Plant biochemistry:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxon ; Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
2021
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 473 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780815344995 9780367685355 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bowsher, Caroline |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant biochemistry |c Caroline Bowsher and Alyson Tobin |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxon ; Boca Raton, FL |b CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a xvi, 473 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface First Edition Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Plant Biochemistry xiii XV 1 Chapter 2 Approaches to Understanding Metabolic Pathways 5 What We Need to Understand a Metabolic Pathway 5 Chromatography 7 Electrophoresis 11 The Use of Isotopes 14 Chapter 3 Plant Cell Structure 37 Plant Organs and Tissues Consist of Communities of Cells 37 Cell Structure Is Defined by Membranes 38 The Plasma Membrane: The Cell Boundary that Controls Transport Into and Out of the Cell 44 Vacuoles and the Tonoplast Membrane 46 The Endomembrane System 47 Cell Walls Serve to Limit Osmotic Swelling of the Enclosed Protoplast 53 The Nucleus Contains the Cell s Chromatin within a Highly Specialized Structure, the Nuclear Envelope 57 Mitochondria Are Ubiquitous Organelles, Which Are the Site of Cellular Respiration 58 Current Research Techniques Using a Range of Molecular Biology Approaches 16 The Generation of Mutant Plants 16 Peroxisomes House Vital Biochemical Pathways for Many Plant Cell Processes 60 Plant Transformation Techniques 17 Plastids Are an Integral Feature of All Plant Cells 61 Epigenetic Modification in Plants 18 Summary 65 The Functional Identification of Unknown Genes Has Been a Major Biological Challenge Bibliography 65 22 The Impact of Metabolic Flux on Plant Metabolism 22 Coarse and Fine Metabolic Control 24 Metabolic Control Analysis Theory 28 Basic Features of the Photochemical Process 67 Compartmentation: Keeping Competitive Reactions Apart 30 Pigments Capture Light Energy and Convert it to a Flow of Electrons 72 Understanding Plant Metabolism in the Individual
Cell 32 Photosystem II Splits Water to Form Protons and Oxygen and Reduces Plastoquinone to Plastoquinol 76 The Isolation of Organelles 32 The Q-Cycle Uses Plastoquinol to Pump Protons and Reduce Plastocyanin 82 Summary 33 Bibliography 34 Photosystem I Catalyzes a Second Light Excitation Event 85 Chapter 4 Light Reactions of Photosynthesis 67
viii Contents ATP Synthase Utilizes the Proton Motive Force to Generate ATP 88 C4 Photosynthesis Reduces Photorespiratory Carbon Losses by Concentrating Carbon Dioxide Around Rubisco 132 132 Cyclic Photophosphorylation Generates ATP Independently of Water Oxidation and NADPH Formation 92 Spatial Separation of the Two Carboxylases Ü in C4 Leaves Mechanisms for Adjusting to Erratic Solar Irradiation 94 Stages of C4 Photosynthesis and Variations of t Һ■ Basic Pathway 134 Some of the C4 Pathway Enzymes Are Light-Regulated 138 Decreasing Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Caused Rapid Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis 139 C3-C4 Intermediate Species May Represent an Evolutionary Stage Between C3 and C4 Plants 140 The C4 Pathway Can Exist in Single Cells of Some Species 140 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Is a Photosynthetic Pathway Particularly Well-Suited to Arid Environments 142 Temporal Separation of the Carboxylases in CAM 142 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism as a Flexible Pathway 143 Phosphoeno/pyruvate Carboxylase in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants Is Regulated by Protein Phosphorylation 145 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Is Thought to Have Evolved Independently on Several Occasions 145 C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthetic Pathways: Advantages and Disadvantages 146 Summary 100 Bibliography 102 Chapter 5 Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 105 Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation Produces Most of the Biomass on Earth 106 Carbon Dioxide Enters the Leaf Through Stomata, but Water Is also Lost in the Process 106 Carbon Dioxide Is Converted to Carbohydrates Using Energy Derived from Sunlight
106 ; irs The Calvin-Benson Cycle Is Used by All Photosynthetic Eukaryotes to Convert Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrate 108 Discovery of the Calvin-Benson Cycle 108 There Are Three Phases in the Calvin-Benson Cycle 109 Calvin-Benson Cycle Intermediates May Be Used to Make Other Photosynthetic Products 114 The Calvin-Benson Cycle Is Autocatalytic and Produces More Substrate Than It Consumes 114 Calvin-Benson Cycle Activity and Light-Regulation 116 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Differ in Their Facility to Discriminate Between Different Isotopes of Carbon 1 so Rubisco is a Highly Regulated Enzyme 119 Summary 1 1 Bibliography 1 2 Rubisco Oxygenase: The Starting Point for the Photorespiratory Pathway The Photorespiratory Pathway Operates via Reactions in the Chloroplast, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria The Isolation and Analysis of Mutants and the Photorespiratory Pathway 122 Chapter 6 Respiration 122 127 Photorespiration May Provide Essential Amino Acids and Protect against Environmental Stress 127 Photorespiration Uses ATP and Reductant 127 Photorespiration and the Loss of Photosynthetically 1 ՜ Overview of Respiration 156 The Main Components of Plant Respiration 1 56 Plants Need Energy and Precursors for Subsequent Biosynthesis 157 Glycolysis Is the Major Pathway That Fuels Respiration 157 Hexose Sugars Enter into Glycolysis and Are Converted into Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate 160 Fixed Carbon 128 Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate 160 Photorespiration Is a Target for Modification to Improve Crop Productivity 131 Alternative Reactions Provide Flexibility to Plant Glycolysis
161
Contents Plant Glycolysis Is Regulated by a Bottom-Up Process Metabolic Complex Formation (Metabolons) May Affect Glycolytic Flux Glycolysis Supplies Energy and Reducing Power for Biosynthetic Reactions 163 163 163 The Availability of Oxygen Determines the Fate of Pyruvate 164 The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is an Alternative Catabolic Route for Glucose Metabolism 165 The Irreversible Oxidative Decarboxylation of Glucose 6-Phosphate Generates NADPH The Second Stage of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Returns Any Excess Pentose Phosphates to Glycolysis All or Part of the OPPP Is Duplicated in the Plastids .¿ud Cytosol 167 167 167 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Is Located in the Mitochondria 167 Pyruvate Oxidation Marks the Link Between Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 172 The Product of Pyruvate Oxidation, Acetyl CoA, Enters the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle via the Citrate Synthase Reaction 177 IX The Alternative Oxidase Is a Dimer of Two Identical Polypeptides with a Non-Heme Iron Center 192 Alternative Oxidase Isoforms in Plants Are Encoded by Discrete Gene Families 193 Alternative Oxidase Activity Is Regulated by 2-Oxo Acids and by Reduction and Oxidation 193 The Alternative Oxidase Adds Flexibility to the Operation of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain 194 The Alternative Oxidase May Prevent the Formation of Damaging Reactive Oxygen Species within the Mitochondria 194 Alternative Oxidase Appears to Play a Role in the Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses 195 Alternative Oxidase and NADH Oxidation Can Operate Under Low ADP/ATP 195 Plant
Mitochondria Contain Uncoupling Proteins 196 ATP Synthesis in Plant Mitochondria Is Coupled to the Proton Electrochemical Gradient That Forms During Electron Transport 196 ATP Synthase Uses the Proton Motive Force to Generate ATP 201 Mitochondrial Respiration Interacts with Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in the Light 202 Substrates for the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Are Derived Mainly from Carbohydrates 180 Tiie Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Serves a Biosynthetic Function in Plants and Can Function in a Non-Cyclic Manner Supercomplexes May Form between Components of the Electron Transport Chain, but Their Physiological Significance Remains Uncertain 204 181 Summary 204 The TCA Cycle Is Sensitive to Mitochondrial NADH/ NAD՛ and ATP/ADP Ratios Bibliography 204 184 A : hioredoxin/NADPH Redox System Regulates a Number of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes and Other Mitochondrial Proteins 185 The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Oxidizes Reducing Equivalents Produced in Respiratory Substrate Oxidation and Produces ATP 186 There are Five Main Protein Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain 186 Plant Mitochondria Possess Additional Respiratory Proteins That Provide a Branched Electron Transport Chain 188 Plant Mitochondria Contain Four Additional NAD(P) H Dehydrogenases 189 Plant Mitochondria Contain an Alternative Oxidase That Transfers Electrons from QH2 to Oxygen and Provides a Bypass of the Cytochrome Oxidase Branch 190 Chapter 7 Synthesis and Mobilization of Storage and Structural Carbohydrates 207 Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Higher Plants 208 Sucrose Is the Major
Form of Carbohydrate Transported from Source to Sink Tissue 209 Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Is an Important Control Point in the Sucrose Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants 212 Sensing, Signaling, and Regulation of Carbon Metabolism by Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate 215 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate Enables the Cell to Regulate the Operation of Multiple Pathways of Plant Carbohydrate Metabolism 215 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate as a Regulatory Link between the Chloroplast and the Cytosol 217
x Contents Sucrose Breakdown Occurs via Sucrose Synthase and Invertase Starch is the Principal Storage Carbohydrate in Plants 217 221 Starch Synthesis Occurs in Plastids of Both Source and SinkTissues 223 Starch Formation Occurs in Water-Insoluble Starch Granules in the Plastids 227 The Composition and Structure of Starch Affects the Properties and Functions of Starches 228 Starch Degradation Varies in Different Plant Organs 230 Nitrogen Fixation: Some Plants Obtain Nitrogen from the Atmosphere via a Symbiotic Association with Bacteria 253 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Involves a Complex Interaction between Host Plant and Microorganism 256 Nodule-Forming Bacteria (Rhizobiaceae) Are Composed of the Three Genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azorhizobium 256 The Nodule Environment Is Generated by Interaction between the Legume Plant Host and Rhizobia 258 Nitrogen Fixation Is Energy Expensive, Consuming Up to 20% of All Photosynthates Generated 259 Mycorrhizae Are Associations Between Soil Fungi and Plant Roots That Can Enhance the Nitrogen Nutrition of the Plant - 60 The Nature and Regulation of Starch Degradation Is Poorly Understood 231 Transitory Starch Is Remobilized Initially by a Starch Modifying Process That Takes Place at the Granule Surface during the Dark Period 232 The Regulation of Starch Degradation IsUnclear 232 Most Higher Plants Obtain Nitrogen from the Soil in the Form of Nitrate 262 233 Higher Plants Have Multiple Nitrate Carriers with Distinct Properties and Regulation Mechanisms 263 Nitrate Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite in the
Cytosol of Root and Shoot Cells 264 The Production of Nitrite Is Rigidly Controlled by the Expression, Catalytic Activity, and Degradation of NR 265 Fructans Are Probably the Most Abundant Storage Carbohydrates in Plants after Starch and Sucrose A Model Has Been Proposed for the Biosynthesis of the Different Fructan Molecules Found in Plants Fructan-Accumulating Plants Are Abundant in Temperate Climate Zones with Seasonal Drought or Frost Trehalose Biosynthesis Is Not Just Limited to Resurrection Plants 233 234 236 Trehalose Biosynthesis in Higher Plants and Its Role in the Regulation of Carbon Metabolism 236 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 237 Synthesis of Cell Wall Sugars and Polysaccharides 238 Cellulose 239 Matrix Components Consist of Branched Polysaccharides 242 Expansins and Extensins, Proteins That Play Both Enzymatic and Structural Roles in Cell Expansion 247 Lignin 248 Summary 248 Bibliography 249 Chapter 8 Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism 251 Nitrite Reductase, Localized in the Plastids, Catalyzes the Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonium 268 Plant Cells Have the Capacity to Transport Ammonium Ions 2 ’2 Ammonium Is Assimilated into Amino 2 2 Acids Sulfate Is Relatively Abundant in the Environment and Serves as a Primary Sulfur Source for Plants 50 The Assimilation of Sulfate 281 Adenosine 5 -Phosphosulfate Reductase Is Composed of Two Distinct Domains 282 Sulfite Reductase Is Similar in Structure to Nitrite Reductase 283 Sulfation Is an Alternative Minor Assimilation Pathway Incorporating Sulfate into Organic Compounds 283 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Is Essential for Plant
Growth and Development 284 Nitrogen and Sulfur Must Be Assimilated in the Plant 251 Carbon Flow Is Essential for Maintaining Amino Acid Production 285 Apart from Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen, Nitrogen Is the Most Abundant Element in Plants The Form of Nitrogen Transported Through the Xylem Differs across Species 252 286
Contents Aminotransferase Reactions Are Central to Amino Acid Metabolism as They Distribute Nitrogen from Glutamate to Other Amino Acids 288 Asparagine, Aspartate, and Alanine Biosynthesis 289 Glycine and Serine Biosynthesis 290 The Aspartate Family of Amino Acids: Lysine, Threonine, Isoleucine, and Methionine 290 The Branched-Chain Amino Acids Valine and Leucine 293 Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids Cysteine and Methionine 294 Glutamine, Arginine, and Proline Biosynthesis 298 The Biosynthesis of the Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan 299 Histidine Biosynthesis 299 Large Amounts of Nitrogen Can Be Present in Non-Protein Amino Acids 299 Plant Storage Proteins: Why Do Plants Store Proteins and What Sort of Proteins Do They Store? 301 Vicilins and Legumins Are the Main Storage Proteins in Many Dicotyledonous Plants 302 XI The Condensation of Nine Two-Carbon Units Is Necessary for the Assembly of an 18C Fatty Acid 324 The Assembly of an 18C Fatty Acid from Acetyl CoA Using Type II Fatty Acid Synthase Requires 48 Reactions and the Involvement of at Least 12 Different Proteins 328 Acyl-ACP Utilization in the Plastid 330 Source of NADPH and ATP to Support Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 330 Glycerolipids Are Formed from the Incorporation of Fatty Acids to the Glycerol Backbone 330 Phosphatidic Acid, Produced in the Plastids or Endoplasmic Reticulum, Is a Central Intermediate in Glycerolipid Biosynthesis 332 Lipids Function in Signaling and Defense 333 The Products of the Oxidation of Lipids and the Resulting Metabolites Are Collectively Known as Oxylipins 335 A Waxy
Cuticle Coats All Land Plants 337 Biosynthesis of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Wax Precursors 339 Role of Suberin as a Hydrophobic Layer 339 Prolamins Are Major Storage Proteins in Cereals and Grasses 304 Storage Lipids Are Primarily a Storage Form of Carbon and Chemical Energy 340 2S Albumins Are Important but Minor Components of Seed Proteins 309 Important Role of Transcriptional Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Oil Seeds 343 Where Are Seed Proteins Synthesized and How Do They Reach Their Storage Compartment? 310 Release of Fatty Acids from Acyl Lipids 345 The Breakdown of Fatty Acids Occurs via Oxidation at the p Carbon and Subsequent Removal of Two Carbon Units 345 Summary 346 Bibliography 348 Protein Stores Are Degraded and Mobilized during Seed Germination 311 Vegetative Organs Store Proteins, Which Are Very Different from Seed Proteins 312 The Potato, a MajorTemperate-Climate Crop 313 Tropical Roots and Tubers: Sweet Potato, Yams, Taro, and Cassava 313 Despite Their Diversity, Storage Proteins Share Common Characteristics 314 Summary 315 Bibliography 315 Chapter 9 Lipid Biosynthesis 319 Overview of Lipids 319 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Occurs through the Sequential Addition of Two Carbon Units 322 Chapter 10 Alkaloids 351 Plants Produce a Vast Array of Chemicals That Deter or Attract Other Organisms 351 Alkaloids Are a Chemically Diverse Group That All Contain Nitrogen and a Number of Carbon Rings 352 Alkaloids Are Widespread in the Plant Kingdom and Are Particularly Abundant in the Solanaceae 352 Functions of Alkaloids in Plants and Animals 352 The Challenges and
Complexity of Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathways 354
xii Contents Amino Acids as Precursors in the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids Are Made from Tryptamine and the Terpenoid Secologanin 354 356 Isoquinoline Alkaloids Are Produced from Tyrosine and Include Many Valuable Drugs such as Morphine and Codeine 361 Tropane Alkaloids and Nicotine Are Found Mainly in the Solanaceae 365 Pyrollizidine Alkaloids Are Found in Four Main Families 370 Purine Alkaloids as Popular Stimulants and as Poisons and Feeding Deterrents against Herbivores 372 The Diversity of Alkaloids Has Arisen through Evolution Driven by Herbivore Pressure 374 Gene Duplication Followed by Mutation Is Thought to Be a Major Factor in the Evolution of the Alkaloid Biosynthesis Pathways There Is No Simple Taxonomic Relationship in the Distribution of Different Classes of Alkaloids 377 Summary 378 Bibliography 378 The Simple Phenolics Include Simple Phenylpropanoids, Coumarins, and Benzoic Acid Derivatives The More Complex Phenolics Include the Flavonoids, Which Have a Characteristic ThreeMembered A-, B-, С-Ring Structure 397 Flavonoids Are Produced from Chalcones, Fornirci from the Condensation of p-Coumaroyl CoA and Malonyl CoA 403 Simple Phenolics from the Basic Phenylpropanoo Pathway Are Used in the Biosynthesis of the HydrolyzableTannins 414 Lignin Is a Complex Polymer Formed from Subunits That Are Synthesized from Phenylalanine in the General Phenylpropanoid Pathway 415 Summary 419 Bibliography 420 42b Terpenoids Are a Diverse Group of Essential Oils That Are Formed from the Fusion of Five-Carbon Isoprene Units 423 Terpenoids Serve a Wide Range
of Biological Functions 426 The Biosynthesis of Terpenoids 4 38 381 Stage 1. Formation of the Core Five-Carbon Isopentenyl Diphosphate Unit Can Occur via Two Distinct Pathways: The Mevalonic Acid (MVA) Pathway and the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate (МЕР) Pathway 438 386 Stage 2. Prenyltransferases Combine the FiveCarbon IPP and DMAPP Units to Form a Range of Terpenoid Precursors 444 387 Stage 3. Terpene Synthases Convert the Terpenoid Precursors GPP, FPP, and GGPP into the Basic Terpenoid Groups 446 Stage 4. The Modification of the Basic Terpenoid Skeletons Produces a Vast Array of Terpenoid Products 453 Subcellular Compartmentation Is Important in the Regulation ofTerpenoid Biosynthesis 454 Summary 455 Bibliography 455 381 Lignin Is a Complex Polymer Formed Mainly from Monolignol Units 391 The Tannins Are Phenolic Polymers That Form Complexes with Proteins 391 Most Plant Phenolics Are Synthesized from Phenylpropanoids 392 The Shikimic Acid Pathway Provides the Aromatic Amino Acid Phenylalanine from Which the Phenylpropanoids Are All Derived The Core Phenylpropanoid Pathway Provides the Basic Phenylpropanoid Units That Are Used to Make Most of the Phenolic Compounds in Plants Chapter 12 Terpenoids 377 Plant Phenolic Compounds Are a Diverse Group with a Common Aromatic Ring Structure and a Range of Biological Functions 397 375 The Distribution of Enzymes between Different Cell Types Allows for Further Chemical Diversity Chapter 11 Phenolics The Shikimic Acid Pathway Is Regulated by Substrate Supply and End-Product Inhibition and Is Affected by Wounding and Pathogen Attack 393
Index 4S9
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Preface First Edition Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Plant Biochemistry xiii XV 1 Chapter 2 Approaches to Understanding Metabolic Pathways 5 What We Need to Understand a Metabolic Pathway 5 Chromatography 7 Electrophoresis 11 The Use of Isotopes 14 Chapter 3 Plant Cell Structure 37 Plant Organs and Tissues Consist of Communities of Cells 37 Cell Structure Is Defined by Membranes 38 The Plasma Membrane: The Cell Boundary that Controls Transport Into and Out of the Cell 44 Vacuoles and the Tonoplast Membrane 46 The Endomembrane System 47 Cell Walls Serve to Limit Osmotic Swelling of the Enclosed Protoplast 53 The Nucleus Contains the Cell's Chromatin within a Highly Specialized Structure, the Nuclear Envelope 57 Mitochondria Are Ubiquitous Organelles, Which Are the Site of Cellular Respiration 58 Current Research Techniques Using a Range of Molecular Biology Approaches 16 The Generation of Mutant Plants 16 Peroxisomes House Vital Biochemical Pathways for Many Plant Cell Processes 60 Plant Transformation Techniques 17 Plastids Are an Integral Feature of All Plant Cells 61 Epigenetic Modification in Plants 18 Summary 65 The Functional Identification of Unknown Genes Has Been a Major Biological Challenge Bibliography 65 22 The Impact of Metabolic Flux on Plant Metabolism 22 Coarse and Fine Metabolic Control 24 Metabolic Control Analysis Theory 28 Basic Features of the Photochemical Process 67 Compartmentation: Keeping Competitive Reactions Apart 30 Pigments Capture Light Energy and Convert it to a Flow of Electrons 72 Understanding Plant Metabolism in the Individual
Cell 32 Photosystem II Splits Water to Form Protons and Oxygen and Reduces Plastoquinone to Plastoquinol 76 The Isolation of Organelles 32 The Q-Cycle Uses Plastoquinol to Pump Protons and Reduce Plastocyanin 82 Summary 33 Bibliography 34 Photosystem I Catalyzes a Second Light Excitation Event 85 Chapter 4 Light Reactions of Photosynthesis 67
viii Contents ATP Synthase Utilizes the Proton Motive Force to Generate ATP 88 C4 Photosynthesis Reduces Photorespiratory Carbon Losses by Concentrating Carbon Dioxide Around Rubisco 132 132 Cyclic Photophosphorylation Generates ATP Independently of Water Oxidation and NADPH Formation 92 Spatial Separation of the Two Carboxylases Ü in C4 Leaves Mechanisms for Adjusting to Erratic Solar Irradiation 94 Stages of C4 Photosynthesis and Variations of t Һ■ Basic Pathway 134 Some of the C4 Pathway Enzymes Are Light-Regulated 138 Decreasing Global Carbon Dioxide Concentration Caused Rapid Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis 139 C3-C4 Intermediate Species May Represent an Evolutionary Stage Between C3 and C4 Plants 140 The C4 Pathway Can Exist in Single Cells of Some Species 140 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Is a Photosynthetic Pathway Particularly Well-Suited to Arid Environments 142 Temporal Separation of the Carboxylases in CAM 142 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism as a Flexible Pathway 143 Phosphoeno/pyruvate Carboxylase in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants Is Regulated by Protein Phosphorylation 145 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Is Thought to Have Evolved Independently on Several Occasions 145 C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthetic Pathways: Advantages and Disadvantages 146 Summary 100 Bibliography 102 Chapter 5 Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 105 Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation Produces Most of the Biomass on Earth 106 Carbon Dioxide Enters the Leaf Through Stomata, but Water Is also Lost in the Process 106 Carbon Dioxide Is Converted to Carbohydrates Using Energy Derived from Sunlight
106 ; irs The Calvin-Benson Cycle Is Used by All Photosynthetic Eukaryotes to Convert Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrate 108 Discovery of the Calvin-Benson Cycle 108 There Are Three Phases in the Calvin-Benson Cycle 109 Calvin-Benson Cycle Intermediates May Be Used to Make Other Photosynthetic Products 114 The Calvin-Benson Cycle Is Autocatalytic and Produces More Substrate Than It Consumes 114 Calvin-Benson Cycle Activity and Light-Regulation 116 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Differ in Their Facility to Discriminate Between Different Isotopes of Carbon 1 so Rubisco is a Highly Regulated Enzyme 119 Summary 1 1 Bibliography 1 2 Rubisco Oxygenase: The Starting Point for the Photorespiratory Pathway The Photorespiratory Pathway Operates via Reactions in the Chloroplast, Peroxisome, and Mitochondria The Isolation and Analysis of Mutants and the Photorespiratory Pathway 122 Chapter 6 Respiration 122 127 Photorespiration May Provide Essential Amino Acids and Protect against Environmental Stress 127 Photorespiration Uses ATP and Reductant 127 Photorespiration and the Loss of Photosynthetically 1 ՜ Overview of Respiration 156 The Main Components of Plant Respiration 1 56 Plants Need Energy and Precursors for Subsequent Biosynthesis 157 Glycolysis Is the Major Pathway That Fuels Respiration 157 Hexose Sugars Enter into Glycolysis and Are Converted into Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate 160 Fixed Carbon 128 Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate 160 Photorespiration Is a Target for Modification to Improve Crop Productivity 131 Alternative Reactions Provide Flexibility to Plant Glycolysis
161
Contents Plant Glycolysis Is Regulated by a Bottom-Up Process Metabolic Complex Formation (Metabolons) May Affect Glycolytic Flux Glycolysis Supplies Energy and Reducing Power for Biosynthetic Reactions 163 163 163 The Availability of Oxygen Determines the Fate of Pyruvate 164 The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Is an Alternative Catabolic Route for Glucose Metabolism 165 The Irreversible Oxidative Decarboxylation of Glucose 6-Phosphate Generates NADPH The Second Stage of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Returns Any Excess Pentose Phosphates to Glycolysis All or Part of the OPPP Is Duplicated in the Plastids .¿ud Cytosol 167 167 167 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Is Located in the Mitochondria 167 Pyruvate Oxidation Marks the Link Between Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 172 The Product of Pyruvate Oxidation, Acetyl CoA, Enters the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle via the Citrate Synthase Reaction 177 IX The Alternative Oxidase Is a Dimer of Two Identical Polypeptides with a Non-Heme Iron Center 192 Alternative Oxidase Isoforms in Plants Are Encoded by Discrete Gene Families 193 Alternative Oxidase Activity Is Regulated by 2-Oxo Acids and by Reduction and Oxidation 193 The Alternative Oxidase Adds Flexibility to the Operation of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain 194 The Alternative Oxidase May Prevent the Formation of Damaging Reactive Oxygen Species within the Mitochondria 194 Alternative Oxidase Appears to Play a Role in the Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses 195 Alternative Oxidase and NADH Oxidation Can Operate Under Low ADP/ATP 195 Plant
Mitochondria Contain Uncoupling Proteins 196 ATP Synthesis in Plant Mitochondria Is Coupled to the Proton Electrochemical Gradient That Forms During Electron Transport 196 ATP Synthase Uses the Proton Motive Force to Generate ATP 201 Mitochondrial Respiration Interacts with Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in the Light 202 Substrates for the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Are Derived Mainly from Carbohydrates 180 Tiie Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Serves a Biosynthetic Function in Plants and Can Function in a Non-Cyclic Manner Supercomplexes May Form between Components of the Electron Transport Chain, but Their Physiological Significance Remains Uncertain 204 181 Summary 204 The TCA Cycle Is Sensitive to Mitochondrial NADH/ NAD՛ and ATP/ADP Ratios Bibliography 204 184 A : hioredoxin/NADPH Redox System Regulates a Number of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes and Other Mitochondrial Proteins 185 The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Oxidizes Reducing Equivalents Produced in Respiratory Substrate Oxidation and Produces ATP 186 There are Five Main Protein Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain 186 Plant Mitochondria Possess Additional Respiratory Proteins That Provide a Branched Electron Transport Chain 188 Plant Mitochondria Contain Four Additional NAD(P) H Dehydrogenases 189 Plant Mitochondria Contain an Alternative Oxidase That Transfers Electrons from QH2 to Oxygen and Provides a Bypass of the Cytochrome Oxidase Branch 190 Chapter 7 Synthesis and Mobilization of Storage and Structural Carbohydrates 207 Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Higher Plants 208 Sucrose Is the Major
Form of Carbohydrate Transported from Source to Sink Tissue 209 Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Is an Important Control Point in the Sucrose Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants 212 Sensing, Signaling, and Regulation of Carbon Metabolism by Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate 215 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate Enables the Cell to Regulate the Operation of Multiple Pathways of Plant Carbohydrate Metabolism 215 Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate as a Regulatory Link between the Chloroplast and the Cytosol 217
x Contents Sucrose Breakdown Occurs via Sucrose Synthase and Invertase Starch is the Principal Storage Carbohydrate in Plants 217 221 Starch Synthesis Occurs in Plastids of Both Source and SinkTissues 223 Starch Formation Occurs in Water-Insoluble Starch Granules in the Plastids 227 The Composition and Structure of Starch Affects the Properties and Functions of Starches 228 Starch Degradation Varies in Different Plant Organs 230 Nitrogen Fixation: Some Plants Obtain Nitrogen from the Atmosphere via a Symbiotic Association with Bacteria 253 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Involves a Complex Interaction between Host Plant and Microorganism 256 Nodule-Forming Bacteria (Rhizobiaceae) Are Composed of the Three Genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azorhizobium 256 The Nodule Environment Is Generated by Interaction between the Legume Plant Host and Rhizobia 258 Nitrogen Fixation Is Energy Expensive, Consuming Up to 20% of All Photosynthates Generated 259 Mycorrhizae Are Associations Between Soil Fungi and Plant Roots That Can Enhance the Nitrogen Nutrition of the Plant - 60 The Nature and Regulation of Starch Degradation Is Poorly Understood 231 Transitory Starch Is Remobilized Initially by a Starch Modifying Process That Takes Place at the Granule Surface during the Dark Period 232 The Regulation of Starch Degradation IsUnclear 232 Most Higher Plants Obtain Nitrogen from the Soil in the Form of Nitrate 262 233 Higher Plants Have Multiple Nitrate Carriers with Distinct Properties and Regulation Mechanisms 263 Nitrate Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite in the
Cytosol of Root and Shoot Cells 264 The Production of Nitrite Is Rigidly Controlled by the Expression, Catalytic Activity, and Degradation of NR 265 Fructans Are Probably the Most Abundant Storage Carbohydrates in Plants after Starch and Sucrose A Model Has Been Proposed for the Biosynthesis of the Different Fructan Molecules Found in Plants Fructan-Accumulating Plants Are Abundant in Temperate Climate Zones with Seasonal Drought or Frost Trehalose Biosynthesis Is Not Just Limited to Resurrection Plants 233 234 236 Trehalose Biosynthesis in Higher Plants and Its Role in the Regulation of Carbon Metabolism 236 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 237 Synthesis of Cell Wall Sugars and Polysaccharides 238 Cellulose 239 Matrix Components Consist of Branched Polysaccharides 242 Expansins and Extensins, Proteins That Play Both Enzymatic and Structural Roles in Cell Expansion 247 Lignin 248 Summary 248 Bibliography 249 Chapter 8 Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism 251 Nitrite Reductase, Localized in the Plastids, Catalyzes the Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonium 268 Plant Cells Have the Capacity to Transport Ammonium Ions 2 ’2 Ammonium Is Assimilated into Amino 2 2 Acids Sulfate Is Relatively Abundant in the Environment and Serves as a Primary Sulfur Source for Plants '50 The Assimilation of Sulfate 281 Adenosine 5 -Phosphosulfate Reductase Is Composed of Two Distinct Domains 282 Sulfite Reductase Is Similar in Structure to Nitrite Reductase 283 Sulfation Is an Alternative Minor Assimilation Pathway Incorporating Sulfate into Organic Compounds 283 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Is Essential for Plant
Growth and Development 284 Nitrogen and Sulfur Must Be Assimilated in the Plant 251 Carbon Flow Is Essential for Maintaining Amino Acid Production 285 Apart from Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen, Nitrogen Is the Most Abundant Element in Plants The Form of Nitrogen Transported Through the Xylem Differs across Species 252 286
Contents Aminotransferase Reactions Are Central to Amino Acid Metabolism as They Distribute Nitrogen from Glutamate to Other Amino Acids 288 Asparagine, Aspartate, and Alanine Biosynthesis 289 Glycine and Serine Biosynthesis 290 The Aspartate Family of Amino Acids: Lysine, Threonine, Isoleucine, and Methionine 290 The Branched-Chain Amino Acids Valine and Leucine 293 Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids Cysteine and Methionine 294 Glutamine, Arginine, and Proline Biosynthesis 298 The Biosynthesis of the Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan 299 Histidine Biosynthesis 299 Large Amounts of Nitrogen Can Be Present in Non-Protein Amino Acids 299 Plant Storage Proteins: Why Do Plants Store Proteins and What Sort of Proteins Do They Store? 301 Vicilins and Legumins Are the Main Storage Proteins in Many Dicotyledonous Plants 302 XI The Condensation of Nine Two-Carbon Units Is Necessary for the Assembly of an 18C Fatty Acid 324 The Assembly of an 18C Fatty Acid from Acetyl CoA Using Type II Fatty Acid Synthase Requires 48 Reactions and the Involvement of at Least 12 Different Proteins 328 Acyl-ACP Utilization in the Plastid 330 Source of NADPH and ATP to Support Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 330 Glycerolipids Are Formed from the Incorporation of Fatty Acids to the Glycerol Backbone 330 Phosphatidic Acid, Produced in the Plastids or Endoplasmic Reticulum, Is a Central Intermediate in Glycerolipid Biosynthesis 332 Lipids Function in Signaling and Defense 333 The Products of the Oxidation of Lipids and the Resulting Metabolites Are Collectively Known as Oxylipins 335 A Waxy
Cuticle Coats All Land Plants 337 Biosynthesis of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Wax Precursors 339 Role of Suberin as a Hydrophobic Layer 339 Prolamins Are Major Storage Proteins in Cereals and Grasses 304 Storage Lipids Are Primarily a Storage Form of Carbon and Chemical Energy 340 2S Albumins Are Important but Minor Components of Seed Proteins 309 Important Role of Transcriptional Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Oil Seeds 343 Where Are Seed Proteins Synthesized and How Do They Reach Their Storage Compartment? 310 Release of Fatty Acids from Acyl Lipids 345 The Breakdown of Fatty Acids Occurs via Oxidation at the p Carbon and Subsequent Removal of Two Carbon Units 345 Summary 346 Bibliography 348 Protein Stores Are Degraded and Mobilized during Seed Germination 311 Vegetative Organs Store Proteins, Which Are Very Different from Seed Proteins 312 The Potato, a MajorTemperate-Climate Crop 313 Tropical Roots and Tubers: Sweet Potato, Yams, Taro, and Cassava 313 Despite Their Diversity, Storage Proteins Share Common Characteristics 314 Summary 315 Bibliography 315 Chapter 9 Lipid Biosynthesis 319 Overview of Lipids 319 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Occurs through the Sequential Addition of Two Carbon Units 322 Chapter 10 Alkaloids 351 Plants Produce a Vast Array of Chemicals That Deter or Attract Other Organisms 351 Alkaloids Are a Chemically Diverse Group That All Contain Nitrogen and a Number of Carbon Rings 352 Alkaloids Are Widespread in the Plant Kingdom and Are Particularly Abundant in the Solanaceae 352 Functions of Alkaloids in Plants and Animals 352 The Challenges and
Complexity of Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathways 354
xii Contents Amino Acids as Precursors in the Biosynthesis of Alkaloids Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids Are Made from Tryptamine and the Terpenoid Secologanin 354 356 Isoquinoline Alkaloids Are Produced from Tyrosine and Include Many Valuable Drugs such as Morphine and Codeine 361 Tropane Alkaloids and Nicotine Are Found Mainly in the Solanaceae 365 Pyrollizidine Alkaloids Are Found in Four Main Families 370 Purine Alkaloids as Popular Stimulants and as Poisons and Feeding Deterrents against Herbivores 372 The Diversity of Alkaloids Has Arisen through Evolution Driven by Herbivore Pressure 374 Gene Duplication Followed by Mutation Is Thought to Be a Major Factor in the Evolution of the Alkaloid Biosynthesis Pathways There Is No Simple Taxonomic Relationship in the Distribution of Different Classes of Alkaloids 377 Summary 378 Bibliography 378 The Simple Phenolics Include Simple Phenylpropanoids, Coumarins, and Benzoic Acid Derivatives The More Complex Phenolics Include the Flavonoids, Which Have a Characteristic ThreeMembered A-, B-, С-Ring Structure 397 Flavonoids Are Produced from Chalcones, Fornirci from the Condensation of p-Coumaroyl CoA and Malonyl CoA 403 Simple Phenolics from the Basic Phenylpropanoo Pathway Are Used in the Biosynthesis of the HydrolyzableTannins 414 Lignin Is a Complex Polymer Formed from Subunits That Are Synthesized from Phenylalanine in the General Phenylpropanoid Pathway 415 Summary 419 Bibliography 420 42b Terpenoids Are a Diverse Group of Essential Oils That Are Formed from the Fusion of Five-Carbon Isoprene Units 423 Terpenoids Serve a Wide Range
of Biological Functions 426 The Biosynthesis of Terpenoids 4 38 381 Stage 1. Formation of the Core Five-Carbon Isopentenyl Diphosphate Unit Can Occur via Two Distinct Pathways: The Mevalonic Acid (MVA) Pathway and the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate (МЕР) Pathway 438 386 Stage 2. Prenyltransferases Combine the FiveCarbon IPP and DMAPP Units to Form a Range of Terpenoid Precursors 444 387 Stage 3. Terpene Synthases Convert the Terpenoid Precursors GPP, FPP, and GGPP into the Basic Terpenoid Groups 446 Stage 4. The Modification of the Basic Terpenoid Skeletons Produces a Vast Array of Terpenoid Products 453 Subcellular Compartmentation Is Important in the Regulation ofTerpenoid Biosynthesis 454 Summary 455 Bibliography 455 381 Lignin Is a Complex Polymer Formed Mainly from Monolignol Units 391 The Tannins Are Phenolic Polymers That Form Complexes with Proteins 391 Most Plant Phenolics Are Synthesized from Phenylpropanoids 392 The Shikimic Acid Pathway Provides the Aromatic Amino Acid Phenylalanine from Which the Phenylpropanoids Are All Derived The Core Phenylpropanoid Pathway Provides the Basic Phenylpropanoid Units That Are Used to Make Most of the Phenolic Compounds in Plants Chapter 12 Terpenoids 377 Plant Phenolic Compounds Are a Diverse Group with a Common Aromatic Ring Structure and a Range of Biological Functions 397 375 The Distribution of Enzymes between Different Cell Types Allows for Further Chemical Diversity Chapter 11 Phenolics The Shikimic Acid Pathway Is Regulated by Substrate Supply and End-Product Inhibition and Is Affected by Wounding and Pathogen Attack 393
Index 4S9 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:39:18Z |
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| institution | BVB |
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| spelling | Bowsher, Caroline Verfasser aut Plant biochemistry Caroline Bowsher and Alyson Tobin Second edition Oxon ; Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 2021 xvi, 473 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s DE-604 Tobin, Alyson Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-13798-6 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032561994&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bowsher, Caroline Tobin, Alyson Plant biochemistry Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4006777-4 |
| title | Plant biochemistry |
| title_auth | Plant biochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Plant biochemistry |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plant biochemistry |
| title_full | Plant biochemistry Caroline Bowsher and Alyson Tobin |
| title_fullStr | Plant biochemistry Caroline Bowsher and Alyson Tobin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant biochemistry Caroline Bowsher and Alyson Tobin |
| title_short | Plant biochemistry |
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| topic | Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
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