The Cold War from the margins: a small socialist state on the global cultural scene
"Interprets the global dynamics of the late Cold War in the 1970s from the perspective of a small state, Bulgaria, and its cultural diplomacy in the Balkans, the West, and the Third World"--
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2021
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Interprets the global dynamics of the late Cold War in the 1970s from the perspective of a small state, Bulgaria, and its cultural diplomacy in the Balkans, the West, and the Third World"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xxi, 307 Seiten 40 Illustrationen und Portraits |
| ISBN: | 9781501755552 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction : Communist Extravaganza: Culture in the Global -- The Contradictions of Developed Socialism -- Goodwill between Neighbors -- Culture as a Way of Life -- Forging a Bulgarian Diaspora -- Like a Grand World Civilization -- Culture under Special Conditions -- Epilogue : The Socialist Past Today | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Cold War / Social aspects | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and culture / Bulgaria / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Bulgaria / Cultural policy / 20th century | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Cultural diplomacy | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Cultural policy | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and culture | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of Illustrations Preface ix xi List of Abbreviations xix Note on Terminology xxi Introduction: Bulgaria on the Global Cultural Scene of the 1970s 1 1. The Contradictions of Developed Socialism 22 2. Goodwill between Neighbors 62 3. Culture as a Way of Life 96 4. Forging a Diaspora 131 5. Like a Grand World Civilization 162 6. Culture under Special Conditions 195 Epilogue: The Socialist Past Today Notes 233 Bibliography Index 29S 219 222
В І В LI O G RAPH Y Archives Bulgaria Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MVnR), Sofia op. 32-36 (1976-1980) and op. 38 (1981), records relating to Bulgarian foreign relations with a number of countries (countries are arranged alphabetically in Bulgarian, as listed below): Austria (1), the United States (5), Argentina (6), Great Britain (13), Ger many (17), Greece (18), India (26), Iraq (29), Mexico (45), Poland (56), Romania (58), Russia (64), Turkey (66), Hungary (67), France (71), Czechoslovakia (78), Yugoslavia (80), Japan (82), and Nigeria (100) Central State Archive (TsDA), Sofia f. f. f. f. IB, Central Committee of BKP (various) IB, op. 55, Information-Sociological Center of BKP (1971-1990) IB, op. 65, Plenums of the Central Committee of BKP (1976-1989) IB, op. 66 and op. 67, Politburo of the Central Committee of BKP (1976-1984) f. IB, op. 78, Cultural Department of the Central Committee of BKP (1974-1989) f. 141, Slavic Committee (Organization for the Bulgarians Abroad) f. 405, Committee for Culture f. 720, Bulgarian Photography f. 990, National Coordinating Committee “Thirteen Centuries Bulgaria" (microfilm) Hungary Open Society Archives (OSA), Budapest Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute 279
BIBLIOGRAPHY 280 United Kingdom The National Archives (TNA), Kew BW 18, British Council FCO 28, Foreign Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office FCO 34, Foreign Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office: EastWest Contacts Department United States Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California Kyrii Drenikoff papers Dora Gabensky papers Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Broadcast and Corporate Records Spas Raikin papers Ivan Slavov papers Library of Congress, Washington, DC Bulgarian Newspaper Collection National Archives (NARA), College Park, Maryland RG 59: General Records of the Department of State Central Foreign Policy File, 1973-1979, Electronic Telegrams RG 306: US Information Agency Perry Country Public Library, New Lexington, Ohio Januarius MacGahan Collection Periodicals Official Bulgarian Periodicals Bulgaria (later Bulgaria Today) Bulgarian Horizons Kulturen front (Cultural front) Literaturen front (Literary front) Obzor (Overview) Otechestven front (Fatherland front)
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Index Page numbers followed by letter ƒ refer to figures. 24th May celebrations, 29, 71; in India, 263n4; in West Germany, 147,153 1000 Years ofBulgarian Icons exhibition, 36, 111-12, 114, 115fi 116, 189; ambiguous attitude toward religion and, 139; dvilizational message of, 97, 112; “complex events” accompanying, 117-18 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary, 2-3, 40-48; “all-people's celebration” in Sofia, 94; and assimilation campaigns, 225; and Balkan neighbors, 63-66, 70, 77-84, 87-88, 90-94; celebrations in Greece, 88, 90-94; celebrations in India, 163, 189-90; celebrations in Mexico, 163, 190, 191; celebrations in Nigeria, 195, 196, 216, 217-18; celebrations in U.S., 120, 142-45, 156; celebrations in Western countries, 97,119-21; celebrations in West Germany, 119, 147; complex events associated with, 42, 47, 48, 65, 82, 120, 156, 189-90, 196-97, 214; and cultural nationalism, 40, 60, 61, 223-24; cultural shortages associated with, 48, 97, 109, 165, 187, 189, 192; and diaspora, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140, 142-45, 148-49, 161; domestic and international dimensions of, 3-4, 43-48; and East-West cultural cooperation, 108, 109; FESTAC 77 compared to, 210, 211; films shown during celebrations of, 64; as focal point of cultural outreach, 35; and folk performances, 45ƒ 94, 156; ideological objectives of, 41, 110-11, 224; international reactions to, 5-6; logo for, 47fi models for, 43-47; patriotic objectives of, 40, 41, 71; poster for, 4fi preparations for, 40, 41-42; Romanian response to, 77-80; Soviet response to, 23, 52, 193; Turkish response to, 87-88; and universal dvilizational
ideas, 46; Yugoslav response to, 81, 82-84; Zhivkova and, 36, 41, 42, 52, 110, 227; Zhivkov on, 22, 43 1300 Years Bulgaria exhibition, 43 1300 Years Bulgaria Monument, Sofia, xi, 43, 44ƒ 227-30, 228f; monument replacing, 228-29, 229/ 1970s: contradictory spirit of, 17; cultural innovation in, 34-35; Eastern European perspective on, 16, 19; East-West relations in, 100-106; and globalization, 9, 15, 18; sodopoiitical developments in Bulgaria in, 27-30; and Third World solidarity, 14, 16; Three Worlds model during, 16-17; time span of, 18-19; Western perspectives on, 15, 16 2000 Years ofNigerian Art exhibition, 210, 216 aesthetic education: concept of, 25, 34; events focusing on, 38. See also beauty Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 18, 105, 178 Africa: Bulgarian attitude toward, 208-9; Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; Bulgarian involvement in, xii, xvi, 18, 170, 171,198-202; Eastern European cooperation with, 203, 207-8; educational exchanges with, 201, 206; Soviet aid to, 197,202; as Third World, 167; Western aid to, 201. See abo specific countries Age ofShakespeare exhibition, 123, 124 Albania, 67, 94, 177, 243nll Al Bano (Albano Carrisi), 11 Algeria, 12,167, 171, 172, 199 295
296 INDEX Angola, 12, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202 anniversary celebrations: in Bulgaria, 36; in Eastern Europe, 60; in Iran, 45-46, 47; rival, in Balkans, 76-77; in Romania, 46, 60, 75, 76-77, 78; in U.S., 46, 47. See aho 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary anti-imperialism / anti-neocolonialism, rhetoric of, 170-71, 197, 219 Appadurai, Arjun, 12 Apter, Andrew, 198, 209, 210, 211 Arab countries, Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 172, 233n3 Argentina, 13, 172 Asia: Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; as Third World, 167; Zhivkova’s tour of, 184. See aho specific counties Asparuh, Khan, 40; films about, xi, 43, 225 Association of Bulgarian Writers and Artists in Exile, 132, 157 Atanasov, Ivan, 10/ 196, 212, 213, 214, 215, 215/216, 217, 218, 218/ Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 87 Austria: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119,120; Bulgarian relations with, 102-3, 105; criticism of Bulgarian power elites, 58; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 11-12,113, 114-16; as mediator in East-West relationship, 102 Bagriana, Elisaveta, 55 Balkans: Bulgarian cultural programs in, 63-66, 70, 88, 90-95; Cold War in, 66-70, 95; culture as strategy for regional cooperation in, 66, 94-95; French involvement in, 103; Macedonian question in, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143; NATO members in, 67-68; nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative in, 94-95; regional cooperation projects in, 67, 69-70, 94; rival interpretations of history in, 70, 71-76, 77, 78, 79, 94; Western influence in, 68. See aho specific countries Banner of Peace International Children’s Assemblies (1979, 1981), xi, 1,
11, 11f, 38, 3 9fi 186,213,226 Banner of Peace Monument (The Bells), xi, Ilf 38 BANU. See Bulgarian Agrarian National Union Batak Massacre, 149 Batoev, Dimitar, 145 BBC: Bulgarian section of, 55, 57, 137, 141, 146; and film on Thracian art, 117 beauty: celebration of, xii; Zhivkova’s concept of, 25, 34, 38, 122, 127, 190 Belgium, anniversary celebration in, 44, 46 Bell, John, 120 The Bells monument (Banner of Peace Monument), xi, Ilf 38 BKP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Blecha, Karl, 120 Bochev, Dimitar, 141 Boekman, Johanna, 168 Bokova, Irina, 225 Bolton, Jonathan, 134 Borba (magazine), 137, 138f 157 Boris III (King of Bulgaria), 242nl50 Borisov, Boyko, 230 Brandt, Willy, 101, 103 Bren, Paulina, 16 Brezhnev, Leonid: intellectuals recruited by, 32; rapprochement under, 107; and Soviet involvement in Third World, 167; visit to Yugoslavia, 68; and Zhivkov, 18, 26, 28, 67, 170 Britain: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 23, 119-20; Bulgarian cultural outreach to, 12, 116,117,120-21; on Bulgarian policy in Africa, 18,170; evaluation of Bulgarian society in 1970s, 24-25; evaluation of Zhivkov (Todor), 49; relations with Bulgaria, 104,116,119 British Council, 108 British Museum: reciprocity in cultural exchanges with, 127; Thracian Treasures exhibition at, 116 Brunnbauer, Ulf, ЗО, 133,134, 257ո4 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), in exile, 137, 140, 154 Bulgarian Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, 138 Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP): 10th Congress of, 28; 90th anniversary of, 3, 41; Art, Culture, and Propaganda Department of, 32; and East-West cultural exchange,
108; embrace of "patriotism” by, 29; history of, merging history of Bulgaria with, 41; monument commemorating 90th anniversary of, 230, 23 If Zhivkov as secretary of, 26 Bulgarian Cultural-Informational Center(s): in New Delhi, 172, 185, 189-90, 266n59; in Nigeria, proposal for, 213; in Vienna, 114 Bulgarian Diocese of North America and Australia, 139, 140
INDEX Bulgarian-Indian Friendship Societies, 162, 163, 185, 185/ 189, 263ո2, 263Ո4, 269ПІ08 Bulgarian National Committee, U.S., 137 Bulgarian National Council, U.S., 137, 140, 143, 157 Bulgarian National Front, U.S., 137,143, 157; magazine published by, 137, 138f 157 Bulgarian-Nigerian Friendship Societies, 213,216,218 Bulgarian Orthodox Church: communist regime and, 139-40; U.S. congregations splitting from, 143 Bulgarian Scientific Research Center on Africa and Asia (NITsAA), 200 Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party, 137 Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians), 40, 74, 239n71 Burebista, 2050th anniversary of, 46, 60, 75 Buzludzha, Home Monument of the Party on, 230, 231/ Caldwell, Erskine, 1, 37, 120 Callaghan, Jim, 104 Canada: cultural outreach to, 12, 119; émigré communities in, 137,138,150, 157, 158 Captive Nations Committee, 157 Carter, Jimmy, 104, 105, 205, 227 Castro, Fidel, 15,227 Ceausescu, Elena, 51 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 51, 66; legitimization of regime of, 60, 76; and regional cooperation initiatives, 69; and Zhivkov, 77, 80 Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 119 Charles, Ray, 1, 11, 38 Charter 77, 56, 96 Chary, Frederick, 120 Chervenkov, Válko, 26 Children in Bulgaria exhibition, 195, 213, 274Ո91 Children’s Assemblies. See International Children’s Assemblies China: Albania and, 67; Roerich in, 37; Romania and, 66, 77; Soviet policies regarding, 28, 167 civilizational rhetoric, of Bulgarian cultural outreach, 46, 97, 112; to developing countries, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; to Western countries, 97, 99-100, 110, 112, 113, 118-19 Clarke, James, 120 Clifford, James, 160,258n8 297
Cold War: alternative models of globalization during, 14, 168, 177-78, 181, 193, 194, 197, 198; in Balkans, 66-70, 95; cultural diplomacy during, 106-7; cultural outreach in context of, 2-3, 8, 95, 103, 193-94; culture during, importance of studying, 7; France’s role in, 103; importance of small states in, 2, 5-8, 14, 17-18, 67, 169, 172-73, 194, 198, 204, 208, 220-21, 224, 232; multilateral initiatives in, superpowers’ distrust of, 68, 69; as multipolar conflict, 166; and Nonaligned Movement, 66, 167, 168, 178, 179; peripheral actors in, importance of, 6-7, 163-64, 193; reciprocity principle in cultural contacts during, 106, 109, 121-27; renewal in early 1980s, 18, 102, 105-6, 107, 130; templates for socialist events during, 10; and Third World, 166, 177, 179, 267n69. See aho détente Colombia-, 180 colony, émigrés as, 136-37 Committee for Arts and Culture (KIK), 31, 32,33-34, 53 Committee for Culture (KK), 34; and 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations, 42; and bilateral agreements for cultural cooperation, 108, 184; on Bulgarian-U.S. cultural cooperation, 110; Iordanov and, 121; justification for cultural contacts with West, 109-10; Slavic Committee and, 155; Zhivkova and, 34 complex programs/events, 34,35; 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations and, 42, 47, 48, 65, 82, 120, 156, 189-90, 196-97, 214; in India, 189-90; in Nigeria, 196-97, 214; U.S. model for, 46, 47; in Western countries, 117-18,120, 129, 156; West German, in Bulgaria, 126 Connelly, Matthew, 15 Constantine ГѴ (Emperor of Byzantium), 40 constitution of 1971,28, 29, 32 Contemporary Bulgarian Art exhibition, 114, 120-21;
civilizational message of, 97; in Mexico City, 188ƒ 189 Cooper, Frederick, 203, 220 Cuba, 12, 167,179, 180 cultural diplomacy: in Balkans, 63-64; breakthrough potential of, 94; during Cold War, 106-7; small states and, 6-7, 36,48, 109,224, 232; volatile function of, 65; in West, 97, 128-30
298 INDEX cultural globalization: in 1970s, 9, 15; limits of concept of, 12; state socialist societies and, 36 cultural intemationalism/transnationalism, 7-8, 234ПІ9 cultural nationalism, in Bulgaria, 29, 223; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 40, 60, 61, 223-24; and diaspora, 134, 161; double-edged function of, 63, 71, 94; and ethnic cleansing, 225; as legitimization strategy, 60; postsocialist, 20, 232; promotion of, 33 cultural outreach: in Cold War context, 2-3, 8, 95, 103, 193-94; andiate socialist regimes, perpetuation of, 21, 60 cultural outreach, Bulgarian: in 1960s, 107, 252n64; in 1970s, magnitude of, 2, 233n3; to Balkan states, 63-66, 70, 94-95; civilizational rhetoric of, 46, 97, 99-100, 110, 112, 113, 118-19, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; contradictions in, 20-21, 223; core elements of, 8; and domestic legitimization, 8, 9, 19, 23, 222, 223, 224; elites as agents of, 9, 12, 25, 35; to émigrés, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140-42; evolution of, 9-11; ideological objectives of, 9, 10-11, 99-100, 109-10, 113, 118-19; local and global dynamics of, 17, 25, 35, 222-24; long-term consequences of, 224-25; motivations for, 3-4, 6, 8, 164, 166, 170-73, 222, 223; reciprocity premise and, 106, 109, 121-27; representative exhibitions in, 36-37; reputational objectives of, 3, 4, 5, 6, 113, 171, 172, 177, 199; to Third World, 9, 12-15, 164, 170-73, 181-91, 194-99; to Western countries, 10-12, 14, 96-98, 107-11, 115-16, 118-20, 122-27. See abo specific countries and events "cultural-propaganda events," 96,107,110 cultural shortages, 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 48,
97, 109, 165, 187, 189, 192 culture: conflicting views of, East vs. West, 98-99; under developed socialism, 32; and development, merging in EastSouth relations, 214, 217-21, 271n5; as discursive system, 8; and East-South relations, 164-65, 219-21; and economic development, state socialist notions of, 194,196,199; global, humanistic approach to, 36; and ideology, 8, 30, 33, 38-39, 99-100, 128-29, 224; and legitimization of socialist regimes, 8, 19, 23, 60, 76, 222, 223, 224; as method of communication across ideological divides, 130, 219; and propaganda, 30, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 128-29, 223, 224; real vs. mass, 99, 122; reorganization in 1970s, 36; and state socialism, 8, 9, 17, 36, 225-26 culture, Bulgarian: constitution of 1971 on, 32; golden age of, 153; postsocialist, 230-32; second golden age of, 38; statedirected, 38-40; Zhivkova and, 9, 25, 34-40 Cyprus, Turkish invasion of, 68, 76, 85, 86 Cyril (Cyril the Philosopher), Saint, 153; cultural program focusing on, 35; disciples of, 40. See abo 24th May celebrations; Methodius, Saint Cyrillic script, 153 Czechoslovakia: Charter 77 in, 56, 96; and Third World outreach, 168; Warsaw Pact invasion of, 26, 31, 66, 69 Dacians, 245n40; Bulgarian-Romanian disputes regarding, 74, 75, 78 Dalchev, Ljubomir, 55,151, 158,261n64 da Vinci, Leonardo, exhibition of masterworks by, 1, 35, 38, 124-25, 125/ Davis, Angela, 1, 10, 37 Day of the Slavic Alphabet and Bulgarian Culture. See 24th May celebrations "Declaration 78,” 56 defections, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151 de Gaule, Charles, 103 Delhi University, Bulgarian studies at, 185, 186, 186fi
192 Deng Xiaoping, 15 détente, 15, 100; and Bulgaria’s cultural outreach, 17, 96; and developed socialism, 18; and East-West cultural exchange, 96, 99, 107; India’s embrace of, 180; international crises threatening, 105-6; role of ideology in context of, 33; as strategy of political legitimization, 17, 54, 101-2 Deutsche Welle, Bulgarian section of, 137, 141, 146 developed capitalist states, 16,102,169. See abo West/Western countries developed socialism (real socialism): contradictory experiences of, 39-40; and détente, 18; new attention to culture during, 32; new citizen of, 34, 35; normalization and acceptance of, 17, 25, 26, 30, 59-61, 161; personal experience of, xi-xiv, xvi; proclamation at 10th Congress
INDEX of ВКР, 28; success of, cultural events showcasing, 97; superiority of, struggle to claim, 128-29; use of term, xxi; Zhivkov's vision for, 22. See abo late socialism developed socialist states, 169 developing countries, 169. See abo Third World; specific countries development: alternative template for, 168-69; culture and, in East-South relations, 214,217-21, 271n5; state socialist notions of, 194,196,199 diaspora, Bulgarian: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 45, 47,131,132-33, 140, 142-45, 148-49, 161; efforts to build, 131-34,136, 140-49, 160-61. See abo emigres diaspora, definition of, 160, 258n8 Dimitrov, Bozhidar, 230, 238n59 Dimitrov, Emil, 61, 242ПІ50 Dimitrov, Georgi, 26 Dimitrov, G. M., 137 Dimitrova, Blaga, 55, 56 Dimovski, Boris, 56 dissidents): Western image of, 158; Western support for, Eastern European perspective on, 96, 98 dissident movement, in Bulgaria: lack of, 23,24-25, 54-59; policies undermining formation of, 23, 26, 55-56; Western media’s search for, 56-57 Domov, Ognian, 52 Dragoicheva, Tsola, 81 Dr. Petar Beron Academic Association, 147, 148 Dupond, Patrick, 11 Dzhagarov, Georgi, 53, 54, 118, 127-28 Eastern Europe: 1970s from perspective of, 16, 17; cultural outreach in context of Cold War, 103,194; "differential approach” to, West and, 68, 102; Helsinki Final Act of 1975 from perspective of, 96, 98, 107; involvement in Third World, 14, 18,167-68,198, 203, 207-8; nationalism in, revival of, 70; official culture and perpetuation of regimes in, 21, 60; as periphery in Cold War, importance of, 6-7, 163-64, 193. See aho East-South relations;
East-West relations; specific countries East Germany (GDR): anniversary celebration in, 60-61; cultural exchanges with, 123, 127; international recognition of, 100, 101; Soviet policies regarding, 299 28, 98; and Third World outreach, 168, 203, 207 East-South relations: and alternative models of globalization, 177-78, 181, 193, 194; charting of, 163-65, 167-68, 179-80, 207-8; dvilizational rhetoric of, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; culturaleducational cooperation and, 181-83; culture as key driver of, 164-65, 219-21; economic and cultural considerations in, merging of, 214, 217-20; economic cooperation and, 180-81, 203, 207-8; after Helsinki Final Act, 263nll; Zhivkova's personal interests and, 175-77,183, 187, 190-92, 193 East-West cultural exchange, 106-7; as battle for hearts and minds, 97, 128-30; Bulgarian contributions to, 96-97, 107-8; conflicting views of culture and, 98-99, 122; control over, 10-12, 14; detente and, 96, 99, 107; efforts to limit Western events, 97-98, 99, 121-24, 129; ideology and, 33,109-10; intermediary role in, 102, 103; political importance of, 108; reciprocity premise of, 106, 109, 121-27; renewed Cold War (early 1980s) and, 107; tensions in, 97-99; Western countries' goals in, 129-30; Zhivkova and, 107-8, 127 East-West relations: key developments in 1970s, 100-106. See abo Cold War; EastWest cultural exchange Ecevit, Bülent, 86, 87 Echeverría, Luis, 176, 179, 182, 187 economic Cooperation, in East-South relations, 180-81; cultural considerations and, 214, 217-20 economic development: culture and, state socialist notions of,
194,196,199. See abo development economic reforms, discussions in 1979 Bulgaria, 27-28 educational exchanges, 13; with Africa, 201, 206; with India, 185, 186, 186f 192. See abo aesthetic education; students Egypt, 12, 167, 170, 199, 200 Elenkov, Ivan, 32, 34, 38, 61 ehtes: communist, and nationalism, 20, 60, 76; ruling, détente benefiting, 17, 54, 101-2. See abo power ehtes, Bulgarian Elizabeth II (Queen of United Kingdom), 116 EUwagen, West Germany, 153-54; bas relief of Methodius at, 153, 154f
зоо INDEX émigrés, Bulgarian, 131-61; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140, 142-45, 148^19, 161; "hostile,” 137, 141, 142, 146, 156-58, 160; "loyal," 140, 142,143, 144, 155-56, 160; organizations of, 137-39; patriotism of, efforts to nurture, 134, 135, 142, 147-48; policies allowing return to Bulgaria, 136if 260n40; religion and, 139-40; terms used for, 136-37; in U.S., 132, 137, 138, 142^15, 149-53, 155-60; in West Germany, 132, 145-48, 153-54. See aho diaspora émigrés, Macedonian, 258nl6; Bulgarian state’s outreach to, 139. See aho Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO) Engerman, David, 166, 220 Ethiopia, 1, 12, 167, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202 Evren, Kenan, 87 exhibitions, Bulgarian: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 43; civilizational message of, 97, 112, 113; "complex events" accompanying, 117-18; highprofile, international tours of, 36-37, 111-16; postsocialist, 230; and reciprocal visits, 123, 124-26, 125fi 210, 216; representative, 8, 36-37, 97, 111, 139, 210; in Third World, 10f, 188-89, 188/ 195-96, 213-14, 215f 218fi 274n91; in Western countries, 111-16,124. See abo specific titles ofexhibitions Eyo, Ekpo, 210 Fallen Soldier Memorial, Sofia, 228-29, 229/ Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). See West Germany Feinberg, Melissa, 133 FESTAC 77, 203, 204, 205, 209-10, 211 films: Bulgarian, cultural nationalism and, xi, 43, 64, 225; Indian, showings in Bulgaria, 184; Western, showings in Bulgaria, 123, 124 First World, 16. See abo developed capitalist states; West Fol, Alexander, 53, 74 folk ensembles: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and,
45f 94,156; performances in U.S., 116-17, 144, 145/ 155-56 France: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119, 120; Bulgarian relations with, 103; criticism of Bulgarian power ehtes, 58; criticism of Soviet policies, 105; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 11-12, 114, 119, 120, 127-28; relations with Eastern Europe, 103 French, Patricia (Penka), 155-56, 262n70 FRG (Federal Republic of Germany). See West Germany Fulbright, John, 120, 156 Gabensky, Dora, 156-58, 159 Gabensky, Ivanko, 156 al-Gaddafi, Muammar, 1 Gallery for International Art, Sofia, 37, 226, 231-32 Gandhi, Indira, 174, 178-79; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 190; cultural policies under, 5, 182-83; and principles of peaceful coexistence, 180; visit to Bulgaria, 163, 173; and Zhivkova, 13, 175-76, 175/ 177, 190, 192, 227 Ganev, Hristo, 55,56, 240nlll Ganev, Ivan, 83-84 GDR (German Democratic Republic). See East Germany Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 105,126 Gerasimov, Bogomil, 266n59 German question: and East-West relations, 100-101. See abo East Germany (GDR); West Germany (FRG) Ghana, 37, 167, 197,198,199 Ghodsee, Kristen, 14, 54, 198 Gigova, Irina, 39, 59 global economic crisis of 1973, 27 globalization: 1970s and, 9, 15, 18; alternative models of, Cold War and, 14, 168, 177-78, 181, 193, 194, 197, 198; and Bulgaria's cultural outreach, 17; socialist, 163-64, 168. See abo cultural globalization Gochev, Gocho, 56, 240ПІ11 Goethe Institute, 108, 126 Golden Orpheus Pop Music Festival, 1,11 Goronwy-Roberts, Owen (Lord), 119-20, 129-30 Gowon, Yakubu, 203, 204 Gramsci, Antonio, 8 Great Britain. See Britain Great
Bulgaria, 71, 73, 81, 83 Greece: Bulgarian cultural campaigns in, 64, 90-94; conflicts with Turkey, 67-68; military coups in, 68; and nudearweapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative, 94-95; relations in 1960s, 69, 71, 73; relations in 1970s, 88-94; relations in
INDEX 1980s, 94-95; rival interpretations of history, 74,91-93; tensions in early 20th century, 71, 73 Gribble, Charles, 120 Gruev, Mihail, 54 Guinea, 197, 201 Hammer, Armand, 127 Havel, Václav, 7 Helsinki Final Act of 1975, 69, 101; Bulgarian policy in developing world after, 170,171; Eastern European perspective on, 96, 98, 107; East-South relations after, 263nll; expanded cooperation after, 70, 89, 104, 107; Soviet response to, 98 Henry, Andrė, 128 history: appeal to, Bulgarian involvement in Africa and, 198,199, 200, 217-19; exhibitions showcasing, 112-13; as political weapon, 79 history, rival interpretations of: with Balkan neighbors, 70, 71-76, 94; with Greece, 74, 91-93; with Romania, 71, 74-75, 77, 78, 79; with Soviet Union, 193; with Yugoslavia, 62-63, 64, 80-81 Hong, Young-Sun, 168 Hristov, Hristo, 82 Hristova, Natalia, 55, 59 human rights: Eastern vs. Western conception of, 128-29; Helsinki Accords and language of, 101; Western support for, Eastern European perspective on, 98 Hungary: and cultural outreach to West, 98, 106; Revolution of 1956 in, 26 Husák, Gustav, 59 Ibrahim, Alhadji, 218 ideology: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 41, 110-11, 224; Bulgaria's cultural outreach and, 9, 10-11, 99-100, 109-10, 113, 118-19; culture and, 8, 30, 33, 38-39, 99-100, 128-29, 224; and East-South cultural exchange, 170-71, 197-98; and East-West cultural exchange, 33, 109-10 Ignatov, Asen, 141,158 Hinden Uprising, 81, 83 India: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 163, 189-90; civilizational message in, 165-66; Cold War dynamics and, 177, 178; contradictions associated
with, 173-74; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 5, 163, 165-66, 181-87, 189-90, 194; economic cooperation with Bulgaria, ЗОЇ 180-81, 268n85; after independence, 178; relations with Bulgaria, 13, 162-63, 164, 173-76, 179-81,193; relations with socialist states, 178, 180; and Soviet Union, 178; Zhivkova’s visits to, 174,175, 184, 187, 190, 191/į 266n49 Indian-Bulgarian Friendship Societies, 162, 163, 185, 185f, 189, 263n2, 263n4, 269ПІ08 Institute Français, 108 Institute of Thracology, 33, 53, 74 intellectuals, Bulgarian: cooptation by regime, 31, 32, 49, 53, 59; criticism of regime by, 55-56; defections of, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151, 158; role in power structures, 30-31, 32, 48-49, 55, 59; surveillance of, 57 International Children’s Assemblies, xi, 1, 11, 11f, 38, 226; participants in, 39f, 186, 213 International Year of the Child (1979), events associated with, 114,116 loan Kukuzel (Jean Coucouzèle), 114 Iordanoff, Nicholas, 155 Iordanov, Georgi, 121, 227 Iran: anniversary celebrations in, 45-46, 47; Zhivkov's visit to, 170 Iraq, 12, 167, 170, 171,172 Ivanov, Dimitar, 227 Ivanov, Georgi, 94 Ivanov, Магії, 83 Ivanov, Martin, 28 Japan, 13, 192, 193 Jean Coucouzèle (loan Kukuzel), 114 Joseph, Gilbert, 179 Judt, Tony, 15 Kalchev, Kamen, 56 Kalinova, Evgeniia, 31, 32, 49, 55, 252n64 Kalinovsky, Artemy M., 168,220, 271n5 Kanelopoulos, Panaiotis, 91, 92f, 93 Kaplan, Flora Edouwaye S., 211 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 69, 89, 90f 93 Khan Asparuh (film), xi, 43,225 Khrushchev, Nikita: and cultural exchanges ■with West, 106-7; and involvement in Third World, 167, 170; and Zhivkov, 26,28
KIK. See Committee for Arts and Culture Kirchschlaeger, Rudolf, 120 KK See Committee for Culture Kolar, Walter, 155 Kolárov, Vasil, 26
302 INDEX Kolchev, Stefan, 209 Kopelev, Lev, 123 Komai, Janos, 48 Kostov, Vladimir, 57, 141 Kreisky, Bruno, 103, 105, 120 Kristeva, Julia, 158 Lampe, John, 120 late socialism: characteristics in Bulgaria, 25-26; contradictions of, 25; cultural outreach and perpetuation of, 21; and ehte reorientation toward West, 102; normalization of, 17, 25, 30, 59-61, 161; uneasy compromise of, 222-23; use of term, xxi. See aho developed socialism Latin America: Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; Bulgaria's interest in, 180; as Third World, 167. See aho specific countries legitimization of communist regimes: culture as tool of, 8, 19, 23, 60, 76,222, 223,224; detente as strategy for, 17, 54, 101-2; nationalism as tool of, 20, 60, 76 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 35 Leonardo da Vinci, exhibition of masterworks by, 1, 35, 38, 124-25, 125ƒ Levchev, Liubomir, 53, 54, 55, 118 Libya, 1, 12, 170, 171, 199 Lilov, Alexander, 33, 52 López Portillo, José, 163, 173, 176, 179,181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 191 Luch (magazine), 132, 157, 159 Macedonia, contested place of, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143 Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO), 138-39, 140, 143-44 MacGahan, Januarius, 149-50; monuments to, 149, 150, 150if, 151J; statue of, 151, 152f, 153 Mackworth-Young, Sir Robin, 125 Mali, 199,201 Marinov, Tchavdar, 71, 74 Mark, James, 168 Markov, Georgi, 55, 57-58, 141, 158; assassination of, 58, 116, 119, 146-47, 159; defection of, 31, 55, 141; on Zhivkov's approach to intellectuals, 59 Marung, Steffi, 168 mass culture, vs. real culture, 99, 122 Matusevich, Maxim, 207 Maxwell, Robert, 227
Medieval Bulgarian Civilization exhibition, 36, 97, 112, 113, 119, 163, 191 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 1 Methodius, Saint, 153; bas relief in Ellwagen, West Germany, 153,154J; disciples of, 40. See aho 24th May celebrations; Cyril, Saint Mexico: 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations in, 163, 190, 191; dvilizational message in, 165-66; Cold War dynamics and, 177, 179; contradictions associated with, 173-74, 176-77; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 163, 165-66, 181-83, 187-89, 190, 191, 194; relations with Bulgaria, 13, 163, 164, 179-80,181; relations with socialist states, 179; and Soviet Union, 179; Zhivkova's visits to, 163,176,176f 191-92, 266Ո49 Mihailov, Stoian, 53 Minekov, Velichko, 153 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MVnR): and 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations overseas, 83, 93, 109; and cultural outreach, 32, 37; Department of Cultural Heritage, 37; and East-South cultural exchange, 215-16; and East-West cultural exchange, 97, 108, 109, 125, 146 Mitterrand, François, 105 Mladenov, Peter, 52, 84, 85, 105-6, 171 Mohammed, Murtala, 204,210 monuments: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, xi, 43, 44/ 227-30, 228J; Banner of Peace International Children's Assembly and, Ճ, 11f 38; socialist-era, debates surrounding, 227-30 Moore, Henry, 1, 127,227 Moscow Olympics, boycott of, 105, 179 Mozambique, 12,171, 199,201,202 MPO. See Macedonian Patriotic Organization multifaceted personalities: concept of, xi, xii, 35; programs focused on, 36-37, 124 MVnR. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nathans, Benjamin, 128 National Coordinating Committee 1300 Years Bulgaria (NKK), 42, 48, 91, 93, 108, 109
nationalism: and campaigns against minorities, 29; and conflicting interpretations of history, 76; fonction under socialism, 70-71; as legitimization tool for communist ehtes, 20, 60, 76; in outreach to Bulgarian émigrés, 134, 135, 142; resurgence in Bulgaria, 71, 225;
INDEX resurgence in Romania, 74-75; revival in Eastern Europe, 70. See abo cultural nationalism; patriotism/"patriotic turn” NATO: Bulgaria's membership in, 225; Bulgaria's relations with members of, 64, 66, 85; Greek-Turkish conflicts and, 67-68; nudear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative and, 95 NDK (People’s Palace of Culture), Sofia, xi-xii, 42/ 43, 58, 227 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 178, 182 New International Economic Order (NIEO), 16, 168,206,211 New Lexington, Ohio, 149-53; monuments to MacGahanin, 149, 150, 150f, 15 If, statue of MacGahanin, 151, 152/ 153 NIEO. See New International Economic Order Nigeria: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 195, 196, 216, 217-18; Bulgarian cultural exchanges with, 10fi 195-99, 212-19, 218/i Bulgarian presence in, Mi, xvi, 14, 171, 202-9, 204, 211-12, 217-19; civil war of 1967-1970 in, 202, 203, 211; culture and history used for political goals in, 199, 210-11; development projects in, 14,171, 198-99,204,204J; Eastern European spedalists in, 203, 207-8; FESTAC 77 in, 203, 204, 205, 209-10, 211; after independence, 202-3; National Theater in Lagos, 14, 204, 204J; 208, 209, 210/, photographic exhibits in, 195, 213, 214, 215/ 217, 218, 274n91; Second Republic in, 207-8; Soviet bloc military aid to, 203,272n33; Soviet presence in, 206, 207; Zhivkov's visit to, 171, 201, 205-6,213 Nigeria-Bulgaria Friendship Sodeties, 213, 216, 218 NITsAA (Bulgarian Sdentific Research Center on Africa and Asia), 200 Nixon, Richard, 66, 68 NKK. See National Coordinating Committee 1300 Years Bulgaria Nonaligned Movement, 66, 167, 168,178, 179 Notes on the
Bulgarian Uprisings (film), 64 nudear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative, 94-95, 249Ш45 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 204-5, 207 Oidio, Milford, 196 Organization for Bulgarians Abroad, 131-32, 136. See abo Slavic Committee 303 Orthodox Church, Bulgarian: communist regime and, 139-40; U.S. congregations splitting from, 143 Orthodox Church of America, 140 Ottoman Empire: border issues following dissolution of, 73, 74; Bulgarian liberation from, centennial of, 149; rival interpretations of history of, 64, 86,200 Papandreou, Andreas, 93, 94, 95 Paprikov, George, 157 patriotism/"patriotic turn”: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 40, 41, 71; cultural events/producers and, 25-26, 33; and domestic legitimization, 23,29; embrace of nationalism as form of, 71; of émigrés, efforts to nurture, 134, 135, 142, 147-48; holidays associated with, 29, 71; and normalization of late sodalism, 61; and science of Thracology, 74 Pavlov, Konstantin, 55 Pavlov, Liubomir, 52 peacefhl coexistence: Bulgarian foreign policy and, 170, 171, 197-98; India and prindples of, 180 Peio Iavorov Cultural Association, 147, 153 People's Palace of Culture (NDK), Sofia, xi-xii, 42fi 43, 58,1Ո pericentric perspective, 6-7, 17, 163-64, 193, 197, 198, 219 Persian Empire, 2500th anniversary of establishment of, 45-46, 47 Petrov, Valeri, 56, 240nlll Pirin Folk Ensemble, 94; tour ofU.S., 116-17, 144, 156 Pirin Macedonia, 72, 73 Platel, Elisabeth, 11 Poland: Bulgaria compared to, 24; millennium celebrations of 1966, 44-45, 47, 60, 133; and Nigeria, 207; reconciliation between West Germany and, 101, 107; Solidarity movement in,
15, 105-6 Pomaks, assimilation campaigns targeting, 29, 75 Popov, Stefan, 148 Popova, Lihana, 144 Posada, José Guadalupe, 189 postsodalist transition, in Bulgaria: cultural nationalism during, 20, 232; and culture, 230-32; personal experience of, xiv-xvi; power ehtes during, 225, 226 Power, Romina, 11
304 INDEX power elites, Bulgarian: as agents of cultural outreach, 9, 12, 25, 35; criticism in Western media, 58; détente and, 17, 102; diaspora-building endeavors of, 131-34; and East-South relations, 175-77,181, 183, 187, 190-92, 193; and East-West cultural exchange, 107-8; global processes and, 117, 118; legitimization strategies of, 20, 60, 76, 172, 222, 223; new generation (third generation) in 1970s, 26, 48-54; postsocialist reincarnation of, 225, 226; ties with West, 51-52, 102,116, 117, 127-28 Pritam, Amrita, 184,186 propaganda: culture and, 30, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 128-29, 223, 224; Western, efforts to limit, 33, 96, 97-98, 123-24, 129; Western objections to, 129 Proto-Bulgarians, 40, 74, 239n71 protochronism, 75 Putić, Danilo, 5, 83, 84 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 184 Radio Free Europe (RFE): Bulgarian section of, 55, 57, 137, 141, 146, 147, 148; on Bulgaria's cultural outreach, 6; on Bulgaria's power elites, 48, 51; on reciprocity principle in cultural exchanges, 121-22; on Soviet response to Helsinki, 98; stories of political exiles and, 133 Ralin, Radoï, 55 Rao, Radjesvar, 162 Rao, Satyanarayana, 190 Reagan, Ronald, 102, 105, 116, 157 real culture, vs. mass culture, 99, 122 real socialism: proclamation at 10th Congress of BKP, 28; use of term, xxi. See abo developed socialism reciprocity principle, in Cold War cultural contacts, 106, 109,121-27 Redi, Narsa, 162 religion: communist regime's attitude toward, 139; émigrés and, 139-40, 143. See abo Orthodox Church, Bulgarian representative exhibitions, 8, 36-37, 97, 111, 139,210 reputation, Bulgaria’s cultural
outreach and, 3, 4, 5, 6, 113, 171, 172, 177, 199 RFE. See Radio Free Europe Roerich, Nicholas, 35, 36-37, 232, 238n53 Roerich, Svetoslav, 227, 238n53 Roma, name-changing campaigns against, 29 Romania: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 77-80; 2050th anniversary in, 46, 60, 75, 76-77, 78; assertion of independence, 66-67; Bulgarian cultural campaigns and, 64, 77; and China, 66, 77; legitimization of Ceausescu regime in, 60; relations with Bulgaria, 76-80; resurgence of nationalism in, 74-75; rival historical interpretations in, 71, 74-75, 77, 78, 79; Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) and, 69 Romano de López Portillo, Carmen, 176, 177, 190, 191 Roman Treasures from the Rhine Dbtrict exhibition, 99, 126 Rusev, Svetlin, 5Of, 53-54, 121,227, 232 Saldarían, Stefan, 144-45 San Stefano, Treaty of, 73, 81,149 Saraid, Olusoka, 216 Sauvagnargues, Jean, 103 Sauvy, Alfred, 166 Schmidt, Helmut, 104, 113, 115,205 Second World, 16-17, 169. See abo Eastern Europe; Soviet Union Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77), 203, 204, 205,209-10,211 Semerdzhiev, Petar, 57, 158 Shagari, Shehu, 207, 208,216 Shashko, Philip, 120 Simeon the Great (King of Bulgaria), 38, 153, 242ПІ50 Simeon II (King of Bulgaria), 148 Simeonov, Vladimir, 146 Sixth Division, State Security: agents for historical espionage in, 37; monitoring of cultural events/figures by, 31, 32, 57, 227 Slavic alphabet, day of. See 24th May celebrations Slavic civilization, cultural programs highlighting Bulgaria's role in, 6, 35-36, 40-41, 111-12 Slavic Committee, 131-32,135-36,140, 142,
144, 155. See abo Organization for Bulgarians Abroad Slavov, Atañas, 55, 158-60 Slavs, in Bulgarian ethnogenesis, 40, 74, 239Ո71 small states: "advantages of smallness,” concept of, 6, 194, 224; and cultural diplomacy, 6-7, 36, 48, 109,224,232; as development model, 194-221; importance
INDEX of, in Cold War, 2, 5-8, 14, 17-18, 67, 169, 172-73, 194, 198, 204, 208, 220-21, 224, 232; and pericentric perspective, 6-7, 17, 163-64, 193, 197, 198,219 Snyder, Sarah, 101 socialist globalization, 163-64, 168 socialist internationalism: as alternative to Western development, 168; in Balkans, 80, 82, 85; and Bulgarian cultural exports, 9-10, 98; meaning of term, 243nl2; and relations with Balkan neighbors, 77; and solidarity with Third World, 9,170 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 7, 54 South Africa, condemnation of apartheid regime in, 96, 205,217 Soviet Union: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 23, 52, 193; aid to Africa, 197, 202; Balkan policies of, 72; Bulgarians living in, 136; Bulgaria’s cultural outreach and, 6, 35, 64, 193, 224; Bulgaria's patriotic turn and, 29; Bulgaria’s relations with Third World and, 18; Bulgaria's reputation as most loyal ally of, 6, 23, 24, 28-29, 67, 105, 170, 171, 224; cultural exchanges with West, 106-7; financial assistance to Bulgaria, 27, 28; and France, 103; Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and, 98, 101; and India, 178; invasion of Afghanistan, 18, 105, 178; involvement in Third World, 167, 170; on Macedonian question, 81; and Mexico, 179; Moscow Olympics, boycott of, 105, 179; and Nigeria, 206, 207; nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative and, 249nl45; rival historical interpretations with Bulgaria, 193; and Romania, 66; and Turkey, 85; and Yugoslavia, 66, 68; Zhivkov and, 18, 24, 26, 28 Square 500 museum complex, Sofia, 230-31 Stalin, Joseph, 26 Stanek, Łukasz, 14, 168, 198 Stanev, Emilian, 53 Stanoeva, Elitza, 60-61 Starchev,
Valentin, 227 State Security. See Sixth Division state socialism: culture and, 8,9, 17, 36, 225-26; use of term, xxi. See also developed socialism Stevenson, Adlai, 105, 120,156 Stoianov, Stoian, 214 Stoianov, Zaharí, 64 305 students: in classical high school, Sofia, xii-xiv, xvf; foreign, in Bulgarian universities, 13, 201, 206 Styron, William, 120 Sudan, 172,201 Suri, Jeremi, 17, 54, 102 Sygkelos, Yarmiş, 71 Syria, 12, 167, 171,172 Tabakoff, Dr., 150-51 Tabakov, Stefan, 137 Tagore, Rabindranath, 184, 187 Tamburitzans Folk Dance Ensemble, 155 Tanzania, xvi, 12,170, 171, 199, 200, 201 Technoexportstroy, 204, 208 Thatcher, Margaret, 102,104,116 Third World, 16, 166-67; Cold War dynamics and, 166, 177, 179, 267n69; competition between First and Second Worlds in, 17; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 9, 12-15, 164, 170-73, 181-91, 194-99; Eastern European involvement in, 14, 18, 167-68, 198, 203, 207-8; merging of culture and development in outreach to, 169, 214, 217-21; motivations for Bulgaria's involvement in, 170-72, 175-77, 180, 197-98, 199, 219-21; solidarity with, 9, 14, 16, 18, 169, 170; Soviet involvement in, 167, 170, 178, 179, 206, 207; technical assistance to, xii, xvi, 14, 18; use of term, 265n32; Western economic involvement in, modernization theory of, 264n22. See aba East-South relations; specific countries Thracians, role in Bulgarian ethnogenesis, 33, 40, 74, 239Ո71 Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria exhibition, 36, 74, 111; in Austria, 113, 114, 115-16; at British Museum, 116, 117; civilizational message of, 97; "complex events” accompanying, 117; in France,
114, 253n92; Greek response to, 92; ideological message of, 113; in India, 190, 191/ 270nl27; at Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62, 112/ 116, 117, 117f, 118, 124; in Mexico, 189; reinvention in 2015, 230; in West Germany, 97, 147 Three Worlds model, 16-17, 169 Tito, Josip Broz, 15, 66, 69, 84 Todorov, Nikolai, 92f, as ambassador to Greece, 90-93; on Bulgarian-Greek relations, 88-89 Todorov, Tzvetan, 158
306 INDEX Treasures ofthe Rila Monastery exhibition, 36, 112, 119, 120 Tripanis, Konstantinos, 89 Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 149 Tunisia, 12, 170, 171, 199, 201 Turkey: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 87-88, 248nl06; Bulgaria's Turkish minority and, 71, 75-76, 86; conflicts with Greece, 67-68; diplomatic response to Bulgarian films, 64; invasion of Cyprus (1974), 68, 76, 85, 86; relations with Bulgaria, 69, 85-88; relations with Soviet Union, 85 Turkish minority, in Bulgaria: assimilation campaigns targeting, 29, 61, 76, 225; and relations with Turkey, 71, 75-76, 86 Turner, Tina, , 10, 13/ 38 1 Uhde, Milan, 59 UNESCO: Bulgarian cultural programs and, 11,36, 47, 114, 120; postsocialist elites and, 225 United Nations: in 1970s, 16; and Bulgarian cultural programs, 36; and International Children's Assembly, 1, 38; Zhivkova at, 105, 116 United States: 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations in, 120,142-45,156; Bulgarian cultural outreach to, 12, 118-19, 120, 124; Bulgarian émigrés in, 132, 137, 138, 142-45, 149-53, 155-60; Bulgarian relations with, 104-5; concept of human rights in, 128-29; cultural propaganda from, 123,124; "differential approach” to Eastern Europe, 68; and India, 178; as model for anniversary celebration, 46, 47; reciprocity in cultural exchanges with, 127, 129; and Romania, 66, 68; Thracian Treasuresfrom Bulgaria exhibition at, 62,112f, 116,117, Wf, 118; and Yugoslavia, 66, 68 United States Information Agency (USIA/ UŠICA), 108, 124 Updike, John, 120 Uzunov, Dechko, 31 Vali, Sadik, 195 Van Beurden, Sarah, 211 Vance, Cyrus, 105 Vanga, Baba, 50, 226 Vardar
Macedonia, 81, 84 Vama International Ballet Competition, 1, 11 Vassilev, Iordan, 55 Vazov, Ivan, 61 Velchev, Boris, 49 Venezuela, 180 Verdery, Katherine, 33, 60 Vezenkov, Alexander, 49 Vietnam, 13, 170,184 Vietnam War, 37,104 Vladigerov, Pancho, 84 Voice of America (VOA): Bulgarian section of, 137, 159; stories ofpolitical exiles and, 133 Vonnegut, Kurt, 158 Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, 83 West/Westem countries: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 97, 119-21; 1970s from perspective of, 15, 16; aid to Africa, 201; appeal of, during postsocialist transition, xv-xvi; Bulgarian cultural exchanges with, 10-12, 14, 96-98, 107-11, 115-16, 118-20, 122-27; Bulgarian émigrés in, cultural outreach targeting, 131-33; criticism ofBulgarian power elites, 58; cultural diplomacy in, 97, 128-30; cultural outreach by, 97-98, 99, 121-24, 129; defectors to, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151; "differential approach” to Eastern Europe, 68, 102; economic involvement in Third World, 264n22; elite reorientation toward, late socialism and, 51-52, 102, 116, 117, 127-28; Markov's assassination and, 58; mass culture of, condemnation of, 122; meaning of term, 102; propaganda from, efforts to limit, 33, 96, 97-98, 123-24, 129. See aho East-West cultural exchange; East-West relations; specific countries West Germany (FRG): 24th May celebrations in, 147; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119,147; Bulgarian émigrés in, 132, 145-48, 153-54; Bulgarian relations with, 12,103-4, 105; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 12, 97-98, 115-16, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123-24, 125-27,126f, cultural propaganda from, 123-24;
international recognition of, 100, 101; mass culture of, 122; Ostpolitik in, 101,103,107 women's movement, 14, 198, 213 World Parliament, in Sofia, 37-38 Yanatchkov, Kiril, 138 Yemen, 172, 201, 202
INDEX Yugoslavia: Macedonian question and, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143; relations with Bulgaria, 64, 80-85; rival historical interpretations in, 62-63, 64, 80-81; state socialism in, 66; after Tito's death, 84-85; Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) and, 69 Yurchak, Alexei, 16 Zaharieva, Maria, 215 Zahra, Tara, 133 Zarev, Pantaleï, 53 Zhivkov, Todor: on 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary, 22, 43; "benevolent dictatorship” of, 25, 27, 60; and Brezhnev, 18, 26, 28, 67, 170; and Ceausescu, 77, 80; consolidation of power, 28, 49, 59-60; coup against, 31, 225; as cultural benefactor, 50/; on dissidence, 57; émigré organizations' attacks on, 137,138; foreign policy of, Soviet reaction to, 18; former bodyguard of, 230; intellectuals in social circle ("hunting crew") of, 31, 32, 49, 53, 59; on international culture, 182; and Karamanlis, 90f 93; and Khrushchev, 26, 28; legitimization strategies of, 76, 222, 223; on Macedonian question, 72; meeting with émigrés, 131; and outreach to developing countries, 171, 172, 180; psychological portrait of, 49; and regional cooperation in Balkans, 67, 69, 94; and relations with Soviet Union, 18, 24, 26, 28; removal of political adversaries by, 27, 31, 49; rise to power, 26-27; and Schmidt, 104; “socialist democratization” 307 policies of 1960s, 31; and Tito, 84; travel record of, 170; visits to Africa, 171, 201-2; visits to Greece, 89, 93; visits to India, 173, 174; visit to Mexico, 176, 189; visit to Nigeria, 171, 201, 205-6, 213; visit to Turkey, 86 Zhivkova, Evgeniia, 226, 227 Zhivkova, Liudmila: and 1300 Years Bulgaria
celebrations, 36, 41, 42, 52, 110, 227; and aesthetic education/beauty, 25, 34, 38,122, 127, 190; career of, 50; close associates of, 9, 49, 53-54, 74, 227, 232; commemoration of 70th anniversary of, 226-27; and cultural policy, 9,25, 34-40; death of, xii, 192, 226; and East-South relations, 165, 175-77, 183, 187, 190-92, 193; and East-West cultural exchange, 107-8,115, 120,126, 127; and Gallery for International Art, Sofia, 37; and Gandhi (Indira), 13, 175-76, 175f 177,190, 192, 227; interest in theosophy and mysticism, 50-51, 165, 177, 187, 226, 238n58; and International Children's Assemblies, 38; legacy of, 226, 230, 231, 232; and Roerich, 238n53; and Romano de López Portillo, 176, 177, 190,192; studies of, 116,240n98, 254ПІ05; on Thracian Treasures exhibition, 113; at United Nations, 105, 116; vision of multifaceted personalities, xii, 124; visits to India, 174, 175, 184, 187, 190, 191f 266n49; visits to Mexico, 163, 176, I76f, 191-92, 266n49; visit to Greece, 89; on Western culture, 122; Western press on, 51-52 Znepolski, Ivaïlo, 27,29-30 Bayerische j Staatsbibliothek 1 Mönchen |
| adam_txt |
Contents List of Illustrations Preface ix xi List of Abbreviations xix Note on Terminology xxi Introduction: Bulgaria on the Global Cultural Scene of the 1970s 1 1. The Contradictions of Developed Socialism 22 2. Goodwill between Neighbors 62 3. Culture as a Way of Life 96 4. Forging a Diaspora 131 5. Like a Grand World Civilization 162 6. Culture under Special Conditions 195 Epilogue: The Socialist Past Today Notes 233 Bibliography Index 29S 219 222
В І В LI O G RAPH Y Archives Bulgaria Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MVnR), Sofia op. 32-36 (1976-1980) and op. 38 (1981), records relating to Bulgarian foreign relations with a number of countries (countries are arranged alphabetically in Bulgarian, as listed below): Austria (1), the United States (5), Argentina (6), Great Britain (13), Ger many (17), Greece (18), India (26), Iraq (29), Mexico (45), Poland (56), Romania (58), Russia (64), Turkey (66), Hungary (67), France (71), Czechoslovakia (78), Yugoslavia (80), Japan (82), and Nigeria (100) Central State Archive (TsDA), Sofia f. f. f. f. IB, Central Committee of BKP (various) IB, op. 55, Information-Sociological Center of BKP (1971-1990) IB, op. 65, Plenums of the Central Committee of BKP (1976-1989) IB, op. 66 and op. 67, Politburo of the Central Committee of BKP (1976-1984) f. IB, op. 78, Cultural Department of the Central Committee of BKP (1974-1989) f. 141, Slavic Committee (Organization for the Bulgarians Abroad) f. 405, Committee for Culture f. 720, Bulgarian Photography f. 990, National Coordinating Committee “Thirteen Centuries Bulgaria" (microfilm) Hungary Open Society Archives (OSA), Budapest Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute 279
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Index Page numbers followed by letter ƒ refer to figures. 24th May celebrations, 29, 71; in India, 263n4; in West Germany, 147,153 1000 Years ofBulgarian Icons exhibition, 36, 111-12, 114, 115fi 116, 189; ambiguous attitude toward religion and, 139; dvilizational message of, 97, 112; “complex events” accompanying, 117-18 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary, 2-3, 40-48; “all-people's celebration” in Sofia, 94; and assimilation campaigns, 225; and Balkan neighbors, 63-66, 70, 77-84, 87-88, 90-94; celebrations in Greece, 88, 90-94; celebrations in India, 163, 189-90; celebrations in Mexico, 163, 190, 191; celebrations in Nigeria, 195, 196, 216, 217-18; celebrations in U.S., 120, 142-45, 156; celebrations in Western countries, 97,119-21; celebrations in West Germany, 119, 147; complex events associated with, 42, 47, 48, 65, 82, 120, 156, 189-90, 196-97, 214; and cultural nationalism, 40, 60, 61, 223-24; cultural shortages associated with, 48, 97, 109, 165, 187, 189, 192; and diaspora, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140, 142-45, 148-49, 161; domestic and international dimensions of, 3-4, 43-48; and East-West cultural cooperation, 108, 109; FESTAC 77 compared to, 210, 211; films shown during celebrations of, 64; as focal point of cultural outreach, 35; and folk performances, 45ƒ 94, 156; ideological objectives of, 41, 110-11, 224; international reactions to, 5-6; logo for, 47fi models for, 43-47; patriotic objectives of, 40, 41, 71; poster for, 4fi preparations for, 40, 41-42; Romanian response to, 77-80; Soviet response to, 23, 52, 193; Turkish response to, 87-88; and universal dvilizational
ideas, 46; Yugoslav response to, 81, 82-84; Zhivkova and, 36, 41, 42, 52, 110, 227; Zhivkov on, 22, 43 1300 Years Bulgaria exhibition, 43 1300 Years Bulgaria Monument, Sofia, xi, 43, 44ƒ 227-30, 228f; monument replacing, 228-29, 229/ 1970s: contradictory spirit of, 17; cultural innovation in, 34-35; Eastern European perspective on, 16, 19; East-West relations in, 100-106; and globalization, 9, 15, 18; sodopoiitical developments in Bulgaria in, 27-30; and Third World solidarity, 14, 16; Three Worlds model during, 16-17; time span of, 18-19; Western perspectives on, 15, 16 2000 Years ofNigerian Art exhibition, 210, 216 aesthetic education: concept of, 25, 34; events focusing on, 38. See also beauty Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 18, 105, 178 Africa: Bulgarian attitude toward, 208-9; Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; Bulgarian involvement in, xii, xvi, 18, 170, 171,198-202; Eastern European cooperation with, 203, 207-8; educational exchanges with, 201, 206; Soviet aid to, 197,202; as Third World, 167; Western aid to, 201. See abo specific countries Age ofShakespeare exhibition, 123, 124 Albania, 67, 94, 177, 243nll Al Bano (Albano Carrisi), 11 Algeria, 12,167, 171, 172, 199 295
296 INDEX Angola, 12, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202 anniversary celebrations: in Bulgaria, 36; in Eastern Europe, 60; in Iran, 45-46, 47; rival, in Balkans, 76-77; in Romania, 46, 60, 75, 76-77, 78; in U.S., 46, 47. See aho 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary anti-imperialism / anti-neocolonialism, rhetoric of, 170-71, 197, 219 Appadurai, Arjun, 12 Apter, Andrew, 198, 209, 210, 211 Arab countries, Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 172, 233n3 Argentina, 13, 172 Asia: Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; as Third World, 167; Zhivkova’s tour of, 184. See aho specific counties Asparuh, Khan, 40; films about, xi, 43, 225 Association of Bulgarian Writers and Artists in Exile, 132, 157 Atanasov, Ivan, 10/ 196, 212, 213, 214, 215, 215/216, 217, 218, 218/ Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 87 Austria: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119,120; Bulgarian relations with, 102-3, 105; criticism of Bulgarian power elites, 58; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 11-12,113, 114-16; as mediator in East-West relationship, 102 Bagriana, Elisaveta, 55 Balkans: Bulgarian cultural programs in, 63-66, 70, 88, 90-95; Cold War in, 66-70, 95; culture as strategy for regional cooperation in, 66, 94-95; French involvement in, 103; Macedonian question in, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143; NATO members in, 67-68; nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative in, 94-95; regional cooperation projects in, 67, 69-70, 94; rival interpretations of history in, 70, 71-76, 77, 78, 79, 94; Western influence in, 68. See aho specific countries Banner of Peace International Children’s Assemblies (1979, 1981), xi, 1,
11, 11f, 38, 3 9fi 186,213,226 Banner of Peace Monument (The Bells), xi, Ilf 38 BANU. See Bulgarian Agrarian National Union Batak Massacre, 149 Batoev, Dimitar, 145 BBC: Bulgarian section of, 55, 57, 137, 141, 146; and film on Thracian art, 117 beauty: celebration of, xii; Zhivkova’s concept of, 25, 34, 38, 122, 127, 190 Belgium, anniversary celebration in, 44, 46 Bell, John, 120 The Bells monument (Banner of Peace Monument), xi, Ilf 38 BKP. See Bulgarian Communist Party Blecha, Karl, 120 Bochev, Dimitar, 141 Boekman, Johanna, 168 Bokova, Irina, 225 Bolton, Jonathan, 134 Borba (magazine), 137, 138f 157 Boris III (King of Bulgaria), 242nl50 Borisov, Boyko, 230 Brandt, Willy, 101, 103 Bren, Paulina, 16 Brezhnev, Leonid: intellectuals recruited by, 32; rapprochement under, 107; and Soviet involvement in Third World, 167; visit to Yugoslavia, 68; and Zhivkov, 18, 26, 28, 67, 170 Britain: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 23, 119-20; Bulgarian cultural outreach to, 12, 116,117,120-21; on Bulgarian policy in Africa, 18,170; evaluation of Bulgarian society in 1970s, 24-25; evaluation of Zhivkov (Todor), 49; relations with Bulgaria, 104,116,119 British Council, 108 British Museum: reciprocity in cultural exchanges with, 127; Thracian Treasures exhibition at, 116 Brunnbauer, Ulf, ЗО, 133,134, 257ո4 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), in exile, 137, 140, 154 Bulgarian Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, 138 Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP): 10th Congress of, 28; 90th anniversary of, 3, 41; Art, Culture, and Propaganda Department of, 32; and East-West cultural exchange,
108; embrace of "patriotism” by, 29; history of, merging history of Bulgaria with, 41; monument commemorating 90th anniversary of, 230, 23 If Zhivkov as secretary of, 26 Bulgarian Cultural-Informational Center(s): in New Delhi, 172, 185, 189-90, 266n59; in Nigeria, proposal for, 213; in Vienna, 114 Bulgarian Diocese of North America and Australia, 139, 140
INDEX Bulgarian-Indian Friendship Societies, 162, 163, 185, 185/ 189, 263ո2, 263Ո4, 269ПІ08 Bulgarian National Committee, U.S., 137 Bulgarian National Council, U.S., 137, 140, 143, 157 Bulgarian National Front, U.S., 137,143, 157; magazine published by, 137, 138f 157 Bulgarian-Nigerian Friendship Societies, 213,216,218 Bulgarian Orthodox Church: communist regime and, 139-40; U.S. congregations splitting from, 143 Bulgarian Scientific Research Center on Africa and Asia (NITsAA), 200 Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party, 137 Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians), 40, 74, 239n71 Burebista, 2050th anniversary of, 46, 60, 75 Buzludzha, Home Monument of the Party on, 230, 231/ Caldwell, Erskine, 1, 37, 120 Callaghan, Jim, 104 Canada: cultural outreach to, 12, 119; émigré communities in, 137,138,150, 157, 158 Captive Nations Committee, 157 Carter, Jimmy, 104, 105, 205, 227 Castro, Fidel, 15,227 Ceausescu, Elena, 51 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 51, 66; legitimization of regime of, 60, 76; and regional cooperation initiatives, 69; and Zhivkov, 77, 80 Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 119 Charles, Ray, 1, 11, 38 Charter 77, 56, 96 Chary, Frederick, 120 Chervenkov, Válko, 26 Children in Bulgaria exhibition, 195, 213, 274Ո91 Children’s Assemblies. See International Children’s Assemblies China: Albania and, 67; Roerich in, 37; Romania and, 66, 77; Soviet policies regarding, 28, 167 civilizational rhetoric, of Bulgarian cultural outreach, 46, 97, 112; to developing countries, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; to Western countries, 97, 99-100, 110, 112, 113, 118-19 Clarke, James, 120 Clifford, James, 160,258n8 297
Cold War: alternative models of globalization during, 14, 168, 177-78, 181, 193, 194, 197, 198; in Balkans, 66-70, 95; cultural diplomacy during, 106-7; cultural outreach in context of, 2-3, 8, 95, 103, 193-94; culture during, importance of studying, 7; France’s role in, 103; importance of small states in, 2, 5-8, 14, 17-18, 67, 169, 172-73, 194, 198, 204, 208, 220-21, 224, 232; multilateral initiatives in, superpowers’ distrust of, 68, 69; as multipolar conflict, 166; and Nonaligned Movement, 66, 167, 168, 178, 179; peripheral actors in, importance of, 6-7, 163-64, 193; reciprocity principle in cultural contacts during, 106, 109, 121-27; renewal in early 1980s, 18, 102, 105-6, 107, 130; templates for socialist events during, 10; and Third World, 166, 177, 179, 267n69. See aho détente Colombia-, 180 colony, émigrés as, 136-37 Committee for Arts and Culture (KIK), 31, 32,33-34, 53 Committee for Culture (KK), 34; and 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations, 42; and bilateral agreements for cultural cooperation, 108, 184; on Bulgarian-U.S. cultural cooperation, 110; Iordanov and, 121; justification for cultural contacts with West, 109-10; Slavic Committee and, 155; Zhivkova and, 34 complex programs/events, 34,35; 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations and, 42, 47, 48, 65, 82, 120, 156, 189-90, 196-97, 214; in India, 189-90; in Nigeria, 196-97, 214; U.S. model for, 46, 47; in Western countries, 117-18,120, 129, 156; West German, in Bulgaria, 126 Connelly, Matthew, 15 Constantine ГѴ (Emperor of Byzantium), 40 constitution of 1971,28, 29, 32 Contemporary Bulgarian Art exhibition, 114, 120-21;
civilizational message of, 97; in Mexico City, 188ƒ 189 Cooper, Frederick, 203, 220 Cuba, 12, 167,179, 180 cultural diplomacy: in Balkans, 63-64; breakthrough potential of, 94; during Cold War, 106-7; small states and, 6-7, 36,48, 109,224, 232; volatile function of, 65; in West, 97, 128-30
298 INDEX cultural globalization: in 1970s, 9, 15; limits of concept of, 12; state socialist societies and, 36 cultural intemationalism/transnationalism, 7-8, 234ПІ9 cultural nationalism, in Bulgaria, 29, 223; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 40, 60, 61, 223-24; and diaspora, 134, 161; double-edged function of, 63, 71, 94; and ethnic cleansing, 225; as legitimization strategy, 60; postsocialist, 20, 232; promotion of, 33 cultural outreach: in Cold War context, 2-3, 8, 95, 103, 193-94; andiate socialist regimes, perpetuation of, 21, 60 cultural outreach, Bulgarian: in 1960s, 107, 252n64; in 1970s, magnitude of, 2, 233n3; to Balkan states, 63-66, 70, 94-95; civilizational rhetoric of, 46, 97, 99-100, 110, 112, 113, 118-19, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; contradictions in, 20-21, 223; core elements of, 8; and domestic legitimization, 8, 9, 19, 23, 222, 223, 224; elites as agents of, 9, 12, 25, 35; to émigrés, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140-42; evolution of, 9-11; ideological objectives of, 9, 10-11, 99-100, 109-10, 113, 118-19; local and global dynamics of, 17, 25, 35, 222-24; long-term consequences of, 224-25; motivations for, 3-4, 6, 8, 164, 166, 170-73, 222, 223; reciprocity premise and, 106, 109, 121-27; representative exhibitions in, 36-37; reputational objectives of, 3, 4, 5, 6, 113, 171, 172, 177, 199; to Third World, 9, 12-15, 164, 170-73, 181-91, 194-99; to Western countries, 10-12, 14, 96-98, 107-11, 115-16, 118-20, 122-27. See abo specific countries and events "cultural-propaganda events," 96,107,110 cultural shortages, 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 48,
97, 109, 165, 187, 189, 192 culture: conflicting views of, East vs. West, 98-99; under developed socialism, 32; and development, merging in EastSouth relations, 214, 217-21, 271n5; as discursive system, 8; and East-South relations, 164-65, 219-21; and economic development, state socialist notions of, 194,196,199; global, humanistic approach to, 36; and ideology, 8, 30, 33, 38-39, 99-100, 128-29, 224; and legitimization of socialist regimes, 8, 19, 23, 60, 76, 222, 223, 224; as method of communication across ideological divides, 130, 219; and propaganda, 30, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 128-29, 223, 224; real vs. mass, 99, 122; reorganization in 1970s, 36; and state socialism, 8, 9, 17, 36, 225-26 culture, Bulgarian: constitution of 1971 on, 32; golden age of, 153; postsocialist, 230-32; second golden age of, 38; statedirected, 38-40; Zhivkova and, 9, 25, 34-40 Cyprus, Turkish invasion of, 68, 76, 85, 86 Cyril (Cyril the Philosopher), Saint, 153; cultural program focusing on, 35; disciples of, 40. See abo 24th May celebrations; Methodius, Saint Cyrillic script, 153 Czechoslovakia: Charter 77 in, 56, 96; and Third World outreach, 168; Warsaw Pact invasion of, 26, 31, 66, 69 Dacians, 245n40; Bulgarian-Romanian disputes regarding, 74, 75, 78 Dalchev, Ljubomir, 55,151, 158,261n64 da Vinci, Leonardo, exhibition of masterworks by, 1, 35, 38, 124-25, 125/ Davis, Angela, 1, 10, 37 Day of the Slavic Alphabet and Bulgarian Culture. See 24th May celebrations "Declaration 78,” 56 defections, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151 de Gaule, Charles, 103 Delhi University, Bulgarian studies at, 185, 186, 186fi
192 Deng Xiaoping, 15 détente, 15, 100; and Bulgaria’s cultural outreach, 17, 96; and developed socialism, 18; and East-West cultural exchange, 96, 99, 107; India’s embrace of, 180; international crises threatening, 105-6; role of ideology in context of, 33; as strategy of political legitimization, 17, 54, 101-2 Deutsche Welle, Bulgarian section of, 137, 141, 146 developed capitalist states, 16,102,169. See abo West/Western countries developed socialism (real socialism): contradictory experiences of, 39-40; and détente, 18; new attention to culture during, 32; new citizen of, 34, 35; normalization and acceptance of, 17, 25, 26, 30, 59-61, 161; personal experience of, xi-xiv, xvi; proclamation at 10th Congress
INDEX of ВКР, 28; success of, cultural events showcasing, 97; superiority of, struggle to claim, 128-29; use of term, xxi; Zhivkov's vision for, 22. See abo late socialism developed socialist states, 169 developing countries, 169. See abo Third World; specific countries development: alternative template for, 168-69; culture and, in East-South relations, 214,217-21, 271n5; state socialist notions of, 194,196,199 diaspora, Bulgarian: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 45, 47,131,132-33, 140, 142-45, 148-49, 161; efforts to build, 131-34,136, 140-49, 160-61. See abo emigres diaspora, definition of, 160, 258n8 Dimitrov, Bozhidar, 230, 238n59 Dimitrov, Emil, 61, 242ПІ50 Dimitrov, Georgi, 26 Dimitrov, G. M., 137 Dimitrova, Blaga, 55, 56 Dimovski, Boris, 56 dissidents): Western image of, 158; Western support for, Eastern European perspective on, 96, 98 dissident movement, in Bulgaria: lack of, 23,24-25, 54-59; policies undermining formation of, 23, 26, 55-56; Western media’s search for, 56-57 Domov, Ognian, 52 Dragoicheva, Tsola, 81 Dr. Petar Beron Academic Association, 147, 148 Dupond, Patrick, 11 Dzhagarov, Georgi, 53, 54, 118, 127-28 Eastern Europe: 1970s from perspective of, 16, 17; cultural outreach in context of Cold War, 103,194; "differential approach” to, West and, 68, 102; Helsinki Final Act of 1975 from perspective of, 96, 98, 107; involvement in Third World, 14, 18,167-68,198, 203, 207-8; nationalism in, revival of, 70; official culture and perpetuation of regimes in, 21, 60; as periphery in Cold War, importance of, 6-7, 163-64, 193. See aho East-South relations;
East-West relations; specific countries East Germany (GDR): anniversary celebration in, 60-61; cultural exchanges with, 123, 127; international recognition of, 100, 101; Soviet policies regarding, 299 28, 98; and Third World outreach, 168, 203, 207 East-South relations: and alternative models of globalization, 177-78, 181, 193, 194; charting of, 163-65, 167-68, 179-80, 207-8; dvilizational rhetoric of, 165-66, 169, 172, 183, 194, 201, 220; culturaleducational cooperation and, 181-83; culture as key driver of, 164-65, 219-21; economic and cultural considerations in, merging of, 214, 217-20; economic cooperation and, 180-81, 203, 207-8; after Helsinki Final Act, 263nll; Zhivkova's personal interests and, 175-77,183, 187, 190-92, 193 East-West cultural exchange, 106-7; as battle for hearts and minds, 97, 128-30; Bulgarian contributions to, 96-97, 107-8; conflicting views of culture and, 98-99, 122; control over, 10-12, 14; detente and, 96, 99, 107; efforts to limit Western events, 97-98, 99, 121-24, 129; ideology and, 33,109-10; intermediary role in, 102, 103; political importance of, 108; reciprocity premise of, 106, 109, 121-27; renewed Cold War (early 1980s) and, 107; tensions in, 97-99; Western countries' goals in, 129-30; Zhivkova and, 107-8, 127 East-West relations: key developments in 1970s, 100-106. See abo Cold War; EastWest cultural exchange Ecevit, Bülent, 86, 87 Echeverría, Luis, 176, 179, 182, 187 economic Cooperation, in East-South relations, 180-81; cultural considerations and, 214, 217-20 economic development: culture and, state socialist notions of,
194,196,199. See abo development economic reforms, discussions in 1979 Bulgaria, 27-28 educational exchanges, 13; with Africa, 201, 206; with India, 185, 186, 186f 192. See abo aesthetic education; students Egypt, 12, 167, 170, 199, 200 Elenkov, Ivan, 32, 34, 38, 61 ehtes: communist, and nationalism, 20, 60, 76; ruling, détente benefiting, 17, 54, 101-2. See abo power ehtes, Bulgarian Elizabeth II (Queen of United Kingdom), 116 EUwagen, West Germany, 153-54; bas relief of Methodius at, 153, 154f
зоо INDEX émigrés, Bulgarian, 131-61; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 45, 47, 131, 132-33, 140, 142-45, 148^19, 161; "hostile,” 137, 141, 142, 146, 156-58, 160; "loyal," 140, 142,143, 144, 155-56, 160; organizations of, 137-39; patriotism of, efforts to nurture, 134, 135, 142, 147-48; policies allowing return to Bulgaria, 136if 260n40; religion and, 139-40; terms used for, 136-37; in U.S., 132, 137, 138, 142^15, 149-53, 155-60; in West Germany, 132, 145-48, 153-54. See aho diaspora émigrés, Macedonian, 258nl6; Bulgarian state’s outreach to, 139. See aho Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO) Engerman, David, 166, 220 Ethiopia, 1, 12, 167, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 202 Evren, Kenan, 87 exhibitions, Bulgarian: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 43; civilizational message of, 97, 112, 113; "complex events" accompanying, 117-18; highprofile, international tours of, 36-37, 111-16; postsocialist, 230; and reciprocal visits, 123, 124-26, 125fi 210, 216; representative, 8, 36-37, 97, 111, 139, 210; in Third World, 10f, 188-89, 188/ 195-96, 213-14, 215f 218fi 274n91; in Western countries, 111-16,124. See abo specific titles ofexhibitions Eyo, Ekpo, 210 Fallen Soldier Memorial, Sofia, 228-29, 229/ Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). See West Germany Feinberg, Melissa, 133 FESTAC 77, 203, 204, 205, 209-10, 211 films: Bulgarian, cultural nationalism and, xi, 43, 64, 225; Indian, showings in Bulgaria, 184; Western, showings in Bulgaria, 123, 124 First World, 16. See abo developed capitalist states; West Fol, Alexander, 53, 74 folk ensembles: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and,
45f 94,156; performances in U.S., 116-17, 144, 145/ 155-56 France: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119, 120; Bulgarian relations with, 103; criticism of Bulgarian power ehtes, 58; criticism of Soviet policies, 105; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 11-12, 114, 119, 120, 127-28; relations with Eastern Europe, 103 French, Patricia (Penka), 155-56, 262n70 FRG (Federal Republic of Germany). See West Germany Fulbright, John, 120, 156 Gabensky, Dora, 156-58, 159 Gabensky, Ivanko, 156 al-Gaddafi, Muammar, 1 Gallery for International Art, Sofia, 37, 226, 231-32 Gandhi, Indira, 174, 178-79; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 190; cultural policies under, 5, 182-83; and principles of peaceful coexistence, 180; visit to Bulgaria, 163, 173; and Zhivkova, 13, 175-76, 175/ 177, 190, 192, 227 Ganev, Hristo, 55,56, 240nlll Ganev, Ivan, 83-84 GDR (German Democratic Republic). See East Germany Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 105,126 Gerasimov, Bogomil, 266n59 German question: and East-West relations, 100-101. See abo East Germany (GDR); West Germany (FRG) Ghana, 37, 167, 197,198,199 Ghodsee, Kristen, 14, 54, 198 Gigova, Irina, 39, 59 global economic crisis of 1973, 27 globalization: 1970s and, 9, 15, 18; alternative models of, Cold War and, 14, 168, 177-78, 181, 193, 194, 197, 198; and Bulgaria's cultural outreach, 17; socialist, 163-64, 168. See abo cultural globalization Gochev, Gocho, 56, 240ПІ11 Goethe Institute, 108, 126 Golden Orpheus Pop Music Festival, 1,11 Goronwy-Roberts, Owen (Lord), 119-20, 129-30 Gowon, Yakubu, 203, 204 Gramsci, Antonio, 8 Great Britain. See Britain Great
Bulgaria, 71, 73, 81, 83 Greece: Bulgarian cultural campaigns in, 64, 90-94; conflicts with Turkey, 67-68; military coups in, 68; and nudearweapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative, 94-95; relations in 1960s, 69, 71, 73; relations in 1970s, 88-94; relations in
INDEX 1980s, 94-95; rival interpretations of history, 74,91-93; tensions in early 20th century, 71, 73 Gribble, Charles, 120 Gruev, Mihail, 54 Guinea, 197, 201 Hammer, Armand, 127 Havel, Václav, 7 Helsinki Final Act of 1975, 69, 101; Bulgarian policy in developing world after, 170,171; Eastern European perspective on, 96, 98, 107; East-South relations after, 263nll; expanded cooperation after, 70, 89, 104, 107; Soviet response to, 98 Henry, Andrė, 128 history: appeal to, Bulgarian involvement in Africa and, 198,199, 200, 217-19; exhibitions showcasing, 112-13; as political weapon, 79 history, rival interpretations of: with Balkan neighbors, 70, 71-76, 94; with Greece, 74, 91-93; with Romania, 71, 74-75, 77, 78, 79; with Soviet Union, 193; with Yugoslavia, 62-63, 64, 80-81 Hong, Young-Sun, 168 Hristov, Hristo, 82 Hristova, Natalia, 55, 59 human rights: Eastern vs. Western conception of, 128-29; Helsinki Accords and language of, 101; Western support for, Eastern European perspective on, 98 Hungary: and cultural outreach to West, 98, 106; Revolution of 1956 in, 26 Husák, Gustav, 59 Ibrahim, Alhadji, 218 ideology: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 41, 110-11, 224; Bulgaria's cultural outreach and, 9, 10-11, 99-100, 109-10, 113, 118-19; culture and, 8, 30, 33, 38-39, 99-100, 128-29, 224; and East-South cultural exchange, 170-71, 197-98; and East-West cultural exchange, 33, 109-10 Ignatov, Asen, 141,158 Hinden Uprising, 81, 83 India: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 163, 189-90; civilizational message in, 165-66; Cold War dynamics and, 177, 178; contradictions associated
with, 173-74; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 5, 163, 165-66, 181-87, 189-90, 194; economic cooperation with Bulgaria, ЗОЇ 180-81, 268n85; after independence, 178; relations with Bulgaria, 13, 162-63, 164, 173-76, 179-81,193; relations with socialist states, 178, 180; and Soviet Union, 178; Zhivkova’s visits to, 174,175, 184, 187, 190, 191/į 266n49 Indian-Bulgarian Friendship Societies, 162, 163, 185, 185f, 189, 263n2, 263n4, 269ПІ08 Institute Français, 108 Institute of Thracology, 33, 53, 74 intellectuals, Bulgarian: cooptation by regime, 31, 32, 49, 53, 59; criticism of regime by, 55-56; defections of, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151, 158; role in power structures, 30-31, 32, 48-49, 55, 59; surveillance of, 57 International Children’s Assemblies, xi, 1, 11, 11f, 38, 226; participants in, 39f, 186, 213 International Year of the Child (1979), events associated with, 114,116 loan Kukuzel (Jean Coucouzèle), 114 Iordanoff, Nicholas, 155 Iordanov, Georgi, 121, 227 Iran: anniversary celebrations in, 45-46, 47; Zhivkov's visit to, 170 Iraq, 12, 167, 170, 171,172 Ivanov, Dimitar, 227 Ivanov, Georgi, 94 Ivanov, Магії, 83 Ivanov, Martin, 28 Japan, 13, 192, 193 Jean Coucouzèle (loan Kukuzel), 114 Joseph, Gilbert, 179 Judt, Tony, 15 Kalchev, Kamen, 56 Kalinova, Evgeniia, 31, 32, 49, 55, 252n64 Kalinovsky, Artemy M., 168,220, 271n5 Kanelopoulos, Panaiotis, 91, 92f, 93 Kaplan, Flora Edouwaye S., 211 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 69, 89, 90f 93 Khan Asparuh (film), xi, 43,225 Khrushchev, Nikita: and cultural exchanges ■with West, 106-7; and involvement in Third World, 167, 170; and Zhivkov, 26,28
KIK. See Committee for Arts and Culture Kirchschlaeger, Rudolf, 120 KK See Committee for Culture Kolar, Walter, 155 Kolárov, Vasil, 26
302 INDEX Kolchev, Stefan, 209 Kopelev, Lev, 123 Komai, Janos, 48 Kostov, Vladimir, 57, 141 Kreisky, Bruno, 103, 105, 120 Kristeva, Julia, 158 Lampe, John, 120 late socialism: characteristics in Bulgaria, 25-26; contradictions of, 25; cultural outreach and perpetuation of, 21; and ehte reorientation toward West, 102; normalization of, 17, 25, 30, 59-61, 161; uneasy compromise of, 222-23; use of term, xxi. See aho developed socialism Latin America: Bulgarian cultural events in, 164, 233n3; Bulgaria's interest in, 180; as Third World, 167. See aho specific countries legitimization of communist regimes: culture as tool of, 8, 19, 23, 60, 76,222, 223,224; detente as strategy for, 17, 54, 101-2; nationalism as tool of, 20, 60, 76 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 35 Leonardo da Vinci, exhibition of masterworks by, 1, 35, 38, 124-25, 125ƒ Levchev, Liubomir, 53, 54, 55, 118 Libya, 1, 12, 170, 171, 199 Lilov, Alexander, 33, 52 López Portillo, José, 163, 173, 176, 179,181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 191 Luch (magazine), 132, 157, 159 Macedonia, contested place of, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143 Macedonian Patriotic Organization (MPO), 138-39, 140, 143-44 MacGahan, Januarius, 149-50; monuments to, 149, 150, 150if, 151J; statue of, 151, 152f, 153 Mackworth-Young, Sir Robin, 125 Mali, 199,201 Marinov, Tchavdar, 71, 74 Mark, James, 168 Markov, Georgi, 55, 57-58, 141, 158; assassination of, 58, 116, 119, 146-47, 159; defection of, 31, 55, 141; on Zhivkov's approach to intellectuals, 59 Marung, Steffi, 168 mass culture, vs. real culture, 99, 122 Matusevich, Maxim, 207 Maxwell, Robert, 227
Medieval Bulgarian Civilization exhibition, 36, 97, 112, 113, 119, 163, 191 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 1 Methodius, Saint, 153; bas relief in Ellwagen, West Germany, 153,154J; disciples of, 40. See aho 24th May celebrations; Cyril, Saint Mexico: 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations in, 163, 190, 191; dvilizational message in, 165-66; Cold War dynamics and, 177, 179; contradictions associated with, 173-74, 176-77; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 163, 165-66, 181-83, 187-89, 190, 191, 194; relations with Bulgaria, 13, 163, 164, 179-80,181; relations with socialist states, 179; and Soviet Union, 179; Zhivkova's visits to, 163,176,176f 191-92, 266Ո49 Mihailov, Stoian, 53 Minekov, Velichko, 153 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MVnR): and 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations overseas, 83, 93, 109; and cultural outreach, 32, 37; Department of Cultural Heritage, 37; and East-South cultural exchange, 215-16; and East-West cultural exchange, 97, 108, 109, 125, 146 Mitterrand, François, 105 Mladenov, Peter, 52, 84, 85, 105-6, 171 Mohammed, Murtala, 204,210 monuments: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, xi, 43, 44/ 227-30, 228J; Banner of Peace International Children's Assembly and, Ճ, 11f 38; socialist-era, debates surrounding, 227-30 Moore, Henry, 1, 127,227 Moscow Olympics, boycott of, 105, 179 Mozambique, 12,171, 199,201,202 MPO. See Macedonian Patriotic Organization multifaceted personalities: concept of, xi, xii, 35; programs focused on, 36-37, 124 MVnR. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nathans, Benjamin, 128 National Coordinating Committee 1300 Years Bulgaria (NKK), 42, 48, 91, 93, 108, 109
nationalism: and campaigns against minorities, 29; and conflicting interpretations of history, 76; fonction under socialism, 70-71; as legitimization tool for communist ehtes, 20, 60, 76; in outreach to Bulgarian émigrés, 134, 135, 142; resurgence in Bulgaria, 71, 225;
INDEX resurgence in Romania, 74-75; revival in Eastern Europe, 70. See abo cultural nationalism; patriotism/"patriotic turn” NATO: Bulgaria's membership in, 225; Bulgaria's relations with members of, 64, 66, 85; Greek-Turkish conflicts and, 67-68; nudear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative and, 95 NDK (People’s Palace of Culture), Sofia, xi-xii, 42/ 43, 58, 227 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 178, 182 New International Economic Order (NIEO), 16, 168,206,211 New Lexington, Ohio, 149-53; monuments to MacGahanin, 149, 150, 150f, 15 If, statue of MacGahanin, 151, 152/ 153 NIEO. See New International Economic Order Nigeria: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 195, 196, 216, 217-18; Bulgarian cultural exchanges with, 10fi 195-99, 212-19, 218/i Bulgarian presence in, Mi, xvi, 14, 171, 202-9, 204, 211-12, 217-19; civil war of 1967-1970 in, 202, 203, 211; culture and history used for political goals in, 199, 210-11; development projects in, 14,171, 198-99,204,204J; Eastern European spedalists in, 203, 207-8; FESTAC 77 in, 203, 204, 205, 209-10, 211; after independence, 202-3; National Theater in Lagos, 14, 204, 204J; 208, 209, 210/, photographic exhibits in, 195, 213, 214, 215/ 217, 218, 274n91; Second Republic in, 207-8; Soviet bloc military aid to, 203,272n33; Soviet presence in, 206, 207; Zhivkov's visit to, 171, 201, 205-6,213 Nigeria-Bulgaria Friendship Sodeties, 213, 216, 218 NITsAA (Bulgarian Sdentific Research Center on Africa and Asia), 200 Nixon, Richard, 66, 68 NKK. See National Coordinating Committee 1300 Years Bulgaria Nonaligned Movement, 66, 167, 168,178, 179 Notes on the
Bulgarian Uprisings (film), 64 nudear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative, 94-95, 249Ш45 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 204-5, 207 Oidio, Milford, 196 Organization for Bulgarians Abroad, 131-32, 136. See abo Slavic Committee 303 Orthodox Church, Bulgarian: communist regime and, 139-40; U.S. congregations splitting from, 143 Orthodox Church of America, 140 Ottoman Empire: border issues following dissolution of, 73, 74; Bulgarian liberation from, centennial of, 149; rival interpretations of history of, 64, 86,200 Papandreou, Andreas, 93, 94, 95 Paprikov, George, 157 patriotism/"patriotic turn”: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 40, 41, 71; cultural events/producers and, 25-26, 33; and domestic legitimization, 23,29; embrace of nationalism as form of, 71; of émigrés, efforts to nurture, 134, 135, 142, 147-48; holidays associated with, 29, 71; and normalization of late sodalism, 61; and science of Thracology, 74 Pavlov, Konstantin, 55 Pavlov, Liubomir, 52 peacefhl coexistence: Bulgarian foreign policy and, 170, 171, 197-98; India and prindples of, 180 Peio Iavorov Cultural Association, 147, 153 People's Palace of Culture (NDK), Sofia, xi-xii, 42fi 43, 58,1Ո pericentric perspective, 6-7, 17, 163-64, 193, 197, 198, 219 Persian Empire, 2500th anniversary of establishment of, 45-46, 47 Petrov, Valeri, 56, 240nlll Pirin Folk Ensemble, 94; tour ofU.S., 116-17, 144, 156 Pirin Macedonia, 72, 73 Platel, Elisabeth, 11 Poland: Bulgaria compared to, 24; millennium celebrations of 1966, 44-45, 47, 60, 133; and Nigeria, 207; reconciliation between West Germany and, 101, 107; Solidarity movement in,
15, 105-6 Pomaks, assimilation campaigns targeting, 29, 75 Popov, Stefan, 148 Popova, Lihana, 144 Posada, José Guadalupe, 189 postsodalist transition, in Bulgaria: cultural nationalism during, 20, 232; and culture, 230-32; personal experience of, xiv-xvi; power ehtes during, 225, 226 Power, Romina, 11
304 INDEX power elites, Bulgarian: as agents of cultural outreach, 9, 12, 25, 35; criticism in Western media, 58; détente and, 17, 102; diaspora-building endeavors of, 131-34; and East-South relations, 175-77,181, 183, 187, 190-92, 193; and East-West cultural exchange, 107-8; global processes and, 117, 118; legitimization strategies of, 20, 60, 76, 172, 222, 223; new generation (third generation) in 1970s, 26, 48-54; postsocialist reincarnation of, 225, 226; ties with West, 51-52, 102,116, 117, 127-28 Pritam, Amrita, 184,186 propaganda: culture and, 30, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 128-29, 223, 224; Western, efforts to limit, 33, 96, 97-98, 123-24, 129; Western objections to, 129 Proto-Bulgarians, 40, 74, 239n71 protochronism, 75 Putić, Danilo, 5, 83, 84 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 184 Radio Free Europe (RFE): Bulgarian section of, 55, 57, 137, 141, 146, 147, 148; on Bulgaria's cultural outreach, 6; on Bulgaria's power elites, 48, 51; on reciprocity principle in cultural exchanges, 121-22; on Soviet response to Helsinki, 98; stories of political exiles and, 133 Ralin, Radoï, 55 Rao, Radjesvar, 162 Rao, Satyanarayana, 190 Reagan, Ronald, 102, 105, 116, 157 real culture, vs. mass culture, 99, 122 real socialism: proclamation at 10th Congress of BKP, 28; use of term, xxi. See abo developed socialism reciprocity principle, in Cold War cultural contacts, 106, 109,121-27 Redi, Narsa, 162 religion: communist regime's attitude toward, 139; émigrés and, 139-40, 143. See abo Orthodox Church, Bulgarian representative exhibitions, 8, 36-37, 97, 111, 139,210 reputation, Bulgaria’s cultural
outreach and, 3, 4, 5, 6, 113, 171, 172, 177, 199 RFE. See Radio Free Europe Roerich, Nicholas, 35, 36-37, 232, 238n53 Roerich, Svetoslav, 227, 238n53 Roma, name-changing campaigns against, 29 Romania: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 77-80; 2050th anniversary in, 46, 60, 75, 76-77, 78; assertion of independence, 66-67; Bulgarian cultural campaigns and, 64, 77; and China, 66, 77; legitimization of Ceausescu regime in, 60; relations with Bulgaria, 76-80; resurgence of nationalism in, 74-75; rival historical interpretations in, 71, 74-75, 77, 78, 79; Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) and, 69 Romano de López Portillo, Carmen, 176, 177, 190, 191 Roman Treasures from the Rhine Dbtrict exhibition, 99, 126 Rusev, Svetlin, 5Of, 53-54, 121,227, 232 Saldarían, Stefan, 144-45 San Stefano, Treaty of, 73, 81,149 Saraid, Olusoka, 216 Sauvagnargues, Jean, 103 Sauvy, Alfred, 166 Schmidt, Helmut, 104, 113, 115,205 Second World, 16-17, 169. See abo Eastern Europe; Soviet Union Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC 77), 203, 204, 205,209-10,211 Semerdzhiev, Petar, 57, 158 Shagari, Shehu, 207, 208,216 Shashko, Philip, 120 Simeon the Great (King of Bulgaria), 38, 153, 242ПІ50 Simeon II (King of Bulgaria), 148 Simeonov, Vladimir, 146 Sixth Division, State Security: agents for historical espionage in, 37; monitoring of cultural events/figures by, 31, 32, 57, 227 Slavic alphabet, day of. See 24th May celebrations Slavic civilization, cultural programs highlighting Bulgaria's role in, 6, 35-36, 40-41, 111-12 Slavic Committee, 131-32,135-36,140, 142,
144, 155. See abo Organization for Bulgarians Abroad Slavov, Atañas, 55, 158-60 Slavs, in Bulgarian ethnogenesis, 40, 74, 239Ո71 small states: "advantages of smallness,” concept of, 6, 194, 224; and cultural diplomacy, 6-7, 36, 48, 109,224,232; as development model, 194-221; importance
INDEX of, in Cold War, 2, 5-8, 14, 17-18, 67, 169, 172-73, 194, 198, 204, 208, 220-21, 224, 232; and pericentric perspective, 6-7, 17, 163-64, 193, 197, 198,219 Snyder, Sarah, 101 socialist globalization, 163-64, 168 socialist internationalism: as alternative to Western development, 168; in Balkans, 80, 82, 85; and Bulgarian cultural exports, 9-10, 98; meaning of term, 243nl2; and relations with Balkan neighbors, 77; and solidarity with Third World, 9,170 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 7, 54 South Africa, condemnation of apartheid regime in, 96, 205,217 Soviet Union: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 23, 52, 193; aid to Africa, 197, 202; Balkan policies of, 72; Bulgarians living in, 136; Bulgaria’s cultural outreach and, 6, 35, 64, 193, 224; Bulgaria's patriotic turn and, 29; Bulgaria’s relations with Third World and, 18; Bulgaria's reputation as most loyal ally of, 6, 23, 24, 28-29, 67, 105, 170, 171, 224; cultural exchanges with West, 106-7; financial assistance to Bulgaria, 27, 28; and France, 103; Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and, 98, 101; and India, 178; invasion of Afghanistan, 18, 105, 178; involvement in Third World, 167, 170; on Macedonian question, 81; and Mexico, 179; Moscow Olympics, boycott of, 105, 179; and Nigeria, 206, 207; nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) initiative and, 249nl45; rival historical interpretations with Bulgaria, 193; and Romania, 66; and Turkey, 85; and Yugoslavia, 66, 68; Zhivkov and, 18, 24, 26, 28 Square 500 museum complex, Sofia, 230-31 Stalin, Joseph, 26 Stanek, Łukasz, 14, 168, 198 Stanev, Emilian, 53 Stanoeva, Elitza, 60-61 Starchev,
Valentin, 227 State Security. See Sixth Division state socialism: culture and, 8,9, 17, 36, 225-26; use of term, xxi. See also developed socialism Stevenson, Adlai, 105, 120,156 Stoianov, Stoian, 214 Stoianov, Zaharí, 64 305 students: in classical high school, Sofia, xii-xiv, xvf; foreign, in Bulgarian universities, 13, 201, 206 Styron, William, 120 Sudan, 172,201 Suri, Jeremi, 17, 54, 102 Sygkelos, Yarmiş, 71 Syria, 12, 167, 171,172 Tabakoff, Dr., 150-51 Tabakov, Stefan, 137 Tagore, Rabindranath, 184, 187 Tamburitzans Folk Dance Ensemble, 155 Tanzania, xvi, 12,170, 171, 199, 200, 201 Technoexportstroy, 204, 208 Thatcher, Margaret, 102,104,116 Third World, 16, 166-67; Cold War dynamics and, 166, 177, 179, 267n69; competition between First and Second Worlds in, 17; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 9, 12-15, 164, 170-73, 181-91, 194-99; Eastern European involvement in, 14, 18, 167-68, 198, 203, 207-8; merging of culture and development in outreach to, 169, 214, 217-21; motivations for Bulgaria's involvement in, 170-72, 175-77, 180, 197-98, 199, 219-21; solidarity with, 9, 14, 16, 18, 169, 170; Soviet involvement in, 167, 170, 178, 179, 206, 207; technical assistance to, xii, xvi, 14, 18; use of term, 265n32; Western economic involvement in, modernization theory of, 264n22. See aba East-South relations; specific countries Thracians, role in Bulgarian ethnogenesis, 33, 40, 74, 239Ո71 Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria exhibition, 36, 74, 111; in Austria, 113, 114, 115-16; at British Museum, 116, 117; civilizational message of, 97; "complex events” accompanying, 117; in France,
114, 253n92; Greek response to, 92; ideological message of, 113; in India, 190, 191/ 270nl27; at Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62, 112/ 116, 117, 117f, 118, 124; in Mexico, 189; reinvention in 2015, 230; in West Germany, 97, 147 Three Worlds model, 16-17, 169 Tito, Josip Broz, 15, 66, 69, 84 Todorov, Nikolai, 92f, as ambassador to Greece, 90-93; on Bulgarian-Greek relations, 88-89 Todorov, Tzvetan, 158
306 INDEX Treasures ofthe Rila Monastery exhibition, 36, 112, 119, 120 Tripanis, Konstantinos, 89 Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 149 Tunisia, 12, 170, 171, 199, 201 Turkey: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 87-88, 248nl06; Bulgaria's Turkish minority and, 71, 75-76, 86; conflicts with Greece, 67-68; diplomatic response to Bulgarian films, 64; invasion of Cyprus (1974), 68, 76, 85, 86; relations with Bulgaria, 69, 85-88; relations with Soviet Union, 85 Turkish minority, in Bulgaria: assimilation campaigns targeting, 29, 61, 76, 225; and relations with Turkey, 71, 75-76, 86 Turner, Tina, , 10, 13/ 38 1 Uhde, Milan, 59 UNESCO: Bulgarian cultural programs and, 11,36, 47, 114, 120; postsocialist elites and, 225 United Nations: in 1970s, 16; and Bulgarian cultural programs, 36; and International Children's Assembly, 1, 38; Zhivkova at, 105, 116 United States: 1300 Years Bulgaria celebrations in, 120,142-45,156; Bulgarian cultural outreach to, 12, 118-19, 120, 124; Bulgarian émigrés in, 132, 137, 138, 142-45, 149-53, 155-60; Bulgarian relations with, 104-5; concept of human rights in, 128-29; cultural propaganda from, 123,124; "differential approach” to Eastern Europe, 68; and India, 178; as model for anniversary celebration, 46, 47; reciprocity in cultural exchanges with, 127, 129; and Romania, 66, 68; Thracian Treasuresfrom Bulgaria exhibition at, 62,112f, 116,117, Wf, 118; and Yugoslavia, 66, 68 United States Information Agency (USIA/ UŠICA), 108, 124 Updike, John, 120 Uzunov, Dechko, 31 Vali, Sadik, 195 Van Beurden, Sarah, 211 Vance, Cyrus, 105 Vanga, Baba, 50, 226 Vardar
Macedonia, 81, 84 Vama International Ballet Competition, 1, 11 Vassilev, Iordan, 55 Vazov, Ivan, 61 Velchev, Boris, 49 Venezuela, 180 Verdery, Katherine, 33, 60 Vezenkov, Alexander, 49 Vietnam, 13, 170,184 Vietnam War, 37,104 Vladigerov, Pancho, 84 Voice of America (VOA): Bulgarian section of, 137, 159; stories ofpolitical exiles and, 133 Vonnegut, Kurt, 158 Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, 83 West/Westem countries: 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 97, 119-21; 1970s from perspective of, 15, 16; aid to Africa, 201; appeal of, during postsocialist transition, xv-xvi; Bulgarian cultural exchanges with, 10-12, 14, 96-98, 107-11, 115-16, 118-20, 122-27; Bulgarian émigrés in, cultural outreach targeting, 131-33; criticism ofBulgarian power elites, 58; cultural diplomacy in, 97, 128-30; cultural outreach by, 97-98, 99, 121-24, 129; defectors to, 31, 55, 57, 141, 151; "differential approach” to Eastern Europe, 68, 102; economic involvement in Third World, 264n22; elite reorientation toward, late socialism and, 51-52, 102, 116, 117, 127-28; Markov's assassination and, 58; mass culture of, condemnation of, 122; meaning of term, 102; propaganda from, efforts to limit, 33, 96, 97-98, 123-24, 129. See aho East-West cultural exchange; East-West relations; specific countries West Germany (FRG): 24th May celebrations in, 147; 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary and, 119,147; Bulgarian émigrés in, 132, 145-48, 153-54; Bulgarian relations with, 12,103-4, 105; cultural exchanges with Bulgaria, 12, 97-98, 115-16, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123-24, 125-27,126f, cultural propaganda from, 123-24;
international recognition of, 100, 101; mass culture of, 122; Ostpolitik in, 101,103,107 women's movement, 14, 198, 213 World Parliament, in Sofia, 37-38 Yanatchkov, Kiril, 138 Yemen, 172, 201, 202
INDEX Yugoslavia: Macedonian question and, 62-63, 64, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-85, 139, 143; relations with Bulgaria, 64, 80-85; rival historical interpretations in, 62-63, 64, 80-81; state socialism in, 66; after Tito's death, 84-85; Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) and, 69 Yurchak, Alexei, 16 Zaharieva, Maria, 215 Zahra, Tara, 133 Zarev, Pantaleï, 53 Zhivkov, Todor: on 1300 Years Bulgaria anniversary, 22, 43; "benevolent dictatorship” of, 25, 27, 60; and Brezhnev, 18, 26, 28, 67, 170; and Ceausescu, 77, 80; consolidation of power, 28, 49, 59-60; coup against, 31, 225; as cultural benefactor, 50/; on dissidence, 57; émigré organizations' attacks on, 137,138; foreign policy of, Soviet reaction to, 18; former bodyguard of, 230; intellectuals in social circle ("hunting crew") of, 31, 32, 49, 53, 59; on international culture, 182; and Karamanlis, 90f 93; and Khrushchev, 26, 28; legitimization strategies of, 76, 222, 223; on Macedonian question, 72; meeting with émigrés, 131; and outreach to developing countries, 171, 172, 180; psychological portrait of, 49; and regional cooperation in Balkans, 67, 69, 94; and relations with Soviet Union, 18, 24, 26, 28; removal of political adversaries by, 27, 31, 49; rise to power, 26-27; and Schmidt, 104; “socialist democratization” 307 policies of 1960s, 31; and Tito, 84; travel record of, 170; visits to Africa, 171, 201-2; visits to Greece, 89, 93; visits to India, 173, 174; visit to Mexico, 176, 189; visit to Nigeria, 171, 201, 205-6, 213; visit to Turkey, 86 Zhivkova, Evgeniia, 226, 227 Zhivkova, Liudmila: and 1300 Years Bulgaria
celebrations, 36, 41, 42, 52, 110, 227; and aesthetic education/beauty, 25, 34, 38,122, 127, 190; career of, 50; close associates of, 9, 49, 53-54, 74, 227, 232; commemoration of 70th anniversary of, 226-27; and cultural policy, 9,25, 34-40; death of, xii, 192, 226; and East-South relations, 165, 175-77, 183, 187, 190-92, 193; and East-West cultural exchange, 107-8,115, 120,126, 127; and Gallery for International Art, Sofia, 37; and Gandhi (Indira), 13, 175-76, 175f 177,190, 192, 227; interest in theosophy and mysticism, 50-51, 165, 177, 187, 226, 238n58; and International Children's Assemblies, 38; legacy of, 226, 230, 231, 232; and Roerich, 238n53; and Romano de López Portillo, 176, 177, 190,192; studies of, 116,240n98, 254ПІ05; on Thracian Treasures exhibition, 113; at United Nations, 105, 116; vision of multifaceted personalities, xii, 124; visits to India, 174, 175, 184, 187, 190, 191f 266n49; visits to Mexico, 163, 176, I76f, 191-92, 266n49; visit to Greece, 89; on Western culture, 122; Western press on, 51-52 Znepolski, Ivaïlo, 27,29-30 Bayerische j Staatsbibliothek 1 Mönchen |
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| author | Dragostinova, Theodora 1972- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1012032310 |
| author_facet | Dragostinova, Theodora 1972- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dragostinova, Theodora 1972- |
| author_variant | t d td |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047147661 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5920 |
| contents | Introduction : Communist Extravaganza: Culture in the Global -- The Contradictions of Developed Socialism -- Goodwill between Neighbors -- Culture as a Way of Life -- Forging a Bulgarian Diaspora -- Like a Grand World Civilization -- Culture under Special Conditions -- Epilogue : The Socialist Past Today |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1257815456 (DE-599)BVBBV047147661 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1970-1980 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1970-1980 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047147661 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:37:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:13:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501755552 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032553471 |
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| spelling | Dragostinova, Theodora 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1012032310 aut The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene Theodora K. Dragostinova Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2021 xxi, 307 Seiten 40 Illustrationen und Portraits txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction : Communist Extravaganza: Culture in the Global -- The Contradictions of Developed Socialism -- Goodwill between Neighbors -- Culture as a Way of Life -- Forging a Bulgarian Diaspora -- Like a Grand World Civilization -- Culture under Special Conditions -- Epilogue : The Socialist Past Today "Interprets the global dynamics of the late Cold War in the 1970s from the perspective of a small state, Bulgaria, and its cultural diplomacy in the Balkans, the West, and the Third World"-- Geschichte 1970-1980 gnd rswk-swf Auswärtige Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4069027-1 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Cultural diplomacy / Bulgaria / History / 20th century Cold War / Social aspects Politics and culture / Bulgaria / History / 20th century Bulgaria / Cultural policy / 20th century Cultural diplomacy Cultural policy Politics and culture Social aspects Bulgaria 1900-1999 History Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Auswärtige Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4069027-1 s Geschichte 1970-1980 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-5557-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-5556-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032553471&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032553471&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032553471&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Dragostinova, Theodora 1972- The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene Introduction : Communist Extravaganza: Culture in the Global -- The Contradictions of Developed Socialism -- Goodwill between Neighbors -- Culture as a Way of Life -- Forging a Bulgarian Diaspora -- Like a Grand World Civilization -- Culture under Special Conditions -- Epilogue : The Socialist Past Today Auswärtige Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4069027-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069027-1 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| title_auth | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| title_exact_search | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| title_full | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene Theodora K. Dragostinova |
| title_fullStr | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene Theodora K. Dragostinova |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Cold War from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene Theodora K. Dragostinova |
| title_short | The Cold War from the margins |
| title_sort | the cold war from the margins a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| title_sub | a small socialist state on the global cultural scene |
| topic | Auswärtige Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4069027-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Auswärtige Kulturpolitik Bulgarien |
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