Russia as empire: past and present
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| Beschreibung: | 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781789142914 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a 1. Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case -- 2. Empire by Design or Accident of History? -- 3. The Russian Empire in Western Eyes -- 4. Prehistory and Geography: Rus' -- 5. The Mongols, Siberia and Asia -- 6. Moscow's Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy -- 7. Troubles -- 8. From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground -- 9. The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 -- 10. Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 -- 11. Multinational Empires: Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1853-1917 -- 12. The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 -- 13. Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? -- Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? -- References -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- Photo Acknowledgements -- Index | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface 7 1 Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case 17 2 Empire by Design or Accident of History? 38 3 The Russian Empire in Western Eyes 44 4 Prehistory and Geography: Rus’ 59 5 The Mongols, Siberia and Asia 65 6 Moscow’s Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy 77 7 Troubles 92 8 From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground 101 9 The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 121 10 Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 140
11 Multinational Empires: Russia and AustriaHungary, 1853-1917 156 12 The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 165 13 Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? 195 Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? 206 REFERENCES 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22Ó ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 233 PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234 INDEX 235
Bibliography Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities, revd edn (London, 2006) Anderson, Perry, Lineages ofthe Absolutist State (New York, 1979) Arbatov, Georgy, The System: An Insider’s Life in Soviet Politics (New York, 1992) Barrett, Thomas, At the Edge ofEmpire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, ιγοο-1860 (Boulder, co, 1999) Bauer, Otto, Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (Vienna, 1907) Berdyaev, N., The Origin ofRussian Communism (New York, 1937) —, The Russian Idea (New York, 1948) Berger, S., and A. Miller, eds, Nationalizing Empires (Budapest and New York, 2015) Bernard, L., ‘French Society and Popular Uprisings under Louis xiv’, French Historical Studies, 111/4 (1964), pp. 454-74 Berry, Lloyd, and Robert Crummey, Rude and Barbarous Kingdom: Russia in the Accounts ofSixteenth-century English Voyagers (Madison, wi, 1968) Billington, James, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York, 1966) Boeck, Brian, ‘When Peter 1 Was Forced to Settle for Less: Coerced Labor and Resistance in a Failed Russian Colony, 1695-1711’, Journal ofModern History, Lxxx/3 (2008), pp. 485-514 Boterbloem, Kees, The Fiction and Reality ofJan Struys: A Seventeenth-century Dutch Globetrotter (Basingstoke, 2008) —, A History ofRussia and Its Empire: From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin, 2nd edn (Lanham, md, 2018) Bushkovitch, Paul, A Concise History ofRussia (Cambridge, 2011) 226
Bibliography Carleton, G., Russia: The Story of War (Cambridge, ma, 2017) [Census of 1897], demoskop weekly, www.demoscope.ru, 27 November 2019 Chemiavsky, Mikhail, Khan or Basileus·. An Aspect of Russian Mediaeval Political Theory’, Journal ofthe History ofIdeas, xx/4 (1959), PP· 459֊7б Chew, Allen F., An Atlas ofRussian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders (New Haven, ct, 1967) Chuev, F., Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics (Chicago, il, 199Յ) Davies, Brian, State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia (Basingstoke, 1994) —, Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe (London, 2007) Davies, Norman, Europe: A History (Oxford, 1996) Dostoyevsky, F., Crime and Punishment (London, 1982) Dunning, Chester, Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding ofthe Romanov Dynasty (University Park, pa, 2001) Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations, revd edn (Oxford, 2000) Elliott, J. H., ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, Past and Present, cxxxvii/i (1992), pp. 48-71 Esper, Jan, et al., ‘Orbital Forcing of Tree-ring Data’, Nature Climate Change, 11/12 (2012), pp. 862-6 Etkind, Alexander, Internal Colonization: Russia’s Imperial Experience (Cambridge, 2011) Fletcher, Giles, Ofthe Russe Commonwealth, ed. Richard Pipes (Cambridge, ma, 1966) Forsyth, James, A History ofthe Peoples ofSiberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony, 1581-1990 (Cambridge, 1991) Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things: Introduction to the Archeology of Human Sciences (New York, 1970) Gaddis, John Lewis, On Grand Strategy (New
York, 2018) Galeotti, Mark, Russia ’s Wars in Chechnya, 1994-2009 (Oxford, 2014) Gessen, Masha, The Man without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin (New York, 2012) Golden., Peter B., et al., eds, The World ofthe Khazars: New Perspectives (Leiden, 2007)
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Goldfrank, D., L. Hughes, C. Evtuhov and R. Stites, A History ofRussia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces (Boston, ma, 2004) Gorodetsky, G., Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion ofRussia (New Haven, ct, 1999) Gregory, Paul R., Before Command: An Economic History ofRussia from Emancipation to the First Five Year Plan (Princeton, nj, 1994) Halperin, Charles, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (Bloomington, in, 1987) —, The Tatar Yoke: The Image ofthe Mongols in Medieval Russia (Bloomington, in, 2009) Hellie, R., Enserfment andMilitary Change in Muscovy (Chicago, il, 1971) Herberstein, S. von, Notes upon Russia, trans, and ed. R. H. Major (London, 1851) Hobsbawm, E., The Age ofEmpire, 1875-1914 (New York, 1989) —, and T. Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983) Hobson, J. A., Imperialism: A Study, at www.marxists.org, accessed 8 January 2020 Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia: People and Empire (Cambridge, ma, 1997) —, Russia and the Russians: A History (Cambridge, ma, 2001) Hroch, M., European Nations: Explaining their Formation (London, 2015) —, Social Preconditions ofNational Revival in Europe (Cambridge, 1985) Kamen, Henry, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763 (New York, 2003) Kappeler, Andreas, The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History (London, 2001) Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall ofthe Great Powers: Economic Change andMilitary Conflictfrom 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987) Khalid, Adeeb, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca, ny, 2015) Khlevniuk, Oleg,
Stalin: New Biography ofa Dictator (New Haven, ct, 2015) Khodarkovsky, Mikhail, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making ofa Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 (Bloomington, in, 2002) Kissinger, Henry, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems ofPeace (Boston, ma, 1957)
Bibliography Kivelson, V. A., and R. G. Suny, Russia’s Empires (Oxford, 2016) Kliuchevskii, V. O., Sochineniia (Moscow, 1956) Koenigsberger, H. G., ‘Monarchies and Parliaments in Early Modern Europe’, Theory and Society, v/2 (1978), pp. 191-217 Kollmann, Nancy Shields, Kinship and Politics: The Making ofthe Muscovite Political System, 1345-1547 { Stanford, ca, 1987) Kotilaine, Jarmo, ‘When the Twain Did Meet: Foreign Merchants and Russia’s Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century’, PhD diss., Harvard University, 2000 Kotkin, Stephen, Stalin, 2 vols (New York, 2015-17) Kumar, Krishan, Visions ofEmpire: How Five ImperialRegimes Shaped the World (Princeton, nj, 2017) Kuromiya, H., Freedom and Terrorin the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland (Cambridge, 1998) LeDonne, John, The Grand Strategy ofthe Russian Empire (Oxford, 2004) Lenin, V. I., ‘Imperialism, the Highest State of Capitalism’ [1917], www.marxists.org, accessed 8 January 2020 —, ‘The State and Revolution: The Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution’ [1917], www.marxists.org, accessed 8 January 2020 Lieven, D., Russia against Napoleon: The True Story ofthe Campaigns of War and Peace (New York, 2010) Longworth, Philip, The Making ofEastern Europe (Basingstoke, 1992) —, Russia: The Once and Future Empirefrom Pre-history to Putin (New York, 2005) McNeill, William H., Europe’s Steppe Frontier (Chicago, il, 1964) Magosci, Paul Robert, HistoricalAtlas ofEast Central Europe (Toronto, 1993) Martin, Terry, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union,
1923-1939 (Ithaca, ny, 2001) Marx, Anthony, Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins ofNationalism (Oxford, 2003) Matthee, R., ‘Was Safavid Iran an Empire?’, Journal ofthe Economic and Social History ofthe Orient, ւա/1-2 (շօւօ), pp. 233-65 —, ‘Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands versus the Eastern Frontier Zone’, The Historian, LXV11/3 (2015), pp. 431-63 Maximov, V., The Seven Days ofCreation (New York, 1975) 229
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Montesquieu, Comte Robert de, The Spirit ofthe Laws (New York, 1949) Morgan, David, TheMongols, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2007) Moss, Walter G., A History ofRussia, 2 vols, 2nd edn (London, 2005) The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of164g, ed. Richard Hellie (Irvine, ca, 1988) Naarden, Bruno, ‘Marx and Russia’, History ofEuropean Ideas, xii/6 (1990), pp. 783-97 Nekrich, A. M., The Punished Peoples (New York, 1981) Ostrowski, Donald, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-culturalInfluences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 (Cambridge, 1998) Parker, G., Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, ct, 2013) Pipes, R., The Formation ofthe Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, revd edn (Cambridge, ma, 1997) —, Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient andModem Russia, 2nd edn (Ann Arbor, mi, 2005) —, Russia under the Old Regime, 2nd edn (London, 1997) Plokhy, Serhii, The Origins ofthe Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Cambridge, 2006) Poe, Μ., Ά People Born to Slavery ’: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1476-1748 (Ithaca, ny, 2001) —, The Russian Moment in World History (Princeton, nj, 2003) Pólyán, P., Against Their Will: The History and Geography ofForced Migrations in the USSR (Budapest, 2003) Ree, Erik van, The Political Thought ofJoseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism (London, 2003) Reich, Wilhelm, The Mass Psychology ofFascism, 3rd edn (New York, 1970) Riasanovsky, N., and Mark Steinberg, A History ofRussia, 8th edn (Oxford, 2010) Romaniello, M. P.,
The Elusive Empire: Kazan and the Creation of Russia, 1552-1671 (Madison, wi, 2012) The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text, ed. S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowitz-Wetsor (Cambridge, ma, 1930) Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 (Oxford, 1917) Siegel, Jennifer, Britain, Russia and theFinal Strugglefor CentralAsia (London, 2002) 230
Bibliography Siegelbaum, Lewis H., Stakhanovism and the Politics ofProductivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, 1990) Slezkine, Yuri, ArcticMirrors (Ithaca, NY, 1994) —, The Jewish Century, new edn (New Haven, ct, 2019) Snyder, T., Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (London, 2010) —, The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America (New York, 2018) Solzhenitsyn, Arkhipelaggulag: Opyt khudozhestvennogo issledovaniia, 1918-1956,3 vols (Paris, 1973-5) —, The GulagArchipelago, 3 vols (New York, 1973-8) Stevens, Carol Belkin, Russia’s Wars ofEmergence, 1460-1730 (New York, 2007) Subtelny, Orest, Ukraine: A History, 4th edn (Toronto, 2009) Sunderland, Willard, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, ny, 2004) Suny, Ronald Grigor, Looking afterArarat: Armenia in Modern History (Bloomington, in, 1993) —, The Making ofthe Georgian Nation, 2nd edn (Bloomington, in, 1994) Stalin, Josef, ‘Speech to Business Executives’, 4 February 1931, www.marxists.org [Stalin, K], ‘Marxism and the Nationality Question’, www.marxists.org, accessed 27 November 2019 Tillett, Lowell, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities (Chapel Hill, nc, 1969) Toal, Gerard, NearAbroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus (Oxford, 2017) Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace (London, 1978) Toynbee, Arnold J., Civilization on Trial (Oxford, 1948) Ulam, Adam B., Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, 2nd edn (New York, 1974) Usitalo, S., Thelnvention ofMikhail Lomonosov: A Russian National Myth (New
York, 2013) Voslensky, Michael, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class (New York, 1984) Waal, Thomas de, Black Garden: Armenia andAzerbaijan through Peace and War, revd edn (New York, 2013) Weber, E., Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization ofRural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, ca, 1976) 231
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Westad, Odd Arne, The Cold War: A WorldHistory (New York, 2017) White, Hayden, ‘Foucault Decoded: Notes from Underground’, History and Theory, xii/1 (1973), pp. 23-54 White, Richard, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, 1991) Wittfogel, Karl, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, CT, 1957) Wolff, L., Inventing Eastern Europe: TheMap ofCivilization on the Mind ofthe Enlightenment (Stanford, ca, 1994) [WorldBank statistics] www.worldbank.org, 28 November 2019 Wortman, R., Scenarios ofPower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchyfrom Peter the Great to the Abdication ofNicholas 11 (Princeton, nj, 2006) Zubok, V. M., A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, 2nd edn (Chapel Hill, nc, 2007) Zygar, Mikhail, All the Kremlin ’sMen: Inside the Court of Vladimir Putin (New York, 2016)
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations 1905 Revolution 146,162 1917 Revolution 9-11,15, 24, 41-2, 75,166-7,169,174-5 abolition of serfdom (1861) 32, 131.140-41 absolutism 20, 92,190; see also autocracy Academy of Sciences 118-19 Afghanistan 14, 54, 76,135,146, 191,19Յ Africa 38,150-51,154-5.192 agriculture 41,59, 65, 74,131, 151,177 Alaska 40, 74-5,134 Alexander the Great 43, 48 Alexander 1130-33,158 Alexander 1110,32,40,140-41 Alexander in 34,157,159-60 Aleksei Mikhailovich 14, 31,46, 49,51-Յ, 82,109-14,166, 201 America 38, 46, 71, 74,107,121, 135 Anastasia Zakhar’ina-Iur’eva 89 Andropov, Yuri 192 Anna Ioannovna 39,123,129 antiquity 17, 20,118 anti-Semitism 189 Aral Sea 149 Arctic 94 Arkhangelsk 53, 88,110,114-15 Armenia 155,170,171,196 army (arms) 20-21, 29-3Յ, 37,39, 48֊53,56, 71-4, 84-5, 88-90, 94-9,101,103-19,123-4, 129,131-3,137,140-8,151-5, 167-70,174,177-8,180-83, 189-91,197, 200-202, 205, 207 artisans 116 Assembly of the Land 94,110 Astrakhan 51, 88,113 ataman (supreme Cossack chief) no, 138 atomic bomb 189 Augustus 119 Aurangzeb 107 Austria 15, 56,130,135-6,152, 156,158-9,162-3,163,166, 209 autocracy 21-2,55, 92, 99-100, 125-7,130,137,139,160-62, 177 Avars 59, 62, 66 Azerbaijan 132,151,170,171,196 Azov 22, 39,52, 54,109,115-16 235
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE backwardness 125,136,140,176 Baku 151 balkanization 195 Balkans 133 Baltic Germans 28, 82, 88-9,155, 187 Baltic region (states) 39, 45, 53-4,56, 79, 89,109,119, 131,134,156,160,166-9,179, 183,185,196, 200-202, 207 Baltic Sea 40, 46, 49,51, 61, 65, 79, 84,108,116 Bashkirs 34,107,121,123 Basmachi rebellion 30,170 battles (significant) 54-5, 58, 84, 117-18,131,133,146,188 beards 118 Beccaria, Cesare 126 Belarus(yns/sians) 12,34-5,37, 52,59, 61-7, 79, 80-82, 95, 104,125,138,156,159,169, 185-7 Belgium 25,116,133,136 Bering, Vitus 74 Bismarck, Otto von 157,162 Black Hundreds 161-2 Black Sea 40, 46, 55,59, 62-3, 65, 84, 90,116 Bolotnikov, Ivan 97 Bolsheviks 15, 42,168 Boris Godunov 92, 94-6,105 botik 113,115 Boxer revolt 144 boyars 52, 89, 92, 95-100,106, 118,125 Brezhnev, Leonid 9,190-92 British alliance with Russia (1907) 146 236 Brius (Bruce), Iakov 129 Bukhara 153 Bulavin, Fyodor 121 Bulgaria 20 bureaucracy 32,99,104-5,121 159,17Յ Byzantine Empire 8,12-13,17, 20-21, 26-7,40,50, 61-2, 85-6,120 caesar (-opapism) 9, 20, 25,113, 119 canals 151 capitalism 168,174,199 Caspian Sea 39-40,46,51,53-4, 62, 65-6,72,113,123,132, 151, m Catherine π, the Great 11,14, 31,53,55-6,85,122,124, 126-31,137 Catholicism (Roman) 49,52, 54, 78, 84, 87, 95-6,138, 159-60 Catholics (Greek or Ukrainian) see Uniates Caucasus 76,82,123-4,150, 156,160,170, 213 cavalry 66, 88,101,104 censorship 129,137 censuses 62,156-7,162,183-4 Central Asia 14,29,32-3,40, 54, 72-3, 73, 75-6,123,143, 144-8,148,150,150-53,153, 156,160,170,186-7, 205 Central Committee 169,173 Central Powers 166-8 Chaadaev,
Pyotr 129 Chancery Slavonic 67, 80, 84
Index Charles v 47-9, 86 Charles xii 117-18 Chechens 34,132,183,186, 195-6, 203, 207 Cherkess(ians) 28,124,132 Chernenko, Konstantin 192 Chernobyl 193 China 8, 25-6,39-40, 47.54՜5. 70, 74, 7б, 123,135,144-6, 149,152,170,183,189-92, 204-6 Chingis Khan 12,15, 48 Chingisids 13, 43, 67, 70 Christianization 11, 67 chronicles 56, 61-3,65 church bells 117 Church Slavonic 67 Churchill, Winston 187 civil war 14, 36,165,167-9, 181-2; see also Time of Troubles civilization 32, 45,124,131,150, 152, 208 clergy 28, 52, 62, 95-6, 98-9, 110-11,162,184 climate 13, 36,59-60, 89, 92 codes (legal) 30-31; see also Ulozhenie Cold War 45, 48,146,189,202 collective farming 176-80 colonialism 33,36-7,151,154, 165 Cominform 42 Comintern 42 communication, means of 20, 62, 208 communism 41-2,168,175, 178-9,185 Communist Party 34, 41-2,125, 169,173-8,190 composite empire 13-14, 25-6, 30, 33,101-20,153 Congress of Vienna 133 conscription 29, 32,34,141, 166,178, 207 conservatism 44,130 Constantine the Great 113 Constantinople 12,17, 20, 21, 24-5, 5°, 55-6,61, 86-7, 130,132 constitutions 41,137,172-3, 193 Cossacks 30, 52,70-71,90, 94, 96-8,106,109-11, 113,121,123-4,160 cotton 72,151 Council of People’s Commissars 169,172-4 courts of law 87 Crimea(n Tatars) 14, 40, 45, 51-3, 58, 67, 70, 90,107,109, 115,124,133,136,139-40, 144,186,196-9, 201-4 Czechoslovakia 187,191 Dagestan 132,147 Danelaw 61 Decembrists 22,137 defensive line 70 dekulakization 36 democracy 22-4,162,199 Denikin, Anton 182 deportations 197 Diderot, Denis 126 diplomacy 74,115,130-31 Dmitrii Donskoi 84 237
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Dmitrii Ioannovich 92-3,93, 95֊6 Dn(i)epr (Dnipro) 61, 65,110, 112,198 Dolgorukii (Dolgorukov) clan 125 Don Cossacks 121 Don River 62,198-9 Donbas 198-9 Donetsk region 198 dual faith (dvoeverie) 78 Duma (Imperial) 162 Dutch 25,38, 46, 49-50, 71, 81, 88,108,110,113-16,128 dvor’iane (gentry) 99,103 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks E. 160 early modern states 8,30,105-6 East Asia 15,147 Eastern European Plain 7, 56, 59-60 Eastern Slavs 7-9,12-13,17, 20, 34, 49,56,59-7, 77-8, 80-81, 84, 90,124,196 education 36,55,128,137,141, 152-3,157,159,172,176, 200, 208 electricity 36,178 Elizabeth 126 Elizabeth и 11 Elizaveta Petrova 126-7 Emancipation Act (1861) see serfdom English merchants 71,88 Enlightenment 54-5,57,126,130, 13Յ entrepreneurs 38,136,154 environment 202-3 238 epidemics 13,36, 89,93,114 esotericism 24,134 estate see soslovie Estonia see Baltic region (states) Eternal Peace (1686) 112 Eurasia 48, 66, 77,121,136, 149 Euromaidan 201 European Union 200,205 factories 37,136,151,180 False Dmitriis 95-8 famines 13,36, 93-4,176-7, 179,185-6 Fedotov, Georgii 78 Ferg(h)ana Valley 166 Ferry, Jules 82,157 Filaret (F. N. Romanov) 98, 107-9 Filipp и 89 Filofei of Pskov 50, 87 Finland 118,134,156,160, 166,169 Finno-Ugrian 28, 56,77,124 Five Year Plans 45 Fletcher, Giles 57,89 Fonvizin, Denis 129 foreign mercenaries 71,109-10, 129 fossil fuels 75,205 France 36,38,46-51,54-6,59,61, 82,107,114-16,128,130-40, 145,150,154-8,192, 209 Frederick и the Great 117 Frederick William 1117 French language 128,157 French Revolution 126,130, 137,181
Index Friendship of the Peoples 28,33, 175 furs (animal) 61, 71 Fyodor 113, 57,91-2 Fyodor π 96 gas (natural) 75, 203-5 gender see women general secretary (of cpsu) 9,173 Geok Tepe 150 Georgia 34, 45,124-5,131-2.155. 170.183.196, 201 German 20, 25, 81,124,157 German speakers 82, 88-9, 127-8,155,186-7, 209 Germany 31, 59,125,136,144-5, 152,157-9,162.166-7, 186-7,191, 204, 209 Germogen, Russian Orthodox Patriarch 98 glasnost’ 193 Golden Age of Russian literature 129 Golden Horde (khanate) 70, 88 Golitsyn, Vasilii 115 Gorbachev, M.S. 192-4 Gorchakov, Aleksandr 151 Gosplan 41 government 7-8,15,22-6, 28-32, 41, 71, 75, 81, 95,103-5, из, 119-27,130,141,145,151-5, 160,162,168-9,172,178, 190.194.196, 205-8 Grand Duchy of Warsaw 132, 158 Grand Embassy of 1697-8 115-16 Great Britain 11,14-15,33-8, 40, 45-51, 61-3, 71, 75-6,109, 114-16,127-8,133-6,139-40, 145-6,150-51,154-5,167-8, 187, 206, 209 Great Game 75-6,146 Great Northern War 72 Great Powers (of Europe) 14, 23, 116-17 Great Reforms 32 Great Terror 36,177,179-80, 183-6 Great Turn 41 Great Wall (of China) 77 Greeks 17, 21, 55, 86,133,138 Greek Orthodoxy 17, 62, 86, 110,138-9 Greek Project 55,130 Grudzińska, Joanna 138 Gulag 29,179,185 gunpowder empires 183 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden 108 Habsburgs 8,135,152,162,164, 183 Harpe, Frédéric-César de la 130 health care 36,152 Henry vii 51 Herberstein, Sigismund von 57, 86 hetman 124 Hetmanate (Ukraine) 124 historiography see scholarship Hitler, Adolf 15, 40, 42, 48,125, 132,181,185,189 Hittites 66 Holocaust 189 Holomodor 176,185 239
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Holy Roman Empire 8,20, 47, 63,109,126 Hordes (Orda; Kazakh) 72 hostage-taking {yasak) 71 housing 104,111, 202 Hungary 187,191 Huns 59, 62, 66 hunting 28, 70-72 identity 8, її, 17-37, 81-2, 95, 129,138-9,158-9,178, 185-6,208 ideology 7,37,50, 64,126,137, 139-40,168,174, 206; see also -isms illiterates see literacy Imperial Guards 118,127,137 imperial overstretch 15,134 imperialism 36, 41, 45,53, 71,139, 146,150,154,174-5, 177, 204 India 8,14,33,135,150-51,183 industrialization 34, 36,41, 72, 75.135-6,141,144,156,159, 176,189,198, 203 Ingushetians 132,166,186 Inner Asia 40, 53 inoculation 36 inorodtsy 124 inovertsy 124 intelligentsia 81 Iran 8,39,54,56, 75-6,107,132, 205 iron 72,114,119 Islam 29,32-3, 48,50-51, 67, 72, 77-8,132,147,153,160,178, 184 Israel 189 Italy 87,192 240 iurod’ (holy fool) 94 Ivan i 83 Ivan in, the Great 13,26,49,52, 56, 85-6,90,120 Ivan iv, the Terrible 10,13,26, 49-52,57,87-90,92,94-5, 98,103 Ivangorod 108 Jadidism 33,153 Jadviga, queen of Poland 84 Japan 15, 74-5,133,135,144-7, 152,167-8,170, 204 Jesuits 95 Jews 55, 62,159-60,163,189 John Casimir 82 Kalmyks 34,121,123,186 Kamchatka 74 Kantemir, Antiokh 129 Karamzin, Nikolai 129-30,134 Kashin 83 Kazak(h)s 23,28-9, 72, 75, 123-4,134,148֊9,160, 176-7,185-6,190 Kazan 51, 88 KGB 186 Khabarov, Erofei 74 Kharkiv (Kharkov) 198 Khazars 62 Khmel’nits’kii, Bohdan 31, 110-11 Khrushchev, Nikita 181,190-91 Kim II-Sung 189 Kipling, Rudyard 124-5 Kliuchevskii, V.O., 28,36-7, 61 kniaz 63 Kol(‘)chak, Aleksandr 182
Index Komi 77,195, 203 Konstantin Pavlovich 138 Korea(ns) 144-5,179,189 korenizatsiia 175-6 Kravchuk, Leonid 198-9 Kremlin (Moscow) 85, 98,104, 169 Krizanich, Juraj 72 Krüdener, Julie de 134 Kuban region 176 kulaks 36 kulturnost’ (‘culturedness’) 124-5 Kulturträger (‘culture-bearers’) 124,152 Kurbskii, Andrei 89 Kyiv(an Rus’) 7-8,10-14, 27 49. 56, 61-6, 77-8, 83, 88,112, 137-8,198, 201, 206 Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz; Kirghiz), 148 Lake Ladoga 63 Latin 20, 25-6, 86 Latvia see Baltic region (states) legitimacy 15, 88,112,138 Lenin 11, 22, 36,164,166,168, 175, 208 Leningrad 179,188,194 Lezgin 163 literacy 34,128,138,141,152, 208 Lithuania see Baltic region (states); Poland-Lithuania Little (Mini) Ice Age 89 Livonia 51, 88 Livonian Wars 88-90,108 Lomonosov, Mikhail 129 London 108,115 Louis xi 51 Louis xiv 107, 208 Luhansk (Lugansk) region 198 Magyars 59, 62, 66 Manchuria(ns) 74,144-6,190 Mao Zedong 190-91 Marie Antoinette 130 marriage customs 92, 95-6 marriage politics 183 Marx, Karl 42,152,174-5,182 Marxism-Leninism 41-2,163, 174-5,181,184 Medvedev, Dmitrii 199 Mensheviks 179 merchants 99,103 metropolitan 78, 89 ‘Middle Ground’ 101,107,111, 121-3 Mikhail Romanov 46-52,57, 98-9,105-9 Military Revolution (early modern) 123 Miloslavskii, Ivan Mikhailovich 22 mining 72, 75,114,119, 203 Mniszech, Marina 96-7 modernization 33, 99,113,117, 130,144,176 Moldova 156,169,196 Molotov, Viacheslav 180 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 185 money, use of 103-4 Mongol(ian)s 9-13, 25, 27-8,50, 56, 66-7, 76-80, 83-5, 88 Mongolia (region/state) 144,170, 190 monks 50, 61, 77, 87, 98 Montesquieu 59
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Mordovia 77,195, 203 Moscow occupation 93,97-8, 101,132 Moscow rising of 1682 93 Moscow (State) University 129 Mughal emperors 107,146 Mussolini, Benito 42 Napoleon 140, 48,131-2,135, 158,181 Narva 49,108,117 nationalism 15, 28,31-4,63,82, 137-9,152.156-65,169,172, 174-9,185-8,191,198, 202, 206, 208 navy 37,54,113,115-16,115,139, 144,146,183 Nazarbaev, Nursultan 23 Nazis 180,186-8,197 ‘near abroad’ 34,195 Nicholas 111,15,125,136-40 Nicholas n 34,156-7,160,187 Nikon 110-13 Nobel brothers 151 nobility 57, 82, 97,103,125, 158 Nogais (Nogai Tatars) 107,121 nomads 59-60, 62, 66,121-2, 149 nomenklatura 173 Normandy 61 nato 45,183,200-202,205 Novgorod 40, 62, 79, 84-5, 87, 89-90, 200 Novikov, Nikolai 128,130 nuclear weapons 16,189, 205, 207 Nuremberg Trials 187 242 Oberprokuror 118 Ögödei 66 oil 75,151,203 Old Believers 111,113 ‘opium of the people’ 184 Opium War (First) 133,135 oprichnina 89-90,92 orda (Kazak polity) 123 oriental despotism 152 orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality 137-40 Ossetia (South) 201 Ottoman Empire 8,17, 25,39,41, 49-52,54-6, 87,108-9,114, 116,118,130-32,135,139, 144,148,152, 201 Pacific Ocean 40,46,67, 70,74 paganism 62,77-8, 84 palace coups 126-7 parliament (Russian) 162 patronage 130,151 Paul 1126-7,130,137 peasants 14,32, 81-3,94,101, 103-4,131,176,178 Pechenegs 66 People’s Commissar of Nationalities 165,169,175, 198 People’s Commissar of War 181 People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs, 224 perestroika 193 Peter, metropolitan 78 Peter 110-11,14,22, 27-8,30, 39,54-8, 74,85-7, 99-100, 108-9,113-20,125-8 Peter in, Russian tsar 126-7
Index PhilosophicalLetters (Chaadaev) 129 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 160 Poland-Lithuania 40, 52, 55, 67, 84-6, 89-90, 96,107-9, 111,116-17,132,138,151, 156,158-62,166-9,191 Polish-Soviet War (of 1920-21) 169 Politburo 169,173-4, 19° Polovtsy (Cumans) 66 pope (Catholic pontiff) 47, 52, 54, 95, no population numbers 35, 81-2, 88, 101,103,105,138,156-8,176, 183-8,190 Port Arthur 146 postal system 114 Potsdam Conference 187 Primary Chronicle 56, 61-3 printing 172 Pripet (Pripyat) marshes 59-60 proletariat (workers) 36,164, 175-8, 208-9 propaganda 34,140,165,168, 185, 208 Protestantism 49, 78,96,129,159 Prussia 114,117,130,135 Pskov 50, 79, 200 Pugachev, Emel’ian 121,124 Pushkin, Aleksandr 129,137 Putin, V. V. 9,11,16,22-4, 28, 35, 45, 63,99,192,199, 202-6 Qing Dynasty 39, 41, 74,123, 144,146,183 Qipchaks 85 racism 124,146 railroads 72, 75,136,145,151-2, 167,174 rasputitsa 132 Razin, Stenka 70,107,113,121 Riurikids 10,13,49-50, 63, 65 rivers 63, 65, 70, 85, 88,113,191 see ako Volga Romania 169,187,196 Romanov dynasty 10,14, 49,51, 56, 81, 89, 94, 98-9,101,104, 127,146,161-2,164-5 Roosevelt, Franklin 187 rossiiskii 26, 81,138,152,162,195 rule of law 126,187 Russian Federation 10-11,16, 24,26,34-5, 44-5, 75,120, 181-3,195-206, 209 Russian language 9-10,13, 26, 28, 61, 63, 67, 80-82, 87,125, 128,152-3,157-8,164-5,177 Russian Orthodox Church 9, 12-13,17, 21-2, 27-8,32-Յ, 44,49-53,55, 62-3, 67,73, 75-8, 84, 86, 91-6, 98,106, 110,112,129-30,137-9,178 Russification 158 russkii 81,138,152,156-7,195 Russo-Japanese War 133,146-7, 152 Russo-Turkish War 144 Saakashvili, Mikheil 201 Safavid
dynasty 39 St Petersburg 9,15,39, 45,108, 117-19,126,130,133,137, 180,194, 200 St Vladimir (Volodymyr) 8, 62 24Յ
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Sakhalin 204 Sarai 83 satellites 15,107, 111,132,187, 189,191,193, 200 scholarship 10,15,24,30,39-40, 42,45,50,57-8, 60,82, 95, 106-7, m, 134,158,172,178, 202, 207-8 schools 37,151-3,172,178,196 science 74,116,118,129,185, 189 Scythians 66 Secretariat (cpsu Central Committee) 173 Security Council (un) 192,205 Senate (Russian) 22,54,118 serfdom 14,32, 88, 94,103-4, 110,119,140 service sector (of economy) 41 shah (Iranian ruler) 107 Shamil 147-8 sherť (treaty) 30-31,111,123 shipbuilding 113,115,115-16, 119 Shuisky, Ivan 94 Siberia 14,31,37, 40-41,49, 53,56, 70-72, 73, 74-5, 90,105-7,123-4, W, 144, 148-50,152,156,170,179, 191, 204 Siberian exiles 137,186 Sigismund Wasa, king of Poland 97-8 Silk Road 72 Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail 97 slavery 22,32,58, 61,90 Smolensk 52,84, 86, 97 Smolensk War 51,109 244 socialists 159-60,162-3, ւ8շ Socialist Revolutionaries (sr) 159 Sofia Paleologos 85-6 Sofia Vitovtovna 84 Solovetskii Island 29 soslovye (estate) 119,124,141 sources, primary 28, 61,101 South Korea see Korea Soviet Empire 10-11,14-16, 18-19,24, ЗО, 33-4,37, 41-3, 46,56,58, 64, 76,120, 125,154,164-70,172-94, 196-201,209 Soviet of Nationalities 172 Soviet nationality policy 33-4, 125.162-5,169-70,172-80, 185-6,193-4,198-9 Spain 47,132,135, 207 Speranskii, Mikhail 31 Stalin 11, 22,34-5,41,45, 74, 125.163-5,168-77,180-81, 184-91,197-9 standard of living 36-7,104,164, 192-3, 20°, 2°7 State Committee for Emergency Situation 194 Stavropol region 176 steppe (grassland) 46,59, 66,121, 149,170 strel’tsy 30, 88,100,104,106, 109,118 Sudebnik (1497 Law Code) 85 Sumarokov,
Aleksandr 129 Supreme Soviet 172 Sweden 39-40, 49,52-4, 61, 97-8,107-9,114-18,151, 201 Switzerland 130 szlachta 82,103
Index Table of Ranks 119,124-6,154, 208 Taganrog 134 taiga 72 Tajikistan 29,149,166 Tatars 9,11, 22,26, 28,31,39-40, 50-55, 67, 70-71, 77-86, 88, 90,107-9,115,121,124,160, 186,197, 201, 203 Tatarstan 34,195 taxes 104,106,144,153 technology 20,36, 75,116,135-6, 140-41,150,174,176 Tehran Conference 187 terem 27 textile factories 72,119,151 theatre 145,172,189 Thirteen Years’ War 53,112 Time of Troubles 10-11,13,46, 49, 53, 70, 90, 92-105,108-9 Tiraspol 196 Tolstoi, Lev N. 182,182 trade 32,38,51, 61, 65, 71-2, 74, 88, 90,114,116,135 transport 20, 41, 62,136,174 Transsiberian Railroad 75 treaties (significant) 39, 55-6, 74, 111-12,118-19, !31_2, !44, 166,169-70,185 triumphal entry into Moscow (1696) 55-6 Trotsky 168,181 truces (significant) 51-3, 98-9, 112 tsar-batiushka 21,113 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail 181 tundra 72 Turkestan see Central Asia Turkic languages 80 Turkmenistan 72, 75,148-50 Tver’ 79, 83 Uglich 93 Ukraine 10-17,31՜2, 34,37, 40-41,45,49,52-9, 61-5, 67, 70, 79, 81-2, 95,104,110-11, 124-5,138,156,159,163, 166-9,176-7,183-7,190, 192,196-205 Ukrainian 63, 67, 80-82,125, 15б֊7,177 Ulozhenie (1649) 30-31,103,110 Uniate Church 52, 95,110 Union of Brest 52, 95 Union of Krewo 84 Union of Lublin 90 United Nations 192, 205 United States of America 16, 24, 38, 40, 45, 48,133,137,144, 167,187,192, 200 universities 129,131 Ural Mountains 40, 60, 66-7, 70, 72, 90,114 urbanization 34,164 Uvarov, Sergei 137-8 Uzbekistan 29,34, 41, 66, 72, 148-9,166 Uzhhorod 198 Varangians 56, 60-61, 63, 71 Vasily 184-5 Vasily π 85 Vasily in 49, 57, 86-7 Vasily iv (Shuisky) 92, 96-8 velikii kniaź 20,
62 Vienna 114,133-4,158 245
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Vietnam 192 Vladimir (town) 77-8, 79, 79 Vladimir-Suzdal’ region 62, 77 Vladivostok 144 voevody (governors) 30,105-6 Volga 50-51, 62-3, 65, 67, 70, 83, 88,107,113,121,195 Volodymyr see St Vladimir Voltaire 126-7 Vrangel, Pyotr 182 Warsaw 110,132,158 Warsaw Pact 42 water provision (supply) 36,178 Western Europe 37,53,57-8, 61, 71, 78, 81,109-10,115-16, 118,128,192 Western merchants 71,113-14 White Sea 2Q, 46,51, 88,108 Whites (in Russian Civil War) 167-8 William ա ii6 Władysław Jagiełło (Jogaila) 84 Władysław iv Wasa 98 246 women 27,118,138,157,169,170, 171,175,191 wood 80, 90,104,111 workers see proletariat World War, First 15, 29-30,162, 164-7,175 World War, Second 36-7,40, 112,180-81,188-9,198 Xinjiang 190 Yanukovych, Viktor 201 Yalta Conference 187 yasak (fur tribute) 71 Yeltsin, Boris 195,198-9 Yiddish 159 Yugoslavia 187,192, 202 Yushchenko, Viktor 200-201 Zaporizhiya (Zaporozhe) 110, 124,138 zemstvo 32,36 Zhukov, Georgy 181 Zinov’ev, Grigorii 179,179 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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Contents Preface 7 1 Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case 17 2 Empire by Design or Accident of History? 38 3 The Russian Empire in Western Eyes 44 4 Prehistory and Geography: Rus’ 59 5 The Mongols, Siberia and Asia 65 6 Moscow’s Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy 77 7 Troubles 92 8 From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground 101 9 The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 121 10 Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 140
11 Multinational Empires: Russia and AustriaHungary, 1853-1917 156 12 The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 165 13 Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? 195 Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? 206 REFERENCES 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22Ó ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 233 PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234 INDEX 235
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Bibliography Kivelson, V. A., and R. G. Suny, Russia’s Empires (Oxford, 2016) Kliuchevskii, V. O., Sochineniia (Moscow, 1956) Koenigsberger, H. G., ‘Monarchies and Parliaments in Early Modern Europe’, Theory and Society, v/2 (1978), pp. 191-217 Kollmann, Nancy Shields, Kinship and Politics: The Making ofthe Muscovite Political System, 1345-1547 { Stanford, ca, 1987) Kotilaine, Jarmo, ‘When the Twain Did Meet: Foreign Merchants and Russia’s Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century’, PhD diss., Harvard University, 2000 Kotkin, Stephen, Stalin, 2 vols (New York, 2015-17) Kumar, Krishan, Visions ofEmpire: How Five ImperialRegimes Shaped the World (Princeton, nj, 2017) Kuromiya, H., Freedom and Terrorin the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland (Cambridge, 1998) LeDonne, John, The Grand Strategy ofthe Russian Empire (Oxford, 2004) Lenin, V. I., ‘Imperialism, the Highest State of Capitalism’ [1917], www.marxists.org, accessed 8 January 2020 —, ‘The State and Revolution: The Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution’ [1917], www.marxists.org, accessed 8 January 2020 Lieven, D., Russia against Napoleon: The True Story ofthe Campaigns of War and Peace (New York, 2010) Longworth, Philip, The Making ofEastern Europe (Basingstoke, 1992) —, Russia: The Once and Future Empirefrom Pre-history to Putin (New York, 2005) McNeill, William H., Europe’s Steppe Frontier (Chicago, il, 1964) Magosci, Paul Robert, HistoricalAtlas ofEast Central Europe (Toronto, 1993) Martin, Terry, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union,
1923-1939 (Ithaca, ny, 2001) Marx, Anthony, Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins ofNationalism (Oxford, 2003) Matthee, R., ‘Was Safavid Iran an Empire?’, Journal ofthe Economic and Social History ofthe Orient, ւա/1-2 (շօւօ), pp. 233-65 —, ‘Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands versus the Eastern Frontier Zone’, The Historian, LXV11/3 (2015), pp. 431-63 Maximov, V., The Seven Days ofCreation (New York, 1975) 229
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Montesquieu, Comte Robert de, The Spirit ofthe Laws (New York, 1949) Morgan, David, TheMongols, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2007) Moss, Walter G., A History ofRussia, 2 vols, 2nd edn (London, 2005) The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of164g, ed. Richard Hellie (Irvine, ca, 1988) Naarden, Bruno, ‘Marx and Russia’, History ofEuropean Ideas, xii/6 (1990), pp. 783-97 Nekrich, A. M., The Punished Peoples (New York, 1981) Ostrowski, Donald, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-culturalInfluences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 (Cambridge, 1998) Parker, G., Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, ct, 2013) Pipes, R., The Formation ofthe Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, revd edn (Cambridge, ma, 1997) —, Karamzin’s Memoir on Ancient andModem Russia, 2nd edn (Ann Arbor, mi, 2005) —, Russia under the Old Regime, 2nd edn (London, 1997) Plokhy, Serhii, The Origins ofthe Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Cambridge, 2006) Poe, Μ., Ά People Born to Slavery ’: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1476-1748 (Ithaca, ny, 2001) —, The Russian Moment in World History (Princeton, nj, 2003) Pólyán, P., Against Their Will: The History and Geography ofForced Migrations in the USSR (Budapest, 2003) Ree, Erik van, The Political Thought ofJoseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism (London, 2003) Reich, Wilhelm, The Mass Psychology ofFascism, 3rd edn (New York, 1970) Riasanovsky, N., and Mark Steinberg, A History ofRussia, 8th edn (Oxford, 2010) Romaniello, M. P.,
The Elusive Empire: Kazan and the Creation of Russia, 1552-1671 (Madison, wi, 2012) The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text, ed. S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowitz-Wetsor (Cambridge, ma, 1930) Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 (Oxford, 1917) Siegel, Jennifer, Britain, Russia and theFinal Strugglefor CentralAsia (London, 2002) 230
Bibliography Siegelbaum, Lewis H., Stakhanovism and the Politics ofProductivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, 1990) Slezkine, Yuri, ArcticMirrors (Ithaca, NY, 1994) —, The Jewish Century, new edn (New Haven, ct, 2019) Snyder, T., Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (London, 2010) —, The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America (New York, 2018) Solzhenitsyn, Arkhipelaggulag: Opyt khudozhestvennogo issledovaniia, 1918-1956,3 vols (Paris, 1973-5) —, The GulagArchipelago, 3 vols (New York, 1973-8) Stevens, Carol Belkin, Russia’s Wars ofEmergence, 1460-1730 (New York, 2007) Subtelny, Orest, Ukraine: A History, 4th edn (Toronto, 2009) Sunderland, Willard, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, ny, 2004) Suny, Ronald Grigor, Looking afterArarat: Armenia in Modern History (Bloomington, in, 1993) —, The Making ofthe Georgian Nation, 2nd edn (Bloomington, in, 1994) Stalin, Josef, ‘Speech to Business Executives’, 4 February 1931, www.marxists.org [Stalin, K], ‘Marxism and the Nationality Question’, www.marxists.org, accessed 27 November 2019 Tillett, Lowell, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities (Chapel Hill, nc, 1969) Toal, Gerard, NearAbroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus (Oxford, 2017) Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace (London, 1978) Toynbee, Arnold J., Civilization on Trial (Oxford, 1948) Ulam, Adam B., Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, 2nd edn (New York, 1974) Usitalo, S., Thelnvention ofMikhail Lomonosov: A Russian National Myth (New
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RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Westad, Odd Arne, The Cold War: A WorldHistory (New York, 2017) White, Hayden, ‘Foucault Decoded: Notes from Underground’, History and Theory, xii/1 (1973), pp. 23-54 White, Richard, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, 1991) Wittfogel, Karl, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, CT, 1957) Wolff, L., Inventing Eastern Europe: TheMap ofCivilization on the Mind ofthe Enlightenment (Stanford, ca, 1994) [WorldBank statistics] www.worldbank.org, 28 November 2019 Wortman, R., Scenarios ofPower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchyfrom Peter the Great to the Abdication ofNicholas 11 (Princeton, nj, 2006) Zubok, V. M., A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, 2nd edn (Chapel Hill, nc, 2007) Zygar, Mikhail, All the Kremlin ’sMen: Inside the Court of Vladimir Putin (New York, 2016)
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations 1905 Revolution 146,162 1917 Revolution 9-11,15, 24, 41-2, 75,166-7,169,174-5 abolition of serfdom (1861) 32, 131.140-41 absolutism 20, 92,190; see also autocracy Academy of Sciences 118-19 Afghanistan 14, 54, 76,135,146, 191,19Յ Africa 38,150-51,154-5.192 agriculture 41,59, 65, 74,131, 151,177 Alaska 40, 74-5,134 Alexander the Great 43, 48 Alexander 1130-33,158 Alexander 1110,32,40,140-41 Alexander in 34,157,159-60 Aleksei Mikhailovich 14, 31,46, 49,51-Յ, 82,109-14,166, 201 America 38, 46, 71, 74,107,121, 135 Anastasia Zakhar’ina-Iur’eva 89 Andropov, Yuri 192 Anna Ioannovna 39,123,129 antiquity 17, 20,118 anti-Semitism 189 Aral Sea 149 Arctic 94 Arkhangelsk 53, 88,110,114-15 Armenia 155,170,171,196 army (arms) 20-21, 29-3Յ, 37,39, 48֊53,56, 71-4, 84-5, 88-90, 94-9,101,103-19,123-4, 129,131-3,137,140-8,151-5, 167-70,174,177-8,180-83, 189-91,197, 200-202, 205, 207 artisans 116 Assembly of the Land 94,110 Astrakhan 51, 88,113 ataman (supreme Cossack chief) no, 138 atomic bomb 189 Augustus 119 Aurangzeb 107 Austria 15, 56,130,135-6,152, 156,158-9,162-3,163,166, 209 autocracy 21-2,55, 92, 99-100, 125-7,130,137,139,160-62, 177 Avars 59, 62, 66 Azerbaijan 132,151,170,171,196 Azov 22, 39,52, 54,109,115-16 235
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE backwardness 125,136,140,176 Baku 151 balkanization 195 Balkans 133 Baltic Germans 28, 82, 88-9,155, 187 Baltic region (states) 39, 45, 53-4,56, 79, 89,109,119, 131,134,156,160,166-9,179, 183,185,196, 200-202, 207 Baltic Sea 40, 46, 49,51, 61, 65, 79, 84,108,116 Bashkirs 34,107,121,123 Basmachi rebellion 30,170 battles (significant) 54-5, 58, 84, 117-18,131,133,146,188 beards 118 Beccaria, Cesare 126 Belarus(yns/sians) 12,34-5,37, 52,59, 61-7, 79, 80-82, 95, 104,125,138,156,159,169, 185-7 Belgium 25,116,133,136 Bering, Vitus 74 Bismarck, Otto von 157,162 Black Hundreds 161-2 Black Sea 40, 46, 55,59, 62-3, 65, 84, 90,116 Bolotnikov, Ivan 97 Bolsheviks 15, 42,168 Boris Godunov 92, 94-6,105 botik 113,115 Boxer revolt 144 boyars 52, 89, 92, 95-100,106, 118,125 Brezhnev, Leonid 9,190-92 British alliance with Russia (1907) 146 236 Brius (Bruce), Iakov 129 Bukhara 153 Bulavin, Fyodor 121 Bulgaria 20 bureaucracy 32,99,104-5,121 159,17Յ Byzantine Empire 8,12-13,17, 20-21, 26-7,40,50, 61-2, 85-6,120 caesar (-opapism) 9, 20, 25,113, 119 canals 151 capitalism 168,174,199 Caspian Sea 39-40,46,51,53-4, 62, 65-6,72,113,123,132, 151, m Catherine π, the Great 11,14, 31,53,55-6,85,122,124, 126-31,137 Catholicism (Roman) 49,52, 54, 78, 84, 87, 95-6,138, 159-60 Catholics (Greek or Ukrainian) see Uniates Caucasus 76,82,123-4,150, 156,160,170, 213 cavalry 66, 88,101,104 censorship 129,137 censuses 62,156-7,162,183-4 Central Asia 14,29,32-3,40, 54, 72-3, 73, 75-6,123,143, 144-8,148,150,150-53,153, 156,160,170,186-7, 205 Central Committee 169,173 Central Powers 166-8 Chaadaev,
Pyotr 129 Chancery Slavonic 67, 80, 84
Index Charles v 47-9, 86 Charles xii 117-18 Chechens 34,132,183,186, 195-6, 203, 207 Cherkess(ians) 28,124,132 Chernenko, Konstantin 192 Chernobyl 193 China 8, 25-6,39-40, 47.54՜5. 70, 74, 7б, 123,135,144-6, 149,152,170,183,189-92, 204-6 Chingis Khan 12,15, 48 Chingisids 13, 43, 67, 70 Christianization 11, 67 chronicles 56, 61-3,65 church bells 117 Church Slavonic 67 Churchill, Winston 187 civil war 14, 36,165,167-9, 181-2; see also Time of Troubles civilization 32, 45,124,131,150, 152, 208 clergy 28, 52, 62, 95-6, 98-9, 110-11,162,184 climate 13, 36,59-60, 89, 92 codes (legal) 30-31; see also Ulozhenie Cold War 45, 48,146,189,202 collective farming 176-80 colonialism 33,36-7,151,154, 165 Cominform 42 Comintern 42 communication, means of 20, 62, 208 communism 41-2,168,175, 178-9,185 Communist Party 34, 41-2,125, 169,173-8,190 composite empire 13-14, 25-6, 30, 33,101-20,153 Congress of Vienna 133 conscription 29, 32,34,141, 166,178, 207 conservatism 44,130 Constantine the Great 113 Constantinople 12,17, 20, 21, 24-5, 5°, 55-6,61, 86-7, 130,132 constitutions 41,137,172-3, 193 Cossacks 30, 52,70-71,90, 94, 96-8,106,109-11, 113,121,123-4,160 cotton 72,151 Council of People’s Commissars 169,172-4 courts of law 87 Crimea(n Tatars) 14, 40, 45, 51-3, 58, 67, 70, 90,107,109, 115,124,133,136,139-40, 144,186,196-9, 201-4 Czechoslovakia 187,191 Dagestan 132,147 Danelaw 61 Decembrists 22,137 defensive line 70 dekulakization 36 democracy 22-4,162,199 Denikin, Anton 182 deportations 197 Diderot, Denis 126 diplomacy 74,115,130-31 Dmitrii Donskoi 84 237
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Dmitrii Ioannovich 92-3,93, 95֊6 Dn(i)epr (Dnipro) 61, 65,110, 112,198 Dolgorukii (Dolgorukov) clan 125 Don Cossacks 121 Don River 62,198-9 Donbas 198-9 Donetsk region 198 dual faith (dvoeverie) 78 Duma (Imperial) 162 Dutch 25,38, 46, 49-50, 71, 81, 88,108,110,113-16,128 dvor’iane (gentry) 99,103 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks E. 160 early modern states 8,30,105-6 East Asia 15,147 Eastern European Plain 7, 56, 59-60 Eastern Slavs 7-9,12-13,17, 20, 34, 49,56,59-7, 77-8, 80-81, 84, 90,124,196 education 36,55,128,137,141, 152-3,157,159,172,176, 200, 208 electricity 36,178 Elizabeth 126 Elizabeth и 11 Elizaveta Petrova 126-7 Emancipation Act (1861) see serfdom English merchants 71,88 Enlightenment 54-5,57,126,130, 13Յ entrepreneurs 38,136,154 environment 202-3 238 epidemics 13,36, 89,93,114 esotericism 24,134 estate see soslovie Estonia see Baltic region (states) Eternal Peace (1686) 112 Eurasia 48, 66, 77,121,136, 149 Euromaidan 201 European Union 200,205 factories 37,136,151,180 False Dmitriis 95-8 famines 13,36, 93-4,176-7, 179,185-6 Fedotov, Georgii 78 Ferg(h)ana Valley 166 Ferry, Jules 82,157 Filaret (F. N. Romanov) 98, 107-9 Filipp и 89 Filofei of Pskov 50, 87 Finland 118,134,156,160, 166,169 Finno-Ugrian 28, 56,77,124 Five Year Plans 45 Fletcher, Giles 57,89 Fonvizin, Denis 129 foreign mercenaries 71,109-10, 129 fossil fuels 75,205 France 36,38,46-51,54-6,59,61, 82,107,114-16,128,130-40, 145,150,154-8,192, 209 Frederick и the Great 117 Frederick William 1117 French language 128,157 French Revolution 126,130, 137,181
Index Friendship of the Peoples 28,33, 175 furs (animal) 61, 71 Fyodor 113, 57,91-2 Fyodor π 96 gas (natural) 75, 203-5 gender see women general secretary (of cpsu) 9,173 Geok Tepe 150 Georgia 34, 45,124-5,131-2.155. 170.183.196, 201 German 20, 25, 81,124,157 German speakers 82, 88-9, 127-8,155,186-7, 209 Germany 31, 59,125,136,144-5, 152,157-9,162.166-7, 186-7,191, 204, 209 Germogen, Russian Orthodox Patriarch 98 glasnost’ 193 Golden Age of Russian literature 129 Golden Horde (khanate) 70, 88 Golitsyn, Vasilii 115 Gorbachev, M.S. 192-4 Gorchakov, Aleksandr 151 Gosplan 41 government 7-8,15,22-6, 28-32, 41, 71, 75, 81, 95,103-5, из, 119-27,130,141,145,151-5, 160,162,168-9,172,178, 190.194.196, 205-8 Grand Duchy of Warsaw 132, 158 Grand Embassy of 1697-8 115-16 Great Britain 11,14-15,33-8, 40, 45-51, 61-3, 71, 75-6,109, 114-16,127-8,133-6,139-40, 145-6,150-51,154-5,167-8, 187, 206, 209 Great Game 75-6,146 Great Northern War 72 Great Powers (of Europe) 14, 23, 116-17 Great Reforms 32 Great Terror 36,177,179-80, 183-6 Great Turn 41 Great Wall (of China) 77 Greeks 17, 21, 55, 86,133,138 Greek Orthodoxy 17, 62, 86, 110,138-9 Greek Project 55,130 Grudzińska, Joanna 138 Gulag 29,179,185 gunpowder empires 183 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden 108 Habsburgs 8,135,152,162,164, 183 Harpe, Frédéric-César de la 130 health care 36,152 Henry vii 51 Herberstein, Sigismund von 57, 86 hetman 124 Hetmanate (Ukraine) 124 historiography see scholarship Hitler, Adolf 15, 40, 42, 48,125, 132,181,185,189 Hittites 66 Holocaust 189 Holomodor 176,185 239
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Holy Roman Empire 8,20, 47, 63,109,126 Hordes (Orda; Kazakh) 72 hostage-taking {yasak) 71 housing 104,111, 202 Hungary 187,191 Huns 59, 62, 66 hunting 28, 70-72 identity 8, її, 17-37, 81-2, 95, 129,138-9,158-9,178, 185-6,208 ideology 7,37,50, 64,126,137, 139-40,168,174, 206; see also -isms illiterates see literacy Imperial Guards 118,127,137 imperial overstretch 15,134 imperialism 36, 41, 45,53, 71,139, 146,150,154,174-5, 177, 204 India 8,14,33,135,150-51,183 industrialization 34, 36,41, 72, 75.135-6,141,144,156,159, 176,189,198, 203 Ingushetians 132,166,186 Inner Asia 40, 53 inoculation 36 inorodtsy 124 inovertsy 124 intelligentsia 81 Iran 8,39,54,56, 75-6,107,132, 205 iron 72,114,119 Islam 29,32-3, 48,50-51, 67, 72, 77-8,132,147,153,160,178, 184 Israel 189 Italy 87,192 240 iurod’ (holy fool) 94 Ivan i 83 Ivan in, the Great 13,26,49,52, 56, 85-6,90,120 Ivan iv, the Terrible 10,13,26, 49-52,57,87-90,92,94-5, 98,103 Ivangorod 108 Jadidism 33,153 Jadviga, queen of Poland 84 Japan 15, 74-5,133,135,144-7, 152,167-8,170, 204 Jesuits 95 Jews 55, 62,159-60,163,189 John Casimir 82 Kalmyks 34,121,123,186 Kamchatka 74 Kantemir, Antiokh 129 Karamzin, Nikolai 129-30,134 Kashin 83 Kazak(h)s 23,28-9, 72, 75, 123-4,134,148֊9,160, 176-7,185-6,190 Kazan 51, 88 KGB 186 Khabarov, Erofei 74 Kharkiv (Kharkov) 198 Khazars 62 Khmel’nits’kii, Bohdan 31, 110-11 Khrushchev, Nikita 181,190-91 Kim II-Sung 189 Kipling, Rudyard 124-5 Kliuchevskii, V.O., 28,36-7, 61 kniaz 63 Kol(‘)chak, Aleksandr 182
Index Komi 77,195, 203 Konstantin Pavlovich 138 Korea(ns) 144-5,179,189 korenizatsiia 175-6 Kravchuk, Leonid 198-9 Kremlin (Moscow) 85, 98,104, 169 Krizanich, Juraj 72 Krüdener, Julie de 134 Kuban region 176 kulaks 36 kulturnost’ (‘culturedness’) 124-5 Kulturträger (‘culture-bearers’) 124,152 Kurbskii, Andrei 89 Kyiv(an Rus’) 7-8,10-14, 27 49. 56, 61-6, 77-8, 83, 88,112, 137-8,198, 201, 206 Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz; Kirghiz), 148 Lake Ladoga 63 Latin 20, 25-6, 86 Latvia see Baltic region (states) legitimacy 15, 88,112,138 Lenin 11, 22, 36,164,166,168, 175, 208 Leningrad 179,188,194 Lezgin 163 literacy 34,128,138,141,152, 208 Lithuania see Baltic region (states); Poland-Lithuania Little (Mini) Ice Age 89 Livonia 51, 88 Livonian Wars 88-90,108 Lomonosov, Mikhail 129 London 108,115 Louis xi 51 Louis xiv 107, 208 Luhansk (Lugansk) region 198 Magyars 59, 62, 66 Manchuria(ns) 74,144-6,190 Mao Zedong 190-91 Marie Antoinette 130 marriage customs 92, 95-6 marriage politics 183 Marx, Karl 42,152,174-5,182 Marxism-Leninism 41-2,163, 174-5,181,184 Medvedev, Dmitrii 199 Mensheviks 179 merchants 99,103 metropolitan 78, 89 ‘Middle Ground’ 101,107,111, 121-3 Mikhail Romanov 46-52,57, 98-9,105-9 Military Revolution (early modern) 123 Miloslavskii, Ivan Mikhailovich 22 mining 72, 75,114,119, 203 Mniszech, Marina 96-7 modernization 33, 99,113,117, 130,144,176 Moldova 156,169,196 Molotov, Viacheslav 180 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 185 money, use of 103-4 Mongol(ian)s 9-13, 25, 27-8,50, 56, 66-7, 76-80, 83-5, 88 Mongolia (region/state) 144,170, 190 monks 50, 61, 77, 87, 98 Montesquieu 59
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Mordovia 77,195, 203 Moscow occupation 93,97-8, 101,132 Moscow rising of 1682 93 Moscow (State) University 129 Mughal emperors 107,146 Mussolini, Benito 42 Napoleon 140, 48,131-2,135, 158,181 Narva 49,108,117 nationalism 15, 28,31-4,63,82, 137-9,152.156-65,169,172, 174-9,185-8,191,198, 202, 206, 208 navy 37,54,113,115-16,115,139, 144,146,183 Nazarbaev, Nursultan 23 Nazis 180,186-8,197 ‘near abroad’ 34,195 Nicholas 111,15,125,136-40 Nicholas n 34,156-7,160,187 Nikon 110-13 Nobel brothers 151 nobility 57, 82, 97,103,125, 158 Nogais (Nogai Tatars) 107,121 nomads 59-60, 62, 66,121-2, 149 nomenklatura 173 Normandy 61 nato 45,183,200-202,205 Novgorod 40, 62, 79, 84-5, 87, 89-90, 200 Novikov, Nikolai 128,130 nuclear weapons 16,189, 205, 207 Nuremberg Trials 187 242 Oberprokuror 118 Ögödei 66 oil 75,151,203 Old Believers 111,113 ‘opium of the people’ 184 Opium War (First) 133,135 oprichnina 89-90,92 orda (Kazak polity) 123 oriental despotism 152 orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality 137-40 Ossetia (South) 201 Ottoman Empire 8,17, 25,39,41, 49-52,54-6, 87,108-9,114, 116,118,130-32,135,139, 144,148,152, 201 Pacific Ocean 40,46,67, 70,74 paganism 62,77-8, 84 palace coups 126-7 parliament (Russian) 162 patronage 130,151 Paul 1126-7,130,137 peasants 14,32, 81-3,94,101, 103-4,131,176,178 Pechenegs 66 People’s Commissar of Nationalities 165,169,175, 198 People’s Commissar of War 181 People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs, 224 perestroika 193 Peter, metropolitan 78 Peter 110-11,14,22, 27-8,30, 39,54-8, 74,85-7, 99-100, 108-9,113-20,125-8 Peter in, Russian tsar 126-7
Index PhilosophicalLetters (Chaadaev) 129 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 160 Poland-Lithuania 40, 52, 55, 67, 84-6, 89-90, 96,107-9, 111,116-17,132,138,151, 156,158-62,166-9,191 Polish-Soviet War (of 1920-21) 169 Politburo 169,173-4, 19° Polovtsy (Cumans) 66 pope (Catholic pontiff) 47, 52, 54, 95, no population numbers 35, 81-2, 88, 101,103,105,138,156-8,176, 183-8,190 Port Arthur 146 postal system 114 Potsdam Conference 187 Primary Chronicle 56, 61-3 printing 172 Pripet (Pripyat) marshes 59-60 proletariat (workers) 36,164, 175-8, 208-9 propaganda 34,140,165,168, 185, 208 Protestantism 49, 78,96,129,159 Prussia 114,117,130,135 Pskov 50, 79, 200 Pugachev, Emel’ian 121,124 Pushkin, Aleksandr 129,137 Putin, V. V. 9,11,16,22-4, 28, 35, 45, 63,99,192,199, 202-6 Qing Dynasty 39, 41, 74,123, 144,146,183 Qipchaks 85 racism 124,146 railroads 72, 75,136,145,151-2, 167,174 rasputitsa 132 Razin, Stenka 70,107,113,121 Riurikids 10,13,49-50, 63, 65 rivers 63, 65, 70, 85, 88,113,191 see ako Volga Romania 169,187,196 Romanov dynasty 10,14, 49,51, 56, 81, 89, 94, 98-9,101,104, 127,146,161-2,164-5 Roosevelt, Franklin 187 rossiiskii 26, 81,138,152,162,195 rule of law 126,187 Russian Federation 10-11,16, 24,26,34-5, 44-5, 75,120, 181-3,195-206, 209 Russian language 9-10,13, 26, 28, 61, 63, 67, 80-82, 87,125, 128,152-3,157-8,164-5,177 Russian Orthodox Church 9, 12-13,17, 21-2, 27-8,32-Յ, 44,49-53,55, 62-3, 67,73, 75-8, 84, 86, 91-6, 98,106, 110,112,129-30,137-9,178 Russification 158 russkii 81,138,152,156-7,195 Russo-Japanese War 133,146-7, 152 Russo-Turkish War 144 Saakashvili, Mikheil 201 Safavid
dynasty 39 St Petersburg 9,15,39, 45,108, 117-19,126,130,133,137, 180,194, 200 St Vladimir (Volodymyr) 8, 62 24Յ
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Sakhalin 204 Sarai 83 satellites 15,107, 111,132,187, 189,191,193, 200 scholarship 10,15,24,30,39-40, 42,45,50,57-8, 60,82, 95, 106-7, m, 134,158,172,178, 202, 207-8 schools 37,151-3,172,178,196 science 74,116,118,129,185, 189 Scythians 66 Secretariat (cpsu Central Committee) 173 Security Council (un) 192,205 Senate (Russian) 22,54,118 serfdom 14,32, 88, 94,103-4, 110,119,140 service sector (of economy) 41 shah (Iranian ruler) 107 Shamil 147-8 sherť (treaty) 30-31,111,123 shipbuilding 113,115,115-16, 119 Shuisky, Ivan 94 Siberia 14,31,37, 40-41,49, 53,56, 70-72, 73, 74-5, 90,105-7,123-4, W, 144, 148-50,152,156,170,179, 191, 204 Siberian exiles 137,186 Sigismund Wasa, king of Poland 97-8 Silk Road 72 Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail 97 slavery 22,32,58, 61,90 Smolensk 52,84, 86, 97 Smolensk War 51,109 244 socialists 159-60,162-3, ւ8շ Socialist Revolutionaries (sr) 159 Sofia Paleologos 85-6 Sofia Vitovtovna 84 Solovetskii Island 29 soslovye (estate) 119,124,141 sources, primary 28, 61,101 South Korea see Korea Soviet Empire 10-11,14-16, 18-19,24, ЗО, 33-4,37, 41-3, 46,56,58, 64, 76,120, 125,154,164-70,172-94, 196-201,209 Soviet of Nationalities 172 Soviet nationality policy 33-4, 125.162-5,169-70,172-80, 185-6,193-4,198-9 Spain 47,132,135, 207 Speranskii, Mikhail 31 Stalin 11, 22,34-5,41,45, 74, 125.163-5,168-77,180-81, 184-91,197-9 standard of living 36-7,104,164, 192-3, 20°, 2°7 State Committee for Emergency Situation 194 Stavropol region 176 steppe (grassland) 46,59, 66,121, 149,170 strel’tsy 30, 88,100,104,106, 109,118 Sudebnik (1497 Law Code) 85 Sumarokov,
Aleksandr 129 Supreme Soviet 172 Sweden 39-40, 49,52-4, 61, 97-8,107-9,114-18,151, 201 Switzerland 130 szlachta 82,103
Index Table of Ranks 119,124-6,154, 208 Taganrog 134 taiga 72 Tajikistan 29,149,166 Tatars 9,11, 22,26, 28,31,39-40, 50-55, 67, 70-71, 77-86, 88, 90,107-9,115,121,124,160, 186,197, 201, 203 Tatarstan 34,195 taxes 104,106,144,153 technology 20,36, 75,116,135-6, 140-41,150,174,176 Tehran Conference 187 terem 27 textile factories 72,119,151 theatre 145,172,189 Thirteen Years’ War 53,112 Time of Troubles 10-11,13,46, 49, 53, 70, 90, 92-105,108-9 Tiraspol 196 Tolstoi, Lev N. 182,182 trade 32,38,51, 61, 65, 71-2, 74, 88, 90,114,116,135 transport 20, 41, 62,136,174 Transsiberian Railroad 75 treaties (significant) 39, 55-6, 74, 111-12,118-19, !31_2, !44, 166,169-70,185 triumphal entry into Moscow (1696) 55-6 Trotsky 168,181 truces (significant) 51-3, 98-9, 112 tsar-batiushka 21,113 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail 181 tundra 72 Turkestan see Central Asia Turkic languages 80 Turkmenistan 72, 75,148-50 Tver’ 79, 83 Uglich 93 Ukraine 10-17,31՜2, 34,37, 40-41,45,49,52-9, 61-5, 67, 70, 79, 81-2, 95,104,110-11, 124-5,138,156,159,163, 166-9,176-7,183-7,190, 192,196-205 Ukrainian 63, 67, 80-82,125, 15б֊7,177 Ulozhenie (1649) 30-31,103,110 Uniate Church 52, 95,110 Union of Brest 52, 95 Union of Krewo 84 Union of Lublin 90 United Nations 192, 205 United States of America 16, 24, 38, 40, 45, 48,133,137,144, 167,187,192, 200 universities 129,131 Ural Mountains 40, 60, 66-7, 70, 72, 90,114 urbanization 34,164 Uvarov, Sergei 137-8 Uzbekistan 29,34, 41, 66, 72, 148-9,166 Uzhhorod 198 Varangians 56, 60-61, 63, 71 Vasily 184-5 Vasily π 85 Vasily in 49, 57, 86-7 Vasily iv (Shuisky) 92, 96-8 velikii kniaź 20,
62 Vienna 114,133-4,158 245
RUSSIA AS EMPIRE Vietnam 192 Vladimir (town) 77-8, 79, 79 Vladimir-Suzdal’ region 62, 77 Vladivostok 144 voevody (governors) 30,105-6 Volga 50-51, 62-3, 65, 67, 70, 83, 88,107,113,121,195 Volodymyr see St Vladimir Voltaire 126-7 Vrangel, Pyotr 182 Warsaw 110,132,158 Warsaw Pact 42 water provision (supply) 36,178 Western Europe 37,53,57-8, 61, 71, 78, 81,109-10,115-16, 118,128,192 Western merchants 71,113-14 White Sea 2Q, 46,51, 88,108 Whites (in Russian Civil War) 167-8 William ա ii6 Władysław Jagiełło (Jogaila) 84 Władysław iv Wasa 98 246 women 27,118,138,157,169,170, 171,175,191 wood 80, 90,104,111 workers see proletariat World War, First 15, 29-30,162, 164-7,175 World War, Second 36-7,40, 112,180-81,188-9,198 Xinjiang 190 Yanukovych, Viktor 201 Yalta Conference 187 yasak (fur tribute) 71 Yeltsin, Boris 195,198-9 Yiddish 159 Yugoslavia 187,192, 202 Yushchenko, Viktor 200-201 Zaporizhiya (Zaporozhe) 110, 124,138 zemstvo 32,36 Zhukov, Georgy 181 Zinov’ev, Grigorii 179,179 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| author | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134203879 |
| author_facet | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047153733 |
| contents | 1. Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case -- 2. Empire by Design or Accident of History? -- 3. The Russian Empire in Western Eyes -- 4. Prehistory and Geography: Rus' -- 5. The Mongols, Siberia and Asia -- 6. Moscow's Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy -- 7. Troubles -- 8. From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground -- 9. The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 -- 10. Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 -- 11. Multinational Empires: Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1853-1917 -- 12. The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 -- 13. Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? -- Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? -- References -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- Photo Acknowledgements -- Index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1237563137 (DE-599)BVBBV047153733 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047153733 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:38:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:04:09Z |
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| isbn | 9781789142914 |
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| spelling | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)134203879 aut Russia as empire past and present Kees Boterbloem London Reaktion Books [2020] © 2020 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 1. Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case -- 2. Empire by Design or Accident of History? -- 3. The Russian Empire in Western Eyes -- 4. Prehistory and Geography: Rus' -- 5. The Mongols, Siberia and Asia -- 6. Moscow's Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy -- 7. Troubles -- 8. From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground -- 9. The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 -- 10. Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 -- 11. Multinational Empires: Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1853-1917 -- 12. The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 -- 13. Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? -- Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? -- References -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- Photo Acknowledgements -- Index Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russia / History Soviet Union / History Russia (Federation) / History Russia Russia (Federation) Soviet Union History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Boterbloem, Kees 1962- Russia as empire past and present 1. Empire, Imperial Identity and Colonial Rule: The Russian Case -- 2. Empire by Design or Accident of History? -- 3. The Russian Empire in Western Eyes -- 4. Prehistory and Geography: Rus' -- 5. The Mongols, Siberia and Asia -- 6. Moscow's Rise: The Impact of the Byzantine, Polish-Lithuanian and Mongolian Empires on Muscovy -- 7. Troubles -- 8. From Mikhail to Peter: Composite Empire and Middle Ground -- 9. The Waning of the Middle Ground: The Russian, French and British Empires, 1721-1853 -- 10. Indirect and Direct Rule: The Russian and British Empires in Asia, 1853-1907 -- 11. Multinational Empires: Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1853-1917 -- 12. The Soviet Union as Empire, 1917-91 -- 13. Since 1991: Russkii or Rossiiskii? -- Afterword: Is the Age of Political Empires Over? -- References -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- Photo Acknowledgements -- Index Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026651-5 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Russia as empire past and present |
| title_auth | Russia as empire past and present |
| title_exact_search | Russia as empire past and present |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia as empire past and present |
| title_full | Russia as empire past and present Kees Boterbloem |
| title_fullStr | Russia as empire past and present Kees Boterbloem |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia as empire past and present Kees Boterbloem |
| title_short | Russia as empire |
| title_sort | russia as empire past and present |
| title_sub | past and present |
| topic | Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Imperialismus Russland Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559477&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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