYPES ............................................................................................... 123 3.5.2.1. TYPE 1 ............................................................................................ 124 3.5.2.2. TYPE 2 .................................................................................................. 124 3.5.2.3. TYPE 3 .................................................................................................. 124 3.5.2.4. TYPE 4 .................................................................................................. 125 3.5.2.5. TYPE 5 .................................................................................................. 125 3.5.2.6. TYPE 6 .................................................................................................. 126 3.5.2.7. TYPE 7 .................................................................................................. 126 3.5.2.8. STEM REGULARISATION ............................................................................... 127 3.5.3. SIMPLE PREDICATES .................................................................................... 128 3.5.3.1. BASIC VERBS ........................................................................................... 128 3.5.3.2. DENOMINATIVE VERBS ............................................................................... 129 3.5.3.3. PREVERBATION .......................................................................................... 129 3.5.4. COMPLEX PREDICATES .................................................................................. 130 3.5.4.1. LIGHT VERBS ........................................................................................... 130 3.5.4.2. COVERBS ................................................................................................. 132 3.5.4.2.1. NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS AS COVERBS ..................................................... 132 3.5.4.2.2. COVERBS DERIVED FROM AZERI VERBS .................................................. 133 4. VERBAL INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................. 135 4.1. VERBAL PREFIXES ................................................................................................. 135 4.1.1. THE IMPERFECTIVE PREFIX BA- ..................................................................... 135 4.1.2. THE IMPERATIVE-SUBJUNCTIVE PREFIX BL- ..................................................... 136 4.1.3. THE PROHIBITIVE SUFFIX MA- ....................................................................... 137 4.1.4. THE EVENTUAL PREFIX ML- ............................................................................ 138 4.1.5. THE NEGATIVE PREFIX NA- ............................................................................ 139 4.2. COPULAR FORMS ................................................................................................... 140 4.2.1. THE IDENTIFICATION COPULA .......................................................................... 140 4.2.2. THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA .............................................................................. 142 4.2.3. THE NEGATIVE COPULA ................................................................................. 143 4.2.4. THE VERB BIRAN * TO BE * .............................................................................. 145 4.2.5. SPECIAL USES .............................................................................................. 147 4.2.5.1. THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA AS A SEMANTIC MARKER ........................................ 147 4.2.5.2. POSSESSIVE FUNCTION OF THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA ....................................... 148 TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 4.2.5.2.1. OBLIQUE-MARKED POSSESSION ........................................................... 148 4.2.5.2.2. PREPOSITION-MARKED POSSESSION ...................................................... 149 4.3. NON-FINITE FORMS ............................................................................................... 150 4.3.1. THE PARTICIPLE ............................................................................................ 151 4.3.2. THE INFINITIVE ............................................................................................ 152 4.3.3. THE GERUNDIVE .......................................................................................... 153 4.3.4. THE CONVERB ............................................................................................. 155 4.4. TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD: CATEGORIES BASED ON STEM 1 ........................................... 155 4.4.1. VERBAL AGREEMENT IN STEM 1 -BASED TAM CATEGORIES ................................. 156 4.4.2. THE IMPERATIVE-SUBJUNCTIVE ................................................................... 156 4.4.2.1. MORPHOLOGY ........................................................................................... 156 4.4.2.2. GLOSSING ............................................................................................... 160 4.4.2.3. FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................. 161 4.4.2.4. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY .......................................................................... 163 4.4.3. THE PROSPECTIVE ....................................................................................... 164 4.4.3.1. THE (NON-PAST) PROSPECTIVE ................................................................. 164 4.4.3.1.1. MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................... 164 4.4.3.1.2. FUNCTIONS ....................................................................................... 165 4.4.3.1.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY ................................................................... 166 4.4.3.2. THE PAST PROSPECTIVE ............................................................................ 166 4.4.3.2.1. MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................... 166 4.4.3.2.2. FUNCTIONS ....................................................................................... 166 4.4.3.2.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY ................................................................... 167 4.4.4. THE (NON-PAST) EVENTUAL ......................................................................... 168 4.4.4.1. MORPHOLOGY ........................................................................................... 168 4.4.4.2. FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................. 169 4.4.4.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY ........................................................................... 172 4.5. TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD: CATEGORIES BASED ON STEM 2 ........................................... 173 4.5.1. VERBAL AGREEMENT IN STEM 2-BASED TAM CATEGORIES ................................ 173 4.5.2. THE PRETERITE .............................................................................................. 173 4.5.2.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING ...................................................................... 173 4.5.2.2. FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................... 175 4.5.2.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY ........................................................................... 176 4.5.3. THE PAST EVENTUAL ..................................................................................... 177 4.5.3.1. MORPHOLOGY........................................................................................... 177 4.5.3.2. FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................. 179 4.5.3.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY........................................................................... 179 4.5.4. THE PERFECT ............................................................................................... 180 4.5.4.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING ..................................................................... 180 4.5.4.2. FUNCTIONS .................................... . ......................................................... 181 4.5.4.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY.......................................................................... 183 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.5.4.4. PERFECT-DERIVED EVIDENTIAL FORMS ........................................................... 184 4.5.4.4.1. MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................... 184 4.5.4.4.2. FUNCTIONS ....................................................................................... 188 4.5.5. THE PLUPERFECT .......................................................................................... 190 4.5.5.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING ...................................................................... 190 4.5.5.2. FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................ 192 4.5.6. THE IMPERFECTIVE ...................................................................................... 193 4.5.6.1. MORPHOLOGY ............................................................................................ 193 4.5.6.2. THE PRESENT: FUNCTIONS .......................................................................... 197 4.5.6.3. THE IMPERFECT: FUNCTIONS ...................................................................... 199 4.5.6.4. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY ........................................................................... 200 4.6. VERB AGREEMENT: SPECIAL USES ............................................................................ 201 4.6.1. SINGULAR AGREEMENT WITH PLURAL SUBJECTS .................................................. 201 4.6.2. IMPERSONAL SENTENCES ............................................................................... 202 5. THE NOUN PHRASE ....................................................................................................... 205 5.1. ATTRIBUTIVE HEAD-FINAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE ADJECTIVE TYPE ................................ 205 5.2. ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE POSSESSIVE TYPE ............................................... 207 5.2.1. HEAD-INITIAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................ 208 5.2.2. HEAD-INITIAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH AN ........................................... 210 5.2.3. DOUBLE-MARKED HEAD-FINAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION ................................. 211 5.3. COPIED ATTRIBUTIVE HEAD-FINAL CONSTRUCTIONS ...................................................... 213 5.4. TERMS OF ADDRESS ............................................................................................... 214 5.5. ADPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................ 215 5.5.1. INHERITED PREPOSITIONS ............................................................................... 215 5.5.1.1. THE PREPOSITION A(Z) ............................................................................. 216 5.5.1.2. THE PREPOSITION BA ................................................................................ 219 5.5.1.3. THE PREPOSITION VO/VE ......................................................................... 221 5.5.1.4. THE PREPOSITION TABA ............................................................................. 223 5.5.2. COMPOUND ADPOSITIONS ............................................................................. 223 5.5.2.1. COMPLEMENT-FINAL ADPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS ........................................ 225 5.5.2.2. DOUBLE-MARKED COMPLEMENT-INITIAL ADPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS ........... 226 5.5.2.3. THE ADPOSITION BE .................................................................................. 227 5.5.2.4. POSTPOSED PREPOSITIONS .......................................................................... 228 5.5.3. THE SIMILATIVE ADPOSITIONS ROSE AND VOKORE ............................................. 230 5.5.4. THE POSTPOSITIONSPISO AND BCTFDA ............................................................ 231 5.5.5. THE POSTPOSITIONS BASKA AND BIGER ........................................................... 23 1 5.5.6. THE POSTPOSITION GORA .............................................................................. 232 5.6. NUMERATION AND QUANTITY .................................................................................. 232 5.6.1. CARDINAL NUMBERS ..................................................................................... 232 5.6.2. ORDINAL NUMBERS ....................................................................................... 235 5.6.3. QUANTIFIERS ............................................................................................... 235 TABLE OF CONTENTS 13 5.6.3.1. CLASSIFIERS ............................................................................................. 236 5.6.3.2. THE NUMERAL ONE ............................................................................... 239 5.63.3. OTHER QUANTIFIERS ................................................................................... 241 5.7. SPECIFICITY AND IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................ 242 5.8. NOUN PHRASE COORDINATION ................................................................................. 243 6. ARGUMENT AND INFORMATION STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 247 6.1. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 247 6.1.1. SUBJECT MARKING ....................................................................................... 247 6.1.2. * DATIVE-SUBJECT * CONSTRUCTION ................................................................... 248 6.1.3. DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING ..................................................................... 249 6.1.3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................... 249 6.1.3.2. CONDITIONING FACTORS FOR DIRECT OBJECT MARKING .................................... 250 6.1.3.3. DIRECT OBJECT MARKING IN TRANSITIVE AND DITRANSITIVE PREDICATES ............ 251 6.1.4. SYNTAX OF COMPLEX PREDICATES .................................................................. 253 6.1.4.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX PREDICATES ...254 6.1.4.2. WORD ORDER, ELLIPSIS AND SEPARABILITY OF COMPLEX PREDICATES ............... 256 6.1.4.3. MODIFICATION, QUANTIFICATION AND DEFINITENESS OF CO VERBS ..................... 257 6.1.4.4. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX PREDICATES ................. 258 6.1.5. OPERATIONS ON ARGUMENT STRUCTURE ........................................................... 262 6.1.5.1. THE CAUSATIVE ........................................................................................ 262 6.1.5.1.1. LEXICO-SYNTHETIC CAUSATIVES .......................................................... 262 6.1.5.1.2. PERIPHRASTIC CAUSATIVES ................................................................... 263 6.1.5.2. THE PASSIVE ........................................................................................... 265 6.1.5.3. EQUIPOLLENT RELATIONS ............................................................................ 267 6.1.5.4. POLYEXPONENCE OF VALENCY-CHANGING MORPHOLOGY ............................... 268 6.1.5.5. LABILE VERBS .......................................................................................... 270 6.2. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND DISCOURSE MARKING .................................................. 270 6.2.1. WORD ORDER ............................................................................................... 271 6.2.2. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER ...................................................... 272 6.2.2.1. TOPICALISATION ....................................................................................... 272 6.2.2.1.1. CORE ARGUMENT TOPICALISATION ......................................................... 272 6.2.2.1.2. SECONDARY ARGUMENT TOPICALISATION ................................................ 274 6.2.2.2. FOCALISATION .......................................................................................... 275 6.2.2.2. 1. NON-VERB FOCALISATION .................................................................... 275 6.2.2.2.2. VERB FOCALISATION .......................................................................... 276 6.2.2.2.3. FOCALISATION BY ADDITION ................................................................ 276 6.2.3. INTERROGATIVES .......................................................................................... 278 6.2.4. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND DISCOURSE PARTICLES ......................................... 279 6.2.4.1. NOUN TOPICALISATION .............................................................................. 279 6.2.4.2. TIME-INTERVAL FOCALISATION ................................................................... 280 6.2.4.3. GENERAL FOCALISATION............................................................................. 280 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.2.5. OTHER DISCOURSE MARKING ........................................................................ 284 6.2.5.1. EMPHATIC PARTICLES ................................................................................. 285 6.2.5.2. INTENSIFIER PARTICLE ................................................................................. 286 6.2.5.3. INDIRECTIVE MODAL PARTICLES .................................................................... 287 6.2.5.4. TAGS ....................................................................................................... 288 6.2.5.5. VOCATIVE INTERJECTIONS ............................................................................ 290 6.2.5.6. FILLERS .................................................................................................... 290 6.2.5.6.1. HESITATION FILLERS ............................................................................ 290 6.2.5.6.2. CONNECTORS ...................................................................................... 291 6.2.5.6.3. HIGHLIGHTERS .................................................................................... 291 6.2.5.6.4. EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY ............................................................. 292 6.2.5.6.5. CULTURE-SPECIFIC DISCOURSE MARKERS ............................................... 292 6.2.5.6.6. PLACEHOLDER DISCOURSE MARKERS ....................................................... 293 6.2.5.7. ETYMOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL NOTE ........................................................ 294 7. COMPLEX SENTENCES .................................................................................................... 297 7.1. RELATIVE CLAUSES ................................................................................................ 297 7.1.1. FINITE RELATIVE STRATEGIES ........................................................................... 298 7.1.1.1. HEAD-NOUN-INITIAL FINITE RELATIVES .......................................................... 299 7.1.1.1.1. SOLE RELATIVISER KI ............................................................................ 299 7.1.1.1.2. RELATIVISER KI WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT ....................................... 299 7.1.1.1.3. NO RELATIVISER ................................................................................. 300 7.1.1.1.4. NO RELATIVISER WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT ...................................... 300 7.1.1.2. HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL FINITE RELATIVES ....................................................... 301 7.1.1.2.1. BARE HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL RELATIVES ................................................... 301 7.1.1.2.2. HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL RELATIVES WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT ............... 301 7.1.1.3. FREE FINITE RELATIVES ............................................................................... 301 7.1.1.3. 1 . INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH KI .............................................................. 302 7.1.1.3.2. INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH KI AND A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT .................... 302 7.1.1.3.3. SOLE INTERROGATIVE WORD .................................................................. 302 7.1.1.3.4. INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT .............................. 302 7.1.2. NON-FINITE RELATIVE STRATEGIES .................................................................... 303 7.1.2.1. PARTICIPIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES .................................................................... 304 7.1.2.1.1. SUBJECT RELATIVISATION ..................................................................... 304 7.1.2.1.2. NON-SUBJECT RELATIVISATION .............................................................. 305 7.1.2.1.3. NON-ACTIVE RELATIVISATION ............................................................... 307 7.1.2.2. AGENT NOUN RELATIVES ............................................................................. 309 7.1.2.3. GERUNDIVE RELATIVES .............................................................................. 309 7.1.3. SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 310 7.2. COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ......................................................................................... 310 7.2.1. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ........................................................................ 311 TABLE OF CONTENTS 15 7.2.1.1. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES WITH OR WITHOUT KI AND THE NON SUBJUNCTIVE .......................................................................... 311 7.2.1.2. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES WITH OR WITHOUT KI AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE ...... 312 7.2.1.3. UTTERANCE CLAUSES ................................................................................... 314 7.2.2. NON-FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ............................................................. 315 7.2.2.1. UNMARKED TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ....................................................... 315 7.2.2.2. OBLIQUE-MARKED TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS .............................................. 316 7.2.2.3. EXPERIENCER CONSTRUCTIONS ..................................................................... 317 7.2.2.4. INTRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ..................................................................... 317 7.3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES .............................................................................................. 318 7.3.1. TEMPORAL CLAUSES ..................................................................................... 319 7.3.1.1. TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE ................................................. 319 7.3.1.1.1. FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE.................................. 319 7.3.1.1.2. NON-FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE .......................... 320 7.3.1.1.3. NON-FINITE CONVERBIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE ........................ 320 7.3.1.1.3.1. NON-FINITE INFINITIVAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE ................. 320 7.3.1.1.3.2. NON-FMITE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE ................. 322 7.3.1.2. TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY ............................................ 323 7.3.1.2.1. FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY ............................. 323 7.3.1.2.2. NON-FMITE CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY ..................................... 324 7.3.1.2.2.1. NON-FMITE VERB REDOUBLING ..................................................... 324 7.3.1.2.2.2. NON-FMITE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY .............. 324 7.3.1.2.2.3. NON-FMITE CONVERBIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY ............. 325 7.3.2. CAUSAL CLAUSES .......................................................................................... 325 7.3.2.1. FINITE CAUSAL CLAUSES .............................................................................. 325 7.3.2.2. NON-FMITE CAUSAL CLAUSES ...................................................................... 326 7.3.3. CONSEQUENCE CLAUSES ................................................................................ 326 7.3.4. PURPOSE CLAUSES ........................................................................................ 327 7.3.4.1. FINITE PURPOSE CLAUSES .......................................................................... 327 7.3.4.2. NON-FINITE PURPOSE CLAUSES ................................................................... 328 7.3.5. MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES .............................................................. 329 7.3.5.1. FINITE MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES ................................................. 329 7.3.5.2. NON-FMITE MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES .......................................... 330 7.3.6. QUANTITY CLAUSES ..................................................................................... 331 7.3.7. CLAUSES OF LOCATION IN SPACE AND TIME .................................................... 331 7.3.7.1. BOUND FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES ............................................................. 331 7.3.7.2. FREE FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES WITHOUT A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT .................... 332 7.3.7.3. FREE FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT ........................ 332 7.3.7.4. NON-FMITE LOCATION CLAUSES .................................................................. 332 7.3.8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ............................................................................ 333 7.3.8.1. POTENTIAL CONDITIONALS ........................................................................... 334 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.3.8.2. COUNTERFACTUAL CONDITIONALS ................................................................... 335 7.3.8.3. CONTEXTUALLY GROUNDED CONDITIONALS ...................................................... 336 7.3.8.4. CONCESSIVE CONDITIONALS ........................................................................ 338 7.3.8.5. ETYMOLOGICAL NOTE ................................................................................. 339 7.3.9. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES .................................................................................. 339 7.3.9.1. CONCESSIVES WITH FULFILMENT INFORMATION EXPRESSED .................................. 340 7.3.9.2. CONCESSIVES WITH FULFILMENT INFORMATION UNEXPRESSED .............................. 340 7.3.9.3. ETYMOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL NOTE ......................................................... 341 7.4. PREDICATE AND CLAUSE COORDINATION ..................................................................... 342 7.4.1. NON-EMPHATIC COORDINATION ...................................................................... 342 7.4.1.1. CONJUNCTIVE COORDINATION (ELLIPSIS) ........................................................ 342 7.4.1.2. CONVERBIAL USE OF PARTICIPLES ............................................................. 342 7.4.1.3. PARATAXIS ............................................................................. 343 7.4.1.4. VECTOR VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 343 7.4.2. EMPHATIC COORDINATION ............................................................................. 344 7.5. TAIL-HEAD LINKAGE .............................................................................................. 345 8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 347 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 349 10. APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 367 10.1. ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 367 10.1.1. GRAMMATICAL ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSES ................................................... 367 10.1.2. LOCATIONS, VILLAGES AND SOURCES OF EXAMPLES ........................................... 368 10.1.3. TYPOGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS ............................................................................ 368 10.2. LIST OF SIMPLE PREDICATES ................................................................................... 369 10.3. SAMPLE TEXT: BAHLUL THE WISE MAN AND THE STOLEN KNIFE .................................. 379 INDEX ................................................................................................................................... 397
adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . 17 1. INTRODUCTION . 19 1.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OFTAT . 19 1.1.1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION . 22 1.1.1.1. NORTH CAUCASUS . 22 1.1.1.2. SOUTH CAUCASUS . 23 1.1.2. NOMENCLATURE . 24 1.1.3. THE POSITION OF TAT AMONG IRANIAN LANGUAGES . 26 1.1.4. CLASSIFICATION OFTAT DIALECTS . 27 1.1.4.1. JUDAEO-TAT . 27 1.1.4.2. MUSLIM TAT . 27 1.2. SALIENT FEATURES OFTAT . 28 1.2.1. PHONOLOGY . 29 1.2.2. MORPHOLOGY . 30 1.2.3. SYNTAX . 31 1.3. SOCIOLINGUISTICS OFTAT . 32 1.3.1. LANGUAGE CONTACT . 33 1.3.2. MULTILINGUALISM . 34 1.3.3. LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE SHIFT . 35 1.4. EXISTING DESCRIPTIONS AND CORPORA OF TAT . 37 1.4.1. STUDIES AND DOCUMENTATION OF JUDAEO-TAT . 37 1.4.2. STUDIES AND DOCUMENTATION OF MUSLIM TAT . 37 1.4.3. CONTEMPORARY LITERARY AND MUSICAL ACTIVITY IN MUSLIM TAT . 39 1.5. $IRVAN: GENERAL OVERVIEW . 40 1.5.1. GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF UPPER §IRVAN . 40 1.5.2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF UPPER §IRVAN . 42 1.5.3. ETHNOLINGUISTIC AND RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF UPPER §IRVAN . 44 1.6. §IRVAN: THE TAT-SPEAKING CONTEXT . 47 1.6.1. PRESENTLY TAT-SPEAKING VILLAGES . 48 1.6.2. FORMERLY TAT-SPEAKING VILLAGES . 49 1.6.3. SUB-DIALECTS OF §IRVAN TAT . 52 1.7. PURPOSE OF THIS WORK . 52 1.8. FIELDWORK AND SELECTED VILLAGES . 53 1.8.1. MOLHOM . 53 1.8.2. LAHIC . 54 1.8.3. MULUX . 56 1.8.4. OHAN . 56 1.8.5. DOMING . 57 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.8.6. HOFTOSOV . 57 1.8.7. QOYDAN . 58 1.8.8. BUROVDAL . 58 1.8.9. BUYNUZ . 58 1.8.10. GOMBORI . 59 1.9. DATA AND METHODOLOGY . 59 1.9.1. CONSULTANTS . 60 1.9.2. SPONTANEOUS SPEECH . 60 1.9.3. ELICITATIONS . 60 1.9.4. TRANSLATED TEXTS . 61 1.9.5. OTHER WRITTEN TEXTS . 61 1.9.6. GLOSSING AND TRANSLATION OF EXAMPLES . 61 2. PHONOLOGY . 63 2.1. TRANSCRIPTION . 63 2.1.1. TRANSCRIPTION OF TAT . 63 2.1.2. TRANSCRIPTION OF OTHER LANGUAGES . 64 2.1.3. TRANSCRIPTION OF PLACENAMES . 65 2.2. VOCALISM . 65 2.2.1. VOWEL PHONEMES . 65 2.2.2. VOWEL PROCESSES . 70 2.2.3. VOWEL LENGTH . 71 2.2.4. VOWEL ASSIMILATION AND DISSIMILATION . 72 2.3. CONSONANTISM . 73 2.3.1. VOICE . 74 2.3.2. ASPIRATION . 74 2.3.3. GEMINATION . 75 2.3.4. CONSONANT PROCESSES . 76 2.3.4.1. PALATALISATION . 76 2.3.4.2. VOICED DORSALS . 76 2.3.4.3. VOICELESS DORSALS . 77 2.3.4.4. FRONTING . 78 2.3.4.5. PHARYNGEALS . 81 2.3.4.6. SONORANTS . 83 2.3.4.7. TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS . 83 2.4. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE . 83 2.5. STRESS . 84 2.6. SAMPLE TEXT IN TRANSLITERATION AND IPA . 84 3. PARTS OF SPEECH . 87 3.1. NOUNS . 87 3.1.1. LEXICAL OVERVIEW OF NOUNS . 87 3.1.2. NOMINAL DERIVATION . 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 3.1.2.1. DENOMINAL NOUNS . 89 3.1.2.2. DEADJECTIVAL NOUNS . 91 3.1.2.3. DEVERBAL NOUNS . 92 3.1.3. NOMINAL COMPOSITION . 92 3.1.3.1. VERB-GOVERNED COMPOUNDS . 92 3.1.3.2. DETERMINATIVE COMPOUNDS . 93 3.1.3.3. POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS . 93 3.1.3.4. COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS . 93 3.1.3.5. ECHOING AND REDUPLICATION COMPOUNDS . 94 3.1.3.6. NON-TRANSPARENT COMPOUNDS . 94 3.1.4. GRAMMATICAL PROPERTIES . 94 3.1.4.1. GENDER . 95 3.1.4.2. NUMBER . 95 3.1.4.2.1. PLURAL FORMS IN -HO . 95 3.1.4.2.2. PLURAL FORMS IN -UN . 95 3.1.4.3. DIRECT AND OBLIQUE MARKING . 96 3.2. PRONOUNS . 97 3.2.1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS . 97 3.2.2. POSSESSIVE CLITICS . 98 3.2.3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS . 98 3.2.4. DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS . 99 3.2.5. REFLEXIVITY . 102 3.2.5.1. REFLEXIVITY IN COMPLEMENTS . 102 3.2.5.2. REFLEXIVITY AND POSSESSION . 103 3.2.5.3. EMPHATIC REFLEXIVES . 104 3.2.6. RECIPROCITY . 105 3.2.7. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS . 106 3.2.8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS . 106 3.2.9. UNIVERSAL AND NEGATIVE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS . 107 3.3. ADJECTIVES . 108 3.3.1. LEXICAL OVERVIEW OF ADJECTIVES . 108 3.3.2. ADJECTIVAL DERIVATION . 109 3.3.2.1. DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES . 109 3.3.2.2. DEADJECTIVAL ADJECTIVES . 111 3.3.2.3. DEADVERBIAL ADJECTIVES . 111 3.3.2.4. DEVERBAL ADJECTIVES . ILL 3.3.3. ADJECTIVAL COMPOSITION . 111 3.3.3.1. VERB-GOVERNED COMPOUNDS . ILL 3.3.3.2. POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS . 112 3.3.3.3. COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS . 112 3.3.4. STRONG ADJECTIVES . 112 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.3.5. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES . 113 3.4. ADVERBS . 114 3.4.1. ADVERBS OF PLACE . 114 3.4.2. ADVERBS OF TIME . 117 3.4.3. ADVERBS OF MANNER . 119 3.4.4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE AND QUANTITY . 121 3.5. VERBS . 122 3.5.1. VERB STEMS . 122 3.5.2. STEM TYPES . 123 3.5.2.1. TYPE 1 . 124 3.5.2.2. TYPE 2 . 124 3.5.2.3. TYPE 3 . 124 3.5.2.4. TYPE 4 . 125 3.5.2.5. TYPE 5 . 125 3.5.2.6. TYPE 6 . 126 3.5.2.7. TYPE 7 . 126 3.5.2.8. STEM REGULARISATION . 127 3.5.3. SIMPLE PREDICATES . 128 3.5.3.1. BASIC VERBS . 128 3.5.3.2. DENOMINATIVE VERBS . 129 3.5.3.3. PREVERBATION . 129 3.5.4. COMPLEX PREDICATES . 130 3.5.4.1. LIGHT VERBS . 130 3.5.4.2. COVERBS . 132 3.5.4.2.1. NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS AS COVERBS . 132 3.5.4.2.2. COVERBS DERIVED FROM AZERI VERBS . 133 4. VERBAL INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY . 135 4.1. VERBAL PREFIXES . 135 4.1.1. THE IMPERFECTIVE PREFIX BA- . 135 4.1.2. THE IMPERATIVE-SUBJUNCTIVE PREFIX BL- . 136 4.1.3. THE PROHIBITIVE SUFFIX MA- . 137 4.1.4. THE EVENTUAL PREFIX ML- . 138 4.1.5. THE NEGATIVE PREFIX NA- . 139 4.2. COPULAR FORMS . 140 4.2.1. THE IDENTIFICATION COPULA . 140 4.2.2. THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA . 142 4.2.3. THE NEGATIVE COPULA . 143 4.2.4. THE VERB BIRAN * TO BE * . 145 4.2.5. SPECIAL USES . 147 4.2.5.1. THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA AS A SEMANTIC MARKER . 147 4.2.5.2. POSSESSIVE FUNCTION OF THE EXISTENTIAL COPULA . 148 TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 4.2.5.2.1. OBLIQUE-MARKED POSSESSION . 148 4.2.5.2.2. PREPOSITION-MARKED POSSESSION . 149 4.3. NON-FINITE FORMS . 150 4.3.1. THE PARTICIPLE . 151 4.3.2. THE INFINITIVE . 152 4.3.3. THE GERUNDIVE . 153 4.3.4. THE CONVERB . 155 4.4. TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD: CATEGORIES BASED ON STEM 1 . 155 4.4.1. VERBAL AGREEMENT IN STEM 1 -BASED TAM CATEGORIES . 156 4.4.2. THE IMPERATIVE-SUBJUNCTIVE . 156 4.4.2.1. MORPHOLOGY . 156 4.4.2.2. GLOSSING . 160 4.4.2.3. FUNCTIONS . 161 4.4.2.4. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 163 4.4.3. THE PROSPECTIVE . 164 4.4.3.1. THE (NON-PAST) PROSPECTIVE . 164 4.4.3.1.1. MORPHOLOGY . 164 4.4.3.1.2. FUNCTIONS . 165 4.4.3.1.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 166 4.4.3.2. THE PAST PROSPECTIVE . 166 4.4.3.2.1. MORPHOLOGY . 166 4.4.3.2.2. FUNCTIONS . 166 4.4.3.2.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 167 4.4.4. THE (NON-PAST) EVENTUAL . 168 4.4.4.1. MORPHOLOGY . 168 4.4.4.2. FUNCTIONS . 169 4.4.4.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 172 4.5. TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD: CATEGORIES BASED ON STEM 2 . 173 4.5.1. VERBAL AGREEMENT IN STEM 2-BASED TAM CATEGORIES . 173 4.5.2. THE PRETERITE . 173 4.5.2.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING . 173 4.5.2.2. FUNCTIONS . 175 4.5.2.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 176 4.5.3. THE PAST EVENTUAL . 177 4.5.3.1. MORPHOLOGY. 177 4.5.3.2. FUNCTIONS . 179 4.5.3.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY. 179 4.5.4. THE PERFECT . 180 4.5.4.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING . 180 4.5.4.2. FUNCTIONS . . . 181 4.5.4.3. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY. 183 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.5.4.4. PERFECT-DERIVED EVIDENTIAL FORMS . 184 4.5.4.4.1. MORPHOLOGY . 184 4.5.4.4.2. FUNCTIONS . 188 4.5.5. THE PLUPERFECT . 190 4.5.5.1. MORPHOLOGY AND GLOSSING . 190 4.5.5.2. FUNCTIONS . 192 4.5.6. THE IMPERFECTIVE . 193 4.5.6.1. MORPHOLOGY . 193 4.5.6.2. THE PRESENT: FUNCTIONS . 197 4.5.6.3. THE IMPERFECT: FUNCTIONS . 199 4.5.6.4. ELEMENTS OF DIACHRONY . 200 4.6. VERB AGREEMENT: SPECIAL USES . 201 4.6.1. SINGULAR AGREEMENT WITH PLURAL SUBJECTS . 201 4.6.2. IMPERSONAL SENTENCES . 202 5. THE NOUN PHRASE . 205 5.1. ATTRIBUTIVE HEAD-FINAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE ADJECTIVE TYPE . 205 5.2. ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE POSSESSIVE TYPE . 207 5.2.1. HEAD-INITIAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION . 208 5.2.2. HEAD-INITIAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH AN . 210 5.2.3. DOUBLE-MARKED HEAD-FINAL ATTRIBUTIVE CONSTRUCTION . 211 5.3. COPIED ATTRIBUTIVE HEAD-FINAL CONSTRUCTIONS . 213 5.4. TERMS OF ADDRESS . 214 5.5. ADPOSITIONS . 215 5.5.1. INHERITED PREPOSITIONS . 215 5.5.1.1. THE PREPOSITION A(Z) . 216 5.5.1.2. THE PREPOSITION BA . 219 5.5.1.3. THE PREPOSITION VO/VE . 221 5.5.1.4. THE PREPOSITION TABA . 223 5.5.2. COMPOUND ADPOSITIONS . 223 5.5.2.1. COMPLEMENT-FINAL ADPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS . 225 5.5.2.2. DOUBLE-MARKED COMPLEMENT-INITIAL ADPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS . 226 5.5.2.3. THE ADPOSITION BE . 227 5.5.2.4. POSTPOSED PREPOSITIONS . 228 5.5.3. THE SIMILATIVE ADPOSITIONS ROSE AND VOKORE . 230 5.5.4. THE POSTPOSITIONSPISO AND BCTFDA . 231 5.5.5. THE POSTPOSITIONS BASKA AND BIGER . 23 1 5.5.6. THE POSTPOSITION GORA . 232 5.6. NUMERATION AND QUANTITY . 232 5.6.1. CARDINAL NUMBERS . 232 5.6.2. ORDINAL NUMBERS . 235 5.6.3. QUANTIFIERS . 235 TABLE OF CONTENTS 13 5.6.3.1. CLASSIFIERS . 236 5.6.3.2. THE NUMERAL ONE . 239 5.63.3. OTHER QUANTIFIERS . 241 5.7. SPECIFICITY AND IDENTIFICATION . 242 5.8. NOUN PHRASE COORDINATION . 243 6. ARGUMENT AND INFORMATION STRUCTURE . 247 6.1. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE . 247 6.1.1. SUBJECT MARKING . 247 6.1.2. * DATIVE-SUBJECT * CONSTRUCTION . 248 6.1.3. DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING . 249 6.1.3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . 249 6.1.3.2. CONDITIONING FACTORS FOR DIRECT OBJECT MARKING . 250 6.1.3.3. DIRECT OBJECT MARKING IN TRANSITIVE AND DITRANSITIVE PREDICATES . 251 6.1.4. SYNTAX OF COMPLEX PREDICATES . 253 6.1.4.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX PREDICATES .254 6.1.4.2. WORD ORDER, ELLIPSIS AND SEPARABILITY OF COMPLEX PREDICATES . 256 6.1.4.3. MODIFICATION, QUANTIFICATION AND DEFINITENESS OF CO VERBS . 257 6.1.4.4. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX PREDICATES . 258 6.1.5. OPERATIONS ON ARGUMENT STRUCTURE . 262 6.1.5.1. THE CAUSATIVE . 262 6.1.5.1.1. LEXICO-SYNTHETIC CAUSATIVES . 262 6.1.5.1.2. PERIPHRASTIC CAUSATIVES . 263 6.1.5.2. THE PASSIVE . 265 6.1.5.3. EQUIPOLLENT RELATIONS . 267 6.1.5.4. POLYEXPONENCE OF VALENCY-CHANGING MORPHOLOGY . 268 6.1.5.5. LABILE VERBS . 270 6.2. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND DISCOURSE MARKING . 270 6.2.1. WORD ORDER . 271 6.2.2. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND WORD ORDER . 272 6.2.2.1. TOPICALISATION . 272 6.2.2.1.1. CORE ARGUMENT TOPICALISATION . 272 6.2.2.1.2. SECONDARY ARGUMENT TOPICALISATION . 274 6.2.2.2. FOCALISATION . 275 6.2.2.2. 1. NON-VERB FOCALISATION . 275 6.2.2.2.2. VERB FOCALISATION . 276 6.2.2.2.3. FOCALISATION BY ADDITION . 276 6.2.3. INTERROGATIVES . 278 6.2.4. INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND DISCOURSE PARTICLES . 279 6.2.4.1. NOUN TOPICALISATION . 279 6.2.4.2. TIME-INTERVAL FOCALISATION . 280 6.2.4.3. GENERAL FOCALISATION. 280 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.2.5. OTHER DISCOURSE MARKING . 284 6.2.5.1. EMPHATIC PARTICLES . 285 6.2.5.2. INTENSIFIER PARTICLE . 286 6.2.5.3. INDIRECTIVE MODAL PARTICLES . 287 6.2.5.4. TAGS . 288 6.2.5.5. VOCATIVE INTERJECTIONS . 290 6.2.5.6. FILLERS . 290 6.2.5.6.1. HESITATION FILLERS . 290 6.2.5.6.2. CONNECTORS . 291 6.2.5.6.3. HIGHLIGHTERS . 291 6.2.5.6.4. EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY . 292 6.2.5.6.5. CULTURE-SPECIFIC DISCOURSE MARKERS . 292 6.2.5.6.6. PLACEHOLDER DISCOURSE MARKERS . 293 6.2.5.7. ETYMOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL NOTE . 294 7. COMPLEX SENTENCES . 297 7.1. RELATIVE CLAUSES . 297 7.1.1. FINITE RELATIVE STRATEGIES . 298 7.1.1.1. HEAD-NOUN-INITIAL FINITE RELATIVES . 299 7.1.1.1.1. SOLE RELATIVISER KI . 299 7.1.1.1.2. RELATIVISER KI WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 299 7.1.1.1.3. NO RELATIVISER . 300 7.1.1.1.4. NO RELATIVISER WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 300 7.1.1.2. HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL FINITE RELATIVES . 301 7.1.1.2.1. BARE HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL RELATIVES . 301 7.1.1.2.2. HEAD-NOUN-INTEMAL RELATIVES WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 301 7.1.1.3. FREE FINITE RELATIVES . 301 7.1.1.3. 1 . INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH KI . 302 7.1.1.3.2. INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH KI AND A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 302 7.1.1.3.3. SOLE INTERROGATIVE WORD . 302 7.1.1.3.4. INTERROGATIVE WORD WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 302 7.1.2. NON-FINITE RELATIVE STRATEGIES . 303 7.1.2.1. PARTICIPIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES . 304 7.1.2.1.1. SUBJECT RELATIVISATION . 304 7.1.2.1.2. NON-SUBJECT RELATIVISATION . 305 7.1.2.1.3. NON-ACTIVE RELATIVISATION . 307 7.1.2.2. AGENT NOUN RELATIVES . 309 7.1.2.3. GERUNDIVE RELATIVES . 309 7.1.3. SUMMARY . 310 7.2. COMPLEMENT CLAUSES . 310 7.2.1. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES . 311 TABLE OF CONTENTS 15 7.2.1.1. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES WITH OR WITHOUT KI AND THE NON SUBJUNCTIVE . 311 7.2.1.2. FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES WITH OR WITHOUT KI AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE . 312 7.2.1.3. UTTERANCE CLAUSES . 314 7.2.2. NON-FINITE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES . 315 7.2.2.1. UNMARKED TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS . 315 7.2.2.2. OBLIQUE-MARKED TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS . 316 7.2.2.3. EXPERIENCER CONSTRUCTIONS . 317 7.2.2.4. INTRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS . 317 7.3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES . 318 7.3.1. TEMPORAL CLAUSES . 319 7.3.1.1. TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE . 319 7.3.1.1.1. FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE. 319 7.3.1.1.2. NON-FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE . 320 7.3.1.1.3. NON-FINITE CONVERBIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE . 320 7.3.1.1.3.1. NON-FINITE INFINITIVAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE . 320 7.3.1.1.3.2. NON-FMITE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SEQUENCE . 322 7.3.1.2. TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY . 323 7.3.1.2.1. FINITE TEMPORAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY . 323 7.3.1.2.2. NON-FMITE CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY . 324 7.3.1.2.2.1. NON-FMITE VERB REDOUBLING . 324 7.3.1.2.2.2. NON-FMITE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY . 324 7.3.1.2.2.3. NON-FMITE CONVERBIAL CLAUSES DENOTING SIMULTANEITY . 325 7.3.2. CAUSAL CLAUSES . 325 7.3.2.1. FINITE CAUSAL CLAUSES . 325 7.3.2.2. NON-FMITE CAUSAL CLAUSES . 326 7.3.3. CONSEQUENCE CLAUSES . 326 7.3.4. PURPOSE CLAUSES . 327 7.3.4.1. FINITE PURPOSE CLAUSES . 327 7.3.4.2. NON-FINITE PURPOSE CLAUSES . 328 7.3.5. MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES . 329 7.3.5.1. FINITE MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES . 329 7.3.5.2. NON-FMITE MANNER AND COMPARISON CLAUSES . 330 7.3.6. QUANTITY CLAUSES . 331 7.3.7. CLAUSES OF LOCATION IN SPACE AND TIME . 331 7.3.7.1. BOUND FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES . 331 7.3.7.2. FREE FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES WITHOUT A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 332 7.3.7.3. FREE FINITE LOCATION CLAUSES WITH A RESUMPTIVE ELEMENT . 332 7.3.7.4. NON-FMITE LOCATION CLAUSES . 332 7.3.8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES . 333 7.3.8.1. POTENTIAL CONDITIONALS . 334 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7.3.8.2. COUNTERFACTUAL CONDITIONALS . 335 7.3.8.3. CONTEXTUALLY GROUNDED CONDITIONALS . 336 7.3.8.4. CONCESSIVE CONDITIONALS . 338 7.3.8.5. ETYMOLOGICAL NOTE . 339 7.3.9. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES . 339 7.3.9.1. CONCESSIVES WITH FULFILMENT INFORMATION EXPRESSED . 340 7.3.9.2. CONCESSIVES WITH FULFILMENT INFORMATION UNEXPRESSED . 340 7.3.9.3. ETYMOLOGICAL AND TYPOLOGICAL NOTE . 341 7.4. PREDICATE AND CLAUSE COORDINATION . 342 7.4.1. NON-EMPHATIC COORDINATION . 342 7.4.1.1. CONJUNCTIVE COORDINATION (ELLIPSIS) . 342 7.4.1.2. CONVERBIAL USE OF PARTICIPLES . 342 7.4.1.3. PARATAXIS . 343 7.4.1.4. VECTOR VERB CONSTRUCTIONS . 343 7.4.2. EMPHATIC COORDINATION . 344 7.5. TAIL-HEAD LINKAGE . 345 8. CONCLUSION . 347 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY . 349 10. APPENDIX . 367 10.1. ABBREVIATIONS . 367 10.1.1. GRAMMATICAL ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSES . 367 10.1.2. LOCATIONS, VILLAGES AND SOURCES OF EXAMPLES . 368 10.1.3. TYPOGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS . 368 10.2. LIST OF SIMPLE PREDICATES . 369 10.3. SAMPLE TEXT: BAHLUL THE WISE MAN AND THE STOLEN KNIFE . 379 INDEX . 397
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spelling	Suleymanov, Murad Verfasser (DE-588)1230886443 aut A grammar of Şirvan Tat Murad Suleymanov Wiesbaden Reichert 2021 400 Seiten 1 Illustration 24 cm x 17 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beiträge zur Iranistik 46 Mundart Tatisch Schirwan, Landschaft (DE-588)1232038822 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Religion Indogermanistik Sprachwissenschaft Iranistik Indoiranisch Sprachwissenschaft/Iranistik Sprachwissenschaft/Indogermanistik (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Mundart Tatisch Schirwan, Landschaft (DE-588)1232038822 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Verlag Dr. Ludwig Reichert Inhaberin Ursula Reichert (DE-588)1065107307 pbl Beiträge zur Iranistik 46 (DE-604)BV000010050 46 X:MVB http://reichert-verlag.de/9783752000115_a_grammar_of_şirvan_tat-detail DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032562215&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Suleymanov, Murad A grammar of Şirvan Tat Beiträge zur Iranistik Mundart Tatisch Schirwan, Landschaft (DE-588)1232038822 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)1232038822 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	A grammar of Şirvan Tat
title_auth	A grammar of Şirvan Tat
title_exact_search	A grammar of Şirvan Tat
title_exact_search_txtP	A grammar of Şirvan Tat
title_full	A grammar of Şirvan Tat Murad Suleymanov
title_fullStr	A grammar of Şirvan Tat Murad Suleymanov
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Şirvan Tat Murad Suleymanov
title_short	A grammar of Şirvan Tat
title_sort	a grammar of sirvan tat
topic	Mundart Tatisch Schirwan, Landschaft (DE-588)1232038822 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
topic_facet	Mundart Tatisch Schirwan, Landschaft Grammatik Hochschulschrift
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