A grammar of Karbi:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Boston
De Gruyter Mouton
[2020]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Mouton grammar library
volume 82 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9783110648850&searchTitles=true Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 664 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm, 1277 g |
| ISBN: | 9783110648850 3110648857 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Konnerth, Linda |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1229557032 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Karbi |c Linda Konnerth |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston |b De Gruyter Mouton |c [2020] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2020 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 664 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |c 25 cm, 1277 g | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Mouton grammar library |v volume 82 | |
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c University of Oregon |d 2014 | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Karbi-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4120253-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |a Hochschulschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Karbi-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4120253-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
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| 710 | 2 | |a De Gruyter Mouton |0 (DE-588)1065653190 |4 pbl | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Mouton grammar library |v volume 82 |w (DE-604)BV000018422 |9 82 | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m B:DE-101 |q application/pdf |u https://d-nb.info/1181548543/04 |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032528303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182167132045312 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
*
V
LIST
OF
FIGURES
*
XXIII
LIST
OF
TABLES
*
XXV
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.3.1
1.1.3.2
1.1.3.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.3.1
INTRODUCTION
*
1
KARBI
PEOPLE,
LANGUAGE,
AND
CULTURE
*
1
NAMES
AND
ISO
CODES
FOR
THE
KARBI
LANGUAGE
*
1
NUMBER
OF
SPEAKERS
AND
GEOGRAPHICAL
SPREAD
OF
KARBI
*
2
ASPECTS
OF
KARBI
CULTURE
*
3
TRADITIONAL
CULTURE
AND
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
*
3
ORAL
LITERATURE
*
5
SONG
LANGUAGE
*
7
THE
KARBI
LAMMET
AMEI
(KLA)
*
8
THE
KARBI
ANGLONG
AND
WEST
KARBI
ANGLONG
DISTRICTS
*
8
KARBI
IN
TIBETO-BURMAN
*
9
TIBETO-BURMAN
LANGUAGES
OF
NORTHEAST
INDIA
*
9
KARBI
IN
TIBETO-BURMAN
CLASSIFICATION
PROPOSALS
*
10
ON
THE
ROLE
OF
CONTACT
IN
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
KARBI
*
12
LINGUISTIC
EVIDENCE
FOR
CONTACT
WITH
AUSTROASIATIC,
INDO-ARYAN,
AND
OTHER
TIBETO-BURMAN
LANGUAGES
*
12
1.3.2
NON-LINGUISTIC
EVIDENCE
FOR
CONTACT
WITH
POPULATIONS
SPEAKING
AUSTROASIATIC
AND
INDO-ARYAN
LANGUAGES
*
14
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
1.3.3.2
1.3.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
A
CREOLIZATION
ACCOUNT
FOR
GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF
KARBI
*
16
AREAL
ETHNOLINGUISTIC
PROFILE
*
17
ASPECTS
OF
A
*
CREOLOID
*
GRAMMATICAL
PROFILE
*
18
NON-OBLIGATORINESS
OF
GRAMMATICAL
MARKERS
*
19
SUMMARY
*
22
VARIETIES
OF
THE
KARBI
LANGUAGE
*
23
PLAINS
KARBI
(
*
AMRI
KARBI
*
)
AND
HILLS
KARBI
*
24
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
THE
HILLS
KARBI
*
DIALECTS
*
*
25
HILLS
KARBI:
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
RONGKHANG
(HILLS
KARBI;
DIPHU)
AND
AMRI
(HILLS
KARBI;
WEST
KARBI
ANGLONG)
DIALECTS
*
26
1.4.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
VARIATION
IN
LEXEMES
*
27
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
PROFILE
OF
LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
*
28
SETTING
FACTORS
*
28
DOMAINS/VITALITY/ATTITUDES
*
29
OTHER
FACTORS
*
30
SUMMARY
OF
DEGREE
OF
ENDANGERMENT
*
30
VIII
*
CONTENTS
1.6
PREVIOUS
STUDY
OF
KARBI
GRAMMAR
*
31
1.6.1
EARLY
WORK
ON
KARBI
*
31
1.6.2 KARL-HEINZ
GRIIBNER
*
S
WORK
*
31
1.6.3
LONGKAM
TERON
*
S
WORK
*
32
1.6.4
OTHER
RESOURCES
ON
KARBI
GRAMMAR
AND
LEXICON
-----
33
1.7
WRITING
IN
KARBI
AND
CONVENTIONS
FOLLOWED
IN
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
33
1.8
ORGANIZATION
OF
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
35
2
METHODOLOGY
AND
DATA
*
36
2.1
APPROACH
AND
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
*
36
2.1.1
FUNCTIONAL-TYPOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
*
36
2.1.2
COLLABORATION
WITH
THE
LANGUAGE
COMMUNITY
*
37
2.1.3
HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE
*
38
2.2
CORPUS
-----
38
2.2.1
DATA
TYPES
*
38
2.2.2
ACCESS
TO THE
CORPUS
*
39
2.3
PRIMARY
DATA
COLLECTION
*
39
2.3.1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OF
KARBI
SPEAKERS
THAT
FACILITATED
DATA
COLLECTION
*
40
2.3.2
DATA
COLLECTING
TEAM
*
41
2.3.3
RECORDED
SPEAKERS:
ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
*
41
2.3.4
RECORDED
GENRES
*
42
2.3.5
RECORDING
PROCEDURES
AND
SETTINGS
*
43
2.4
DATA
ANNOTATION
AND
PRESENTATION
*
45
3
PHONOLOGY
*
48
3.1
CONSONANTS
*
48
3.1.1
CONSONANT
ONSETS
*
48
3.1.1.1
STOP
ONSET
MINIMAL
SETS
*
51
3.1.1.2
FRICATIVE
ONSET
MINIMAL
SET
*
52
3.1.1.3
SONORANT
ONSET
MINIMAL
SETS
*
52
3.1.1.4
MARGINAL
ONSET
CONSONANTS
AND
CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
*
52
3.1.2
CONSONANT
CODAS
*
53
3.1.2.1
STOP
CODA
MINIMAL
SET
*
54
3.1.2.2
SONORANT
CODA
MINIMAL
SET
*
54
3.1.2.3
MARGINAL
CODA
CONSONANTS
*
55
3.2
VOWELS
------
55
3.2.1
HILLS
AMRI
KARBI
SIXTH VOWEL
*
56
3.2.2
MARGINAL
VOWELS
AND
PHONETIC
VARIATION
*
57
3.3
SYLLABLE
*
59
3.4
PALATAL
GLIDE
CODA
VERSUS
DIPHTHONGS
*
60
3.5
TONE
-----
61
3.5.1
TONE
MINIMAL
SETS:
MONOSYLLABIC
ROOTS
*
63
CONTENTS
IX
3.5.2
TONE
MINIMAL
SETS:
DISYLLABIC
ROOTS
*
65
3.5.3
PHONOLOGICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
TONE
SYSTEM
*
65
3.5.4
LOW
FUNCTIONALLOAD
*
67
3.5.4.1
NATIVE
SPEAKERS
*
DIFFICULTY
TO
IDENTIFY
TONE
CATEGORIES
*
68
3.5.4.2
LOW
CONTRASTIVENESS
*
68
3.5.4.3
LARGE
AMOUNT
OF
CONTEXTUALITY
*
68
3.5.4.4
SPEAKER
DIFFERENCES
IN
REALIZATION
OF
MID
VERSUS
HIGH
TONES
*
69
3.5.4.5
PRODUCTION-PERCEPTION
MISMATCH
*
70
3.5.4.6
PROSODIC
TONE
CHANGES
AND
INDETERMINABILITY
*
70
3.5.5
WORD-INTERNAL
TONE
SANDHI
EFFECTS
*
72
3.5.6
TONE
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
UNITS
*
73
3.5.7
TONE
(CHANGES)
IN
COMPOUNDS
*
75
3.5.8
STRATEGIES
USED
FOR
IDENTIFYING
TONES
OF
ROOTS
AND
SUFFIXES
*
76
3.5.8.1
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
IS
THE
LAST
SYLLABLE
OF
THE
WORD
AND
NON-STOPPED
*
76
3.5.8.2
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
FOLLOWED
BY
-ID
*
REALIS
*
*
76
3.5.8.3
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
FOLLOWED
BY
-CE
*
NEGATIVE
*
*
77
3.5.9
REPRESENTATION
OF
TONE
IN
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
77
3.5.10
REMARKS
ON
GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTIONS
OF
TONE
*
78
3.6
STRESS
-----
80
3.7
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
HYPOARTICULATED
SPEECH
*
81
3.7.1
/T/- 0/
V,
I
------
81
3.7.2
IMPERATIVE
ONSETS:
/N/
-
[A
NASAL]
/
[A
NASAL]
*
81
3.7.3
-/T
*
IRR
2?
*
,
-ID
*?
*
,
-SI
*?
*
-
A
/
-LANG
*
STILL
*
,
-NANG
*
HORTATIVE
*
*
82
3.8
PHONOLOGICAL
SHAPES
OF
MORPHEME
TYPES
*
82
3.8.1
ROOTS
-----
82
3.8.2
SUFFIXES
-----
82
3.8.3
PREFIXES
*
82
3.8.4
CLITICS
-----
83
3.8.5
INTERJECTIONS
*
85
3.8.6
REDUPLICATION
-----
85
3.8.6.1
REDUPLICATION
OF
STEMS
(WITHOUT
VOWEL
CHANGE)
*
85
3.8.6.2
REDUPLICATION
OF
STEMS
WITH
VOWEL
CHANGE
*
86
3.8.6.3
NEGATION:
ONSET
REDUPLICATION
OF
LAST
STEM
SYLLABLE
*
87
3.9
MORPHOPHONEMICS
*
88
3.9.1
TONE
CHANGES
*
88
3.9.1.1
STEM
TONE
CHANGE
INDUCED
BY
CHE-
*
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
*
AND
CHO-
*
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
*
*
88
3.9.1.2
STEM
TONE
CHANGE
INDUCED
BY
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
89
3.9.1.3
DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIX
TONE
CHANGE
*
90
3.9.1.4
IDIOSYNCRATIC
TONE
ALLOMORPHY
*
91
3.9.2
PREFIX
ALLOMORPHS
AND
PREFIX-INDUCED
STEM
VOWEL
DELETION
*
91
X
*
CONTENTS
3.9.2.1
PREFIX
VOWELS:
KE-
*
NMLZ
*
,
PV-
*
CAUS
*
,
CHE-
*
RR
*
,
CHO-
*
AUTO
.
BEN
/
MAL
*
,
A-
*
POSS
*
*
92
3.9.2.2
CHO-
*
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
*
AND
CHE-
*
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
*
:
DIFFERENCES
IN
PHONOLOGICAL
STRENGTH
*
95
4
THE
MAJOR
WORD
CLASSES:
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
AND
*
ADJECTIVAL
VERBS
*
*
97
4.1
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
*
97
4.1.1
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
CRITERIA
FOR
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
AT
THE
ROOT
LEVEL
*
97
4.1.2
LACK
OF
WORD
CLASS
DISTINCTIONS
WITH
SUFFIXAL
ASPECT,
MODALITY,
AND
NEGATION
*
99
4.1.3
SUMMARY:
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
IN
KARBI
*
102
4.2
VERBS
AND
*
ADJECTIVAL
VERBS
*
:
THE
STATUS
OF
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
*
102
4.2.1
BASIC
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
104
4.2.2
POSSIBLE
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)
CRITERIA:
GRADABILITY,
INTENSIFICATION,
ADVERB
DERIVATION
*
105
4.2.3
POSSIBLE
VERBHOOD
CRITERIA:
ASPECTUAL
AND
MODAL
SUFFIXES,
DIRECTIVES
*
108
4.2.4
NOUN
MODIFICATION
-----
110
4.2.5
SUMMARY:
BASIC
PROPERTY-CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
111
4.2.6
MARGINAL
TYPES
OF
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
111
4.3
SUMMARY:
THE
CLAUSAL
FUNCTIONS
OF
NOUNS,
VERBS,
AND
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
115
5
SUBCLASSES
OF
NOUNS
*
117
5.1
CLASSIFIERS
-----
117
5.1.1
SORTAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
119
5.1.1.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
119
5.1.1.2
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIER
MNG*CLF:HUM:PL
*
*
121
5.1.2
MENSURAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
122
5.1.2.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIERS
-----
122
5.1.2.2
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIERS
*
123
5.1.3
SELF-REFERENTIAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
124
5.1.4
HUMAN
AND
ANIMAL
CLASSIFIERS
AND
PERSONIFICATION
*
125
5.2
NOUNS
THAT
ARE
COUNTED
WITH
NUMERALS
ONLY
(WITHOUT
CLASSIFIERS)
*
127
5.3
HUMAN/PERSONIFIED
VS.
NON-HUMAN/NON-PERSONIFIED
*
129
5.4
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
129
5.4.1
GENERAL
RELATOR
NOUN
-LONG
*
LOCATIVE*
*
133
5.4.2
LOCATIONAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
135
5.4.3
LOCATIONAL/TEMPORAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
139
5.4.4
TEMPORAL
RELATOR
NOUN
*
141
5.4.5
CAUSAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
141
CONTENTS
*
XI
5.4.6
5.4.7
5.4.7.1
5.4.7.2
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
RELATOR
NOUNS
WITH
OTHER
FUNCTIONS
*
142
FURTHER
GRAMMATICALIZATION
OF
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
144
SUBORDINATORS
*
144
ADVERBS
-----
145
BOUND
NOUN
ROOTS
*
146
BODY
PART
TERMS
*
146
KINSHIP
TERMS
*
147
OTHER
INALIENABLY
POSSESSED
ITEMS
*
147
OTHER
POSSIBLE
NOUN
CLASSES
WITH
FROZEN
PREFIXES
(GRIIFTNER
1978:
44-6)
-----
148
5.7
COLLECTIVE
NOUN
ROOTS
*
148
6
OTHER
WORD
CLASSES
*
149
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
PRO-FORMS
-----
149
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
AND
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
149
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS
*
151
DEMONSTRATIVES
*
154
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
PRO-ADVERBS,
AND
POSITIVE
POLARITY
INDEFINITE
CONSTRUCTION
-----
156
6.1.4.1
6.1.4.2
6.1.4.3
6.1.5
6.1.6
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.1.1
6.2.2.1.2
6.2.2.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.1.1
6.4.1.1.1
6.4.1.1.2
6.4.1.1.3
6.4.1.1.4
POSITIVE
INDEFINITE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
-NE
*
INDEFINITE
*
*
159
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
IN
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
159
CO-RELATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
160
PARALLELISM
BETWEEN
DEMONSTRATIVE
AND
INTERROGATIVE
ADVERBS
*
160
PRONOUNS
AND
PRO-ADVERBS
OF
UNIVERSAL
QUANTIFICATION
*
161
VERB
SUBCLASSES
*
163
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
*
163
COPULAS
*
163
EXISTENTIAL
AND
LOCATIVE
COPULAS
*
163
POSITIVE
DO
AND
NEGATIVE
AVE
*
163
QUANTIFYING
COPULA
DNG
*
EXIST
MUCH
*
*
167
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
KALT
*
167
FROZEN
PREFIXES
IN
DISYLLABIC
VERB
AND
NOUN
ROOTS
*
168
FROZEN
PREFIX
ING
------
168
FROZEN
PREFIX
AR-
*
170
OTHER
POSSIBLE
FROZEN
PREFIXES
IN
DISYLLABIC
NOUN
AND
VERB
ROOTS
*
170
MINOR
WORD
CLASSES
*
170
ADVERBS
-----
170
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
*
171
DAY
AND
YEAR
ORDINALS
*
171
OTHER
UNDERIVED
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
*
173
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
WITH
-VANG
*
EVERY
*
*
173
INTENSIFIER
REDUPLICATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
173
XII
*
CONTENTS
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.3
6.4.2
6.4.3
LOCATIVE
ADVERBS
*
173
OTHER
ADVERBS
*
174
NUMERALS
*
174
SUBORDINATORS
AND
COORDINATORS
*
176
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3.
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.1.1
7.4.1.2
7.4.1.3
7.4.2
7.4.3
NOMINAL
MORPHOLOGY
*
179
OVERVIEW:
NOUN
STEMS
AND
NOUN
WORDS
*
179
COMPOUNDING
*
180
SIMPLE
ROOT
COMPOUNDING
*
180
HIGHER
LEVEL
ELABORATE
EXPRESSION
COMPOUNDING
*
181
NOMINAL
PREFIXES
*
181
GENERAL
POSSESSIVE
OR
*
ATTRIBUTIVE
*
PREFIX
A-
*
POSS
*
*
182
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
184
VERBALIZER
PE-
-
PA
------
185
NOMINAL
SUFFIXES
*
186
GENDER
SUFFIXES
-PI
AND
-PO
*
187
FEMALE
AND
AUGMENTATIVE
-PI
*
187
MALE
(AND
NON-PRODUCTIVE
MODIFIER-DERIVING)
-PO
*
188
AUGMENTATIVE
AND
MODIFIER-DERIVING
-PI
AND
-PO
*
188
DIMINUTIVE
-SO
*
189
GENDER/AUGMENTATIVE
AND
DIMINUTIVE
SUFFIXES
IN
NAMES
OF
ANIMAL
(/PLANT)
SUBSPECIES
*
190
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
HUMAN
PLURAL
-MAR
*
191
SUPERLATIVE
-SI
*
191
REDUPLICATION
*
192
DUAL
-----
192
(DISTRIBUTIVE)
PLURAL
*
193
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
VERBAL
MORPHOLOGY:
OVERVIEW
AND
PRE-ROOT
SLOTS
*
196
COMPOUNDING
*
196
OVERVIEW:
POSITION
CLASSES
IN
THE
KARBI
VERB
*
196
DERIVATIONAL
AND
INFLECTIONAL
AFFIXES,
AND
THE
VERB
STEM
-----
197
OVERVIEW
OF
PRE-ROOT
SLOTS
*
198
PROCLITIC
SLOT:
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
CROSS-REFERENCING
AND
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
200
8.3.1
8.3.1.1
8.3.1.2
8.3.1.3
8.3.1.4
8.3.2
8.3.2.1
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
200
INTRODUCTION
*
201
CROSS-REFERENCING
SAP
PRIMARY
OBJECTS
*
201
CROSS-REFERENCING
SAP
IN
NON-CORE
ROLES
*
204
SUMMARY
*
205
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
206
DIRECTIONAL
*
206
CONTENTS
*
XIII
83.2.2
8.3.23
83.2.4
833
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.43
8.4.4
8.4.5
ASSOCIATED
MOTION
(
*
COME
AND
V
*
)
*
208
SEMANTIC EXTENSIONS
*
210
SUMMARY:
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
211
SUMMARY
*
212
PREFIXAL
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
*
213
NOMINALIZER
KE
------
213
CAUSATIVE
PE-
~
PA
------
214
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
CHE
------
215
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
CHO
------
219
ON
THE
FUNCTIONAL
OVERLAP
BETWEEN
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
CHE-
AND
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
CHO
-------
220
9
VERBAL
MORPHOLOGY:
POST-ROOT
SLOTS
*
222
9.1
9.1.1
OVERVIEW
OF
POST-ROOT
SLOTS
-----
222
COOCCURRENCE
RESTRICTION
BETWEEN
NEGATIVE
-CEAND
IRREALIS-//AND
-PD
(SLOTS
8
AND
10)
-----223
9.1.2
9.13
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.1.1
9.2.1.1.1
9.2.1.1.2
9.2.1.13
9.2.1.2
9.2.13
9.2.2
9.2.2.1
9.2.2.2
9.2.23
9.2.23.1
9.2.23.2
9.23
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.5.1
9.2.5.2
9.2.5.2.1
9.2.5.2.2
9.2.53
9.2.5.4
9.2.6
SLOT
9
-PIN
*
EXPERIENTIAL
*
-----
223
SLOT
10
*
LANG
*
STILL
*
AND
-JI-LANG
*
IRR2-STILL
*
-----
223
SUFFIXAL
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
224
OVERVIEW
-----
225
STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
-----
225
SCOPE
OF
NEGATION
AND
REDUPLICATION
-----
225
DISCONTINUOUS
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
-----
227
PRODUCTIVITY
-----
228
ORIGINS
OF
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
229
FUNCTIONAL
CATEGORIES
OF
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
230
MANNER
*
230
NON-IDEOPHONIC
MANNER
*
230
IDEOPHONIC
MANNER
*
231
DEGREE
OR
EXTENT
*
231
QUANTIFICATION
DERIVATIONS
*
232
COMPARATIVE
-MU~-MUCHDTAND
SUPERLATIVE
-NEI
*
NDI
*
233
RESULT
-----
233
DIRECTION,
(ASSOCIATED)
MOTION,
PATH
-----
234
ARGUMENT
AND
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
RELATED
FUNCTIONS
-----
238
ARGUMENT
QUANTIFICATION
-----
238
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
HIGHLIGHTING
-----
239
BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
-PT
*
239
INSTRUMENTAL,
COMITATIVE
-/
*
240
ARGUMENT
CLASSIFICATION
*
241
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
CHANGING
-----
242
ASPECT/AKTIONSART
AND
TIME
*
242
XIV
*
CONTENTS
9.2.6.1
9.2.6.2
9.2.6.3
9.2.6.4
9.2.6.5
9.2.6.6
9.2.6.7
9.2.7
9.2.7.1
9.2.7.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.4
9.5
OVERVIEW
*
242
PERFECT
-ET
*
243
CONTINUATIVE
-BDM
*
BOM
*
243
PERFECTIVE2
-TANG
*
244
COMPLETIVE
-RDK
*
244
PERFECTIVE3
-LET
*
245
DURATIVE
-KITING
*
246
OTHER
FUNCTIONS
*
246
INVOLVEMENT
-DTIN
*
DUN
*
JOIN
*
*
246
FORMAL
-TK
*
248
REDUPLICATION
*
249
HABITUAL
*
249
ARGUMENT
PLURALITY
AND
ITERATIVE
*
250
INTENSIFICATION
*
251
NEGATIVE
-CE
(ONSET
REDUPLICATION)
*
251
POST-STEM
ASPECT:
EXHAUSTIVE
PERFECTIVE
-DET
AND
EXPERIENTIAL
-PIN
*
252
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
9.6.1
9.6.1.1
9.6.1.2
9.6.1.3
9.6.1.4
9.6.1.5
9.6.1.6
9.6.1.7
9.6.2
9.6.2.1
9.6.2.1.1
9.6.2.1.2
9.6.2.1.3
9.6.2.1.4
9.6.2.1.5
9.6.2.1.6
9.6.2.1.7
9.6.2.2
9.6.2.3
9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
EXHAUSTIVE
PERFECTIVE
-DET
*
252
EXPERIENTIAL
-PIN
*
253
MOOD:
REALISAND
IRREALIS
*
254
REALIS
-ID
*
254
OVERVIEW
OF
VERBAL
FUNCTIONS
*
254
ACTION
VERBS:
THE
ARGUMENT
AGAINST
*
PAST
TENSE
*
*
255
COPULAR
AND
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)
VERBS:
CHANGE
OF
STATE
*
257
INDICATING
A
LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP:
CAUSE
AND
RESULT
*
258
CORRECTING
A
WRONG
ASSUMPTION
*
260
SUMMARY
*
262
REALIS
-ID
ON
NOMINAL
PREDICATES
AND
FOCUS
=LO
*
262
IRREALIS
MARKING:
-PD
AND
-JI
*
265
FUNCTIONS
COMMON
TO
-PD
AND
-//
*
266
FUTURE
MARKING
*
266
HABITUAL
MARKING
IN
PROCEDURAL
TEXTS
*
266
HYPOTHETICAL
AND
COUNTERFACTUALS
*
267
EPISTEMIC
READING
*
269
EXPRESSING
NECESSITY/OBLIGATION
*
270
EXPRESSING
DESIDERATIVE
*
270
SUBORDINATE
PURPOSE
CLAUSE
MARKING
*
271
PAST
HABITUAL
MARKING
VIA
-PD
*
271
SUMMARY
*
271
SUBORDINATING
VERBAL SUFFIXES
*
272
NON-FINAL
MARKER:
REALIS
-SI
AND
IRREALIS
-RA
(CLAUSE-CHAINING)
*
272
NON-FINAL
-PEN
*
273
CONTENTS
XV
9.7.3
CONDITIONAL
-TE
*
274
9.7.4
MARKER
OF
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
FUNCTIONING
AS
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS:
-NE
*
INDEFINITE
*
*
275
9.8
ASPECT
II:
-LANG
*
STILL
*
-----
275
9.9
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACT
SUFFIXES
*
276
10
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
*
277
10.1
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
*
277
10.1.1
OVERVIEW:
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
*
277
10.1.2
OCCURRENCE
OF
OTHER
ELEMENTS
IN
HEAD
NOUN
SLOT
*
278
10.1.2.1
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
278
10.1.2.1.1
JUXTAPOSITION
*
278
10.1.2.1.2
WITH
COORDINATOR
-PEN
OR
LAPGN
*
279
10.1.2.2
QUOTATIVEPU
-----
280
10.1.3
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABDNG
*
281
10.2
EVIDENCE
FOR
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
*
281
10.3
DIACHRONIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
THE
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
287
10.4
POSSESSIVE
A-
MARKING
OF
HEAD
NOUNS
*
288
10.5
PREPOSED
MODIFIERS
*
291
10.5.1
DEMONSTRATIVES
*
292
10.5.2
POSSESSIVES
*
292
10.5.3
OTHER
PREPOSED
MODIFIERS
*
294
10.5.3.1
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
DERIVED
INDEFINITES
*
294
10.5.3.2
ADVERBIALS
*
296
10.5.3.3
CLAUSAL
MODIFIERS
*
297
10.6
POSTPOSED
MODIFIER:
PLURAL
MARKING
NOUN
-TURN
*
297
10.7
MODIFIERS
THAT
OCCUR
PREPOSED
OR
POSTPOSED
*
298
10.7.1
DEVERBAL
MODIFIERS:
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
AND
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
298
10.7.1.1
POST-HEAD
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
AND
PRE-HEAD
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
299
10.7.1.2
PRE-HEAD
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
(AND
POST-HEAD
RELATIVE
CLAUSES)
*
300
10.7.2
ENUMERATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
303
10.7.2.1
FOUR
BASIC
ENUMERATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
304
10.7.2.1.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
304
10.7.2.1.2
SELF-REFERENTIAL
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
305
10.7.2.1.3
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
305
10.7.2.1.4
NON-CLASSIFIER
(DIRECT
ENUMERATION)
CONSTRUCTION
*
306
10.7.2.2
PRE-
VS.
POST-HEAD
ORDER
-----
307
10.7.2.3
ANAPHORIC
USE
OF
CLASSIFIERS
*
308
10.7.2.4
JUXTAPOSITION
OF
TWO
NUMERALS
OR
CLASSIFIER-NUMERAL
WORDS
TO
INDICATE
INDEFINITENESS
OR
VAGUENESS
*
308
10.7.2.5
*
ANOTHER
*
ADDITIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
310
10.7.2.6
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
*
310
XVI
-----
CONTENTS
10.7.2.6.1
PREPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
AS
AN
INDEFINITE
ARTICLE
CONSTRUCTION
*
310
10.7.2.6.2
INDEFINITE
PRONOUN
CONSTRUCTION
*
311
10.7.2.6.3
POSTPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
EXPRESSING
*
WHOLE
*
*
311
10.7.2.6.4
POSTPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
EXPRESSING
*
SAME
*
*
311
10.8
NOUN
PHRASE
CLITICS
-----
312
10.8.1
COMITATIVE,
INSTRUMENTAL,
ABLATIVE
=PEN
*
313
10.8.2
NOMINAL
QUANTIFIER
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
=6N
*
THIS
MUCH;
ALL
*
*
315
10.8.3
ADDITIVE,
TOPIC,
AND
FOCUS
CLITICS
*
317
10.8.3.1
ADDITIVE
=TA
*
317
10.8.3.1.1
OVERVIEW
OF
FUNCTIONS
*
317
10.8.3.1.2
SIMPLE
ADDITIVE
*
ALSO*
*
317
10.8.3.1.3
BISYNDETIC
COORDINATION
*
318
10.8.3.1.4
SCALAR
ADDITIVE
*
EVEN
*
*
318
10.8.3.1.5
UNIVERSAL
QUANTIFICATION
*
319
10.8.3.1.6
INTENSIFIER
VERB
CONSTRUCTION
*
320
10.8.3.1.7
DISCOURSE
(INFORMATION
STRUCTURE)
FUNCTION
*
320
10.8.3.2
INFORMATION
AND
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
*
320
11
MONOCLAUSAL
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
321
11.1
OVERVIEW
*
321
11.1.1
NON-VERBAL
PREDICATES
*
321
11.1.2
VERBAL
AND
NOMINAL
PREDICATE
NEGATION
*
322
11.2
MODAL
AND
OTHER
MARKERS
AT
THE
MONOCLAUSAL
END
OF
THE
COMPLEMENTATION
SCALE
*
324
11.2.1
OVERVIEW
*
324
11.2.2
REMARKS
ON
THE
COMPLEMENTATION
SCALE
IN
KARBI
*
324
11.2.3
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
TESTS
FOR
STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
OF
MODALS
*
326
11.2.3.1
UNDER
SCOPE
OF
NOMINALIZATION
ALONG
WITH
MAIN
VERB
ROOT?
*
326
11.2.3.2
FOLLOWING
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[V]
MAINVE
RB
[PA-V]
ADV
?
*
327
11.2.3.3
MODIFIED
ITSELF
BY
A
PREDICATE
DERIVATION?
*
328
11.2.4
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
*
329
11.2.5
THE
MODALS
*
329
11.2.5.1
DEONTIC
(-)NDNG
*
NEED,
MUST
*
*
329
11.2.5.2
NON-CONTROL
(-)LDNG
*
GET
*
*
331
11.2.5.2.1
FUNCTION
-----
331
11.2.5.2.2
STRUCTURE
AND
DISTRIBUTION
*
333
11.2.5.3
SKILLFUL
ABILITY
(-)TH$K~(-)THEK
*
KNOW
HOW
*
*
334
11.2.5.4
PHYSICAL
ABILITY
(-)LN~(-)UN
*
BE
ABLE
*
*
335
11.2.5.5
OTHER
MARKERS
*
336
11.3
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
338
11.3.1
OVERVIEW
*
338
11.3.2
CAUSATIVE
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[V]
MAIN
VER
B
LPA-V]
ADV
ERBIAI
*
339
CONTENTS
*
XVII
11.3.3
NOMINALIZATION
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[/CE-V]
MAINV
ERB
[V]
A
DVERBIAT
*
340
11.3.4
NON-FINAL
PREPOSED
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
341
11.3.4.1
NON-FINAL
-PEN
CONSTRUCTION
[FE-V-PEN]
ADVE
RBIAI
[V]
MAIRI
VERB
*
341
11.3.4.2
NON-PCT
ROOT
CONSTRUCTION
[/CE-V-SR
]
ADVE
RBIAI
MMAINVERB
*
342
11.4
PERIPHRASTIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
COPULAS
*
344
11.4.1
PROGRESSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
NON-FINAL
SUFFIX
-SI
PLUS
COPULA
DO
*
344
11.4.2
COPULA
ARGUMENT
QUANTIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
345
11.5
COMPLEX
MOTION
CONSTRUCTION
*
346
11.6
*
NOUN
PLUS
VERB
*
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
347
11.6.1
NON-POSSESSED
NOUN
INCORPORATION
*
347
11.6.2
PSYCHO-COLLOCATIONS
AND
POSSESSED
NOUN
INCORPORATION
*
349
11.6.3
LIGHT
VERB
CONSTRUCTION
*
352
11.6.4
COGNATE
OBJECT CONSTRUCTION
*
353
11.6.5
HYBRID
CONSTRUCTION
*
355
11.7
OTHER
COMPLEX
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSED
ELSEWHERE
*
355
12
NOMINALIZATION
*
356
12.1
DERIVATIONAL
NOMINALIZATION
*
356
12.2
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)-BASED
NOUN
MODIFICATION
*
358
12.3
RELATIVIZATION
*
360
12.3.1
STANDARD
(EXTERNALLY-HEADED,
PRE-HEAD)
RELATIVIZATION
*
360
12.3.1.1
RELATIVIZATION
ON
DIFFERENT
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANTS
*
360
12.3.1.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
364
12.3.1.3
HEAD
NOUN
OCCURRING
WITH
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIX
*
365
12.3.2
INTERNALLY-HEADED
(OR POST-HEAD)
RELATIVIZATION
*
365
12.4
COMPLEMENTATION
*
368
12.4.1
STANDARD
COMPLEMENTATION
*
368
12.4.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
371
12.4.2.1
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
PURPOSE
MARKER
APHAN
*
371
12.4.2.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSE
WITH
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABANG
*
372
12.4.3
FUNCTIONAL
TYPES
OF
COMPLEMENT-TAKING
VERBS
*
373
12.5
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION
*
373
12.5.1
NOMINALIZED
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION:
SUBORDINATORS
FROM
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
373
12.5.2
SEMANTIC
TYPES
*
374
12.5.3
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
ADDITIONAL
MARKING
*
381
12.6
IRREALIS-MARKED
NOMINALIZED
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
*
381
12.7
MAIN
CLAUSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
384
12.7.1
NOMINALIZATION
PLUS
EXISTENTIAL
COPULA
CONSTRUCTION
*
384
12.7.2
ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
*
388
XVIII
*
*
CONTENTS
12.7.3
DIACHRONIC
NOMINALIZATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
MAIN
CLAUSE
GRAMMAR
*
388
12.7.3.1
12.7.3.1.1
12.7.3.1.2
12.7.3.1.3
12.7.3.1.4
12.7.3.1.5
12.7.3.2
12.7.3.3
12.8
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
388
INCONSISTENT
OCCURRENCE
OF
KE
------
389
GENERAL
ARGUMENT
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
*
389
CONTENT
QUESTION
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
-----
390
CO-RELATIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
*
391
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
*
392
IMPERFECTIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
393
AMBIGUITY
BETWEEN
FOCUS
AND
IMPERFECTIVE
INTERPRETATION
*
396
INCONSISTENT
OCCURRENCE
OF
KE-
*
NOMINALIZER
*
IN
NOMINALIZATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
397
13
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANTS:
OVERVIEW,
PARTICIPANTS,
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
*
401
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
PRELIMINARIES
*
401
TERMINOLOGY
-----
401
THE
ARGUMENT-OBLIQUE
CONTINUUM
AND
THE
SYNTAX,
SEMANTICS,
AND
PRAGMATICS
IN
ROLE
MARKING
*
402
13.2
13.2.1
13.2.1.1
13.2.1.2
13.2.1.3
13.2.1.3.1
13.2.1.3.2
13.2.1.3.3
13.2.1.3.4
13.2.1.4
13.2.2
THE
PREDICATE:
DEFINING
ARGUMENT
ROLES
*
403
ARGUMENT
ROLES
IN
TYPICAL
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSES
*
403
MONOVALENT
PREDICATE:
UNMARKED
S
ARGUMENT
*
404
BIVALENT
PREDICATES:
MARKING
OF
A
AND
0
ARGUMENTS
*
405
TRIVALENT
PREDICATES:
MARKING
OF
A,
R,
AND
T
ARGUMENTS
*
406
R-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION
*
406
T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
408
UNMARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION
*
411
SUMMARY:
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
412
ALIGNMENT
IN
TYPICAL
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSES
*
413
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
NON-TYPICAL
ROLE
MARKING
OF
ARGUMENTS
*
414
13.2.2.1
13.2.2.2
13.2.2.3
MOTION
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
UNMARKED
AND
-IDNG
MARKED
GOALS
*
414
*
NEED
*
CONSTRUCTION
*
416
EXISTENTIAL
COPULA
CONSTRUCTIONS:
SIMPLE
LOCATIVE
AND
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
417
13.2.2.3.1
13.2.2.3.2
SIMPLE
LOCATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
417
PREDICATIONAL
POSSESSION
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
UNMARKED
A/POSSESSOR
AND
POSSESSIVE-MARKED
O/POSSESSED
*
418
13.2.2.3.3
PREDICATIONAL
POSSESSION
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
LOCATIVE-MARKED
A
AND
UNMARKED
0
ARGUMENT
*
420
13.2.2.4
13.2.2.5
13.2.3
TOPICAL
POSSESSOR
CONSTRUCTION
*
420
COMPARATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
422
PREDICATES
WITH
DERIVATIONALLY
CHANGED
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
*
423
CONTENTS
------
XIX
13.2.3.1
CAUSATIVE
PE-~PA
------
423
13.2.3.2
BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
(AFFECTIVE)
-PT
*
425
13.2.4
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
INDEXING
ON
THE
VERB
*
427
13.2.5
OTHER
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
428
13.3
OVERVIEW:
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
429
13.4
LEXICAL
NOUN
PHRASE
VERSUS
PRONOUN
VERSUS
ZERO
ANAPHORA
*
429
13.4.1
LEXICAL
NOUN
PHRASE
*
430
13.4.2
PRONOUN
-----
431
13.4.3
ZERO
ANAPHORA
*
432
13.5
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABDNG
*
433
13.5.1
DISTRIBUTION
OF
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABANG
*
435
13.5.2
DIACHRONIC
SOURCE
CONSTRUCTION:
HUMAN
CLASSIFIER
AS
SYNTACTIC
HEAD
NOUN
*
437
13.5.3
COOCURRENCE
OF
ABDNG
WITH
ROLE
MARKERS
*
438
13.5.4
CO-OCCURRENCE
OF
ABANG
WITH
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
*
440
13.5.5
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
SPEAKERS,
TEXTS,
GENRES
*
441
14
ROLE
MARKING
AND
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
MARKING
*
444
14.1
ROLE
MARKING
*
444
14.1.1
UNMARKED
NOUN
PHRASES
*
445
14.1.1.1
S
ARGUMENT
*
445
14.1.1.2
A
ARGUMENT
*
446
14.1.1.3
O-LOW
ARGUMENT
*
446
14.1.1.4
TARGUMENT
*
447
14.1.1.5
R
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
447
14.1.1.6
GOAL/LOCATIVE
ARGUMENT/PARTICIPANT
OF
MOTION
VERBS
*
448
14.1.1.7
OTHER
TYPES
OF
PARTICIPANTS
*
448
14.1.2
FUNCTIONS
OF
*
NON-SUBJECT
*
-PHDN
*
450
14.1.2.1
O-HIGH
ARGUMENT
-----
450
14.1.2.2
R
ARGUMENT
(R-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
451
14.1.2.3
T
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
452
14.1.2.4
SEMANTIC
MARKING
WITH
NANG
*
NEED
*
*
452
14.1.2.5
MARKING
THE
STANDARD
OF
COMPARISON
*
452
14.1.2.6
OTHER
TYPES
OF
PARTICIPANTS
*
453
14.1.3
FUNCTIONS
OF
*
LOCATIVE
*
-IDNG
*
455
14.1.3.1
LOCATIVE/GOAL
R
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED/UNMARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS)
*
455
14.1.3.2
LOCATIVE
O-LIKE
ARGUMENT
*
456
14.1.3.3
MOTION
VERB
LOCATIVE/GOAL
*
457
14.1.3.4
SEMANTIC
MARKING
WITH
POSSESSOR
CONSTRUCTION
*
458
14.1.4
SEMANTICALLY
MARKED
PARTICIPANTS
*
458
XX
------
CONTENTS
14.1.4.1
SEMANTICALLY SPECIFIC
MARKING
OF
FUNCTIONALLY
CORE
ROLES
*
458
14.1.4.1.1
COMITATIVE,
INSTRUMENTAL,
ABLATIVE
=PEN
*
459
14.1.4.1.2
GOAL
ARGUMENTS
MARKED
WITH
SEMANTICALLY
SPECIFIC
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
460
14.1.4.2
SEMANTICALLY
SPECIFIC
RELATOR
NOUN
MARKING
OF
OBLIQUES
*
461
14.1.5
DIFFERENTIAL
MARKING
*
461
14.1.6
MARKING
VARIATION
*
462
14.1.6.1
CHE-TDNG
*
RR-MEET
*
*
462
14.1.6.2
ARJU-DDM
*ASK-GO
*
*
463
14.2
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
MARKING
*
464
14.2.1
TOPIC
=KE
-----
465
14.2.2
ADDITIVE
=TA
*
468
14.2.3
REALIS
FOCUS
=SI
-----
471
14.2.4
IRREALIS
FOCUS
=LE
*
474
14.2.5
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
-----
476
14.2.6
OTHER
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STATUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
479
14.2.6.1
CONSTITUENT
ORDER
-----
479
14.2.6.2
NEW
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
482
14.2.6.3
RESTRICTIVE
FOCUS
MARKERS
*
482
15
CLAUSE
TYPES
AND
CLAUSE
COMBINING
*
486
15.1
NON-DECLARATIVE
MAIN
CLAUSE
TYPES
*
486
15.1.1
INTERROGATIVES
*
486
15.1.1.1
QUESTION
PARTICLE
=MA
*
487
15.1.1.2
CONTENT
QUESTIONS
WITH
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
ADVERBS
*
487
15.1.1.2.1
VERB
OCCURRING
WITHOUT
=MA
*
487
15.1.1.2.2
VERB
OCCURRING
WITH
=MA
*
488
15.1.1.3
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
AND
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
*
489
15.1.1.4
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
*
489
15.1.1.4.1
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
WITH
=MA
*
489
15.1.1.4.2
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
WITH
PROSODY
ONLY
*
491
15.1.1.5
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
*
493
15.1.1.5.1
TYPE
1:
A=MO
A-
NEG
-----
493
15.1.1.5.2
TYPE
2:
A=MA
B
-----
493
15.1.1.5.3
TYPE
3:
A=MA
B=MA
-----
494
15.1.1.5.4
TYPE
4:
H=MA
MA
B=MA
-----
494
15.1.1.6
INTERROGATIVE
ASSUMPTION
=BO
*
495
15.1.1.7
TAG
QUESTION
DI
-----
496
15.1.1.8
FEEDBACK
REQUEST
WITH
DEI
*
496
15.1.2
IMPERATIVES
AND
PROHIBITIVES
*
497
15.1.2.1
BARE
STEM
IMPERATIVE
*
497
CONTENTS
*
*
XXI
15.1.2.2
INFORMAL
CONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-NOI
*
498
15.1.2.3
CONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-NON
*
499
15.1.2.4
CONATIVE
IMPERATIVE
-THA
*
499
15.1.2.5
UNCONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-TU
*
500
15.1.2.6
IMPERATIVES
-NON,
-THA,
AND
-TU
AND
GRLIBNER
*
S
(1978)
ACCOUNT
OF
POLITENESS
DIFFERENCES
*
501
15.1.2.7
PROHIBITIVE
-RI
-----
501
15.1.2.8
PROHIBITIVE
CONSTRUCTION
VIA
COMBINATION
OF
PROHIBITIVE
AND
IMPERATIVE
SUFFIX
*
501
15.1.3
HORTATIVES
*
502
15.1.3.1
GENERAL
HORTATIVE
-NANG
*
502
15.1.3.2
JUSSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
CAUSATIVE
PA-
AND
HORTATIVE
-NANG
*
504
15.1.3.3
EXTENDED
FORMS:
EMPHATIC
HORTATIVE
-LONANG
AND
CONATIVE
HORTATIVE
-SINANG
*
505
15.2
NON-NOMINALIZED
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE
TYPES
*
507
15.2.1
NON-FINAL
CLAUSES
IN
CLAUSE
CHAINS
*
507
15.2.1.1
MORPHOLOGICALLY
MARKED
CLAUSES:
-SI
*NON-FINAL:REALIS
*
,
-RA
*
NON-
FINAHIRREALIS
*
,
-PEN
*
NON-FINAL:WITH
*
*
507
15.2.1.2
PROSODICALLY
MARKED
CLAUSES
*
510
15.2.2
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
512
15.2.2.1
VERB
JUXTAPOSITION
-----
512
15.2.2.2
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
513
15.2.2.3
TOPIC
=KE
MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
514
15.2.2.4
QUOTATIVE
PU
AND
PUSI
COMPLEMENTIZERS
*
514
15.2.3
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
*
516
15.2.3.1
CONDITIONAL
-TE
*
516
15.2.3.2
PURPOSE
CLAUSES
WITH
QUOTATIVE
COMPLEMENTIZERS
*
517
15.2.3.3
CONCESSIVE
SITA~SETA
*
517
15.3
IRREALIS
CLAUSE
TYPES:
IRREALIS-SENSITIVITY
IN
NON-FINAL
AND
FOCUS
MARKERS
*
518
15.3.1
OVERVIEW
-----
518
15.3.2
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
*
519
15.3.3
NEGATION
*
521
15.3.4
DEONTIC
CLAUSES
(EXPRESSING
NECESSITY/OBLIGATION;
WITH
NANG
*
NEED,
MUST
*
)
*
522
15.3.5
CONDITIONAL
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
*
523
15.4
NON-NOMINALIZED
INSUBORDINATION
(FORMALLY
NON-FINITE
DECLARATIVE
MAIN
CLAUSE
TYPES)
*
523
15.4.1
MAIN
CLAUSES
MARKED
WITH
=KE
*TOPIC
*
:
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
523
15.4.2
MAIN
CLAUSES
MARKED
WITH
PU
*
QUOTATIVE
*
:
DESIDERATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
524
XXII
-----
CONTENTS
15.4.3
15.5
15.5.1
15.5.1.1
15.5.1.2
15.5.1.3
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.6
STAND-ALONE
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
526
CLAUSE
COORDINATION
-----
527
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
*
527
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATOR
LAPEN
*
AND
*
*
527
ADDITIVE
PARTICLE
CLAUSE/VP
COORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
-----
527
CLAUSAL
NP
COORDINATION
-----
528
DISJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
----
529
ADVERSATIVE
COORDINATION
-----
530
LACK
OF
A
SYNTACTIC
PIVOT
*
531
16
DISCOURSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
532
16.1
16.1.1
16.1.2
16.1.3
16.1.4
16.2
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.2.1
16.2.2.2
16.2.2.3
16.2.3
16.2.3.1
16.2.3.2
16.2.3.3
16.2.3.4
16.2.4
16.2.4.1
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURING
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
532
CLAUSE
PARALLELISM
*
532
TAIL-HEAD
LINKAGE
*
534
DISCOURSE
CONNECTORS
*
536
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURING
MARKERS
E
AND
MH
*
537
RHETORICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
539
GENERAL
EXTENDER
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
539
ELABORATE
EXPRESSION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
543
FORMS
OF
ELABORATE
EXPRESSIONS
*
543
EMBEDDING
INTO
PARALLELISM
OR
COMPOUND
CONSTRUCTION
*
547
FUNCTIONS
OF
ELABORATE
EXPRESSIONS
*
549
COPY
VERB
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
550
ASSERTIVE
(WITH
=KE
*
TOPIC
*
)
*
551
INTENSIFIER
DECLARATIVE
(WITH
=TA
*
ADDITIVE
*
)
*
553
INTENSIFIER
NON-DECLARATIVE
(WITH
-/E
*
FOCUS.-IRREALIS)
*
554
PERSEVERANCE
CONSTRUCTION
(WITH
=MA
*
QUESTION
PARTICLE
*
)
*
555
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
KALI
*
556
DISAGREEMENT
CONSTRUCTION
BASED
ON
QUASI-REDUPLICATION
AND
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
*
556
16.2.4.2
16.2.5
16.3
16.3.1
16.3.1.1
16.3.1.2
16.3.2
16.3.3
16.3.4
16.3.5
16.3.6
NOMINALIZATION-BASED
INTENSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
KE- /-SDKALT
*
557
PROSODIC
EMPHASIS
*
558
PARTICLES
*
558
QUOTATIVE
PU
*
560
REPORTATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
PU
*
560
DESIDERATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
PU
*
561
REPORTATIVE
TANGHD
*
562
DUBITATIVES
BDN,
TAHAI,
MENE
*
564
ALWAYS
TITI
*
565
EMPHATIC
TI
-----
566
INTERACTIVE
EMPHATIC
HO
*
569
CONTENTS
*
XXIII
16.3.7 VOCATIVE
5
*
570
16.3.8
EXCLAMATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
IRREALIS
FOCUS
=LE
*
571
16.3.9
AFTERTHOUGHT
=HE
-----
572
16.3.10
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION:
=KE
*
TOPIC
*
MARKED
MAIN
CLAUSES
*
574
16.3.11
COMMON
GROUND
MARKER
=MATI
*
577
16.3.12
NARRATIVE
STYLE
HEDI
*
578
16.4
HONORIFIC
AND
FORMALITY
MARKING
*
579
16.4.1
HONORIFIC
-//
ON
PRONOUNS
AND
ADDRESSING
WORDS
*
580
16.4.2
FORMAL
-TK
ON
PREDICATES
*
580
16.4.3
HONORIFIC
-H&
~
-HDI
ON
KINSHIP
TERMS
*
582
16.5
INTERJECTIONS
-----
582
16.6
HESITATION
AND
CORRECTION
WORDS
*
584
16.6.1
HESITATION
WORDS
KENE
AND
MANE
( ASSAMESE)
*
584
16.6.2
CORRECTION
WORDS
CHE
AND
BD
( ASSAMESE)
*
586
APPENDIX
A
ABBREVIATIONS
*
589
APPENDIX
B
FOLK
STORY:
CHONGHOKALOSO
LAPEN
MISORONGPO
(RBT,
CHM)
*
591
APPENDIX
C
STIMULI-BASED
NARRATIVE:
PEAR
STORY
(SIT,
PS)
*
610
APPENDIX
D
METADATA
-----
622
APPENDIX
E
GLOSSARY
*
626
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*
647
INDEX
KARBI
GRAMMAR
*
657
AUTHOR
INDEX
*
665
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
*
V
LIST
OF
FIGURES
*
XXIII
LIST
OF
TABLES
*
XXV
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.3.1
1.1.3.2
1.1.3.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.3.1
INTRODUCTION
*
1
KARBI
PEOPLE,
LANGUAGE,
AND
CULTURE
*
1
NAMES
AND
ISO
CODES
FOR
THE
KARBI
LANGUAGE
*
1
NUMBER
OF
SPEAKERS
AND
GEOGRAPHICAL
SPREAD
OF
KARBI
*
2
ASPECTS
OF
KARBI
CULTURE
*
3
TRADITIONAL
CULTURE
AND
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
*
3
ORAL
LITERATURE
*
5
SONG
LANGUAGE
*
7
THE
KARBI
LAMMET
AMEI
(KLA)
*
8
THE
KARBI
ANGLONG
AND
WEST
KARBI
ANGLONG
DISTRICTS
*
8
KARBI
IN
TIBETO-BURMAN
*
9
TIBETO-BURMAN
LANGUAGES
OF
NORTHEAST
INDIA
*
9
KARBI
IN
TIBETO-BURMAN
CLASSIFICATION
PROPOSALS
*
10
ON
THE
ROLE
OF
CONTACT
IN
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
KARBI
*
12
LINGUISTIC
EVIDENCE
FOR
CONTACT
WITH
AUSTROASIATIC,
INDO-ARYAN,
AND
OTHER
TIBETO-BURMAN
LANGUAGES
*
12
1.3.2
NON-LINGUISTIC
EVIDENCE
FOR
CONTACT
WITH
POPULATIONS
SPEAKING
AUSTROASIATIC
AND
INDO-ARYAN
LANGUAGES
*
14
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
1.3.3.2
1.3.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
A
CREOLIZATION
ACCOUNT
FOR
GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF
KARBI
*
16
AREAL
ETHNOLINGUISTIC
PROFILE
*
17
ASPECTS
OF
A
*
CREOLOID
*
GRAMMATICAL
PROFILE
*
18
NON-OBLIGATORINESS
OF
GRAMMATICAL
MARKERS
*
19
SUMMARY
*
22
VARIETIES
OF
THE
KARBI
LANGUAGE
*
23
PLAINS
KARBI
(
*
AMRI
KARBI
*
)
AND
HILLS
KARBI
*
24
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
THE
HILLS
KARBI
*
DIALECTS
*
*
25
HILLS
KARBI:
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
RONGKHANG
(HILLS
KARBI;
DIPHU)
AND
AMRI
(HILLS
KARBI;
WEST
KARBI
ANGLONG)
DIALECTS
*
26
1.4.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
VARIATION
IN
LEXEMES
*
27
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
PROFILE
OF
LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
*
28
SETTING
FACTORS
*
28
DOMAINS/VITALITY/ATTITUDES
*
29
OTHER
FACTORS
*
30
SUMMARY
OF
DEGREE
OF
ENDANGERMENT
*
30
VIII
*
CONTENTS
1.6
PREVIOUS
STUDY
OF
KARBI
GRAMMAR
*
31
1.6.1
EARLY
WORK
ON
KARBI
*
31
1.6.2 KARL-HEINZ
GRIIBNER
*
S
WORK
*
31
1.6.3
LONGKAM
TERON
*
S
WORK
*
32
1.6.4
OTHER
RESOURCES
ON
KARBI
GRAMMAR
AND
LEXICON
-----
33
1.7
WRITING
IN
KARBI
AND
CONVENTIONS
FOLLOWED
IN
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
33
1.8
ORGANIZATION
OF
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
35
2
METHODOLOGY
AND
DATA
*
36
2.1
APPROACH
AND
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
*
36
2.1.1
FUNCTIONAL-TYPOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
*
36
2.1.2
COLLABORATION
WITH
THE
LANGUAGE
COMMUNITY
*
37
2.1.3
HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE
*
38
2.2
CORPUS
-----
38
2.2.1
DATA
TYPES
*
38
2.2.2
ACCESS
TO THE
CORPUS
*
39
2.3
PRIMARY
DATA
COLLECTION
*
39
2.3.1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OF
KARBI
SPEAKERS
THAT
FACILITATED
DATA
COLLECTION
*
40
2.3.2
DATA
COLLECTING
TEAM
*
41
2.3.3
RECORDED
SPEAKERS:
ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
*
41
2.3.4
RECORDED
GENRES
*
42
2.3.5
RECORDING
PROCEDURES
AND
SETTINGS
*
43
2.4
DATA
ANNOTATION
AND
PRESENTATION
*
45
3
PHONOLOGY
*
48
3.1
CONSONANTS
*
48
3.1.1
CONSONANT
ONSETS
*
48
3.1.1.1
STOP
ONSET
MINIMAL
SETS
*
51
3.1.1.2
FRICATIVE
ONSET
MINIMAL
SET
*
52
3.1.1.3
SONORANT
ONSET
MINIMAL
SETS
*
52
3.1.1.4
MARGINAL
ONSET
CONSONANTS
AND
CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
*
52
3.1.2
CONSONANT
CODAS
*
53
3.1.2.1
STOP
CODA
MINIMAL
SET
*
54
3.1.2.2
SONORANT
CODA
MINIMAL
SET
*
54
3.1.2.3
MARGINAL
CODA
CONSONANTS
*
55
3.2
VOWELS
------
55
3.2.1
HILLS
AMRI
KARBI
SIXTH VOWEL
*
56
3.2.2
MARGINAL
VOWELS
AND
PHONETIC
VARIATION
*
57
3.3
SYLLABLE
*
59
3.4
PALATAL
GLIDE
CODA
VERSUS
DIPHTHONGS
*
60
3.5
TONE
-----
61
3.5.1
TONE
MINIMAL
SETS:
MONOSYLLABIC
ROOTS
*
63
CONTENTS
IX
3.5.2
TONE
MINIMAL
SETS:
DISYLLABIC
ROOTS
*
65
3.5.3
PHONOLOGICAL
BASIS
OF
THE
TONE
SYSTEM
*
65
3.5.4
LOW
FUNCTIONALLOAD
*
67
3.5.4.1
NATIVE
SPEAKERS
*
DIFFICULTY
TO
IDENTIFY
TONE
CATEGORIES
*
68
3.5.4.2
LOW
CONTRASTIVENESS
*
68
3.5.4.3
LARGE
AMOUNT
OF
CONTEXTUALITY
*
68
3.5.4.4
SPEAKER
DIFFERENCES
IN
REALIZATION
OF
MID
VERSUS
HIGH
TONES
*
69
3.5.4.5
PRODUCTION-PERCEPTION
MISMATCH
*
70
3.5.4.6
PROSODIC
TONE
CHANGES
AND
INDETERMINABILITY
*
70
3.5.5
WORD-INTERNAL
TONE
SANDHI
EFFECTS
*
72
3.5.6
TONE
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
UNITS
*
73
3.5.7
TONE
(CHANGES)
IN
COMPOUNDS
*
75
3.5.8
STRATEGIES
USED
FOR
IDENTIFYING
TONES
OF
ROOTS
AND
SUFFIXES
*
76
3.5.8.1
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
IS
THE
LAST
SYLLABLE
OF
THE
WORD
AND
NON-STOPPED
*
76
3.5.8.2
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
FOLLOWED
BY
-ID
*
REALIS
*
*
76
3.5.8.3
SYLLABLE
UNDER
INVESTIGATION
FOLLOWED
BY
-CE
*
NEGATIVE
*
*
77
3.5.9
REPRESENTATION
OF
TONE
IN
THIS
GRAMMAR
*
77
3.5.10
REMARKS
ON
GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTIONS
OF
TONE
*
78
3.6
STRESS
-----
80
3.7
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
HYPOARTICULATED
SPEECH
*
81
3.7.1
/T/- 0/
V,
I
------
81
3.7.2
IMPERATIVE
ONSETS:
/N/
-
[A
NASAL]
/
[A
NASAL]
*
81
3.7.3
-/T
*
IRR
2?
*
,
-ID
*?
*
,
-SI
*?
*
-
A
/
-LANG
*
STILL
*
,
-NANG
*
HORTATIVE
*
*
82
3.8
PHONOLOGICAL
SHAPES
OF
MORPHEME
TYPES
*
82
3.8.1
ROOTS
-----
82
3.8.2
SUFFIXES
-----
82
3.8.3
PREFIXES
*
82
3.8.4
CLITICS
-----
83
3.8.5
INTERJECTIONS
*
85
3.8.6
REDUPLICATION
-----
85
3.8.6.1
REDUPLICATION
OF
STEMS
(WITHOUT
VOWEL
CHANGE)
*
85
3.8.6.2
REDUPLICATION
OF
STEMS
WITH
VOWEL
CHANGE
*
86
3.8.6.3
NEGATION:
ONSET
REDUPLICATION
OF
LAST
STEM
SYLLABLE
*
87
3.9
MORPHOPHONEMICS
*
88
3.9.1
TONE
CHANGES
*
88
3.9.1.1
STEM
TONE
CHANGE
INDUCED
BY
CHE-
*
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
*
AND
CHO-
*
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
*
*
88
3.9.1.2
STEM
TONE
CHANGE
INDUCED
BY
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
89
3.9.1.3
DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIX
TONE
CHANGE
*
90
3.9.1.4
IDIOSYNCRATIC
TONE
ALLOMORPHY
*
91
3.9.2
PREFIX
ALLOMORPHS
AND
PREFIX-INDUCED
STEM
VOWEL
DELETION
*
91
X
*
CONTENTS
3.9.2.1
PREFIX
VOWELS:
KE-
*
NMLZ
*
,
PV-
*
CAUS
*
,
CHE-
*
RR
*
,
CHO-
*
AUTO
.
BEN
/
MAL
*
,
A-
*
POSS
*
*
92
3.9.2.2
CHO-
*
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
*
AND
CHE-
*
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
*
:
DIFFERENCES
IN
PHONOLOGICAL
STRENGTH
*
95
4
THE
MAJOR
WORD
CLASSES:
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
AND
*
ADJECTIVAL
VERBS
*
*
97
4.1
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
*
97
4.1.1
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
CRITERIA
FOR
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
AT
THE
ROOT
LEVEL
*
97
4.1.2
LACK
OF
WORD
CLASS
DISTINCTIONS
WITH
SUFFIXAL
ASPECT,
MODALITY,
AND
NEGATION
*
99
4.1.3
SUMMARY:
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
IN
KARBI
*
102
4.2
VERBS
AND
*
ADJECTIVAL
VERBS
*
:
THE
STATUS
OF
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
*
102
4.2.1
BASIC
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
104
4.2.2
POSSIBLE
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)
CRITERIA:
GRADABILITY,
INTENSIFICATION,
ADVERB
DERIVATION
*
105
4.2.3
POSSIBLE
VERBHOOD
CRITERIA:
ASPECTUAL
AND
MODAL
SUFFIXES,
DIRECTIVES
*
108
4.2.4
NOUN
MODIFICATION
-----
110
4.2.5
SUMMARY:
BASIC
PROPERTY-CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
111
4.2.6
MARGINAL
TYPES
OF
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
111
4.3
SUMMARY:
THE
CLAUSAL
FUNCTIONS
OF
NOUNS,
VERBS,
AND
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
(PCTS)
*
115
5
SUBCLASSES
OF
NOUNS
*
117
5.1
CLASSIFIERS
-----
117
5.1.1
SORTAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
119
5.1.1.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
119
5.1.1.2
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIER
MNG*CLF:HUM:PL
*
*
121
5.1.2
MENSURAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
122
5.1.2.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIERS
-----
122
5.1.2.2
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIERS
*
123
5.1.3
SELF-REFERENTIAL
CLASSIFIERS
*
124
5.1.4
HUMAN
AND
ANIMAL
CLASSIFIERS
AND
PERSONIFICATION
*
125
5.2
NOUNS
THAT
ARE
COUNTED
WITH
NUMERALS
ONLY
(WITHOUT
CLASSIFIERS)
*
127
5.3
HUMAN/PERSONIFIED
VS.
NON-HUMAN/NON-PERSONIFIED
*
129
5.4
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
129
5.4.1
GENERAL
RELATOR
NOUN
-LONG
*
LOCATIVE*
*
133
5.4.2
LOCATIONAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
135
5.4.3
LOCATIONAL/TEMPORAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
139
5.4.4
TEMPORAL
RELATOR
NOUN
*
141
5.4.5
CAUSAL
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
141
CONTENTS
*
XI
5.4.6
5.4.7
5.4.7.1
5.4.7.2
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
RELATOR
NOUNS
WITH
OTHER
FUNCTIONS
*
142
FURTHER
GRAMMATICALIZATION
OF
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
144
SUBORDINATORS
*
144
ADVERBS
-----
145
BOUND
NOUN
ROOTS
*
146
BODY
PART
TERMS
*
146
KINSHIP
TERMS
*
147
OTHER
INALIENABLY
POSSESSED
ITEMS
*
147
OTHER
POSSIBLE
NOUN
CLASSES
WITH
FROZEN
PREFIXES
(GRIIFTNER
1978:
44-6)
-----
148
5.7
COLLECTIVE
NOUN
ROOTS
*
148
6
OTHER
WORD
CLASSES
*
149
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
PRO-FORMS
-----
149
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
AND
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
149
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS
*
151
DEMONSTRATIVES
*
154
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
PRO-ADVERBS,
AND
POSITIVE
POLARITY
INDEFINITE
CONSTRUCTION
-----
156
6.1.4.1
6.1.4.2
6.1.4.3
6.1.5
6.1.6
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.1.1
6.2.2.1.2
6.2.2.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.1.1
6.4.1.1.1
6.4.1.1.2
6.4.1.1.3
6.4.1.1.4
POSITIVE
INDEFINITE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
-NE
*
INDEFINITE
*
*
159
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
IN
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
159
CO-RELATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
160
PARALLELISM
BETWEEN
DEMONSTRATIVE
AND
INTERROGATIVE
ADVERBS
*
160
PRONOUNS
AND
PRO-ADVERBS
OF
UNIVERSAL
QUANTIFICATION
*
161
VERB
SUBCLASSES
*
163
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERMS
*
163
COPULAS
*
163
EXISTENTIAL
AND
LOCATIVE
COPULAS
*
163
POSITIVE
DO
AND
NEGATIVE
AVE
*
163
QUANTIFYING
COPULA
DNG
*
EXIST
MUCH
*
*
167
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
KALT
*
167
FROZEN
PREFIXES
IN
DISYLLABIC
VERB
AND
NOUN
ROOTS
*
168
FROZEN
PREFIX
ING
------
168
FROZEN
PREFIX
AR-
*
170
OTHER
POSSIBLE
FROZEN
PREFIXES
IN
DISYLLABIC
NOUN
AND
VERB
ROOTS
*
170
MINOR
WORD
CLASSES
*
170
ADVERBS
-----
170
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
*
171
DAY
AND
YEAR
ORDINALS
*
171
OTHER
UNDERIVED
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
*
173
TEMPORAL
ADVERBS
WITH
-VANG
*
EVERY
*
*
173
INTENSIFIER
REDUPLICATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
173
XII
*
CONTENTS
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.3
6.4.2
6.4.3
LOCATIVE
ADVERBS
*
173
OTHER
ADVERBS
*
174
NUMERALS
*
174
SUBORDINATORS
AND
COORDINATORS
*
176
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3.
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.1.1
7.4.1.2
7.4.1.3
7.4.2
7.4.3
NOMINAL
MORPHOLOGY
*
179
OVERVIEW:
NOUN
STEMS
AND
NOUN
WORDS
*
179
COMPOUNDING
*
180
SIMPLE
ROOT
COMPOUNDING
*
180
HIGHER
LEVEL
ELABORATE
EXPRESSION
COMPOUNDING
*
181
NOMINAL
PREFIXES
*
181
GENERAL
POSSESSIVE
OR
*
ATTRIBUTIVE
*
PREFIX
A-
*
POSS
*
*
182
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIXES
*
184
VERBALIZER
PE-
-
PA
------
185
NOMINAL
SUFFIXES
*
186
GENDER
SUFFIXES
-PI
AND
-PO
*
187
FEMALE
AND
AUGMENTATIVE
-PI
*
187
MALE
(AND
NON-PRODUCTIVE
MODIFIER-DERIVING)
-PO
*
188
AUGMENTATIVE
AND
MODIFIER-DERIVING
-PI
AND
-PO
*
188
DIMINUTIVE
-SO
*
189
GENDER/AUGMENTATIVE
AND
DIMINUTIVE
SUFFIXES
IN
NAMES
OF
ANIMAL
(/PLANT)
SUBSPECIES
*
190
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
HUMAN
PLURAL
-MAR
*
191
SUPERLATIVE
-SI
*
191
REDUPLICATION
*
192
DUAL
-----
192
(DISTRIBUTIVE)
PLURAL
*
193
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
VERBAL
MORPHOLOGY:
OVERVIEW
AND
PRE-ROOT
SLOTS
*
196
COMPOUNDING
*
196
OVERVIEW:
POSITION
CLASSES
IN
THE
KARBI
VERB
*
196
DERIVATIONAL
AND
INFLECTIONAL
AFFIXES,
AND
THE
VERB
STEM
-----
197
OVERVIEW
OF
PRE-ROOT
SLOTS
*
198
PROCLITIC
SLOT:
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
CROSS-REFERENCING
AND
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
200
8.3.1
8.3.1.1
8.3.1.2
8.3.1.3
8.3.1.4
8.3.2
8.3.2.1
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
200
INTRODUCTION
*
201
CROSS-REFERENCING
SAP
PRIMARY
OBJECTS
*
201
CROSS-REFERENCING
SAP
IN
NON-CORE
ROLES
*
204
SUMMARY
*
205
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
206
DIRECTIONAL
*
206
CONTENTS
*
XIII
83.2.2
8.3.23
83.2.4
833
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.43
8.4.4
8.4.5
ASSOCIATED
MOTION
(
*
COME
AND
V
*
)
*
208
SEMANTIC EXTENSIONS
*
210
SUMMARY:
CISLOCATIVE
MARKING
*
211
SUMMARY
*
212
PREFIXAL
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
*
213
NOMINALIZER
KE
------
213
CAUSATIVE
PE-
~
PA
------
214
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
CHE
------
215
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
CHO
------
219
ON
THE
FUNCTIONAL
OVERLAP
BETWEEN
REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL
CHE-
AND
AUTO-BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
CHO
-------
220
9
VERBAL
MORPHOLOGY:
POST-ROOT
SLOTS
*
222
9.1
9.1.1
OVERVIEW
OF
POST-ROOT
SLOTS
-----
222
COOCCURRENCE
RESTRICTION
BETWEEN
NEGATIVE
-CEAND
IRREALIS-//AND
-PD
(SLOTS
8
AND
10)
-----223
9.1.2
9.13
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.1.1
9.2.1.1.1
9.2.1.1.2
9.2.1.13
9.2.1.2
9.2.13
9.2.2
9.2.2.1
9.2.2.2
9.2.23
9.2.23.1
9.2.23.2
9.23
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.5.1
9.2.5.2
9.2.5.2.1
9.2.5.2.2
9.2.53
9.2.5.4
9.2.6
SLOT
9
-PIN
*
EXPERIENTIAL
*
-----
223
SLOT
10
*
LANG
*
STILL
*
AND
-JI-LANG
*
IRR2-STILL
*
-----
223
SUFFIXAL
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
224
OVERVIEW
-----
225
STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
-----
225
SCOPE
OF
NEGATION
AND
REDUPLICATION
-----
225
DISCONTINUOUS
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
-----
227
PRODUCTIVITY
-----
228
ORIGINS
OF
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
229
FUNCTIONAL
CATEGORIES
OF
PREDICATE
DERIVATIONS
*
230
MANNER
*
230
NON-IDEOPHONIC
MANNER
*
230
IDEOPHONIC
MANNER
*
231
DEGREE
OR
EXTENT
*
231
QUANTIFICATION
DERIVATIONS
*
232
COMPARATIVE
-MU~-MUCHDTAND
SUPERLATIVE
-NEI
*
NDI
*
233
RESULT
-----
233
DIRECTION,
(ASSOCIATED)
MOTION,
PATH
-----
234
ARGUMENT
AND
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
RELATED
FUNCTIONS
-----
238
ARGUMENT
QUANTIFICATION
-----
238
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
HIGHLIGHTING
-----
239
BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
-PT
*
239
INSTRUMENTAL,
COMITATIVE
-/"
*
240
ARGUMENT
CLASSIFICATION
*
241
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
CHANGING
-----
242
ASPECT/AKTIONSART
AND
TIME
*
242
XIV
*
CONTENTS
9.2.6.1
9.2.6.2
9.2.6.3
9.2.6.4
9.2.6.5
9.2.6.6
9.2.6.7
9.2.7
9.2.7.1
9.2.7.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.4
9.5
OVERVIEW
*
242
PERFECT
-ET
*
243
CONTINUATIVE
-BDM
*
BOM
*
243
PERFECTIVE2
-TANG
*
244
COMPLETIVE
-RDK
*
244
PERFECTIVE3
-LET
*
245
DURATIVE
-KITING
*
246
OTHER
FUNCTIONS
*
246
INVOLVEMENT
-DTIN
*
DUN
*
JOIN
*
*
246
FORMAL
-TK
*
248
REDUPLICATION
*
249
HABITUAL
*
249
ARGUMENT
PLURALITY
AND
ITERATIVE
*
250
INTENSIFICATION
*
251
NEGATIVE
-CE
(ONSET
REDUPLICATION)
*
251
POST-STEM
ASPECT:
EXHAUSTIVE
PERFECTIVE
-DET
AND
EXPERIENTIAL
-PIN
*
252
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
9.6.1
9.6.1.1
9.6.1.2
9.6.1.3
9.6.1.4
9.6.1.5
9.6.1.6
9.6.1.7
9.6.2
9.6.2.1
9.6.2.1.1
9.6.2.1.2
9.6.2.1.3
9.6.2.1.4
9.6.2.1.5
9.6.2.1.6
9.6.2.1.7
9.6.2.2
9.6.2.3
9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
EXHAUSTIVE
PERFECTIVE
-DET
*
252
EXPERIENTIAL
-PIN
*
253
MOOD:
REALISAND
IRREALIS
*
254
REALIS
-ID
*
254
OVERVIEW
OF
VERBAL
FUNCTIONS
*
254
ACTION
VERBS:
THE
ARGUMENT
AGAINST
*
PAST
TENSE
*
*
255
COPULAR
AND
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)
VERBS:
CHANGE
OF
STATE
*
257
INDICATING
A
LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP:
CAUSE
AND
RESULT
*
258
CORRECTING
A
WRONG
ASSUMPTION
*
260
SUMMARY
*
262
REALIS
-ID
ON
NOMINAL
PREDICATES
AND
FOCUS
=LO
*
262
IRREALIS
MARKING:
-PD
AND
-JI
*
265
FUNCTIONS
COMMON
TO
-PD
AND
-//
*
266
FUTURE
MARKING
*
266
HABITUAL
MARKING
IN
PROCEDURAL
TEXTS
*
266
HYPOTHETICAL
AND
COUNTERFACTUALS
*
267
EPISTEMIC
READING
*
269
EXPRESSING
NECESSITY/OBLIGATION
*
270
EXPRESSING
DESIDERATIVE
*
270
SUBORDINATE
PURPOSE
CLAUSE
MARKING
*
271
PAST
HABITUAL
MARKING
VIA
-PD
*
271
SUMMARY
*
271
SUBORDINATING
VERBAL SUFFIXES
*
272
NON-FINAL
MARKER:
REALIS
-SI
AND
IRREALIS
-RA
(CLAUSE-CHAINING)
*
272
NON-FINAL
-PEN
*
273
CONTENTS
XV
9.7.3
CONDITIONAL
-TE
*
274
9.7.4
MARKER
OF
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
FUNCTIONING
AS
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS:
-NE
*
INDEFINITE
*
*
275
9.8
ASPECT
II:
-LANG
*
STILL
*
-----
275
9.9
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACT
SUFFIXES
*
276
10
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
*
277
10.1
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
*
277
10.1.1
OVERVIEW:
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
*
277
10.1.2
OCCURRENCE
OF
OTHER
ELEMENTS
IN
HEAD
NOUN
SLOT
*
278
10.1.2.1
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
278
10.1.2.1.1
JUXTAPOSITION
*
278
10.1.2.1.2
WITH
COORDINATOR
-PEN
OR
LAPGN
*
279
10.1.2.2
QUOTATIVEPU
-----
280
10.1.3
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABDNG
*
281
10.2
EVIDENCE
FOR
KARBI
NOUN
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
*
281
10.3
DIACHRONIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
THE
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
287
10.4
POSSESSIVE
A-
MARKING
OF
HEAD
NOUNS
*
288
10.5
PREPOSED
MODIFIERS
*
291
10.5.1
DEMONSTRATIVES
*
292
10.5.2
POSSESSIVES
*
292
10.5.3
OTHER
PREPOSED
MODIFIERS
*
294
10.5.3.1
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
DERIVED
INDEFINITES
*
294
10.5.3.2
ADVERBIALS
*
296
10.5.3.3
CLAUSAL
MODIFIERS
*
297
10.6
POSTPOSED
MODIFIER:
PLURAL
MARKING
NOUN
-TURN
*
297
10.7
MODIFIERS
THAT
OCCUR
PREPOSED
OR
POSTPOSED
*
298
10.7.1
DEVERBAL
MODIFIERS:
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
AND
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
298
10.7.1.1
POST-HEAD
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
AND
PRE-HEAD
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
299
10.7.1.2
PRE-HEAD
PCT-BASED
MODIFIERS
(AND
POST-HEAD
RELATIVE
CLAUSES)
*
300
10.7.2
ENUMERATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
303
10.7.2.1
FOUR
BASIC
ENUMERATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
304
10.7.2.1.1
TYPICAL
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
304
10.7.2.1.2
SELF-REFERENTIAL
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
305
10.7.2.1.3
NOT
FULLY
GRAMMATICALIZED
CLASSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
*
305
10.7.2.1.4
NON-CLASSIFIER
(DIRECT
ENUMERATION)
CONSTRUCTION
*
306
10.7.2.2
PRE-
VS.
POST-HEAD
ORDER
-----
307
10.7.2.3
ANAPHORIC
USE
OF
CLASSIFIERS
*
308
10.7.2.4
JUXTAPOSITION
OF
TWO
NUMERALS
OR
CLASSIFIER-NUMERAL
WORDS
TO
INDICATE
INDEFINITENESS
OR
VAGUENESS
*
308
10.7.2.5
*
ANOTHER
*
ADDITIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
310
10.7.2.6
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
*
310
XVI
-----
CONTENTS
10.7.2.6.1
PREPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
AS
AN
INDEFINITE
ARTICLE
CONSTRUCTION
*
310
10.7.2.6.2
INDEFINITE
PRONOUN
CONSTRUCTION
*
311
10.7.2.6.3
POSTPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
EXPRESSING
*
WHOLE
*
*
311
10.7.2.6.4
POSTPOSED
*
ONE
*
ENUMERATION
EXPRESSING
*
SAME
*
*
311
10.8
NOUN
PHRASE
CLITICS
-----
312
10.8.1
COMITATIVE,
INSTRUMENTAL,
ABLATIVE
=PEN
*
313
10.8.2
NOMINAL
QUANTIFIER
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
=6N
*
THIS
MUCH;
ALL
*
*
315
10.8.3
ADDITIVE,
TOPIC,
AND
FOCUS
CLITICS
*
317
10.8.3.1
ADDITIVE
=TA
*
317
10.8.3.1.1
OVERVIEW
OF
FUNCTIONS
*
317
10.8.3.1.2
SIMPLE
ADDITIVE
*
ALSO*
*
317
10.8.3.1.3
BISYNDETIC
COORDINATION
*
318
10.8.3.1.4
SCALAR
ADDITIVE
*
EVEN
*
*
318
10.8.3.1.5
UNIVERSAL
QUANTIFICATION
*
319
10.8.3.1.6
INTENSIFIER
VERB
CONSTRUCTION
*
320
10.8.3.1.7
DISCOURSE
(INFORMATION
STRUCTURE)
FUNCTION
*
320
10.8.3.2
INFORMATION
AND
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
*
320
11
MONOCLAUSAL
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
321
11.1
OVERVIEW
*
321
11.1.1
NON-VERBAL
PREDICATES
*
321
11.1.2
VERBAL
AND
NOMINAL
PREDICATE
NEGATION
*
322
11.2
MODAL
AND
OTHER
MARKERS
AT
THE
MONOCLAUSAL
END
OF
THE
COMPLEMENTATION
SCALE
*
324
11.2.1
OVERVIEW
*
324
11.2.2
REMARKS
ON
THE
COMPLEMENTATION
SCALE
IN
KARBI
*
324
11.2.3
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
TESTS
FOR
STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
OF
MODALS
*
326
11.2.3.1
UNDER
SCOPE
OF
NOMINALIZATION
ALONG
WITH
MAIN
VERB
ROOT?
*
326
11.2.3.2
FOLLOWING
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[V]
MAINVE
RB
[PA-V]
ADV
?
*
327
11.2.3.3
MODIFIED
ITSELF
BY
A
PREDICATE
DERIVATION?
*
328
11.2.4
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
*
329
11.2.5
THE
MODALS
*
329
11.2.5.1
DEONTIC
(-)NDNG
*
NEED,
MUST
*
*
329
11.2.5.2
NON-CONTROL
(-)LDNG
*
GET
*
*
331
11.2.5.2.1
FUNCTION
-----
331
11.2.5.2.2
STRUCTURE
AND
DISTRIBUTION
*
333
11.2.5.3
SKILLFUL
ABILITY
(-)TH$K~(-)THEK
*
KNOW
HOW
*
*
334
11.2.5.4
PHYSICAL
ABILITY
(-)LN~(-)UN
*
BE
ABLE
*
*
335
11.2.5.5
OTHER
MARKERS
*
336
11.3
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
338
11.3.1
OVERVIEW
*
338
11.3.2
CAUSATIVE
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[V]
MAIN
VER
B
LPA-V]
ADV
ERBIAI
*
339
CONTENTS
*
XVII
11.3.3
NOMINALIZATION
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTION
[/CE-V]
MAINV
ERB
[V]
A
DVERBIAT
*
340
11.3.4
NON-FINAL
PREPOSED
ADVERBIAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
341
11.3.4.1
NON-FINAL
-PEN
CONSTRUCTION
[FE-V-PEN]
ADVE
RBIAI
[V]
MAIRI
VERB
*
341
11.3.4.2
NON-PCT
ROOT
CONSTRUCTION
[/CE-V-SR
]
ADVE
RBIAI
MMAINVERB
*
342
11.4
PERIPHRASTIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
BASED
ON
COPULAS
*
344
11.4.1
PROGRESSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
NON-FINAL
SUFFIX
-SI
PLUS
COPULA
DO
*
344
11.4.2
COPULA
ARGUMENT
QUANTIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
345
11.5
COMPLEX
MOTION
CONSTRUCTION
*
346
11.6
*
NOUN
PLUS
VERB
*
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
347
11.6.1
NON-POSSESSED
NOUN
INCORPORATION
*
347
11.6.2
PSYCHO-COLLOCATIONS
AND
POSSESSED
NOUN
INCORPORATION
*
349
11.6.3
LIGHT
VERB
CONSTRUCTION
*
352
11.6.4
COGNATE
OBJECT CONSTRUCTION
*
353
11.6.5
HYBRID
CONSTRUCTION
*
355
11.7
OTHER
COMPLEX
PREDICATE
CONSTRUCTIONS
DISCUSSED
ELSEWHERE
*
355
12
NOMINALIZATION
*
356
12.1
DERIVATIONAL
NOMINALIZATION
*
356
12.2
PROPERTY
CONCEPT
TERM
(PCT)-BASED
NOUN
MODIFICATION
*
358
12.3
RELATIVIZATION
*
360
12.3.1
STANDARD
(EXTERNALLY-HEADED,
PRE-HEAD)
RELATIVIZATION
*
360
12.3.1.1
RELATIVIZATION
ON
DIFFERENT
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANTS
*
360
12.3.1.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
*
364
12.3.1.3
HEAD
NOUN
OCCURRING
WITH
PERSONAL
POSSESSIVE
PREFIX
*
365
12.3.2
INTERNALLY-HEADED
(OR POST-HEAD)
RELATIVIZATION
*
365
12.4
COMPLEMENTATION
*
368
12.4.1
STANDARD
COMPLEMENTATION
*
368
12.4.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
371
12.4.2.1
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
WITH
PURPOSE
MARKER
APHAN
*
371
12.4.2.2
IRREALIS-MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSE
WITH
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABANG
*
372
12.4.3
FUNCTIONAL
TYPES
OF
COMPLEMENT-TAKING
VERBS
*
373
12.5
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION
*
373
12.5.1
NOMINALIZED
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION:
SUBORDINATORS
FROM
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
373
12.5.2
SEMANTIC
TYPES
*
374
12.5.3
ADVERBIAL
SUBORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
ADDITIONAL
MARKING
*
381
12.6
IRREALIS-MARKED
NOMINALIZED
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
*
381
12.7
MAIN
CLAUSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
384
12.7.1
NOMINALIZATION
PLUS
EXISTENTIAL
COPULA
CONSTRUCTION
*
384
12.7.2
ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
*
388
XVIII
*
*
CONTENTS
12.7.3
DIACHRONIC
NOMINALIZATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
MAIN
CLAUSE
GRAMMAR
*
388
12.7.3.1
12.7.3.1.1
12.7.3.1.2
12.7.3.1.3
12.7.3.1.4
12.7.3.1.5
12.7.3.2
12.7.3.3
12.8
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
388
INCONSISTENT
OCCURRENCE
OF
KE
------
389
GENERAL
ARGUMENT
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
*
389
CONTENT
QUESTION
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
-----
390
CO-RELATIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION
*
391
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
*
392
IMPERFECTIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
393
AMBIGUITY
BETWEEN
FOCUS
AND
IMPERFECTIVE
INTERPRETATION
*
396
INCONSISTENT
OCCURRENCE
OF
KE-
*
NOMINALIZER
*
IN
NOMINALIZATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
397
13
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANTS:
OVERVIEW,
PARTICIPANTS,
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
*
401
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
PRELIMINARIES
*
401
TERMINOLOGY
-----
401
THE
ARGUMENT-OBLIQUE
CONTINUUM
AND
THE
SYNTAX,
SEMANTICS,
AND
PRAGMATICS
IN
ROLE
MARKING
*
402
13.2
13.2.1
13.2.1.1
13.2.1.2
13.2.1.3
13.2.1.3.1
13.2.1.3.2
13.2.1.3.3
13.2.1.3.4
13.2.1.4
13.2.2
THE
PREDICATE:
DEFINING
ARGUMENT
ROLES
*
403
ARGUMENT
ROLES
IN
TYPICAL
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSES
*
403
MONOVALENT
PREDICATE:
UNMARKED
S
ARGUMENT
*
404
BIVALENT
PREDICATES:
MARKING
OF
A
AND
0
ARGUMENTS
*
405
TRIVALENT
PREDICATES:
MARKING
OF
A,
R,
AND
T
ARGUMENTS
*
406
R-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION
*
406
T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
408
UNMARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION
*
411
SUMMARY:
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
412
ALIGNMENT
IN
TYPICAL
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSES
*
413
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
NON-TYPICAL
ROLE
MARKING
OF
ARGUMENTS
*
414
13.2.2.1
13.2.2.2
13.2.2.3
MOTION
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
UNMARKED
AND
-IDNG
MARKED
GOALS
*
414
*
NEED
*
CONSTRUCTION
*
416
EXISTENTIAL
COPULA
CONSTRUCTIONS:
SIMPLE
LOCATIVE
AND
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
417
13.2.2.3.1
13.2.2.3.2
SIMPLE
LOCATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
417
PREDICATIONAL
POSSESSION
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
UNMARKED
A/POSSESSOR
AND
POSSESSIVE-MARKED
O/POSSESSED
*
418
13.2.2.3.3
PREDICATIONAL
POSSESSION
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
LOCATIVE-MARKED
A
AND
UNMARKED
0
ARGUMENT
*
420
13.2.2.4
13.2.2.5
13.2.3
TOPICAL
POSSESSOR
CONSTRUCTION
*
420
COMPARATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
422
PREDICATES
WITH
DERIVATIONALLY
CHANGED
ARGUMENT
STRUCTURE
*
423
CONTENTS
------
XIX
13.2.3.1
CAUSATIVE
PE-~PA
------
423
13.2.3.2
BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE
(AFFECTIVE)
-PT
*
425
13.2.4
NON-SUBJECT
SPEECH
ACT
PARTICIPANT
INDEXING
ON
THE
VERB
*
427
13.2.5
OTHER
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
428
13.3
OVERVIEW:
CLAUSE
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
429
13.4
LEXICAL
NOUN
PHRASE
VERSUS
PRONOUN
VERSUS
ZERO
ANAPHORA
*
429
13.4.1
LEXICAL
NOUN
PHRASE
*
430
13.4.2
PRONOUN
-----
431
13.4.3
ZERO
ANAPHORA
*
432
13.5
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABDNG
*
433
13.5.1
DISTRIBUTION
OF
NOUN
PHRASE
DELIMITER
ABANG
*
435
13.5.2
DIACHRONIC
SOURCE
CONSTRUCTION:
HUMAN
CLASSIFIER
AS
SYNTACTIC
HEAD
NOUN
*
437
13.5.3
COOCURRENCE
OF
ABDNG
WITH
ROLE
MARKERS
*
438
13.5.4
CO-OCCURRENCE
OF
ABANG
WITH
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
*
440
13.5.5
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
SPEAKERS,
TEXTS,
GENRES
*
441
14
ROLE
MARKING
AND
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
MARKING
*
444
14.1
ROLE
MARKING
*
444
14.1.1
UNMARKED
NOUN
PHRASES
*
445
14.1.1.1
S
ARGUMENT
*
445
14.1.1.2
A
ARGUMENT
*
446
14.1.1.3
O-LOW
ARGUMENT
*
446
14.1.1.4
TARGUMENT
*
447
14.1.1.5
R
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
447
14.1.1.6
GOAL/LOCATIVE
ARGUMENT/PARTICIPANT
OF
MOTION
VERBS
*
448
14.1.1.7
OTHER
TYPES
OF
PARTICIPANTS
*
448
14.1.2
FUNCTIONS
OF
*
NON-SUBJECT
*
-PHDN
*
450
14.1.2.1
O-HIGH
ARGUMENT
-----
450
14.1.2.2
R
ARGUMENT
(R-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
451
14.1.2.3
T
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTION)
*
452
14.1.2.4
SEMANTIC
MARKING
WITH
NANG
*
NEED
*
*
452
14.1.2.5
MARKING
THE
STANDARD
OF
COMPARISON
*
452
14.1.2.6
OTHER
TYPES
OF
PARTICIPANTS
*
453
14.1.3
FUNCTIONS
OF
*
LOCATIVE
*
-IDNG
*
455
14.1.3.1
LOCATIVE/GOAL
R
ARGUMENT
(T-MARKED/UNMARKED
TRIVALENT
CONSTRUCTIONS)
*
455
14.1.3.2
LOCATIVE
O-LIKE
ARGUMENT
*
456
14.1.3.3
MOTION
VERB
LOCATIVE/GOAL
*
457
14.1.3.4
SEMANTIC
MARKING
WITH
POSSESSOR
CONSTRUCTION
*
458
14.1.4
SEMANTICALLY
MARKED
PARTICIPANTS
*
458
XX
------
CONTENTS
14.1.4.1
SEMANTICALLY SPECIFIC
MARKING
OF
FUNCTIONALLY
CORE
ROLES
*
458
14.1.4.1.1
COMITATIVE,
INSTRUMENTAL,
ABLATIVE
=PEN
*
459
14.1.4.1.2
GOAL
ARGUMENTS
MARKED
WITH
SEMANTICALLY
SPECIFIC
RELATOR
NOUNS
*
460
14.1.4.2
SEMANTICALLY
SPECIFIC
RELATOR
NOUN
MARKING
OF
OBLIQUES
*
461
14.1.5
DIFFERENTIAL
MARKING
*
461
14.1.6
MARKING
VARIATION
*
462
14.1.6.1
CHE-TDNG
*
RR-MEET
*
*
462
14.1.6.2
ARJU-DDM
*ASK-GO
*
*
463
14.2
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
MARKING
*
464
14.2.1
TOPIC
=KE
-----
465
14.2.2
ADDITIVE
=TA
*
468
14.2.3
REALIS
FOCUS
=SI
-----
471
14.2.4
IRREALIS
FOCUS
=LE
*
474
14.2.5
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
CORE
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STRUCTURE
CLITICS
-----
476
14.2.6
OTHER
INFORMATION/DISCOURSE
STATUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
479
14.2.6.1
CONSTITUENT
ORDER
-----
479
14.2.6.2
NEW
PARTICIPANT
MARKING
*
482
14.2.6.3
RESTRICTIVE
FOCUS
MARKERS
*
482
15
CLAUSE
TYPES
AND
CLAUSE
COMBINING
*
486
15.1
NON-DECLARATIVE
MAIN
CLAUSE
TYPES
*
486
15.1.1
INTERROGATIVES
*
486
15.1.1.1
QUESTION
PARTICLE
=MA
*
487
15.1.1.2
CONTENT
QUESTIONS
WITH
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
AND
ADVERBS
*
487
15.1.1.2.1
VERB
OCCURRING
WITHOUT
=MA
*
487
15.1.1.2.2
VERB
OCCURRING
WITH
=MA
*
488
15.1.1.3
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
AND
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
*
489
15.1.1.4
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
*
489
15.1.1.4.1
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
WITH
=MA
*
489
15.1.1.4.2
POLAR
INTERROGATIVES
WITH
PROSODY
ONLY
*
491
15.1.1.5
DISJUNCTIVE
INTERROGATIVES
*
493
15.1.1.5.1
TYPE
1:
A=MO
A-
NEG
-----
493
15.1.1.5.2
TYPE
2:
A=MA
B
-----
493
15.1.1.5.3
TYPE
3:
A=MA
B=MA
-----
494
15.1.1.5.4
TYPE
4:
H=MA
MA
B=MA
-----
494
15.1.1.6
INTERROGATIVE
ASSUMPTION
=BO
*
495
15.1.1.7
TAG
QUESTION
DI
-----
496
15.1.1.8
FEEDBACK
REQUEST
WITH
DEI
*
496
15.1.2
IMPERATIVES
AND
PROHIBITIVES
*
497
15.1.2.1
BARE
STEM
IMPERATIVE
*
497
CONTENTS
*
*
XXI
15.1.2.2
INFORMAL
CONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-NOI
*
498
15.1.2.3
CONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-NON
*
499
15.1.2.4
CONATIVE
IMPERATIVE
-THA
*
499
15.1.2.5
UNCONDITIONED
IMPERATIVE
-TU
*
500
15.1.2.6
IMPERATIVES
-NON,
-THA,
AND
-TU
AND
GRLIBNER
*
S
(1978)
ACCOUNT
OF
POLITENESS
DIFFERENCES
*
501
15.1.2.7
PROHIBITIVE
-RI
-----
501
15.1.2.8
PROHIBITIVE
CONSTRUCTION
VIA
COMBINATION
OF
PROHIBITIVE
AND
IMPERATIVE
SUFFIX
*
501
15.1.3
HORTATIVES
*
502
15.1.3.1
GENERAL
HORTATIVE
-NANG
*
502
15.1.3.2
JUSSIVE
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
CAUSATIVE
PA-
AND
HORTATIVE
-NANG
*
504
15.1.3.3
EXTENDED
FORMS:
EMPHATIC
HORTATIVE
-LONANG
AND
CONATIVE
HORTATIVE
-SINANG
*
505
15.2
NON-NOMINALIZED
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE
TYPES
*
507
15.2.1
NON-FINAL
CLAUSES
IN
CLAUSE
CHAINS
*
507
15.2.1.1
MORPHOLOGICALLY
MARKED
CLAUSES:
-SI
*NON-FINAL:REALIS
*
,
-RA
*
NON-
FINAHIRREALIS
*
,
-PEN
*
NON-FINAL:WITH
*
*
507
15.2.1.2
PROSODICALLY
MARKED
CLAUSES
*
510
15.2.2
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
512
15.2.2.1
VERB
JUXTAPOSITION
-----
512
15.2.2.2
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
513
15.2.2.3
TOPIC
=KE
MARKED
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
*
514
15.2.2.4
QUOTATIVE
PU
AND
PUSI
COMPLEMENTIZERS
*
514
15.2.3
ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
*
516
15.2.3.1
CONDITIONAL
-TE
*
516
15.2.3.2
PURPOSE
CLAUSES
WITH
QUOTATIVE
COMPLEMENTIZERS
*
517
15.2.3.3
CONCESSIVE
SITA~SETA
*
517
15.3
IRREALIS
CLAUSE
TYPES:
IRREALIS-SENSITIVITY
IN
NON-FINAL
AND
FOCUS
MARKERS
*
518
15.3.1
OVERVIEW
-----
518
15.3.2
NON-DECLARATIVE
SPEECH
ACTS
*
519
15.3.3
NEGATION
*
521
15.3.4
DEONTIC
CLAUSES
(EXPRESSING
NECESSITY/OBLIGATION;
WITH
NANG
*
NEED,
MUST
*
)
*
522
15.3.5
CONDITIONAL
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
*
523
15.4
NON-NOMINALIZED
INSUBORDINATION
(FORMALLY
NON-FINITE
DECLARATIVE
MAIN
CLAUSE
TYPES)
*
523
15.4.1
MAIN
CLAUSES
MARKED
WITH
=KE
*TOPIC
*
:
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
CONSTRUCTION
*
523
15.4.2
MAIN
CLAUSES
MARKED
WITH
PU
*
QUOTATIVE
*
:
DESIDERATIVE
CONSTRUCTION
*
524
XXII
-----
CONTENTS
15.4.3
15.5
15.5.1
15.5.1.1
15.5.1.2
15.5.1.3
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.6
STAND-ALONE
INDIRECT
QUESTIONS
*
526
CLAUSE
COORDINATION
-----
527
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
*
527
CONJUNCTIVE
COORDINATOR
LAPEN
*
AND
*
*
527
ADDITIVE
PARTICLE
CLAUSE/VP
COORDINATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
-----
527
CLAUSAL
NP
COORDINATION
-----
528
DISJUNCTIVE
COORDINATION
----
529
ADVERSATIVE
COORDINATION
-----
530
LACK
OF
A
SYNTACTIC
PIVOT
*
531
16
DISCOURSE
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
532
16.1
16.1.1
16.1.2
16.1.3
16.1.4
16.2
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.2.1
16.2.2.2
16.2.2.3
16.2.3
16.2.3.1
16.2.3.2
16.2.3.3
16.2.3.4
16.2.4
16.2.4.1
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURING
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
532
CLAUSE
PARALLELISM
*
532
TAIL-HEAD
LINKAGE
*
534
DISCOURSE
CONNECTORS
*
536
DISCOURSE
STRUCTURING
MARKERS
E
AND
'MH
*
537
RHETORICAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
539
GENERAL
EXTENDER
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
539
ELABORATE
EXPRESSION
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
543
FORMS
OF
ELABORATE
EXPRESSIONS
*
543
EMBEDDING
INTO
PARALLELISM
OR
COMPOUND
CONSTRUCTION
*
547
FUNCTIONS
OF
ELABORATE
EXPRESSIONS
*
549
COPY
VERB
CONSTRUCTIONS
*
550
ASSERTIVE
(WITH
=KE
*
TOPIC
*
)
*
551
INTENSIFIER
DECLARATIVE
(WITH
=TA
*
ADDITIVE
*
)
*
553
INTENSIFIER
NON-DECLARATIVE
(WITH
-/E
*
FOCUS.-IRREALIS)
*
554
PERSEVERANCE
CONSTRUCTION
(WITH
=MA
*
QUESTION
PARTICLE
*
)
*
555
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
KALI
*
556
DISAGREEMENT
CONSTRUCTION
BASED
ON
QUASI-REDUPLICATION
AND
NEGATIVE
EQUATIONAL
COPULA
*
556
16.2.4.2
16.2.5
16.3
16.3.1
16.3.1.1
16.3.1.2
16.3.2
16.3.3
16.3.4
16.3.5
16.3.6
NOMINALIZATION-BASED
INTENSIFIER
CONSTRUCTION
KE-\/-SDKALT
*
557
PROSODIC
EMPHASIS
*
558
PARTICLES
*
558
QUOTATIVE
PU
*
560
REPORTATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
PU
*
560
DESIDERATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
PU
*
561
REPORTATIVE
TANGHD
*
562
DUBITATIVES
BDN,
TAHAI,
MENE
*
564
ALWAYS
TITI
*
565
EMPHATIC
TI
-----
566
INTERACTIVE
EMPHATIC
HO
*
569
CONTENTS
*
XXIII
16.3.7 VOCATIVE
5
*
570
16.3.8
EXCLAMATIVE
FUNCTION
OF
IRREALIS
FOCUS
=LE
*
571
16.3.9
AFTERTHOUGHT
=HE
-----
572
16.3.10
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION:
=KE
*
TOPIC
*
MARKED
MAIN
CLAUSES
*
574
16.3.11
COMMON
GROUND
MARKER
=MATI
*
577
16.3.12
NARRATIVE
STYLE
HEDI
*
578
16.4
HONORIFIC
AND
FORMALITY
MARKING
*
579
16.4.1
HONORIFIC
-//
ON
PRONOUNS
AND
ADDRESSING
WORDS
*
580
16.4.2
FORMAL
-TK
ON
PREDICATES
*
580
16.4.3
HONORIFIC
-H&
~
-HDI
ON
KINSHIP
TERMS
*
582
16.5
INTERJECTIONS
-----
582
16.6
HESITATION
AND
CORRECTION
WORDS
*
584
16.6.1
HESITATION
WORDS
KENE
AND
MANE
( ASSAMESE)
*
584
16.6.2
CORRECTION
WORDS
CHE
AND
BD
( ASSAMESE)
*
586
APPENDIX
A
ABBREVIATIONS
*
589
APPENDIX
B
FOLK
STORY:
CHONGHOKALOSO
LAPEN
MISORONGPO
(RBT,
CHM)
*
591
APPENDIX
C
STIMULI-BASED
NARRATIVE:
PEAR
STORY
(SIT,
PS)
*
610
APPENDIX
D
METADATA
-----
622
APPENDIX
E
GLOSSARY
*
626
BIBLIOGRAPHY
*
647
INDEX
KARBI
GRAMMAR
*
657
AUTHOR
INDEX
*
665 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Konnerth, Linda |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1229557032 |
| author_facet | Konnerth, Linda |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Konnerth, Linda |
| author_variant | l k lk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047122016 |
| classification_rvk | EG 6925 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1193057864 (DE-599)DNB1181548543 |
| dewey-full | 495.4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 495 - Languages of east and southeast Asia |
| dewey-raw | 495.4 |
| dewey-search | 495.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3495.4 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV047122016 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:29:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:03:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065653190 |
| isbn | 9783110648850 3110648857 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032528303 |
| oclc_num | 1193057864 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXIX, 664 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm, 1277 g |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | De Gruyter Mouton |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Mouton grammar library |
| series2 | Mouton grammar library |
| spelling | Konnerth, Linda Verfasser (DE-588)1229557032 aut A grammar of Karbi Linda Konnerth Berlin ; Boston De Gruyter Mouton [2020] © 2020 XXIX, 664 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm, 1277 g txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library volume 82 Dissertation University of Oregon 2014 Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Karbi-Sprache (DE-588)4120253-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Karbi-Sprache (DE-588)4120253-3 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 De Gruyter Mouton (DE-588)1065653190 pbl Mouton grammar library volume 82 (DE-604)BV000018422 82 X:MVB http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9783110648850&searchTitles=true B:DE-101 application/pdf https://d-nb.info/1181548543/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032528303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p dnb 20201002 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb |
| spellingShingle | Konnerth, Linda A grammar of Karbi Mouton grammar library Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Karbi-Sprache (DE-588)4120253-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4120253-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | A grammar of Karbi |
| title_auth | A grammar of Karbi |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Karbi |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A grammar of Karbi |
| title_full | A grammar of Karbi Linda Konnerth |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Karbi Linda Konnerth |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Karbi Linda Konnerth |
| title_short | A grammar of Karbi |
| title_sort | a grammar of karbi |
| topic | Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Karbi-Sprache (DE-588)4120253-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grammatik Karbi-Sprache Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9783110648850&searchTitles=true https://d-nb.info/1181548543/04 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032528303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000018422 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konnerthlinda agrammarofkarbi AT degruytermouton agrammarofkarbi |
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