The nine hundred: the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz
The untold story of the 999 young, unmarried Jewish women who were tricked into boarding a train in Poprad, Slovakia on March 25, 1942 that became the first official transport to Auschwitz. On March 25, 1942, nearly a thousand young, unmarried Jewish women boarded a train in Poprad, Slovakia. Filled...
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| Zusammenfassung: | The untold story of the 999 young, unmarried Jewish women who were tricked into boarding a train in Poprad, Slovakia on March 25, 1942 that became the first official transport to Auschwitz. On March 25, 1942, nearly a thousand young, unmarried Jewish women boarded a train in Poprad, Slovakia. Filled with a sense of adventure and national pride, they left their parents' homes wearing their best clothes and confidently waving good-bye. Believing they were going to work in a factory for a few months, they were eager to report for government service. Instead, the young women-many of them teenagers-were sent to Auschwitz. Their government paid 500 Reichsmarks (about 160) apiece for the Nazis to take them as slave labour. Of those 999 innocent deportees, only a few would survive. The facts of the first official Jewish transport to Auschwitz are little known, yet profoundly relevant today. These were not resistance fighters or prisoners of war. There were no men among them. Sent to almost certain death, the young women were powerless and insignificant not only because they were Jewish-but also because they were female. Now, acclaimed author Heather Dune Macadam reveals their poignant stories, drawing on extensive interviews with survivors, and consulting with historians, witnesses, and relatives of those first deportees to create an important addition to Holocaust literature and women's history |
| Beschreibung: | xxv, 438 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9781529329315 9781529329322 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Foreword by Caroline Moorehead Author’s Note Principal Characterson First Transport xi xvii xxiii Part One i Part Two 123 Part Three 309 Homecomings 345 Afterwards 355 One Final Word 375 List of Photographs and Illustrations Archives Source Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments Index vii зјј 383 385 409 419 42J
Bibliography Heather Dune Macadam gratefully acknowledges the USC Shoah Founda tion and the Institute for Visual History and Education for allowing us to use the following testimonies: Alice Burianova, 1996; Bertha Lautman, 1996t Edita Valo, 1996; Edith Goldman, 1995t Ella Rutman, 1996t Andrew Hart mann, 1995t Eugene Hartmann, 1996t Ida Newman, 1996t Irena Ferencik, 1996; Joan Weintraub, 1996t Katharina Princz, 1996t Klara Baumöhlová, 1996t Linda Breder, 1990 and 1996t Magda Bittermannova, 1996; Margaret Kulik, 1997t Margaret Rosenberg, 1996t Matilda Hrabovecka, 1996t Perel Fridman, 1997t Piri Skrhova, 1996; Regina Pretter, 1996t Regina Tannen baum, 1996; Ria Elias, 1997t Ružena Knieža, i997tTsiporahTehori, 1997t Frances Kousal Mangel, 1996t Samuel Zimmersptiz, 1997; Margaret Odze, 1995; Julia Klein, 1998. For more information, visit sfi.usc.edu. Adler, David. “Two Kinds of Light: The Beauty of Shabbat Chanukah.” Chabad.org. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. Accessed 12 October 2018. chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/2406289/jewish/ Two-Kinds-of-Light-The-Beauty-of-Shabbat-Chanukah.htm. Amir, Giora. A Simple Life. Amazon Media. 8 September 2016. -------- . Personal interview. Israel, 30 March 2017. Amsel, Melody. “The Jews of Stropkov, 1942-1945: Their Names, Their Fate.” Excerpted from Between Galicia and Hungary: The Jews of Stropkov. Avotaynu, Inc. Bergenfield, NJ.: 1999-2018,JewishGen,Inc. jewishgen.org/5tizkor/stropkov1/stropkov.html. Auschwitz: The Nazis and “The Final Solution.” Directed by Laurence Rees and Catherine Tatge. Reported by Linda Ellerbee,
Horst-Gunter
4ю Bibliography Marx, Klaus Mikoleit. United Kingdom: BBC-2, 2005. Television. December 2005. Accessed 12 August 2018. bbc.co.uk/programmes/ pootsl6o/episodes/guide. Note: Episode 2: Corruption. Auschwitz-Birkenau: The Death Marches. “The Death Marches.” 1998. Ac cessed 27 September 2018. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-deathmarches. Auschwitz Death Books [Sterbebücher]. “Prisoner Records.” Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. First accessed 18 May 2014. auschwitz. org/en/museum/auschwitz-prisoners. Bauer, Yehuda. Jews for Sale: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations 1933-1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. Belt, P., Graham, R. A., Martini, A., Schneider, B. Actes et documentes du Saint Seige reltifs a la seconde guerre mondiale. Vol. 8. Liberia Editrice Vaticana, 1974. Biswas, Prasun, Sukanya Chakraborty, Smritikana Dutta, Amita Pal, and Malay Das. “Bamboo Flowering from the Perspective of Compara tive Genomics and Transcriptomics.” Frontiers in Plant Science. December 15, 2016. Accessed 18 May 2018. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC5156695. Blau, Magda (née Hellinger). From Childhood to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Mel bourne, Australia: 1990. ---------. Interview 19441. Segments 39-59. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 12 February 2018. Breder, Linda. From talk: Recollection of Holocaust Part I. 1995 and 2005. ---------. Interview 53071. Tape 1-4. Visual HistoryArchive, USC Shoah Foun dation, 1990. Accessed 12 February 2018 ---------. Interview 22979. Tape 1-9. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foun dation, 1996. Accessed 12 February 2oi8.
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Flightfor Life:The Journey of a Child Holocaust Sur vivor. USA: 2002. Hartmann, Andrew. Interview 4916. Segments: 3, 27, 34, 59-63. Visual His tory Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 23 August 2019. Hartmann, Eugene. Interview 17721. Segments: 8, 59,60,79,120-27. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 23 August 2019. Helm, Sarah. Ravensbrück: Life and Death in Hitler’s Concentration Camp for Women. New York: Nan A. Talese, 2015. Höss, Rudolf. Commandant ofAuschwitz. London: Phoenix, 2000. Hoffmann, Gabriel, and Ladislav Hoffmann. Katolícka Cirkev A Tragédia Slo venských ŽidovVDokumentoch. 16 March 2016.
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Bibliography 417 Vrba, Rudolf. 1 EscapedAuschwitz: Including the Text of the Auschwitz Protocoh. London: Robson, 2002. TheWannsee Conference. Munich: Infafilm, 1984. Ward, James Mace. Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making ofFasást Slovakia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2013. Weintraub, Joan. Interview 20213. Tape 1-4. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 23 August 2019. Wilkinson, Robert. “Astrology Class in May 2016—The Mutable T-square Is About to Become the Great Fracturing of 2016, part 2.” Aquarius Papers.com. May 2016. aquariuspapers.com/astrology/2016/05/ astrology-class-in-may-20i6-the-mutable-t-square-is-about-to-become -the-great-fracturing-0f-2016-pt-2.html. ---------. Personal email correspondence, 2018. Wirtschafter, David Rabbi. Personal email correspondence, 14 June 2018. WIZO Anniversary. DVD. Múzeum židovskej kultúry v Bratislave [Museum of Jewish Culture, Bratislava], Slovakia, 2012. Yong, Ed. “Foetal Cells Hide Out in Mum’s Body, but What Do They Do?” National Geographic, September 7, 2015. Accessed 13 September 2015. www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2015/09/07/ foetal-cells-hide-out-in-mums-body-but-what-do-they-do. Zilberman, Raquel. “Edith Goldman.” Hans Kimmel Competition essays: 1979-2007. Darlington, N.S.W.: Stem, Russell, and Sophie Gelski. Australian Jewish Historical Society, 2011. Zimmer, Carl. “A Pregnancy Souvenir: Cells That Are NotYour Own.” New York Times, September 10, 2015. Accessed ^September 2015. www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/science/a-pregnancy-souvenir-celIsthat-are-not-
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Index African slave trade, 99 Allied reconnaissance and bombing, 313,316,318, 332-33 Ambros, Otto, 248-49 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 349 Amster, Adolf exemption for daughter, 38, 93-94, 95-96, 98 Hlinka Guards beating of, 62-63 Shpira family and, 301-2 Amster, Magda, xxv, 21, 23,64, 373 death of, 233,236 exemption for work, 38, 86, 93-94, 98 Hlinka Guards removal of, 62-63 at Poprad Barracks, 67-68 typical day in Prešov, 21,23-24,25-26 work details, 158,197 Angelou, Maya, 162 Anti-Semitism, 7,190-91 Aryanization, 9,30,162-63 Astrology, 42-48 Adas, Moshe, 68-69 Aties, Klary, 51-52, 58-59,134, 214, 306,353 Auschwitz. See ako Birkenau Allied reconnaissance, 313, 316, 318 arrival of girls at, 103,105-11 construction, xii-xv daily life for girls, 140-45 death toll, 102, 130-32, 236-37 degradation of processing for girls, 112-18 destruction of camp documents, 131-32, 236-37 first day for girls at, 48, 112-22,115 first transport of 999 girls, 43-44,46, 48, 103-4, 108-9 food rations, 120,127,143-44,156-57 functionary positions at, 200-202 Himmler’s visit, 177-82 Langefeld as commandant, 44-45, no, 177-82,237 liberation of, 328-29 Passovers at, 133-37,256-59 population, 132,158,172,191, 232 relocation to Birkenau, 185-88 resistance and escapes, 129-30,167— 68, 265-70, 285-86, 316-17 second day for girls at, 120-21 Sonderkommando, 294, 306-7, 317 tattoos and triangles, 129 trauma of life, 153-56 winter of 1944, 312-13 work details, 193-202 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 184 Auschwitz Canada, xiv, 216, 217, 225, 249, 256,265, 266, 267, 280-82, 283, 284-85,
288-90, 303, 306-7, 316, 372-7Յ Auschwitz Chronicle, 130,183,191, 232, 269, 369 Auschwitz death marches, 311-12, 31833 map, 309 427
428 Index Auschwitz gas chambers, 164,171-72, 177,178,191-92,203-5,213,23334,236-37,285,286-88,303, 305-6,312,314-15,316,372 selections, 191-92,195,196,201,208, 209-10,215,216,221,223,226, 236-37,371 Auschwitz Gate, 105-6,151,152,181, 184,285, 370 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 27 Baldovsky, Mr., 149-50,152-53 Bamboo plants, 140 Bardejov, 24-25,68-70, 82, 388И Bárkány Collection, 23 Bashen, 194,244, 371 Bara, Jan Antonin, 33-34 Baťa Shoe Company, 33-34 Baudelaire, Charles, 171 Becker, Kalman, 18 Becker, Margita “Margie” (#1955), xx, xxiv, 37, 205, 230 Benicova sisters and, 245-46 on Dutch girls, 186 evacuation of, 56-57, 58-59 first day at Auschwitz, 114-15 first transport, 91 food and rations, 127 Irena and, 242-43, 244 Klary Aties and, 306 Passover Seder, 257 physical exam of, 54 registration of, 50 typical day in Hummené, 18,19 update on, 343 work details, 133-34,193-96, 212, 214-15,222-23, 280, 282-83 Zena and, 206 Bedbugs, hi, 126,133 Bela, biraus, 277 Benovicova, Frida, 116,192, 245-46 Benovicova, Helen, 116,192,245-46 Bergen-Belsen, 311-12, 327, 329 liberation of, 333-34, 337, 348-49 Berkowitz, Bertha (#1048), xxv at Bergen-Belsen, 311-12,329, 33334, 348-49 first day, 113,116 first transport, 72-74 head shaving of, 281-82 homecoming, 349 Irena and, 242-43 Jewish holidays, 134-37,209,256-57, 258-59 liberation, 333-34,348-49 at Poprad Barracks, 73-74 postcard home, 139-40 registration, 70-71 relocation to Birkenau, 186,188 on selection process, 237 smuggling incident, 280-82 update on, 362, 370, 371 work details, 116,142-43,195, 21112, 213,280-81, 282, 283 Berkowitz, Fany,
70-71,349 Bernadotte, Folke, 334-35 Bikur Oholím Synagogue, 24 Binder, Annie, 121 Birkenau, 184-85,186-88 construction, 141-42,144-45,182, 184-85 death toll, 236-37, 256 escape attempts, 265-70 liberation of, 328-29 map, 123 population, 183,232,255-56 relocation of girls from Auschwitz I, 100-101,185-88,191,316 sinks and latrines, 187-88 work details, 193-202 Birnbaum, Julia, 290, 303-4, 331 Birnova sisters, 84 Bleich, Sara (#1966), xxiv, 16,117, 144-45, 272, 331, 343 Block cleaners, 262-64 Block 5,126-28,133-34 Block 8,160 Block 10,119-20,163-64 Block ii, 119,163-64,268,275 Block 13,186-87 Block 25,203-4,213-15։ 230-31, 242-43 Block 27,211-12 Bormann, Juana, 143,196 Borocowice, Ružena, 329 Bracht, Gauleiter, 178 Brain and DNA, 140 Brandei, Danka. See Kornreich, Danka Bratislava, 15-16,27-28,39 Braunova, Magdalena, 88-89,125-26 Bread, 155-56,199, 214,217, 244, 26364,266,268-69, ՅՕՅ
Index Bride, The (Grosman), 356 Brusnica, 71-72 B’tzelem Elokim, 128-29 Buchenwald, 326-27 Charcoal, 208 Charles University, 357 Children’s University Hospital (Brati slava), 357 Chudý, Peter, 22 Citron, Aron, 18-19,176-77 singing for SS, 219-21 Citron, Helena (#1971), xxiv, 232 arrival at Auschwitz, in death march, 321, 324 first day at Auschwitz, 116,117,118 physical exam, 54 registration, 51-52 relocation to Birkenau, 186 saving of sister Ruzinka, 291-97 singing of, 218-20, 254 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 131,136, 176-77 typical day in Humenné, 18-19 update on, 358 work details, 141,142,217-18, 22223, 228-29, 254-55 Wunsch and, 218-21, 247, 254-55, 293-97, Յ03-4, 319-20, 358, 399« Citron, Rifka, 18-19 “Clappers,” 116,141,151,159, 218 Clauberg, Carl, 251,258 Cohen, Sara, 361 Communist Party of Germany, 180 Compulsory work service acts of resistance, 67-69 amendment §255, 86-88 evacuation begins, 56-60, 63-65 exceptions (výnimka), 146-50, 165 exemptions, 36-39, 41 hiding of girls from, 61-64 implementation of transport plan, 33-35 initial planning for transports, 27-32 List of Girls, 80-85 physical exams of girls, 54-56 registration of girls, 34,49-55 town crier announcements of, 5-9, 19-20, 26, 59 Vatican’s objection to, 30-31, 39 429 Cooney, Kara, 355 Czech, Danuta, 132,183, 369 Danube River, 27 Danzinger, Katarina “Kato,” xxv, 280, 343 Death marches, 311-12, 318-33 map, 309 Deculturalization, 133-34 Denmark, 336-37 Deportation of Jews from Slovakia. See Slovak transports Deutsche Reichbahn, 97 Diamonds, 247-49 Diarrhea, 127,188 Dimbleby, Richard, 333 Disinfection,
115,161,172,203,256, 314.337 Ditch digging, 142-43, 334-35 Dranger, Dina (#1528), xxiv, 362 background of, 15-16 death march, 321 evacuation, 56 in France, 343 hanging of two girls, 316-17 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 registration, 82 roll call, 233-34 update on, 367-68 work details, 249,274,316-17 Dranger, Etelä “Erna” (#1718), xviii, xxiv, 362 background of, 15-16 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334, 343 registration, 82-83 update on, 364-65 witnessing the gas chambers, 287-88 work details, 158-59, 317 Dranger, Fela prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334, 343 update on, 364-65 witnessing the gas chambers, 287-88 work details, 158-59, 317 Dreschler, Margot, 244,262-63,331 Eastern Front ofWorld War II, 300, 311, 322-23, 326, 328-29 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 175 Eichmann, Adolf, 29, 39, 109,165,289
430 Index Eigerman, Ida (#1930), xxv background of, 24-25 death march, 321 first transport, 64 hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 348 in Malchow, 330-31 secret shower, 284-85 typhus of, 225-26,272 typical day in Prešov, 22,23,24-25 update on, 370, 372 Eighth transport, 158 Elias, Ria. See Hans, Ria Elza, 120,163 Emma (prostitute), 121 Engleman, Edita, 193-94 Erdie, Josef, 240 Erna, 82,257-58 EmejovájValika, 138 Exceptions (výnimka), 146-50, 165 Eyes Eyes (Schwalbova), 357 Farming detail, 196-97 Fein, Irena (#1564), xxiv, 160, 305 arrival at Auschwitz, 110-11 conversation with German woman, 275-76 death march, 321, 325,327, 329-30 exemption for work, 37 first day at Auschwitz, 114,115 liberation, 333-34 relocation to Birkenau, 186 Ruzinka and Helena, 291-92 saving of, 242-44 typical day in Humenné, 14-15 work details, 275-76 Feldbrandova, Lea, 236 Ferrante, Elena, 189 Final Solution, 29,44,46,47,96,108-9 Financial restitution, 273, 369-70 First transport of 999 girls (First Mass Registered Jewish Transport), xv, xvii-xviii, 108-9, Ï47» 242 actual number of 997 girls, 84,104, no arrival at Auschwitz, 100-102,103, i05-1I death of a girl, 102-4 evacuations begins, 56-60,63-65 exemptions, 36-39,41,93-96 hiding of girls from, 61-64 implementation of plan, 33-35 initial planning for transports, 27-32 List of Girls, 80-85 March 21, Saturday, 1942,61-65 March 22, Sunday, 1942,69-80 March 24, Wednesday, 1942,80-85 March 25,Thursday, 1942,86-96, 98-99 older women, 67-68 one year anniversary, 254,255 physical exams of girls, 54-56 at Poprad Barracks, 32-33, 59-60, 66-68,73-74
principal characters on, xxiii-xxv reason for numerical configuration of999,42-48 registration of girls, 34,49-55 second transport vs., 128 second year anniversary, 284 Fourth transport, 137 Frank, Arme, 311-12,333 Franke, Gertrude, 172 Franz Joseph Bridge, 27,28-32 Friedman, Edith (#1970), xxiv, 375,376 arrival at Auschwitz, 105,111 author’s interviews, xviii-xix, xx, xxi death march, 320-26,329-30 death of sister Lea, 245-46,365 escape from Retzow, 337-39 escape into Poland, 340-42 evacuation,57-60 exemption for school, 36-37,39,50, 94 father’s attempt to seek release, 94, 150-53 finding of diamonds, 246-49 first day at Auschwitz, 112-13,11620,122 first transport, 90-92,95-96,100,128 food and rations, 120,127,156-57, 159 friendship with Elsa, 245-46,250-51, 313, 320-21,323,330,337-38 hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 343, 347, 349-51, Յ52-5Յ life at Auschwitz, 175-77 physical exam of, 55-56 at Poprad Barracks, 59-60,66-68, 75 at Porta Westfalica, 334-35 registration, 50, 52-55
Index relocation to Birkenau, ioo-ioi, 186-87,188 in Retzow, 332-33 Ria Hans and, 360-61 sneaking into Block 25 to visit sister Lea, 230-31,233,235-36 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 122, 154-56,163,204-5 tuberculosis of, 250-51,355-56 typhus of Lea, 227-31 typical day in Humenné, 5, 7,11-12, 14,17-18 update on, 355-57,361, 363-65 work details, 141,143,150-52,157, 160,185,199-200,202,218, 220, 222-23, 227-29,234-35,246-48, 255,262-64,313,316-17 Friedman, Edith “Edie” (#1949), xxv, 278 first day at Auschwitz, 118 Mengele and, 273 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-35 religious faith at Auschwitz, 256 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 155 update on, 366 work details, 243 Friedman, Ella (#1950), xxv, 278 block elder promotion, 160-61 tena and, 242-43 Mengele and, 273 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-35 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 155 update on, 366, 373 work details, 160-61, 273, 295 Friedman, Emmanuel, 4-5,18, 300-301 exemptions for daughters, 36-37,38, 39։ 4L 50, 94 148-50,153 homecoming of Edith, 350-51 Friedman, Hanna, 11-12, 19,301 exemptions for daughters, 36-37,39 homecoming of Edith, 352-53 Friedman, Lea (#1969), xxiv in Block 25,230-31,233, 235-36 death of, 245,365 evacuation, 58-60 exemption for school work, 36-37, 39։ 50 431 father’s attempt to seek release, 150-53 first day at Auschwitz, 113,116,117, 118,120 physical exam, 55-56 at Poprad Barracks, 59-60,66-68 registration, 50, 52-53 relocation to Birkenau, 186-87 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 120,163, 176-77 typhus of, 227-31 typical day in Humenné, 5,11-13,14,
17-18 work details, 141,143, 150-52,160, 202,218, 222-23, 227-29 Friedman, Lila, 160, 312, 334-35 Friedman, Margaret “Peggy” (#1019), xxv, 70-73, 314 death march, 323 first day at Auschwitz, 116 homecoming, 343-44,345-46 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 sterilization experiment and, 257-58 update on, 361, 370 Friedman, Marta E (#1796), xviii, xxv, 21-22, 64-65, 258, 366-67 Friedman, Matilda (#1890), xxv, 334, 368 Friedman, Ruthie, 301 Galatın, Eta, 68 Gardista, 190-91 Gartner, Ella, 317 Gelbova, Etelka, 313 Gelbova, Kornelia “Nicha,” xx, 313 Gelissen, Rena Kornreich. See Korn reich, Rena German blood banks, 314 German Railway, 97 German shepherds, 143,196 Glattstein, Ernest, 277 Glattstem, Gizzy, 23, 24, 50 Gluck, Margita, 68 Goebbels, Joseph, 42,47 Goering, Hermann, 29,47 Goldman, Edith. See Grauber, Edith “Rose.” Gräber Knieža, Ružena (#1649), xxv, 121 author’s interviews, xvii, xviii, xix death march, 321, 324
432 Index Gräber Knieža, Ružena (#1649), cont. hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 349 husband Emil’s visit, 75-76 in Malchow, 330-31 work details, 266-67, 274, 316-17 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 266-69 Grabner, Maximilian, 180-81 Graf, Otto, 307,358 Grafii, Dasha, 358-59 Grand Mutable Cross, 48 Grauber, Aviva, 19,291-97 Grauber, Edith “Rose” (#1371), xxv, 129,196-97,305 death march, 327-28 work details, 197,274-75, 311-12 Grauber, Ruzinka, xxiv, 19, 20, 37,176, 320 death march, 324,331 sister’s saving of, 291-97 Greek transports, 254 Gregor, Marta E, 23,211 Gregusová, Štefánia, 139 Grese, Irma, 314-15 Grosman, George, 356-57 Grosman, Ladislav, 3,6,13-14,49, 54, 301, 352, 353,355-57, Յ76 Grosman, Martin, 13-14, 37 Gross, Adela, xx, xxiv, 14,153,166, 197 death of, 221-22, 353 evacuation, 58-59 exemption for work, 37,150 first day at Auschwitz, 114-15,116 registration, 50, 52-53 typical day in Humenné, 13-14,15,19 Gross, Chaim, 13, 37,39,53, 351-52 Gross, Debora, xxiv, 13-14, 37, 39 Gross, Lou, 14,15, 58,166, 300, 351-52 Gross, Ružena, 133-34 Grossmann, Fanny, 51, 67-68 Grossmann, Ružena, 67 Gross-Rosen, 326-27 Grosswirth, Dr., 68-70 Grummer, Gizzy, 52-53, no-11,118, 230, 262-64 Grunwald, Elena. See Zuckerman, Elena Grünwald, Jolana Sara, 104, in, 131 Guttmanova sisters, 84 Gynecological examinations, 113-14,281 Haber, Zena, xxiv, 19,20,37,51-52, 206,353 Haggadah, 134 Hamowet, Malach, 169 Hans, Magda “Maya,” xxiv, 52-53, 321-22 Hans, Ria (#1980), xxiv, 275 death march, 321-22,324 homecoming, 345-46 Mengele and, 273 registration, 52-53 update on, 360-61 work
details, 273,275 Harmęże, 196-97,274-75 Hartmann, Andrew, 76-77,299 Hartmann, Bela, 76-79,80,261,278, 280,299 Hartmann, Bianca, 76-77,299 Hartmann, Dula, 76,299 Hartmann, Eugene, 76-79 Hartmann, Irma, 299 Hartmann, Magduska “Magda,” xxv, 76-80,239, 369 death of, 240-41,261,278 exemption for work, 38,94,166,167 registration, 84 Hartmann, Milan, 239, 305, 329 Hartmann, Nusi “Olga,” xxv, 76-80, 239 Յ69 death of, 240-41,261,277-78 exemption for work, 38,94,166,167 registration, 84 Hartmann, Valerie, 76-77 Hartmann farm, 38-39,76-79,238-41, 299 work exemption for daughters, 38, 94,166-67 Hassova, Judita, 41 Hegy, Susie, 163,169 Hellinger, Magda “Madge” (#2318), xxv, 126-27,140-41, i54 368 Herskovic, Anna, 12-13,14, 37, 52, 82, 353 Hertzka, Herman, 240-41 Hertzka, Lenka, 23,166-67 postcards and letters, 197,198,199200,225,238,238-40,252, 252-54,260,260-61,271,27172,276-78,279,279-80,298, 298-99 Hertzka, Lilly, 166,253,261
Index Hertzka, Simon, 261 Heydrich, Reinhard, xii, 29,406 Himmler, Heinrich, xii, 29,185,312 interest in numerology, 42-48 sale of Jewish hostages, 332, 334-37 visit to Auschwitz, 177-82 Hitler, Adolf, 29,336,357 use of pagan mythology, 42-43 Hlinka Guard, 7,8,17,19,29-30, 33, 4Ն 56-57։ 62-63,90-91, 165,169, 302-З Hofmann, Ernst, 286-87 Holič, 189-90 Holländer, Marcus, 21 Holland transports, 178,191 Homosexuality, 106, 357 Höss, Rudolph, xiv, 43-45,108,151, 172-74,178,179,181,182,185, 200,201,256 Hössler, Franz, 317 Hrabovecká, Matilda. See Friedman, Matilda Humenne, 16 Humenné, 11-12,16-17, 300-301 blizzard of February 28,1942, 3-7 evacuations, 55-59 homecomings, 351-53 List of Girls, 40, 82-83 map, i market day, 11-12,15,16-20 Polish Jewish refugees in, 15-16 principal characters, xxiv registration of girls, 50-55 town crier’s announcements of 1942, 5-9,19-20 Hungarian transports, 97, 286-87, 288-89 Icovic, Alice (#1221), xxiv, 330-31, 347, 349 I Lived, the Lives of Others (Schwalbova), 357 Invasion of Poland, 15-16,100,106 Isachari, Avishai, 364, 365-66 Israel, 356, 358, 360, 363-64 Jager, Etelä, 68 Jakubovicova, Hermina, 88 Jarný, Ivan. See Rauchwerger, Ivan Jehovah’s Witnesses, 106,181 Jewish Codex, 7-9, 15, 31, 36, 197 433 “Jewish problem,” xii Jonathan Sacks Haggada, 133 Judova, Anna, 71-74,346 Kabbalah, 61 Kaddish, 134,214, 370,373 Kadlecik, Jan, 138-39 Kahan, Hinda, 193-95, 228, 353 Kammler, Hans, 178 Kapišová, 71 Kapuściński, Ryszard, 27 Kaufmann, Izak, 89-90,102,103-4, 389-90W Kaufmarmova, Zlata, 82 Klein, Cilka, 230,235-36 Klein, Fritz, 333 Kleinman, Ružena, 72,
346 Klüger, Ruth, 86 Knieža, Emil, 75-76, 349 Koegel, Max, 43, 44 Kolbovce, 70 Kolmar, Gertrud, 193 Копка, Gejza, 69, 386« implementation of transport pian, 34-35 39։ 147 initial planning of transport, 28, 29, 30, 32-ՅՅ։ 49 registration of girls, 49, 51 telegram, 86-87, 93 Koren, Akiva, 364, 370 Korn, Marta, 130-31 Kornreich, Danka (#2775), xv, 126, 361 death march, 321 hanging of two girls, 316-17 in Holland, 343 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331 roll call, 233-34 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 126, 233-34։ 236 work details, 249,274,316-17 Kornreich, Rena (#1716), xxiv Adela and, 222 death march, 311,320, 321, 325, 326 evacuation, 56 first day at Auschwitz, 117, 119 first transport, 98-99 hanging of two girls, 316-17 in Holland, 343 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32
Index 434 Kornreich, Rena (#1716), cont. registration, 83 Rena’s Promise, xvii-xviii, 362, 368 roll call, 233-34 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 126,192, 233-34.236,370 turning down block elder, 201 typical day in Humenné, 15-16,25 update on, 365, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372 work details, 249, 274,285, 316-17 Koso, Izidor, 29,30 Krakow Ghetto, 317-18, 319 Kramer, Josef, 333 Kraus, Franz Xaver, 322 Kremer, Johann Paul, 203-4, 205, 251, 292-95. З14-15 Kulik, Peggy. See Friedman, Margaret “Peggy” Laborec River, 13 La dernière femme du premier train (doc umentary), 368 Lagerstrasse, 1.12 Lahav, Yehuda. Лее Weiszlovits, Stefan Langefeld, Johanna, 44, no, 151,15758, 164, 173, 177-82, 237 Laundry detail, 196,239, 250, 274, 275, 277, 316, 320 Lautman, Bertha. See Berkowitz, Bertha Lautman, Jeffrey, 371 Lautman, Mike, 349 Lee, Min Jin, 36 Lehmann, Tilly, 107,157-58,163-64, 177-78,178,179-81,205 Leichenkommando, 193-97, 211-15, 242-43, 257, 280 Levi, Rabbi, 68-70 Lice, 115,126,172,173,176, 205, 215, 227, 333. 337. 350 Lipany, 77 Lucia, 315-16 Lustbader, Klara, 22, 23, 64 McCord, Molly, 45«, 46-47 Mach, Alexander, 28-31,147,191 Maglione, Luigi, 30-31 Malaria, 202, 273 Malchow, 330-31, 340 Mandel, ЕШе, 78-79,241,278 Mandel, Kornelia, 78-79,241,278 Mandel, Maria, 223,237,315 Mangel, Martha (#1741), xxiv, 371 death march, 321 homecoming, 347-48 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 112, 208-9 work details, 235 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 265—66 Mangel-Tack, Frances, 209 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 265-70 Marek, Lydia, 371 Mauer, Luise, 177-78,179-81 Mauthausen,
328 Mengele, Josef, 272-73,290,292-93, 294-95. 314-15 Menhirs, 189-90 Meningitis, 251, 282 Menstruation, in, 118-19 Mešťan, Pavol, 102-3 Michalovce, 349 principal characters, xxiv MinchaĶ 24 Moorehead, Caroline, xi-xvi Moravek, Augustin, 31 Moskovic, Annou, 37,52-53 Moskovic, Magda, 331 Mother’s brain and child, 140 Murad, Nadia, 138 Museum of Jewish Culture (Bratislava), 102 Musselmen, 204,273 Na straž/, 148-49 Nazi Germany Final Solution, 29,44,46,47, 96, 108-9 occult mysticism, 42-48 patriarchal ideology, 173-74 “rehoming” of Jews in Poland, 28-29 Wannsee Conference. SeeWannsee Conference Neumann, Ariela, 368 Neumann, Lenka, 68 Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 Neuwirth, Giza, 85, 89 Neuwirth, Hermina, 84-85, 88-89 Newman, Ida. See Eigerman, Ida Nobel Prize, 356
Index Nostradamus, 42,43,47 Nowy Sącz, Poland, 24,64 Nudity, 54-56,113-14,192,233-34 Numerology, 42-48 Occult mysticism, 42-48 Okružná Street (Prešov), 22 Operation Margarethe, 301-2 Oświęcim, 97,99-100,152 Ott, Helene, 172 Pagan mythology, 42-43 Palestine, 19a 21, 25a 357 Passover, 133—37a 256-57. 258-59 Passover wine, 257 Phenol, 203, 273 Pius XII, Pope, 30-31 Poland, German invasion of, 15-16, 100,106 Polish Jewish refugees, in Slovakia, 1516,24-25 Poprad homecomings, 348 principal characters, xxiv smuggled note home from girl, 138-39 Poprad Station and Barracks, 32-33, 66-68,102-3 first transport arrival, 59-60 food and rations, 66,73-74, 88 List of Girls, 80-85 March 21, Saturday, 1942,61-65 March 25,Thursday, 1942, 86-92 second bus arrival, 73-74 Porta Westfalica, 334-35 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 363 Prague, 343-44 Pregnancy, 264-65 Prešov, 20-26, 301-2 homecomings, 351 List of Girls, 82-83 principal characters, xxv registration of girls, 51 town crier’s announcements of 1942, 26 Prešov Great Synagogue, 20-21, 22-23 Pythagoras, 43,45-46 Quinine, 202 435 Rakow, Jakob, 168 Rand-Slonovic, Piri (#1342), xxiv Rape, 113-14, 340-41 Rauchwerger, Erika, 302, 329 Rauchwerger, Eugenie, 9, 75, 302 Rauchwerger, Ivan, 74-76, 89-90, 91, 162-63,168-70, 225, 300, 302, 383 n Rauschwerger, Adolf, 225 Ravensbrück, xiii-xiv, 43-44,45,47, 106-8,109-10,113,121-22, 126-27,131,177,180,181, 326-30 Himmler visit and plan, 43-44,46, 47,48 Ravensbrück trials, 157,178,358 Red Cross, 155,287-88, 301, 334-37, 343 “Rehoming,” 28-29 Reich, Libusha “Linda” (#1173), xxv arrival at
Auschwitz, 79-80, 82, 102, 105,106, IIO-II blood draw, 313-14 death march, 321, 323, 326,328 escape from Retzow, 337-39 first day, 115-16, 118 first transport, 90, 98-99 food and rations, 156-57 Himmler’s visit, 179 homecoming, 346 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 relocation to Birkenau, 185-86 return to Slovakia, 343-44 in Retzow, 332-33 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 156-57, 192, 213, 236, 307, 313, 317-18 update on, 358-59 war closing in, 313, 317-18, 321 work details, 141,143, 158-60,217, 233, 249, 283, 287, 288-90, 317-18 Reichenbach, 312 Reichert, Orli, 121, 331, 340 Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), xii, 32 Rena’s Promise (Gelissen and Mac adam), xvii-xvin, 362, 368 Retzow, 332-ՅՅ։ 337-39 Rita (kapo), 218-20, 229, 254 Ritterova, Laura, 113 Rittner, Josef, 27
Index 43 6 Robote, Roza, 307, 317 Rosé, Alma, 291 Rosenberg, Solomon, 343 Rosenthal, Elsa death march, 320-21, 323, 330, 332 escape from Retzow, 337-39 friendship with Edith, 245-46,25051,313,320-21,323,330, ՅՅ7-38 hanging of two girls, 316-17 hidden pregnancy of girl, 264-65 in Retzow, 332-33 third transport, 133-34 update on, 363 work details, 249,250-51,262-64, 313,316-17 Roškoviany, 77 Rosner, Joan (#1188), xxv, 342-43 evacuation, 63-64 first day at Auschwitz, 113-14 at Poprad Barracks, 75 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-36 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 181, 283, 365 typhus of, 207-8 update on, 363, 365 work details, 143-44,207-8,249,281 Rosner, Luddy, 75 Rothko, Mark, 100 Russia advance during World War П, 300, 311,322-23,326,328-29, 340-41 Russian prisoners of war (POWs), 43֊ 45,115-16,119,137,142,182,268 Ružomberok, 301 Sabbath candles, 4-5 Sachsenhausen, 326-27 Safir, Regina, 317 St. Michuláša Church (Prešov), 20-21 Šarišské Lúky, 63-64 Schachnerova, Bertha, 236 Schmidt, Ms., 285 Schumann, Horst, 273 Schutzstaffel (SS), 29, 53, 97, 98, ιοί, 102, m, 284-85, 302 sexual advances towards girls, 220-22 Schwalbova, Manca “Manci” (#2675), xxv, 258,291, 319-20 acts of deception, 242-43 Bertha and, 280-81, 282,283 death march, 321-22,323 hospital work, 130,144,193,201-2, 208,211-12,250-51,272, 319-20 Jewish Codex and, 36 pregnant girl and, 264-65 second transport, 126,128 trauma of fife at Auschwitz, 166, 237 update on, 357 Schwartz, Celia, xxiv, 106, 321, 331 Schwartz, Helena, xxiv, 106,321 Schwartz, Mimi, xxiv, 106,321,331 Schwartz, Regina
(#1064), xxiv, 90-91, 106,321,325-26, 331,349 Schwartz, Susan Hartmann, 369 Schwela, Siegfried, 172 Sebeste, Jozef, 103 Second transport of girls, 125-26,128, 147 principal characters on, xxv Secretarial detail, 197,199-200 Seder, 72,134,135-36,256-57= 258-59 Sermer, Zuzana, xxiv, 300 Sewing detail, 193-94,196, i97= 239= 274= 277, 313= З16 Shabbat, 4-5, 51, 58-59, 61,139 Shabbat Chanukah, 232-33 Shapiro, Fay, 371 Shoah Foundation, xi, xvii, xix-xx, xxi, 360, 368-69 Shop on Main Street, The (movie), 356 Shpira, Giora, 23-24,50,62,63,63-64, 166,233, 301-2=351 Shpira, Sara, 21,25-26, 236 Shpira, Schmuel, 23-24,25 Šikulova, Stanislava, 103 Sivak, J„ 147 Sixth transport, 132 Slave trade, 99 Sloboda, Brody, 41 Sloboda, Ivan, 41 Slovak Assembly, 30,32,165-66,224-25 Slovakia anti-Semitism in, 7,190-91 Aryanization of, 9,30,162-63 deportations of Jews. See Slovak transports Jewish Codex, 7-9,15,31= 36,197
Index map, i Polish Jewish refugees in, 15-16, 24-25 rumors about deportation of girls, 57,10 Slovak Ministry of the Interior, 27-28 exceptions (výnimka), 146-50,165 Slovak National Anthem, 59, 344 Slovak National Archives, 103,147 Slovak National Party, 27, 30, 31, 33 Slovak National Uprising, 300-301 Slovak People’s Party, 31 Slovak transports, xi, xv acts of resistance, 67-69 determination of date and time, 45-48 eighth, 158 evacuations begins, 56-60,63-65 exemptions for work, 36-39,41, 93-94 first transport. See First transport of 999 girls fourth, 137 hiding of girls, 61-64 implementation of plan, 33-35 initial planning for, 27-32 physical exams of girls, 54-56 principal characters on, xxiii-xxv reason for numerical configuration of 999,41,42-48 registration of girls, 34,49-55 resumption of deportations (19441945), 299-303= 305-6 rumors about, 5-7,10 second. See Second transport of girls sixth, 132 third, 133-34,147 town crier announcements of, 5-9, 19-20,26, 59 Vatican’s objection to, 30-31, 39 Vrba on, 285-86,286η Smoking, 143 Smuggling, 266-69 Snow removal, 143 Sola River, 99-100 Sonderkommando, 294, 306-7,317 Sonenschein, Moses, 233, 234, 236 Sorting details, 158-60,197, 216-17, 228-29, 233, 246-50, 254, 288-90 Soznam darujúcich zmlúv, 81 Spišská Nová Ves, 74-75 437 Stabsgebäude, 239-40 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 146 Stein, Budi, 169-70 Steiner, Peshy, 71-74 Bertha and, 280,281-82 Passover in Auschwitz, 134-36 relocation to Birkenau, 186 work details, 195-96 Steinhorn, Donna, 366 Sterilization, 251, 257-58, 366-67 Sternova, Alžbeta, 125 Stockholm syndrome, 254
Stosberg, Hans, xii Stropkov, 69-72, Յ45-46 principal characters, xxv Stubendienste, 262-64 Stubenmädchen, 212 Stuermer (Striker), 7 Suicide, 130, 188, 213 Sukkot, 209-10 Survivor guilt, 365-66 Susie, 315-16 Sweden, prisoner exchanges, 332, 334-37 Swedish Red Cross, 334-37 Szenesova, Lenka, 88 Talmud, 36 Tattooing, 129 Taube, Anton, 243-44, 270 Teege, Bertel, 107, 139,141= i57-58 164,178-82 Tchorí, Tsiporah. See Citron, Helena Thilo, Sergeant, 203-4 Third transport of girls, 133-34,147 Thoma, Emmy, 177-78,179-81 Tiso, Jozef, xiii, 224-25 Christian values speech, 165,189-90, 224-25 initial planning for deportations, 27, 29 legality of deportations, 168-69 Slovak National Uprising, 300 work exemptions, 53, 75, 87, 239 Transmetatarsal amputation, 243 “Transport,” use of term, 108-9 Trockenplatz, 239 Tuberculosis, 250-51, 355-56 Tuckman, Orna, 23,64,211,366-67, 371-72, 373 Tuka, Vojtech, 30, 31,32
438 Index Typhus, 69, 82,172,179,202,205-6, 207-8,226-27,235,249-50,256, 333 Undergarments, 25, 115,153,216-17 University of Münster, 203 USC Shoah Foundation, xi, xvii, xix-xx, xxi, 360, 368-69 Váh River, 343 Vajda, Daniel, 367-68 Vajda, Dina. See Dranger, Dma Vajda, Emil, 367 Valo, Edie. See Friedman, Edith “Edie” Vašek, Anton, 35,147-48 Vrba, Rudolf, 167-68,205-6,216,226, 233, 236,285-86,313,356 Vrútky, 96 Wajsblum, Estera, 317 Walter, Bernhard, 286-87 Wannsee Conference, xii, 28-29,43 Final Solution, 29,44,46,47,96, 108-9 Warsaw Uprising, 316 Wehrmacht, 302, 335 Weintraub, Joan. See Rosner, Joan Weise, Gottfried, 289-90, 358-59 Weissova, Alice, 236 Weiszlovits, Dr., 89, 90, 92 Weiszlovits, Stefan (Yehuda Lahav), 92, 389« Wetzler, Alfréd Israel, 205-6,285-86 Wexler, Frank, 313 White kerchiefs, 197, 216-17, 220, 22829, 249 Wildfeur, Etelä, 67-68 Wildfeur, Marta, 67-68 Wilkinson, Robert, 47 Wisliceny, Dieter, 29,39,392И Wodzisław Śląski, 326-28 Wulíf, Wilhelm, 43 Wunsch, Franz, 303-4,307 Helena Citron and, 218-21,247, 254-55։ 3°3-4։ 319-20,358 saving Helena’s sister Ruzinka, 293-97 trial of, 358 Yad Vashem, 80,103,414 Yellow stars, 7, 8,116,246 Yom Kippur, 209,303-4 Ziegler, Gizzy, 58-59 Žilina, 95-97,98,125-26 Žilina transit camp, 162, Г65 Zimmerspitz, Eta (#1756), xxiv, 209,272 death march, 321, 331 escape attempt, 265-70 homecoming, 348 update on, 368 Wunsch and Helena, 255, 358 Zimmerspitz, Fanny (#1755), xxiv, 331 escape attempt, 265-70 homecoming, 348-49 Zimmerspitz, Frida, 209,265-70,331 Zuckermenn, Elena (#1735), xxv Bertha and, 280,282,349,362 death march, 321
relocation to Birkenau, 186 update on, 362-63 work details, 195-96,280 Zyklon В, xii, 29,164,203, 312 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Foreword by Caroline Moorehead Author’s Note Principal Characterson First Transport xi xvii xxiii Part One i Part Two 123 Part Three 309 Homecomings 345 Afterwards 355 One Final Word 375 List of Photographs and Illustrations Archives Source Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments Index vii зјј 383 385 409 419 42J
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Bibliography 415 Mešťan, Pavol. Personal interview with author, 28 March 2018. Národný súd, fond 17/46 A. Vasek,Tnlud, Boxes no and in. Slovak Na tional Archives. Bratislava, Slovakia. Neuman, Ariela. Telephone interview with author, 28 October 2018. Newman, Edie. Interview 23821. Tape 1-5. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1997. Accessed 02 October 2019. Newman Ehrlich, Sharon. Personal interviews regarding her mother, Ida Eigerman. Prešov, Slovakia, and Oświęcim, Poland, 20-27 March 20x7. Némirovsky, Irène. Suite Française. Trans. Sandra Smith. London: Vintage Books, 2007. Nižňanský, Eduard, ed. Holokaust na Slovensku, Obdobie autonómie (6.10.193814.3.1939). Bratislava, Slovakia: Nadacia Milana Simecku, 2003. ---------, and Ivan Kamenec. Holokaust na Slovensku 2. Prezident, vláda, Senát Slovenskej republiky a Štátna rada o židovskej otázke (1939-1945)· Bra tislava, Slovakia: Nadacia Milana Simecku, 2003. Odze, Margaret. Interview 2553. Segments 49-52. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 23 August 2018. Posmysz, Zofia. Chrystus oświęcimski. (The Christ from Auschwitz.) Fun dacja na rzecz MDSM w Oświęcimiu. (International Youth Meeting Center Foundation.) 2014. Pretter, Regina. Interview 19099. Tape 1-6. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 12 February 2018. Princz, Katharina. Interview 8300. Tape 1-4. Visual History Archive, USC Shoah Foundation, 1996. Accessed 02 January 2019. Rajcan, Vanda. “Anton Vašek, Head of the Interior Ministry’s 14th Depart ment, His Responsibility, and Information about the
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Index African slave trade, 99 Allied reconnaissance and bombing, 313,316,318, 332-33 Ambros, Otto, 248-49 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 349 Amster, Adolf exemption for daughter, 38, 93-94, 95-96, 98 Hlinka Guards beating of, 62-63 Shpira family and, 301-2 Amster, Magda, xxv, 21, 23,64, 373 death of, 233,236 exemption for work, 38, 86, 93-94, 98 Hlinka Guards removal of, 62-63 at Poprad Barracks, 67-68 typical day in Prešov, 21,23-24,25-26 work details, 158,197 Angelou, Maya, 162 Anti-Semitism, 7,190-91 Aryanization, 9,30,162-63 Astrology, 42-48 Adas, Moshe, 68-69 Aties, Klary, 51-52, 58-59,134, 214, 306,353 Auschwitz. See ako Birkenau Allied reconnaissance, 313, 316, 318 arrival of girls at, 103,105-11 construction, xii-xv daily life for girls, 140-45 death toll, 102, 130-32, 236-37 degradation of processing for girls, 112-18 destruction of camp documents, 131-32, 236-37 first day for girls at, 48, 112-22,115 first transport of 999 girls, 43-44,46, 48, 103-4, 108-9 food rations, 120,127,143-44,156-57 functionary positions at, 200-202 Himmler’s visit, 177-82 Langefeld as commandant, 44-45, no, 177-82,237 liberation of, 328-29 Passovers at, 133-37,256-59 population, 132,158,172,191, 232 relocation to Birkenau, 185-88 resistance and escapes, 129-30,167— 68, 265-70, 285-86, 316-17 second day for girls at, 120-21 Sonderkommando, 294, 306-7, 317 tattoos and triangles, 129 trauma of life, 153-56 winter of 1944, 312-13 work details, 193-202 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 184 Auschwitz Canada, xiv, 216, 217, 225, 249, 256,265, 266, 267, 280-82, 283, 284-85,
288-90, 303, 306-7, 316, 372-7Յ Auschwitz Chronicle, 130,183,191, 232, 269, 369 Auschwitz death marches, 311-12, 31833 map, 309 427
428 Index Auschwitz gas chambers, 164,171-72, 177,178,191-92,203-5,213,23334,236-37,285,286-88,303, 305-6,312,314-15,316,372 selections, 191-92,195,196,201,208, 209-10,215,216,221,223,226, 236-37,371 Auschwitz Gate, 105-6,151,152,181, 184,285, 370 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 27 Baldovsky, Mr., 149-50,152-53 Bamboo plants, 140 Bardejov, 24-25,68-70, 82, 388И Bárkány Collection, 23 Bashen, 194,244, 371 Bara, Jan Antonin, 33-34 Baťa Shoe Company, 33-34 Baudelaire, Charles, 171 Becker, Kalman, 18 Becker, Margita “Margie” (#1955), xx, xxiv, 37, 205, 230 Benicova sisters and, 245-46 on Dutch girls, 186 evacuation of, 56-57, 58-59 first day at Auschwitz, 114-15 first transport, 91 food and rations, 127 Irena and, 242-43, 244 Klary Aties and, 306 Passover Seder, 257 physical exam of, 54 registration of, 50 typical day in Hummené, 18,19 update on, 343 work details, 133-34,193-96, 212, 214-15,222-23, 280, 282-83 Zena and, 206 Bedbugs, hi, 126,133 Bela, biraus, 277 Benovicova, Frida, 116,192, 245-46 Benovicova, Helen, 116,192,245-46 Bergen-Belsen, 311-12, 327, 329 liberation of, 333-34, 337, 348-49 Berkowitz, Bertha (#1048), xxv at Bergen-Belsen, 311-12,329, 33334, 348-49 first day, 113,116 first transport, 72-74 head shaving of, 281-82 homecoming, 349 Irena and, 242-43 Jewish holidays, 134-37,209,256-57, 258-59 liberation, 333-34,348-49 at Poprad Barracks, 73-74 postcard home, 139-40 registration, 70-71 relocation to Birkenau, 186,188 on selection process, 237 smuggling incident, 280-82 update on, 362, 370, 371 work details, 116,142-43,195, 21112, 213,280-81, 282, 283 Berkowitz, Fany,
70-71,349 Bernadotte, Folke, 334-35 Bikur Oholím Synagogue, 24 Binder, Annie, 121 Birkenau, 184-85,186-88 construction, 141-42,144-45,182, 184-85 death toll, 236-37, 256 escape attempts, 265-70 liberation of, 328-29 map, 123 population, 183,232,255-56 relocation of girls from Auschwitz I, 100-101,185-88,191,316 sinks and latrines, 187-88 work details, 193-202 Birnbaum, Julia, 290, 303-4, 331 Birnova sisters, 84 Bleich, Sara (#1966), xxiv, 16,117, 144-45, 272, 331, 343 Block cleaners, 262-64 Block 5,126-28,133-34 Block 8,160 Block 10,119-20,163-64 Block ii, 119,163-64,268,275 Block 13,186-87 Block 25,203-4,213-15։ 230-31, 242-43 Block 27,211-12 Bormann, Juana, 143,196 Borocowice, Ružena, 329 Bracht, Gauleiter, 178 Brain and DNA, 140 Brandei, Danka. See Kornreich, Danka Bratislava, 15-16,27-28,39 Braunova, Magdalena, 88-89,125-26 Bread, 155-56,199, 214,217, 244, 26364,266,268-69, ՅՕՅ
Index Bride, The (Grosman), 356 Brusnica, 71-72 B’tzelem Elokim, 128-29 Buchenwald, 326-27 Charcoal, 208 Charles University, 357 Children’s University Hospital (Brati slava), 357 Chudý, Peter, 22 Citron, Aron, 18-19,176-77 singing for SS, 219-21 Citron, Helena (#1971), xxiv, 232 arrival at Auschwitz, in death march, 321, 324 first day at Auschwitz, 116,117,118 physical exam, 54 registration, 51-52 relocation to Birkenau, 186 saving of sister Ruzinka, 291-97 singing of, 218-20, 254 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 131,136, 176-77 typical day in Humenné, 18-19 update on, 358 work details, 141,142,217-18, 22223, 228-29, 254-55 Wunsch and, 218-21, 247, 254-55, 293-97, Յ03-4, 319-20, 358, 399« Citron, Rifka, 18-19 “Clappers,” 116,141,151,159, 218 Clauberg, Carl, 251,258 Cohen, Sara, 361 Communist Party of Germany, 180 Compulsory work service acts of resistance, 67-69 amendment §255, 86-88 evacuation begins, 56-60, 63-65 exceptions (výnimka), 146-50, 165 exemptions, 36-39, 41 hiding of girls from, 61-64 implementation of transport plan, 33-35 initial planning for transports, 27-32 List of Girls, 80-85 physical exams of girls, 54-56 registration of girls, 34,49-55 town crier announcements of, 5-9, 19-20, 26, 59 Vatican’s objection to, 30-31, 39 429 Cooney, Kara, 355 Czech, Danuta, 132,183, 369 Danube River, 27 Danzinger, Katarina “Kato,” xxv, 280, 343 Death marches, 311-12, 318-33 map, 309 Deculturalization, 133-34 Denmark, 336-37 Deportation of Jews from Slovakia. See Slovak transports Deutsche Reichbahn, 97 Diamonds, 247-49 Diarrhea, 127,188 Dimbleby, Richard, 333 Disinfection,
115,161,172,203,256, 314.337 Ditch digging, 142-43, 334-35 Dranger, Dina (#1528), xxiv, 362 background of, 15-16 death march, 321 evacuation, 56 in France, 343 hanging of two girls, 316-17 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 registration, 82 roll call, 233-34 update on, 367-68 work details, 249,274,316-17 Dranger, Etelä “Erna” (#1718), xviii, xxiv, 362 background of, 15-16 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334, 343 registration, 82-83 update on, 364-65 witnessing the gas chambers, 287-88 work details, 158-59, 317 Dranger, Fela prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334, 343 update on, 364-65 witnessing the gas chambers, 287-88 work details, 158-59, 317 Dreschler, Margot, 244,262-63,331 Eastern Front ofWorld War II, 300, 311, 322-23, 326, 328-29 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 175 Eichmann, Adolf, 29, 39, 109,165,289
430 Index Eigerman, Ida (#1930), xxv background of, 24-25 death march, 321 first transport, 64 hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 348 in Malchow, 330-31 secret shower, 284-85 typhus of, 225-26,272 typical day in Prešov, 22,23,24-25 update on, 370, 372 Eighth transport, 158 Elias, Ria. See Hans, Ria Elza, 120,163 Emma (prostitute), 121 Engleman, Edita, 193-94 Erdie, Josef, 240 Erna, 82,257-58 EmejovájValika, 138 Exceptions (výnimka), 146-50, 165 Eyes Eyes (Schwalbova), 357 Farming detail, 196-97 Fein, Irena (#1564), xxiv, 160, 305 arrival at Auschwitz, 110-11 conversation with German woman, 275-76 death march, 321, 325,327, 329-30 exemption for work, 37 first day at Auschwitz, 114,115 liberation, 333-34 relocation to Birkenau, 186 Ruzinka and Helena, 291-92 saving of, 242-44 typical day in Humenné, 14-15 work details, 275-76 Feldbrandova, Lea, 236 Ferrante, Elena, 189 Final Solution, 29,44,46,47,96,108-9 Financial restitution, 273, 369-70 First transport of 999 girls (First Mass Registered Jewish Transport), xv, xvii-xviii, 108-9, Ï47» 242 actual number of 997 girls, 84,104, no arrival at Auschwitz, 100-102,103, i05-1I death of a girl, 102-4 evacuations begins, 56-60,63-65 exemptions, 36-39,41,93-96 hiding of girls from, 61-64 implementation of plan, 33-35 initial planning for transports, 27-32 List of Girls, 80-85 March 21, Saturday, 1942,61-65 March 22, Sunday, 1942,69-80 March 24, Wednesday, 1942,80-85 March 25,Thursday, 1942,86-96, 98-99 older women, 67-68 one year anniversary, 254,255 physical exams of girls, 54-56 at Poprad Barracks, 32-33, 59-60, 66-68,73-74
principal characters on, xxiii-xxv reason for numerical configuration of999,42-48 registration of girls, 34,49-55 second transport vs., 128 second year anniversary, 284 Fourth transport, 137 Frank, Arme, 311-12,333 Franke, Gertrude, 172 Franz Joseph Bridge, 27,28-32 Friedman, Edith (#1970), xxiv, 375,376 arrival at Auschwitz, 105,111 author’s interviews, xviii-xix, xx, xxi death march, 320-26,329-30 death of sister Lea, 245-46,365 escape from Retzow, 337-39 escape into Poland, 340-42 evacuation,57-60 exemption for school, 36-37,39,50, 94 father’s attempt to seek release, 94, 150-53 finding of diamonds, 246-49 first day at Auschwitz, 112-13,11620,122 first transport, 90-92,95-96,100,128 food and rations, 120,127,156-57, 159 friendship with Elsa, 245-46,250-51, 313, 320-21,323,330,337-38 hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 343, 347, 349-51, Յ52-5Յ life at Auschwitz, 175-77 physical exam of, 55-56 at Poprad Barracks, 59-60,66-68, 75 at Porta Westfalica, 334-35 registration, 50, 52-55
Index relocation to Birkenau, ioo-ioi, 186-87,188 in Retzow, 332-33 Ria Hans and, 360-61 sneaking into Block 25 to visit sister Lea, 230-31,233,235-36 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 122, 154-56,163,204-5 tuberculosis of, 250-51,355-56 typhus of Lea, 227-31 typical day in Humenné, 5, 7,11-12, 14,17-18 update on, 355-57,361, 363-65 work details, 141,143,150-52,157, 160,185,199-200,202,218, 220, 222-23, 227-29,234-35,246-48, 255,262-64,313,316-17 Friedman, Edith “Edie” (#1949), xxv, 278 first day at Auschwitz, 118 Mengele and, 273 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-35 religious faith at Auschwitz, 256 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 155 update on, 366 work details, 243 Friedman, Ella (#1950), xxv, 278 block elder promotion, 160-61 tena and, 242-43 Mengele and, 273 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-35 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 155 update on, 366, 373 work details, 160-61, 273, 295 Friedman, Emmanuel, 4-5,18, 300-301 exemptions for daughters, 36-37,38, 39։ 4L 50, 94 148-50,153 homecoming of Edith, 350-51 Friedman, Hanna, 11-12, 19,301 exemptions for daughters, 36-37,39 homecoming of Edith, 352-53 Friedman, Lea (#1969), xxiv in Block 25,230-31,233, 235-36 death of, 245,365 evacuation, 58-60 exemption for school work, 36-37, 39։ 50 431 father’s attempt to seek release, 150-53 first day at Auschwitz, 113,116,117, 118,120 physical exam, 55-56 at Poprad Barracks, 59-60,66-68 registration, 50, 52-53 relocation to Birkenau, 186-87 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 120,163, 176-77 typhus of, 227-31 typical day in Humenné, 5,11-13,14,
17-18 work details, 141,143, 150-52,160, 202,218, 222-23, 227-29 Friedman, Lila, 160, 312, 334-35 Friedman, Margaret “Peggy” (#1019), xxv, 70-73, 314 death march, 323 first day at Auschwitz, 116 homecoming, 343-44,345-46 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 sterilization experiment and, 257-58 update on, 361, 370 Friedman, Marta E (#1796), xviii, xxv, 21-22, 64-65, 258, 366-67 Friedman, Matilda (#1890), xxv, 334, 368 Friedman, Ruthie, 301 Galatın, Eta, 68 Gardista, 190-91 Gartner, Ella, 317 Gelbova, Etelka, 313 Gelbova, Kornelia “Nicha,” xx, 313 Gelissen, Rena Kornreich. See Korn reich, Rena German blood banks, 314 German Railway, 97 German shepherds, 143,196 Glattstein, Ernest, 277 Glattstem, Gizzy, 23, 24, 50 Gluck, Margita, 68 Goebbels, Joseph, 42,47 Goering, Hermann, 29,47 Goldman, Edith. See Grauber, Edith “Rose.” Gräber Knieža, Ružena (#1649), xxv, 121 author’s interviews, xvii, xviii, xix death march, 321, 324
432 Index Gräber Knieža, Ružena (#1649), cont. hanging of two girls, 316-17 homecoming, 349 husband Emil’s visit, 75-76 in Malchow, 330-31 work details, 266-67, 274, 316-17 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 266-69 Grabner, Maximilian, 180-81 Graf, Otto, 307,358 Grafii, Dasha, 358-59 Grand Mutable Cross, 48 Grauber, Aviva, 19,291-97 Grauber, Edith “Rose” (#1371), xxv, 129,196-97,305 death march, 327-28 work details, 197,274-75, 311-12 Grauber, Ruzinka, xxiv, 19, 20, 37,176, 320 death march, 324,331 sister’s saving of, 291-97 Greek transports, 254 Gregor, Marta E, 23,211 Gregusová, Štefánia, 139 Grese, Irma, 314-15 Grosman, George, 356-57 Grosman, Ladislav, 3,6,13-14,49, 54, 301, 352, 353,355-57, Յ76 Grosman, Martin, 13-14, 37 Gross, Adela, xx, xxiv, 14,153,166, 197 death of, 221-22, 353 evacuation, 58-59 exemption for work, 37,150 first day at Auschwitz, 114-15,116 registration, 50, 52-53 typical day in Humenné, 13-14,15,19 Gross, Chaim, 13, 37,39,53, 351-52 Gross, Debora, xxiv, 13-14, 37, 39 Gross, Lou, 14,15, 58,166, 300, 351-52 Gross, Ružena, 133-34 Grossmann, Fanny, 51, 67-68 Grossmann, Ružena, 67 Gross-Rosen, 326-27 Grosswirth, Dr., 68-70 Grummer, Gizzy, 52-53, no-11,118, 230, 262-64 Grunwald, Elena. See Zuckerman, Elena Grünwald, Jolana Sara, 104, in, 131 Guttmanova sisters, 84 Gynecological examinations, 113-14,281 Haber, Zena, xxiv, 19,20,37,51-52, 206,353 Haggadah, 134 Hamowet, Malach, 169 Hans, Magda “Maya,” xxiv, 52-53, 321-22 Hans, Ria (#1980), xxiv, 275 death march, 321-22,324 homecoming, 345-46 Mengele and, 273 registration, 52-53 update on, 360-61 work
details, 273,275 Harmęże, 196-97,274-75 Hartmann, Andrew, 76-77,299 Hartmann, Bela, 76-79,80,261,278, 280,299 Hartmann, Bianca, 76-77,299 Hartmann, Dula, 76,299 Hartmann, Eugene, 76-79 Hartmann, Irma, 299 Hartmann, Magduska “Magda,” xxv, 76-80,239, 369 death of, 240-41,261,278 exemption for work, 38,94,166,167 registration, 84 Hartmann, Milan, 239, 305, 329 Hartmann, Nusi “Olga,” xxv, 76-80, 239 Յ69 death of, 240-41,261,277-78 exemption for work, 38,94,166,167 registration, 84 Hartmann, Valerie, 76-77 Hartmann farm, 38-39,76-79,238-41, 299 work exemption for daughters, 38, 94,166-67 Hassova, Judita, 41 Hegy, Susie, 163,169 Hellinger, Magda “Madge” (#2318), xxv, 126-27,140-41, i54 368 Herskovic, Anna, 12-13,14, 37, 52, 82, 353 Hertzka, Herman, 240-41 Hertzka, Lenka, 23,166-67 postcards and letters, 197,198,199200,225,238,238-40,252, 252-54,260,260-61,271,27172,276-78,279,279-80,298, 298-99 Hertzka, Lilly, 166,253,261
Index Hertzka, Simon, 261 Heydrich, Reinhard, xii, 29,406 Himmler, Heinrich, xii, 29,185,312 interest in numerology, 42-48 sale of Jewish hostages, 332, 334-37 visit to Auschwitz, 177-82 Hitler, Adolf, 29,336,357 use of pagan mythology, 42-43 Hlinka Guard, 7,8,17,19,29-30, 33, 4Ն 56-57։ 62-63,90-91, 165,169, 302-З Hofmann, Ernst, 286-87 Holič, 189-90 Holländer, Marcus, 21 Holland transports, 178,191 Homosexuality, 106, 357 Höss, Rudolph, xiv, 43-45,108,151, 172-74,178,179,181,182,185, 200,201,256 Hössler, Franz, 317 Hrabovecká, Matilda. See Friedman, Matilda Humenne, 16 Humenné, 11-12,16-17, 300-301 blizzard of February 28,1942, 3-7 evacuations, 55-59 homecomings, 351-53 List of Girls, 40, 82-83 map, i market day, 11-12,15,16-20 Polish Jewish refugees in, 15-16 principal characters, xxiv registration of girls, 50-55 town crier’s announcements of 1942, 5-9,19-20 Hungarian transports, 97, 286-87, 288-89 Icovic, Alice (#1221), xxiv, 330-31, 347, 349 I Lived, the Lives of Others (Schwalbova), 357 Invasion of Poland, 15-16,100,106 Isachari, Avishai, 364, 365-66 Israel, 356, 358, 360, 363-64 Jager, Etelä, 68 Jakubovicova, Hermina, 88 Jarný, Ivan. See Rauchwerger, Ivan Jehovah’s Witnesses, 106,181 Jewish Codex, 7-9, 15, 31, 36, 197 433 “Jewish problem,” xii Jonathan Sacks Haggada, 133 Judova, Anna, 71-74,346 Kabbalah, 61 Kaddish, 134,214, 370,373 Kadlecik, Jan, 138-39 Kahan, Hinda, 193-95, 228, 353 Kammler, Hans, 178 Kapišová, 71 Kapuściński, Ryszard, 27 Kaufmann, Izak, 89-90,102,103-4, 389-90W Kaufmarmova, Zlata, 82 Klein, Cilka, 230,235-36 Klein, Fritz, 333 Kleinman, Ružena, 72,
346 Klüger, Ruth, 86 Knieža, Emil, 75-76, 349 Koegel, Max, 43, 44 Kolbovce, 70 Kolmar, Gertrud, 193 Копка, Gejza, 69, 386« implementation of transport pian, 34-35 39։ 147 initial planning of transport, 28, 29, 30, 32-ՅՅ։ 49 registration of girls, 49, 51 telegram, 86-87, 93 Koren, Akiva, 364, 370 Korn, Marta, 130-31 Kornreich, Danka (#2775), xv, 126, 361 death march, 321 hanging of two girls, 316-17 in Holland, 343 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331 roll call, 233-34 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 126, 233-34։ 236 work details, 249,274,316-17 Kornreich, Rena (#1716), xxiv Adela and, 222 death march, 311,320, 321, 325, 326 evacuation, 56 first day at Auschwitz, 117, 119 first transport, 98-99 hanging of two girls, 316-17 in Holland, 343 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32
Index 434 Kornreich, Rena (#1716), cont. registration, 83 Rena’s Promise, xvii-xviii, 362, 368 roll call, 233-34 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 126,192, 233-34.236,370 turning down block elder, 201 typical day in Humenné, 15-16,25 update on, 365, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372 work details, 249, 274,285, 316-17 Koso, Izidor, 29,30 Krakow Ghetto, 317-18, 319 Kramer, Josef, 333 Kraus, Franz Xaver, 322 Kremer, Johann Paul, 203-4, 205, 251, 292-95. З14-15 Kulik, Peggy. See Friedman, Margaret “Peggy” Laborec River, 13 La dernière femme du premier train (doc umentary), 368 Lagerstrasse, 1.12 Lahav, Yehuda. Лее Weiszlovits, Stefan Langefeld, Johanna, 44, no, 151,15758, 164, 173, 177-82, 237 Laundry detail, 196,239, 250, 274, 275, 277, 316, 320 Lautman, Bertha. See Berkowitz, Bertha Lautman, Jeffrey, 371 Lautman, Mike, 349 Lee, Min Jin, 36 Lehmann, Tilly, 107,157-58,163-64, 177-78,178,179-81,205 Leichenkommando, 193-97, 211-15, 242-43, 257, 280 Levi, Rabbi, 68-70 Lice, 115,126,172,173,176, 205, 215, 227, 333. 337. 350 Lipany, 77 Lucia, 315-16 Lustbader, Klara, 22, 23, 64 McCord, Molly, 45«, 46-47 Mach, Alexander, 28-31,147,191 Maglione, Luigi, 30-31 Malaria, 202, 273 Malchow, 330-31, 340 Mandel, ЕШе, 78-79,241,278 Mandel, Kornelia, 78-79,241,278 Mandel, Maria, 223,237,315 Mangel, Martha (#1741), xxiv, 371 death march, 321 homecoming, 347-48 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 112, 208-9 work details, 235 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 265—66 Mangel-Tack, Frances, 209 Zimmerspitz sisters’ escape attempt, 265-70 Marek, Lydia, 371 Mauer, Luise, 177-78,179-81 Mauthausen,
328 Mengele, Josef, 272-73,290,292-93, 294-95. 314-15 Menhirs, 189-90 Meningitis, 251, 282 Menstruation, in, 118-19 Mešťan, Pavol, 102-3 Michalovce, 349 principal characters, xxiv MinchaĶ 24 Moorehead, Caroline, xi-xvi Moravek, Augustin, 31 Moskovic, Annou, 37,52-53 Moskovic, Magda, 331 Mother’s brain and child, 140 Murad, Nadia, 138 Museum of Jewish Culture (Bratislava), 102 Musselmen, 204,273 Na straž/, 148-49 Nazi Germany Final Solution, 29,44,46,47, 96, 108-9 occult mysticism, 42-48 patriarchal ideology, 173-74 “rehoming” of Jews in Poland, 28-29 Wannsee Conference. SeeWannsee Conference Neumann, Ariela, 368 Neumann, Lenka, 68 Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 Neuwirth, Giza, 85, 89 Neuwirth, Hermina, 84-85, 88-89 Newman, Ida. See Eigerman, Ida Nobel Prize, 356
Index Nostradamus, 42,43,47 Nowy Sącz, Poland, 24,64 Nudity, 54-56,113-14,192,233-34 Numerology, 42-48 Occult mysticism, 42-48 Okružná Street (Prešov), 22 Operation Margarethe, 301-2 Oświęcim, 97,99-100,152 Ott, Helene, 172 Pagan mythology, 42-43 Palestine, 19a 21, 25a 357 Passover, 133—37a 256-57. 258-59 Passover wine, 257 Phenol, 203, 273 Pius XII, Pope, 30-31 Poland, German invasion of, 15-16, 100,106 Polish Jewish refugees, in Slovakia, 1516,24-25 Poprad homecomings, 348 principal characters, xxiv smuggled note home from girl, 138-39 Poprad Station and Barracks, 32-33, 66-68,102-3 first transport arrival, 59-60 food and rations, 66,73-74, 88 List of Girls, 80-85 March 21, Saturday, 1942,61-65 March 25,Thursday, 1942, 86-92 second bus arrival, 73-74 Porta Westfalica, 334-35 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 363 Prague, 343-44 Pregnancy, 264-65 Prešov, 20-26, 301-2 homecomings, 351 List of Girls, 82-83 principal characters, xxv registration of girls, 51 town crier’s announcements of 1942, 26 Prešov Great Synagogue, 20-21, 22-23 Pythagoras, 43,45-46 Quinine, 202 435 Rakow, Jakob, 168 Rand-Slonovic, Piri (#1342), xxiv Rape, 113-14, 340-41 Rauchwerger, Erika, 302, 329 Rauchwerger, Eugenie, 9, 75, 302 Rauchwerger, Ivan, 74-76, 89-90, 91, 162-63,168-70, 225, 300, 302, 383 n Rauschwerger, Adolf, 225 Ravensbrück, xiii-xiv, 43-44,45,47, 106-8,109-10,113,121-22, 126-27,131,177,180,181, 326-30 Himmler visit and plan, 43-44,46, 47,48 Ravensbrück trials, 157,178,358 Red Cross, 155,287-88, 301, 334-37, 343 “Rehoming,” 28-29 Reich, Libusha “Linda” (#1173), xxv arrival at
Auschwitz, 79-80, 82, 102, 105,106, IIO-II blood draw, 313-14 death march, 321, 323, 326,328 escape from Retzow, 337-39 first day, 115-16, 118 first transport, 90, 98-99 food and rations, 156-57 Himmler’s visit, 179 homecoming, 346 at Neustadt-Glewe, 331-32 relocation to Birkenau, 185-86 return to Slovakia, 343-44 in Retzow, 332-33 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 156-57, 192, 213, 236, 307, 313, 317-18 update on, 358-59 war closing in, 313, 317-18, 321 work details, 141,143, 158-60,217, 233, 249, 283, 287, 288-90, 317-18 Reichenbach, 312 Reichert, Orli, 121, 331, 340 Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), xii, 32 Rena’s Promise (Gelissen and Mac adam), xvii-xvin, 362, 368 Retzow, 332-ՅՅ։ 337-39 Rita (kapo), 218-20, 229, 254 Ritterova, Laura, 113 Rittner, Josef, 27
Index 43 6 Robote, Roza, 307, 317 Rosé, Alma, 291 Rosenberg, Solomon, 343 Rosenthal, Elsa death march, 320-21, 323, 330, 332 escape from Retzow, 337-39 friendship with Edith, 245-46,25051,313,320-21,323,330, ՅՅ7-38 hanging of two girls, 316-17 hidden pregnancy of girl, 264-65 in Retzow, 332-33 third transport, 133-34 update on, 363 work details, 249,250-51,262-64, 313,316-17 Roškoviany, 77 Rosner, Joan (#1188), xxv, 342-43 evacuation, 63-64 first day at Auschwitz, 113-14 at Poprad Barracks, 75 prisoner exchange with Sweden, 334-36 transfer to Reichenbach, 312 trauma of life at Auschwitz, 181, 283, 365 typhus of, 207-8 update on, 363, 365 work details, 143-44,207-8,249,281 Rosner, Luddy, 75 Rothko, Mark, 100 Russia advance during World War П, 300, 311,322-23,326,328-29, 340-41 Russian prisoners of war (POWs), 43֊ 45,115-16,119,137,142,182,268 Ružomberok, 301 Sabbath candles, 4-5 Sachsenhausen, 326-27 Safir, Regina, 317 St. Michuláša Church (Prešov), 20-21 Šarišské Lúky, 63-64 Schachnerova, Bertha, 236 Schmidt, Ms., 285 Schumann, Horst, 273 Schutzstaffel (SS), 29, 53, 97, 98, ιοί, 102, m, 284-85, 302 sexual advances towards girls, 220-22 Schwalbova, Manca “Manci” (#2675), xxv, 258,291, 319-20 acts of deception, 242-43 Bertha and, 280-81, 282,283 death march, 321-22,323 hospital work, 130,144,193,201-2, 208,211-12,250-51,272, 319-20 Jewish Codex and, 36 pregnant girl and, 264-65 second transport, 126,128 trauma of fife at Auschwitz, 166, 237 update on, 357 Schwartz, Celia, xxiv, 106, 321, 331 Schwartz, Helena, xxiv, 106,321 Schwartz, Mimi, xxiv, 106,321,331 Schwartz, Regina
(#1064), xxiv, 90-91, 106,321,325-26, 331,349 Schwartz, Susan Hartmann, 369 Schwela, Siegfried, 172 Sebeste, Jozef, 103 Second transport of girls, 125-26,128, 147 principal characters on, xxv Secretarial detail, 197,199-200 Seder, 72,134,135-36,256-57= 258-59 Sermer, Zuzana, xxiv, 300 Sewing detail, 193-94,196, i97= 239= 274= 277, 313= З16 Shabbat, 4-5, 51, 58-59, 61,139 Shabbat Chanukah, 232-33 Shapiro, Fay, 371 Shoah Foundation, xi, xvii, xix-xx, xxi, 360, 368-69 Shop on Main Street, The (movie), 356 Shpira, Giora, 23-24,50,62,63,63-64, 166,233, 301-2=351 Shpira, Sara, 21,25-26, 236 Shpira, Schmuel, 23-24,25 Šikulova, Stanislava, 103 Sivak, J„ 147 Sixth transport, 132 Slave trade, 99 Sloboda, Brody, 41 Sloboda, Ivan, 41 Slovak Assembly, 30,32,165-66,224-25 Slovakia anti-Semitism in, 7,190-91 Aryanization of, 9,30,162-63 deportations of Jews. See Slovak transports Jewish Codex, 7-9,15,31= 36,197
Index map, i Polish Jewish refugees in, 15-16, 24-25 rumors about deportation of girls, 57,10 Slovak Ministry of the Interior, 27-28 exceptions (výnimka), 146-50,165 Slovak National Anthem, 59, 344 Slovak National Archives, 103,147 Slovak National Party, 27, 30, 31, 33 Slovak National Uprising, 300-301 Slovak People’s Party, 31 Slovak transports, xi, xv acts of resistance, 67-69 determination of date and time, 45-48 eighth, 158 evacuations begins, 56-60,63-65 exemptions for work, 36-39,41, 93-94 first transport. See First transport of 999 girls fourth, 137 hiding of girls, 61-64 implementation of plan, 33-35 initial planning for, 27-32 physical exams of girls, 54-56 principal characters on, xxiii-xxv reason for numerical configuration of 999,41,42-48 registration of girls, 34,49-55 resumption of deportations (19441945), 299-303= 305-6 rumors about, 5-7,10 second. See Second transport of girls sixth, 132 third, 133-34,147 town crier announcements of, 5-9, 19-20,26, 59 Vatican’s objection to, 30-31, 39 Vrba on, 285-86,286η Smoking, 143 Smuggling, 266-69 Snow removal, 143 Sola River, 99-100 Sonderkommando, 294, 306-7,317 Sonenschein, Moses, 233, 234, 236 Sorting details, 158-60,197, 216-17, 228-29, 233, 246-50, 254, 288-90 Soznam darujúcich zmlúv, 81 Spišská Nová Ves, 74-75 437 Stabsgebäude, 239-40 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 146 Stein, Budi, 169-70 Steiner, Peshy, 71-74 Bertha and, 280,281-82 Passover in Auschwitz, 134-36 relocation to Birkenau, 186 work details, 195-96 Steinhorn, Donna, 366 Sterilization, 251, 257-58, 366-67 Sternova, Alžbeta, 125 Stockholm syndrome, 254
Stosberg, Hans, xii Stropkov, 69-72, Յ45-46 principal characters, xxv Stubendienste, 262-64 Stubenmädchen, 212 Stuermer (Striker), 7 Suicide, 130, 188, 213 Sukkot, 209-10 Survivor guilt, 365-66 Susie, 315-16 Sweden, prisoner exchanges, 332, 334-37 Swedish Red Cross, 334-37 Szenesova, Lenka, 88 Talmud, 36 Tattooing, 129 Taube, Anton, 243-44, 270 Teege, Bertel, 107, 139,141= i57-58 164,178-82 Tchorí, Tsiporah. See Citron, Helena Thilo, Sergeant, 203-4 Third transport of girls, 133-34,147 Thoma, Emmy, 177-78,179-81 Tiso, Jozef, xiii, 224-25 Christian values speech, 165,189-90, 224-25 initial planning for deportations, 27, 29 legality of deportations, 168-69 Slovak National Uprising, 300 work exemptions, 53, 75, 87, 239 Transmetatarsal amputation, 243 “Transport,” use of term, 108-9 Trockenplatz, 239 Tuberculosis, 250-51, 355-56 Tuckman, Orna, 23,64,211,366-67, 371-72, 373 Tuka, Vojtech, 30, 31,32
438 Index Typhus, 69, 82,172,179,202,205-6, 207-8,226-27,235,249-50,256, 333 Undergarments, 25, 115,153,216-17 University of Münster, 203 USC Shoah Foundation, xi, xvii, xix-xx, xxi, 360, 368-69 Váh River, 343 Vajda, Daniel, 367-68 Vajda, Dina. See Dranger, Dma Vajda, Emil, 367 Valo, Edie. See Friedman, Edith “Edie” Vašek, Anton, 35,147-48 Vrba, Rudolf, 167-68,205-6,216,226, 233, 236,285-86,313,356 Vrútky, 96 Wajsblum, Estera, 317 Walter, Bernhard, 286-87 Wannsee Conference, xii, 28-29,43 Final Solution, 29,44,46,47,96, 108-9 Warsaw Uprising, 316 Wehrmacht, 302, 335 Weintraub, Joan. See Rosner, Joan Weise, Gottfried, 289-90, 358-59 Weissova, Alice, 236 Weiszlovits, Dr., 89, 90, 92 Weiszlovits, Stefan (Yehuda Lahav), 92, 389« Wetzler, Alfréd Israel, 205-6,285-86 Wexler, Frank, 313 White kerchiefs, 197, 216-17, 220, 22829, 249 Wildfeur, Etelä, 67-68 Wildfeur, Marta, 67-68 Wilkinson, Robert, 47 Wisliceny, Dieter, 29,39,392И Wodzisław Śląski, 326-28 Wulíf, Wilhelm, 43 Wunsch, Franz, 303-4,307 Helena Citron and, 218-21,247, 254-55։ 3°3-4։ 319-20,358 saving Helena’s sister Ruzinka, 293-97 trial of, 358 Yad Vashem, 80,103,414 Yellow stars, 7, 8,116,246 Yom Kippur, 209,303-4 Ziegler, Gizzy, 58-59 Žilina, 95-97,98,125-26 Žilina transit camp, 162, Г65 Zimmerspitz, Eta (#1756), xxiv, 209,272 death march, 321, 331 escape attempt, 265-70 homecoming, 348 update on, 368 Wunsch and Helena, 255, 358 Zimmerspitz, Fanny (#1755), xxiv, 331 escape attempt, 265-70 homecoming, 348-49 Zimmerspitz, Frida, 209,265-70,331 Zuckermenn, Elena (#1735), xxv Bertha and, 280,282,349,362 death march, 321
relocation to Birkenau, 186 update on, 362-63 work details, 195-96,280 Zyklon В, xii, 29,164,203, 312 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Macadam, Heather Dune |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1217287396 (DE-588)1123834695 |
| author_facet | Macadam, Heather Dune |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Macadam, Heather Dune |
| author_variant | h d m hd hdm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047127914 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1249678770 (DE-599)BVBBV047127914 |
| era | Geschichte 1942-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1942-1945 |
| format | Map |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04979nem a2200769 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047127914</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210514 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">au||uuun</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">210205s2020 |||||| u | eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781529329315</subfield><subfield code="c">hardcover</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-529-32931-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781529329322</subfield><subfield code="9">9781529329322</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1249678770</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047127914</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Macadam, Heather Dune</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1217287396</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The nine hundred</subfield><subfield code="b">the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz</subfield><subfield code="c">Heather Dune Macadam ; [foreword by Caroline Moorehead]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">The 900</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London</subfield><subfield code="b">Hodder & Stoughton</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxv, 438 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karte, Porträts</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cri</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">sti</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The untold story of the 999 young, unmarried Jewish women who were tricked into boarding a train in Poprad, Slovakia on March 25, 1942 that became the first official transport to Auschwitz. On March 25, 1942, nearly a thousand young, unmarried Jewish women boarded a train in Poprad, Slovakia. Filled with a sense of adventure and national pride, they left their parents' homes wearing their best clothes and confidently waving good-bye. Believing they were going to work in a factory for a few months, they were eager to report for government service. Instead, the young women-many of them teenagers-were sent to Auschwitz. Their government paid 500 Reichsmarks (about 160) apiece for the Nazis to take them as slave labour. Of those 999 innocent deportees, only a few would survive. The facts of the first official Jewish transport to Auschwitz are little known, yet profoundly relevant today. These were not resistance fighters or prisoners of war. There were no men among them. Sent to almost certain death, the young women were powerless and insignificant not only because they were Jewish-but also because they were female. 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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV047127914 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:31:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:03:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781529329315 9781529329322 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032534113 |
| oclc_num | 1249678770 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxv, 438 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210514 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Hodder & Stoughton |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Macadam, Heather Dune Verfasser (DE-588)1217287396 aut The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz Heather Dune Macadam ; [foreword by Caroline Moorehead] The 900 Extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz London Hodder & Stoughton 2020 xxv, 438 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte, Porträts txt rdacontent cri rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The untold story of the 999 young, unmarried Jewish women who were tricked into boarding a train in Poprad, Slovakia on March 25, 1942 that became the first official transport to Auschwitz. On March 25, 1942, nearly a thousand young, unmarried Jewish women boarded a train in Poprad, Slovakia. Filled with a sense of adventure and national pride, they left their parents' homes wearing their best clothes and confidently waving good-bye. Believing they were going to work in a factory for a few months, they were eager to report for government service. Instead, the young women-many of them teenagers-were sent to Auschwitz. Their government paid 500 Reichsmarks (about 160) apiece for the Nazis to take them as slave labour. Of those 999 innocent deportees, only a few would survive. The facts of the first official Jewish transport to Auschwitz are little known, yet profoundly relevant today. These were not resistance fighters or prisoners of war. There were no men among them. Sent to almost certain death, the young women were powerless and insignificant not only because they were Jewish-but also because they were female. Now, acclaimed author Heather Dune Macadam reveals their poignant stories, drawing on extensive interviews with survivors, and consulting with historians, witnesses, and relatives of those first deportees to create an important addition to Holocaust literature and women's history Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1942-1945 gnd rswk-swf Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd rswk-swf Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Auschwitz (Concentration camp) Jewish women in the Holocaust / Slovakia / Anecdotes Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Personal narratives Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Slovakia / Personal narratives Jewish women in the Holocaust Slovakia 1939-1945 Anecdotes Personal narratives Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 s Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 s Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 b Geschichte 1942-1945 z DE-604 Moorehead, Caroline 1944- (DE-588)1123834695 wpr Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Macadam, Heather Dune The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003697-2 (DE-588)4286934-1 (DE-588)4162897-4 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| title_alt | The 900 Extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| title_auth | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| title_exact_search | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| title_full | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz Heather Dune Macadam ; [foreword by Caroline Moorehead] |
| title_fullStr | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz Heather Dune Macadam ; [foreword by Caroline Moorehead] |
| title_full_unstemmed | The nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz Heather Dune Macadam ; [foreword by Caroline Moorehead] |
| title_short | The nine hundred |
| title_sort | the nine hundred the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to auschwitz |
| title_sub | the extraordinary young women of the first official transport to Auschwitz |
| topic | Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konzentrationslager Auschwitz Jüdin Junge Frau Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032534113&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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