Verfügbarkeit: Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery

Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Weitere Verfasser:	Fliss, Dan M. (HerausgeberIn), DeRowe, Ari (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Stuttgart Thieme [2021]
Ausgabe:	[1. Auflage]
Schlagworte:	Halschirurgie Kopfchirurgie Schädelbasis Kind Chirurgie Skull base cranial base Congenital Anomalies pediatric airway Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma head and neck trauma Atlas
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	xxxii, 585 Seiten 1080 Illustrationen 27 cm x 19.5 cm Enthält: 1 Online-Ressource
ISBN:	9783132414273 3132414271

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245	1	0	\|a Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery \|c Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS VIDEOS .................................................................................................................................... XIV PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... XV CONTRIBUTORS ........................................................................................................................ XXVI SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1 PEDIATRIC ANATOMY ............................................................................................................ 3 ROY HOD, NAJJAR ESMAT 1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 3 1.6.1 CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX ..................... 16 FASCIAE OF THE NECK............................. 1.6.2 LIGAMENTS AND MEMBRANES OF 1.2 3 THE LARYNX ........................................... 16 1.3 MUSCLES OF THE NECK ........................... 3 1.6.3 MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX ....................... 18 1.6.4 ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1.3.1 SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES............................... 3 PEDIATRIC AND ADULT LARYNX................. 20 1.3.2 MIDDLE MUSCLES OR MUSCLES OF THE HYOID BONE ........................................... 5 1.7 FACIAL NERVE ....................................... 20 1.3.3 DEEP MUSCLES ....................................... 7 1.7.1 COMPONENTS AND BRANCHES ................ 20 1.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE NECK ................... 9 1.8 THE ORGAN OF HEARING ..................... 22 1.4.1 MUSCLES OF THE HEAD ............................. 9 1.8.1 THE EXTERNAL EAR ................................. 22 1.4.2 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION ....................... 9 1.8.2 THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE ................. 24 1.4.3 BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEAD 1.8.3 THE MIDDLE EAR ................................... 24 AND NECK .............................................. 10 1.8.4 THE INNER EAR ..................................... 25 1.5 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS ....................... 13 1.9 THYROID GLAND ................................... 27 1.6 THE LARYNX ........................................... 15 2 THE DISTINCTIVE ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE PEDIATRIC SKULL BASE ......................... 28 OREN CAVEL, DAN M. FLISS, IRIT DUEK 2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 28 2.8 SPHENOID SINUS DEVELOPMENT ........ 30 2.2 CRANIAL FOSSAE ..................................... 28 2.9 LATERAL SKULL BASE ............................. 30 2.3 ANTERIOR SKULL BASE ............................. 29 2.10 THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ............ 30 2.4 PARANASAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT .......... 29 2.11 THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE ............... 31 2.5 MAXILLARY SINUS DEVELOPMENT .......... 29 2.12 THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT ......................... 31 2.6 ETHMOID SINUS DEVELOPMENT ............ 30 2.13 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... 32 2.7 FRONTAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT .............. 30 3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA AND PAIN CONTROL ........................ 34 URIAMIT, RON FLAISHON, AVI A. WEINBROUM 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 34 3.3 PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ENT CHILD. ... 35 3.2 PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ............ 34 3.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 3.2.1 AIRWAY RISKS VERSUS SAFETY ................... 34 PREPARATION FOR ANESTHESIA ................ 35 DETRIMENTS IN THE ENT PEDIATRIC POPULATION .......................................... 3.3.2 TRAUMA PATIENTS ................................. 37 3.2.2 35 3.3.3 INTRAOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA REGIMENS ........................... 43 VII 3.3.4 POSTOPERATIVE PATIENT-TAILORED 3.4.2 PAIN ASSESSMENT................................... 49 MANAGEMENT ................................... 46 3.4.3 SPECIFIC PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOLS ............ 50 3.3.5 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS .......... 46 3.4.4 ANALGESIA MODUS OPERANDI .................. 52 3.4 PAIN MANAGEMENT IN 3.4.5 THE WHO S TWO-STEP PAIN STRATEGY ... 54 ENT-OPERATED CHILDREN .................. 48 3.4.6 LATE PAIN CONTROL ................................. 54 3.4.1 PAIN HANDLING HIGHLIGHTS .................. 48 3.5 CONCLUSION........................................... 54 4 IMAGING OF THE PEDIATRIC HEAD AND NECK .................................................................... 62 SHELLY I. SHIRAN 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................... 62 4.3.1 ULTRASOUND ........................................... 63 PEDIATRIC IMAGING SAFETY ............ 4.3.2 CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING ..................... 65 4.2 62 4.3.3 RADIOGRAPHY AND FLUOROSCOPY .............. 68 4.2.1 RADIATION SAFETY ........................... 62 4.3.4 NUCLEAR MEDICINE ................................. 70 4.2.2 SEDATION ....................................... 63 4.4 THE IMAGING DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP. ... 72 4.3 THE IMAGING MODALITIES .............. 63 SECTION II HEAD AND NECK 5 SURGERY OF HEAD AND NECK INFECTION ............................................................................ 81 ROY HOD, EYAL RAVEH 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................. 81 5.6 SITE-SPECIFIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE .... 84 5.2 ANATOMY ....................................... 81 5.6.1 RETROPHARYNGEAL INFECTION ................... 84 5.6.2 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE (LATERAL 5.3 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PHARYNGEAL SPACE) ............................... 85 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ............. 81 5.6.3 PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS ............................. . 86 5.4 PATHOGENS ..................................... 83 5.6.4 ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM ..................... 87 5.7 CONCLUSION.......................................... 87 5.5 TREATMENT ..................................... 83 5.8 HIGHLIGHTS .......................................... 88 6 THYROIDECTOMY ................................................................................................................. 89 VANINDER K. DHILLON, JONATHON 0. RUSSELL, RALPH P. TUFANO 6.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 89 6.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION .................... 89 6.3 OUTCOMES ........................................... 90 6.4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM ...................... 91 6.5 PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA FOR THYROIDECTOMY ................................... 91 6.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/OPERATIVE PLANNING ............................................... 91 6.6.1 GOALS .................................................... 91 6.6.2 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 91 6.6.3 PREPARATION/PLANNING THE INCISION ........ 92 6.6.4 INCISION AND FLAP ELEVATION .................. 92 6.6.5 MOBILIZATION OF THYROID GLAND .............. 92 6.6.6 KEY MANEUVERS ..................................... 92 6.6.7 IDENTIFYING THE RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE AND PARATHYROID GLANDS .............. 92 6.6.8 MEDIALIZATION OF THYROID GLAND OVER TRACHEA ......................................... 92 6.6.9 REMOVAL OF THE SPECIMEN, REIMPLANTATION, AND RE-EVALUATION OF NERVES ............................................... 93 6.6.10 CLOSURE OF WOUND ............................... 93 6.7 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT .............. 93 6.8 CONCLUSION........................................... 93 6.9 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 94 VIII 7 NECK DISSECTION FOR THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN ........................................................ 95 VANINDER K. DHILLON, JONATHON 0. RUSSELL, RALPH P. TUFANO 7.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 95 7.6 POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ......... 97 7.2 GUIDELINES FOR PEDIATRIC NECK 7.7 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ........................... 97 DISSECTION IN THYROID MALIGNANCY ... 95 7.7.1 CENTRAL NECK DISSECTION ....................... 97 7.3 ANATOMY OF A NECK DISSECTION .......... 95 7.7.2 LATERAL NECK DISSECTION ..................... . 98 7.7.3 POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE ................. 99 7.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR NECK DISSECTION 96 7.7.4 PARATHYROID AUTOIMPLANTATION ........... 99 IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION ................ 7.8 CONCLUSION.......................................... 99 7.5 INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS .......... 96 7.9 HIGHLIGHTS .......................................... 99 8 PEDIATRIC PAROTIDECTOMY ............ DAMN V, BONN, MEGHAN WILSON ............................................................... 101 8.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 101 8.3.7 ACQUIRED LESIONS ................................. , 106 8.3.8 INFECTIOUS CONDITIONS ........................... , 107 8.2 ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY ................ 101 8.3.9 INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE 8.3 PATIENT EVALUATION ............................. 103 CONDITIONS .......................................... 108 8.3.1 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ........ 103 8.4 PAROTIDECTOMY ................................... 109 8.3.2 LABORATORY EVALUATION ......................... 103 8.4.1 PROCEDURE ............................................ 109 8.3.3 IMAGING STUDIES ................................... 103 8.4.2 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ............... 111 8.3.4 SIALENDOSCOPY....................................... 105 8.4.3 COMPLICATIONS .................................... 111 8.3.5 PEDIATRIC PAROTID GLAND DISORDERS ........ 105 8.5 CONCLUSION.......................................... 111 8.3.6 CONGENITAL LESIONS ............................... 105 8.6 HIGHLIGHTS .......................................... 111 9 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE SURGERY IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION .................................. 115 AVIYAH PERI, DAN M. FLISS 9.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 115 9.3 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE TUMORS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION ................. . , 121 9.2 INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE PPS ............ 117 9.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 9.2.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ....................... 118 ANESTHESIA .......................................... . 123 9.2.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 119 9.3.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... . 124 9.2.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ..................... 121 9.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................. 128 10 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND EXCISION. . SAM J. DANIEL ............................................................... 131 10.1 SURGICAL ANATOMY ............................... 131 10.3.3 ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH ....................... . 135 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ................... 10.3.4 COMPLICATIONS .................................... . 135 10.2 132 10.4 . 136 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ............ 10.3 SURGICAL APPROACHES ......................... 133 10.4.1 PEARLS TO AVOID INTRAOPERATIVE 10.3.1 TRANSCERVICAL APPROACH ....................... 134 COMPLICATIONS ................................... . 136 10.3.2 INTRAORAL APPROACH ............................... 135 10.5 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 136 IX 11 PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPIC SALIVARY GLAND SURGERY ............................................................. 138 ODED NAHLIELI 11.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 138 11.2 GENERAL ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................... 138 11.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................... 139 11.3.1 CLINICAL EVALUATION ............................... 139 11.4 SALIVARY IMAGING ................................. 140 11.4.1 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND ......................... 140 11.4.2 PAROTID GLAND ....................................... 141 11.4.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIALOGRAPHY ......... 142 11.5 THE THALLIUM SCAN FOR ALL SALIVARY GLANDS ................................... 142 11.6 LABORATORY DATA .................................. 142 11.7 SIALOENDOSCOPY................................... 142 11.8 PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA ............................. 143 11.9 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH RARE NONSURGICAL CONDITIONS ............ 143 11.10 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 144 11.10.1 IRRIGATION.... ....................................... 144 11.10.2 SIALOENDOSCOPIC SIALOLITHOTOMY .......... 144 11.11 COMBINATION OF ESWL AND SIALOENDOSCOPIC APPROACH ................ 147 11.12 THE AUTHOR S APPROACHES TO VARIOUS CASES ................................. 147 11.12.1 SURGICAL APPROACH TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS ............................................. 148 11.12.2 LOCATION STATISTICS .............................. 150 11.12.3 ACUTE SUPPURATIVE PAROTITIS .................. 150 11.13 THE SJOGREN S SYNDROME .................... 151 11.13.1 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ..................... 151 11.14 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 152 12 SALIVARY GLAND DUCTAL DIVERSION, BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION, AND SALIVARY DUCTAL LIGATION ................................................................................................... 155 SAM J. DANIEL 12.1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DROOLING AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ............................... 155 12.6 SURGICAL OPTIONS ............................... . 159 12.7 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES ..................... . 160 12.2 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BOTULINUM 12.7.1 SALIVARY DIVERSION PROCEDURES ............ TOXIN ..................................................... 156 . 160 12.7.2 SALIVARY REDUCTION PROCEDURES .......... . 162 12.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ................... 157 12.7.3 SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT LIGATION ............ . 163 12.3.1 CLINICAL EVALUATION ............................... 157 12.8 BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION IN THE 12.3.2 ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS .................... 157 SALIVARY GLANDS ................................. . 164 12.4 OTHER INVESTIGATIONS ......................... 159 12.9 CONCLUSION......................................... . 166 12.5 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SIALORRHEA ... 159 12.10 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 166 13 THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST EXCISION . OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, DAN M. FLISS ............................................................... 169 13.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 169 13.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - REVISION.......... . 171 13.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 13.5 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................ . 171 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 169 13.6 COMPLICATIONS ................................... . 172 13.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - SISTRUNK PROCEDURE ........................................... 170 13.7 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 172 X 14 BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES, SINUSES, AND CYSTS ......................................................... 1 73 OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, DAN M. FLISS 14.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 173 14.3.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................ ... 177 FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES ........ 14.3.4 COMPLICATIONS ............................... ... 177 14.2 173 14.4 PYRIFORM FOSSA ANOMALIES 14.2.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND (FORMERLY THIRD AND FOURTH ANESTHESIA ........................................... 173 BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES) .......... ... 177 14.2.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 174 14.4.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 14.2.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ..................... 175 ANESTHESIA ..................................... ... 178 14.2.4 COMPLICATIONS ..................................... 175 14.4.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ......................... ... 178 14.3 SECOND BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES. .. 175 14.4.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................ ... 179 14.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 14.4.4 COMPLICATIONS ............................... ... 179 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 176 14.5 HIGHLIGHTS ..................................... ... 179 14.3.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 176 15 PREAURICULAR ANOMALIES .................................................................................................. 180 LINDSEY MOSES, MAX M. APRIL 15.1 INTRODUCTION ................................... ... 180 15.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ..................... .... 181 15.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 15.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .......... .... 183 ANESTHESIA ....................................... ... 180 15.5 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 185 16 SURGERY FOR LYMPHATIC VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS ....................................................... 186 SONIA KUMAR, BEN HARTLEY 16.1 INTRODUCTION ................................... ... 186 16.8 ANESTHESIA ......................................... . 189 16.2 HEMANGIOMAS ................................. ... 186 16.9 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE ....................... . 189 16.3 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS ............... ... 187 16.10 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ............ . 191 16.4 SURGERY FOR NECK DISEASE ............. ... 188 16.11 EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT ........ . 192 16.5 PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS .......... ... 188 16.12 LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS OF THE TONGUE AND FLOOR OF MOUTH ............ . 192 16.6 PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ........ .. 188 16.13 . 192 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... 16.7 CONTRAINDICATIONS AND RISKS .......... ... 188 17 CERVICAL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY IN CHILDREN ................................................................... 193 BARAK RINGEL, GADI FISHMAN 17.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 193 17.2 PREOPERATIVE AND ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS ................................... 194 17.2.1 HISTORY ................................................ 194 17.2.2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ............................ 194 17.2.3 LABORATORY STUDIES ............................... 194 17.2.4 IMAGING STUDIES .................................... 194 17.2.5 NEEDLE BIOPSY ....................................... 195 17.2.6 FINAL PRESURGICAL PREPARATIONS .............. 195 17.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR LYMPH NODE BIOPSY OF LEVEL III ..................... 195 17.3.1 SKIN INCISION ......................................... 196 17.3.2 ELEVATION OF SUBPLATYSMA I FLAPS .......... 196 17.3.3 DISSECTION ALONG THE LYMPH NODE IN LEVEL III ................................ 196 17.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .................. 196 17.5 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 196 XI 18 PEDIATRIC MAXILLECTOMY .................................................................................................... 199 GILAD HOROWITZ, ANTON WARSHAVSKY, AHMAD SAFADI, AVRAHAM ABERGEL, DAN M. FLISS 18.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... .. 199 18.2.2 COMBINED APPROACH .................... .... 202 18.2.3 HEMI-DEGLOVING ......................... .... 202 18.2 SURGICAL APPROACH TO PEDIATRIC MAXILLECTOMY ................................... .. 199 18.3 ENDOSCOPIC MAXILLECTOMY .......... .... 204 18.2.1 MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING ......................... . .. 201 18.4 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 205 19 VAGAL NERVE STIMULATION . ............................................................................................... 207 ODED BEN-ARI, GILAD HOROWITZ, ITZHAK FRIED, DAN M. FLISS 19.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 207 19.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ......................... . ... 207 19.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 19.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ............. ... 209 ANESTHESIA ..................................... 207 19.5 HIGHLIGHTS ...................................... ... 209 20 PEDIATRIC HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE STIMULATION .......... 210 GILLIAN R. DIERCKS, CHRISTOPHER HARTNICK 20.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 210 20.3.5 IMPULSE GENERATOR POCKET PLACEMENT ........................................ ... 215 20.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 20.3.6 SENSING LEAD PLACEMENT ................. ... 215 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 211 20.3.7 LEAD TUNNELING ................................. ... 216 20.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 212 20.3.8 IMPULSE GENERATOR PLACEMENT ....... ... 216 20.3.1 INCISION PLACEMENT AND PREPARATION ... 212 20.3.9 20.3.10 DEVICE TESTING ................................ WOUND CLOSURE ................................ ... 217 ... 217 20.3.2 20.3.3 EMG MONITORING ................................... PREPARATION ........................................... 212 213 20.3.11 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................. ... 217 20.3.4 SENSING LEAD PLACEMENT ...................... 213 20.4 HIGHLIGHTS ..................................... ... 218 21 LINGUAL TONSILLECTOMY ............... .. 220 SANJAY R. PARIKH, CRAIG MILLER 21.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 220 21.4 AVOIDING COMPLICATIONS .............. ... 222 21.2 INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY ..................... 220 21.5 POSTOPERATIVE CARE ....................... ... 222 21.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 220 21.6 HIGHLIGHTS ..................................... ... 223 22 TONSILLECTOMY AND ADENOIDECTOMY .............................................................................. 224 MARISA EARLEY, MAX APRIL 22.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 224 22.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................... 224 22.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 224 22.3.1 ADENOIDECTOMY .................................... 224 22.3.2 COMPLETE TONSILLECTOMY ..................... 227 22.3.3 POWERED INTRACAPSULAR TONSILLECTOMY AND ADENOIDECTOMY ........................... 228 22.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .................. 229 22.5 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 229 XII 23 PEDIATRIC TRANSORAL ROBOTIC SURGERY ............................................................................ 231 CABRIEL COMEZ, CARLTON J. ZDANSKI 23.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... . 231 23.4.2 SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY: EPIGLOTTOPEXY ........ 233 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 23.4.3 EXPANSION LARYNGOTRACHEOPLASTY 23.2 WITH A POSTERIOR CRICOID GRAFT .............. 234 AND ANESTHESIA ................................. . 231 23.4.4 LARYNGEAL CYST EXCISION ....................... 236 23.3 EXPOSURE, SETUP, AND 23.4.5 PHARYNGEAL LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION 236 INSTRUMENTATION ............................... . 232 EXCISION ................................................. 23.4.6 SCAR BAND LYSIS AND FLAPS ..................... 237 23.4 SELECT CASES IN PEDIATRIC ROBOTIC SURGERY ............................................. . 233 23.5 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .................. 237 23.4.1 LARYNGEAL CLEFT REPAIR ....................... . 233 23.6 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 238 SECTION III SKULL BASE AND CRANIOFACIAL 24 MANAGEMENT OF PERIORBITAL ABSCESS............................................................................ 241 NARIN N. CARMEL NEIDERMAN, DAN M. FLISS, OSHRI WASSERZUG, CADI FISHMAN, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 24.1 PREVALENCE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS OF SINUSITIS ................. 241 24.4 IMAGING ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS OF SINUSITIS........................................... 246 24.2 CLASSIFICATION....................................... 243 24.5 SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT VS. SURGERY - WHEN TO TREAT 24.3 MICROBIOLOGY OF ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED CONSERVATIVELY? ................................. 246 WITH SINUSITIS ....................................... 243 24.6 ENDOSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN SURGICAL APPROACH ............................. 247 24.7 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 248 25 ORBITAL SURGERY FOR TUMORS ........ SHAY KEREN, IGAL LEIBOVITCH ............................................................... 252 25.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 252 25.3.2 ORBITAL SURGICAL PLANES ......................... 256 25.1.1 BENIGN TUMORS ..................................... 252 25.3.3 EXENTERATION ......................................... 259 25.1.2 MALIGNANT LESIONS ............................... 253 25.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................. 259 25.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 25.4.1 LOCAL TREATMENT ................................... 259 AND ANESTHESIA ................................... 255 25.4.2 SYSTEMIC MANAGEMENT ....................... 260 25.3 SURGICAL APPROACH ............................. 256 25.4.3 COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT ........ 260 25.5 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 260 25.3.1 SURGICAL PLANNING ................................. 256 26 ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY IN CHILDREN FOR BENIGN LESIONS ..................................... 262 SHAHAFSHILO, DAN M. FLISS, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 26.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 262 26.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ................... 264 26.2 LIMITATIONS AND SPECIAL 26.4 CONGENITAL MIDLINE LESIONS. .............. 264 CONSIDERATIONS ................................... 262 26.4.1 NASAL DERMOID CYST ............................. 264 XIII 26.4.2 GLIOMA .................................................. 265 26.5 MIDDLE SKULL BASE LESIONS .................. 266 26.5.1 PITUITARY ADENOMA ............................... 266 26.5.2 CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA ............................. 266 26.5.3 RATHKE S CLEFT CYST ............................... 266 26.6 OTHER SINONASAL AND SKULL BASE LESIONS ....................................... 267 26.6.1 SCHWANNOMA ....................................... 267 26.6.2 NEUROFIBROMA ....................................... 267 26.6.3 HEMANGIOMA ....................................... 267 26.6.4 PAPILLOMA ............................................. 267 26.6.5 JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA ....................................... 268 26.7 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 268 26.8 SURGICAL APPROACHES ......................... 268 ,26.8.1 TRANSNASAL APPROACH ............................. 268 26.8.2 SAGITTAL PLANE ....................................... 269 26.8.3 CORONAL PLANE ....................................... 271 26.9 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 272 27 ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............... 274 AHMAD SAFADI, ALBERTO SCHREIBER, DAN M. FLISS, PIERO NICOLAI 27.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 274 27.4 SURGICAL SETTINGS ......................... .... 277 27.2 DIAGNOSIS AND PREOPERATIVE 27.5 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION .......... .... 277 MANAGEMENT ....................................... 275 27.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ................... .... 277 27.3 INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ENDOSCOPIC ENDONASAL 27.6.1 BLEEDING CONTROL ......................... .... 280 APPROACH ............................................. 275 27.7 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 281 28 JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA WITH INTRACRANIAL EXTENSION ................................................. 282 PHILIPPE LAVIGNE, CARL H. SNYDERMAN, PAUL A. GARDNER 28.1 INTRODUCTION ................................... ... 282 28.3.1 STAGING OF SURGERY ....................... .... 286 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 28.3.2 OUTCOMES ..................................... .... 286 28.2 ... 282 28.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .......... .... 287 ANESTHESIA ...................................... 28.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ......................... ... 284 28.5 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 287 29 EXPANDED ENDONASAL APPROACHES FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANCY IN CHILDREN ... 289 MEGHAN WILSON, CARL H. SNYDERMAN, PAUL A. GARDNER, ELIZABETH C. TYLER-KABARA 29.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 289 29.1.1 CHORDOMA ............................................. 289 29.1.2 CHONDROSARCOMA ................................. 289 29.1.3 SARCOMAS ............................................. 290 29.1.4 EWING SARCOMA ...................................... 290 29.1.5 OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA .................... 290 29.1.6 GERMINOMA ......................................... 290 29.1.7 LYMPHOMA ........................................... 290 29.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION .................... 290 29.3 PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT .............. 291 29.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 291 29.4.1 ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: TRANSFRONTAL/ TRANSCRIBRIFORM/TRANSPLANUM APPROACH ............................................. 291 29.4.2 POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: TRANSCLIVAL APPROACH ........................... 294 29.5 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT .............. 297 29.6 OUTCOMES ........................................... 298 29.7 COMPLICATIONS ..................................... 298 29.8 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 298 XIV 30 OPEN APPROACHES TO THE ANTERIOR SKULL BASE IN CHILDREN 300 OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, BARAK RINGEL, DAN M. FLISS 31 SURGICAL APPROACH TO THE LATERAL SKULL BASE 308 OMER ]. UNGAR, DAN M. FLISS, YAHAV ORON 30.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 300 30.5.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 304 30.2 BILATERAL/UNILATERAL SUBFRONTAL APPROACH ............................................. 300 30.6 THE COMBINED SUBCRANIAL-MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING APPROACH ......................... 304 30.2.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 300 30.7 THE SUBCRANIAL-TRANSORBITAL 305 30.3 THE SUBCRANIAL APPROACH ................. 301 APPROACH ............................................. 30.3.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 301 30.8 SUBCRANIAL-LE FORT 1 APPROACH .......... 306 30.4 SUBCRANIAL-TRANSFACIAL APPROACH. ... 303 30.8.1 RECONSTRUCTION ..................................... 306 30.5 MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING APPROACH .......... 304 30.9 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 306 32 LATERAL SKULL BASE SURGERY IN A PEDIATRIC POPULATION 319 GOLDA GRINBLAT, ABDELKADER TAIBAH, ALESSANDRA RUSSO, MARIO SANNA, GIANLUCA PIRAS 31.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 308 31.3.7 MANDIBULAR CONDYLECTOMY ................ . 313 31.3.8 EXPOSURE OF THE SUBTEMPORAL 31.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND TRAPEZOID MUSCLE ............................... . 313 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 308 31.3.9 OTOLOGIC EXPOSURE ............................. . 313 31.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 310 31.3.10 CRANIOTOMY .................... ................... . 314 31.3.11 CAROTID DISSECTION AND EUSTACHIAN 31.3.1 PREPARATION ........................................... 310 TUBE RESECTION ................................... . 315 31.3.2 INCISION ................................................ 310 31.3.12 CAVERNOUS SINUS RESECTION ................ . 315 31.3.3 EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL OBLITERATION .. 311 31.3.13 DURA AND BRAIN RESECTION ................. . 316 31.3.4 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL 31.3.14 RECONSTRUCTION ................................... . 316 JUGULAR VEIN EXPOSURE ......................... 311 31.3.5 TEMPORALIS MUSCLE ELEVATION ............... 311 31.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................ . 317 31.3.6 ZYGOMATIC OSTECTOMY ......................... 312 31.5 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 318 32.1 INTRODUCTION 319 32.1.1 ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION 319 32.1.2 DEMOGRAPHY 319 32.1.3 CLINICAL FEATURES 319 32.1.4 PATHOLOGY 320 32.1.5 PREOPERATIVE WORKUP 322 32.1.6 SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 322 32.1.7 SURGICAL PROCEDURES 322 32.1.8 FUNCTIONAL PRESERVATION 334 32.1.9 COMPLICATIONS 335 32.2 CONCLUSION 335 32.3 HIGHLIGHTS 335 33 SURGERY OF SKULL BASE MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE 337 PAOLO CASTELNUOVO, STEFANIA GALLO, JACOPO ZOCCHI, JESSICA RUGGIERO, DAVIDE LOCATELLI 33.1 DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL NOTES 337 33.2 CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION 337 33.3 ETIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 338 33.4 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 33.5 DIAGNOSIS ............ 33.6 TREATMENT 340 341 342 XV 33.7 STEP-BY-STEP ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAI APPROACH ....................... . 343 33.9.1 33.9.2 TIMING OF REPAIR............................... ANATOMICAL ASPECTS ......................... .. 345 .. 346 33.8 ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAL SURGICAL CORRIDORS ........................................... . 344 33.9.3 33.9.4 INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGE GUIDANCE........ NASOSEPTAL FLAP ............................... .. 346 .. 346 33.10 COMPLICATIONS AND 33.9 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION IN PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAL LONG-TERM OUTCOMES ..................... .. 346 SURGERY ............................................. . 345 33.11 HIGHLIGHTS ....................................... .. 347 34 BRAIN STEM IMPLANTATION ................................................................................................ 350 BAISHAKHI CHOUDHURY, DAVID R. FRIEDMANN, J, THOMAS ROLAND JR 34.1 INTRODUCTION ................................. ... 350 34.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ..................... .... 351 34.1.1 HISTORY ............................................ ... 350 34.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .......... .... 353 34.1.2 ANATOMY .......................................... ... 350 34.1.3 AUDITORY BRAIN STEM IMPLANT 34.4.1 IMPLANT ACTIVATION ....................... .... 354 DEVICE .............................................. ... 351 34.4.2 SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS ................ .... 354 34.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 34.4.3 OUTCOMES ..................................... .... 355 ANESTHESIA ..................................... ... 351 34.5 CONCLUSION................................... .... 356 34.6 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 356 35 EXCISION OF FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SKELETON ............................. 358 SHAHAFSHILO, DAN M. FLISS, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 35.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 358 35.2 PATIENT EVALUATION ............................. 358 35.3 FIBROUS DYSPLASIA ............................... 358 35.4 IMAGING ............................................... 359 35.5 MANAGEMENT OF FIBROUS DYSPLASIA .. 360 35.5.1 FACIAL BONES ......................................... 361 35.5.2 PARANASAL SINUSES ................................. 361 35.5.3 OPTIC CANAL ........................................... 362 35.5.4 TEMPORAL BONE ..................................... 362 35.6 OSSIFYING FIBROMA ............................. 363 36 REPAIR OF PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS ROBERT F. WARD, MARISA EARLEY 36.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 368 36.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................... 369 36.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES ........................... 370 36.3.1 TRANSNASAL APPROACH ............................ 370 35.7 IMAGING ............................................... 363 35.8 MANAGEMENT OF OSSIFYING FIBROMA ............................................... 363 35.9 OSTEOMA ............................................. 364 35.10 IMAGING ............................................... 365 35.11 MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOMA .................. 365 35.12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................... 366 35.13 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 366 ............................................................................. 368 36.3.2 SUBLABIAL APPROACH ............................. 371 36.3.3 RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION (RME) (COLLARESETAL) ..................................... 371 36.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .................. 371 36.5 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 371 XVI 37 RHINOPLASTY: SECONDARY CLEFT NASAL DEFORMITY ........................................................ 373 DAVID LESHEM, SIVAN ZISSMAN CRAIG SENDERS, MARY ROZ TIMBANG, MOHAMMAD ABRAHAM KAZEMIZADEH GOL 37.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 373 37.5 SURGICAL APPROACH ........................... . 375 37.2 ANATOMY OF THE NOSE ......................... 373 37.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ........................... . 375 37.3 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT ................. 374 37.7 COMPLICATIONS ................................... . 377 37.4 TIMING OF SURGERY ............................. 374 37.8 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 377 38 BILATERAL CHOANAL ATRESIA REPAIR REEMA PADIA, SANJAY R. PARIKH .............................................................. . 379 38.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 379 38.3 DISCUSSION ......................................... . 381 38.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 379 38.4 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 381 39 CLEFT LIP AND PALATE ....................... YANIV EBNER ............................................................... 382 39.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 382 39.3.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. . 385 UNILATERAL CLEFT LIP REPAIR ................. 39.3.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE............................. . 386 39.2 382 39.4 . 386 HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEFT LIP REPAIR .......... 39.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 382 39.2.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 39.5 CLEFT PALATE REPAIR ........................... . 387 ANESTHESIA ........................................... 382 39.5.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... . 387 39.2.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 383 39.5.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 39.2.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE ............................... 384 ANESTHESIA ......................................... . 387 39.3 BILATERAL CLEFT LIP REPAIR ................... 384 39.5.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. . 387 39.3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 384 39.5.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE............................. . 392 39.3.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................... 384 39.6 HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEFT PALATE REPAIR ... . 392 40 MANDIBULAR DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS . 393 40.1 MICROGNATHIA AND PIERRE ROBIN SEQUENCE ........................... ... 393 40.5 POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND DISTRACTION MONITORING ......................................... 399 40.2 MANDIBULAR DISTRACTION 40.6 COMPLICATIONS ..................................... 400 OSTEOGENESIS ................................. ... 393 40.7 CONCLUSION........................................... 400 40.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT ................................. ... 393 40.8 HIGHLIGHTS .......................................... 401 40.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ....................... ... 395 XVII SECTION IV AIRWAY, VOICE, AND SWALLOWING 41 SURGERY FOR VELOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY 405 GADI FISHMAN 41.1 INTRODUCTION 405 41.2 PATTERNS OF VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE 405 41.3 VELOPHARYNGEAL ASSESSMENT 405 41.4 SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 405 42 PEDIATRIC TRACHEOSTOMY BLAKE SMITH, PAUL KRAKOVITZ 41.5 SURGICAL PROCEDURES 406 41.5.1 SUPERIORLY BASED PHARYNGEAL FLAP 406 41.5.2 SPHINCTER PHARYNGOPLASTY 409 41.5.3 POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL AUGMENTATION 410 41.5.4 FURLOW PALATOPLASTY 411 41.6 HIGHLIGHTS 412 414 42.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 414 42.6.5 INFECTION ............................................. . 418 42.2 INDICATIONS ........................................... 414 42.7 LATE COMPLICATIONS ........................... . 418 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 42.7.1 GRANULOMATA ..................................... . 418 42.3 414 42.7.2 AIRWAY STENOSIS OR COLLAPSE................ . 419 42.3.1 ANATOMY ............................................... 414 42.7.3 PERISTOMAL AND TRACHEAL EROSION ........ . 419 42.3.2 TRADITIONAL TRACHEOSTOMY .................... 415 42.8 MORTALITY RATE ................................... . 419 42.3.3 BJORK FLAP ............................................. 416 42.3.4 STARPLASTY TRACHEOSTOMY ..................... 416 42.9 HOME CARE ......................................... . 419 42.4 INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS ............ 417 42.10 SURVEILLANCE ....................................... . 420 42.5 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS ............ 417 42.11 DECANNULATION ................................... . 420 42.6 EARLY COMPLICATIONS ........................... 418 42.12 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA ................ . 420 42.6.1 TUBE OBSTRUCTION ................................. 418 42.12.1 TECHNIQUE - REPAIR OF 42.6.2 AIR LEAK ................................................. 418 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA .................. . 420 42.6.3 HEMORRHAGE ......................................... 418 42.13 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 420 42.6.4 ACCIDENTAL DECANNULATION .................... 418 43 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR CHRISTINE FORDHAM, ANNA H. MESSNER ............................................................... 422 43.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 422 43.3.2 PRIMARY CLOSURE ................................. . 423 43.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION FOR TCF REPAIR ............................................. 422 43.4 COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR. .. . 424 43.3 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR. ... 423 43.5 HIGHLIGHTS ......................................... . 424 43.3.1 SECONDARY CLOSURE-DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE ............................................. 423 44 PEDIATRIC BRONCHOSCOPY 426 ANNABELLE TAYSOK YAN, CHRISTINE BARRON, TULIOA. VALDEZ 44.1 INTRODUCTION 44.2 INSTRUMENTS 44.2.1 LARYNGOSCOPES 426 44.2.2 BRONCHOSCOPES ..................... .............. 427 A~)~7 44.2.3 ANCILLARY TOOLS ..................... ............... 428 M-Z / 44.2.4 IMAGING SYSTEM ................... .............. 428 427 44.3 TECHNIQUE ........................... ............... 428 XVIII 44.3.1 TYPES OF ANESTHESIA 428 44.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 429 44.5 INDICATIONS 429 44.6 LIMITATIONS 431 44.6.1 DISADVANTAGES 431 44.6.2 COMPLICATIONS 431 44.7 FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY 431 44.7.1 INTRODUCTION 431 44.7.2 INSTRUMENT 433 44.7.3 INDICATIONS 433 44.7.4 TECHNIQUE 433 44.7.5 COMPLICATIONS 433 44.8 HIGHLIGHTS 433 45 SURGERY OF LARYNGOMALACIA 435 YORAM STERN, MOSHE HAIN 45.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 435 45.9 STAGES OF SURGERY ............................... 436 45.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY................................. 435 45.10 TYPE OF SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY ................ 437 45.3 PRESENTATION ....................................... 435 45.10.1 TYPE 1 .................................................. 437 45.10.2 TYPE 2 .................................................. 438 45.4 SYMPTOMS ........................................... 435 45.10.3 TYPE 3 .................................................. 438 45.5 INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY ..................... 436 45.11 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .................. 439 45.6 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................... 436 45.12 COMPLICATIONS ..................................... SURGICAL RESULTS ................................... 439 439 45.13 45.7 SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY ............................. 436 45.14 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 440 45.8 AIRWAY SAFETY ..................................... 436 46 UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL VOCAL FOLD PARALYSIS. ... 442 CAROL NHAN, JEAN-PAUL MARIE, KAREN B. ZUR 46.1 PART 1 UNILATERAL VOCAL FOLD PARALYSIS 442 46.2 PART 2 BILATERAL VOCAL CAROL NHAN, KAREN B. ZUR FOLD PARALYSIS ....................................... CAROL NHAN, KAREN B. ZUR, JEAN-PAUL MARIE 447 46.1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 442 46.1.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ....................... 442 46.2.1 BILATERAL SELECTIVE RECURRENT 46.1.3 SURGICAL OPTIONS ................................... 442 LARYNGEAL NERVE REINNERVATION ............ 447 46.1.4 INJECTION MEDIALIZATION LARYNGOPLASTY ....................................... 442 46.2.2 HIGHLIGHTS ............................................. 449 46.1.5 HIGHLIGHTS ............................................ 443 46.1.6 UNILATERAL ANSA CERVICALIS TO RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE REINNERVATION ....................................... 444 46.1.7 HIGHLIGHTS ............................................ 446 47 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY SURGERY 450 K. A. STEPHENSON, M. E. WYATT 47.1 INTRODUCTION 47.1.1 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 47.1.2 RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOSCOPIC TO OPEN AIRWAY SURGERY 450 47.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 450 ANESTHESIA ............................. ... 451 47.2.1 HISTORY AND EXAMINATION ................. ... 451 450 47.2.2 INVESTIGATIONS .................................. ... 452 XIX 47.2.3 ANESTHESIA 47.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 47.3.1 PREPARATION AND POSITIONING 47.3.2 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY EVALUATION 453 47.3.3 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY SURGERY .......... .... 455 454 47.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT .......... .... 461 454 454 47.5 HIGHLIGHTS ................................... .... 461 48 SURGICAL APPROACH TO JUVENILE ONSET RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS. ... 463 SETH M. PRONSKY, JEFFREY D. BERNSTEIN 48.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 463 48.4 INTRAOPERATIVE APPROACH ................... 468 48.1.1 GENERAL ................................................. 463 48.4.1 GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES ............. 468 48.1.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ................................... 463 48.4.2 GENERAL TECHNIQUE PEARLS ................. 468 48.1.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY ....................................... 464 48.4.3 ADJUVANT THERAPY ................................. 469 48.1.4 PRESENTATION ......................................... 464 48.4.4 NOTE ON ADJUVANT TREATMENT ............... 469 48.1.5 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT ............................. 464 48.4.5 TECHNIQUE OF INTRALESIONAL INJECTION ... 469 48.1.6 PATIENT DISCUSSION ............................... 465 48.4.6 CIDOFOVIR .............................................. 469 48.2 OR PREPARATION ................................... 465 48.4.7 SAFETY CONCERNS ................................... 472 48.4.8 THE FUTURE OF JORRP 48.3 OR SETUP ............................................. 465 MANAGEMENT ....................................... 473 48.3.1 TOOLS FOR REMOVAL OF PAPILLOMA ............ 465 48.5 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 473 49 LARYNGOTRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION. DIEGO PRECIADO, GEORGE ZA/ZAL ............................................................... 475 49.1 INTRODUCTION 475 49.2 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 475 49.3 EVALUATION, PREOPERATIVE, AND ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS 475 49.3.1 TIMING OF RECONSTRUCTION 476 49.4 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 476 49.4.1 ROLE FOR ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT 476 49.5 OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 477 50 PARTIAL CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION ........ IAN N. JACOBS 50.1 INDICATIONS 486 50.2 RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS 486 50.3 COMPARISON TO LTR BEST HANDLES .... 486 50.4 GRADES OF STENOSIS III, IV 486 50.4.1 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 486 50.4.2 GENERAL SURGICAL APPROACH 487 50.4.3 MAJOR PEARLS OF THE SURGERY 489 50.5 SINGLE STAGE VERSES DOUBLE STAGE ... 489 49.5.1 ANTERIOR CRICOID SPLIT 477 49.5.2 LTR WITH CARTILAGE GRAFTING 477 49.5.3 ANTERIOR GRAFTS 477 49.5.4 POSTERIOR GRAFTS 479 49.5.5 USE OF STENTS 480 49.5.6 CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION 481 49.5.7 DECANNULATION 481 49.5.8 POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 482 49.6 HIGHLIGHTS 482 486 50.6 EXTENDED CTR 491 50.7 COMBINED LTR AND CTR 491 50.8 POSTOPERATIVE CARE 491 50.9 RESULTS 492 50.10 COMPLICATIONS 492 50.11 CONCLUSION 492 50.12 HIGHLIGHTS 493 XX 51 HARVESTING COSTAL CARTILAGE FOR LARYNGOTRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION ........................ 494 ANAT WENGIER, ARI DEROWE 51.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 494 51.4 DONOR SITE POSTOPERATIVE CARE. ... .. 497 51.2 INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS. .. 494 51.5 DONOR SITE COMPLICATIONS .............. .. 497 51.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 494 51.6 HIGHLIGHTS ....................................... .. 497 52 LARYNGOTRACHEAL CLEFT REPAIR. ....................................................................................... 498 NIKOLAUS E. WOLTER, REZA RAHBAR 52.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... . 498 52.4.2 PREOPERATIVE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ... 501 52.4.3 ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS ................... 501 52.2 EMBRYOLOGY OF LARYNGOTRACHEAL CLEFTS ................................................ . 498 52.5 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................. 502 52.3 PRESENTATION ..................................... . 499 52.5.1 ENDOSCOPIC REPAIR ............................... 502 52.5.2 OPEN REPAIR ......................................... 504 52.4 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 52.6 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ................. 506 MANAGEMENT ..................................... . 500 52.4.1 INVESTIGATIONS ..................................... . 500 52.7 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 506 53 SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY .......................................................................................................... 509 MICHAEL RUTTER, CLAUDIA SCHWEIGER 53.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... . 509 53.3.2 CERVICAL SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY .......... ... 512 53.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA ........................................ . 510 53.3.3 SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY FOR TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA ............ ... 513 53.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT ............ ... 514 53.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES ......................... . 510 53.5 HIGHLIGHTS ..................................... ... 514 53.3.1 INTRATHORACIC SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY .... . 510 SECTION V PEDIATRIC TRAUMA 54 FACIAL TRAUMA IN PEDIATRIC PATIENT ............................................................................... 519 AMIR LAVIV, AMIR SHUSTER, VADIM REISER 54.1 54.2 INTRODUCTION ................................. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT .......... ... 519 ... 519 54.5.1 54.5.2 FRONTAL BONE, FRONTAL SINUS, AND SUPERIOR ORBITAL FRACTURES ................... NASO-ORBITO-ETHMOID FRACTURES .......... 521 523 54.3 54.4 54.5 EPIDEMIOLOGY ................................ PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION ............... FRACTURES SITES AND SURGICAL TREATMENT (BY FRACTURE SITE) ....... ... 520 ... 521 ... 521 54.5.3 54.5.4 54.5.5 54.5.6 54.5.7 ORBITAL FLOOR AND BLOWOUT FRACTURES. .. NASAL FRACTURES ..................................... MIDFACE AND ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY COMPLEX FRACTURES ............................... MANDIBULAR FRACTURES ........................... RESORBABLE PLATES ................................. 524 525 526 526 529 55 THE MANAGEMENT OF TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES GIL LAHAV, OPHIR HANDZEL 531 55.1 55.1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................. EPIDEMIOLOGY ................................... ... 531 ... 531 55.1.2 55.1.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ................................... CLASSIFICATION......................................... 531 531 XXI 55.2 DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH .............................. 531 55.2.1 INITIAL EVALUATION ...................................... 531 55.2.2 TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURE ......................... 532 55.2.3 MANAGEMENT .......................................... 534 55.3 CSFLEAK .................................................. 534 55.4 FACIAL NERVE ............................................ 535 SECTION VI RECONSTRUCTION 56 REGIONAL AND LOCAL FLAPS IN CHILDREN .. JUSTIN LOLOI, MEGHAN WILSON, JESSYKA G. LIGHTHALL 56.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 541 56.2 LOCAL AND REGIONAL FLAPS ....................... 542 56.3 CERVICOFACIAL FLAP .................................. 542 56.4 SCALP ROTATION FLAP .............................. 543 56.5 GEOMETRIC FLAPS .................................... 544 56.5.1 BILOBE FLAP .............................................. 544 56.5.2 RHOMBIC FLAP .......................................... 544 56.6 INTERPOLATED FLAPS FOR CUTANEOUS DEFECTS .................................................... 544 56.6.1 PARAMEDIAN FOREHEAD FLAP ..................... 544 56.7 ORAL AND PERIORAL FLAPS ......................... 545 57 FACIAL PARALYSIS IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT EYAL GUR, DANIEL J. KEDAR 57.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 552 57.2 ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ................ 552 57.2.1 CONGENITAL FACIAL NERVE PALSY .............. 552 57.2.2 MOBIUS SYNDROME .................................. 552 57.2.3 ACQUIRED FACIAL NERVE PALSY ..................... 552 57.3 PROGNOSIS................................................ 553 57.4 TREATMENT .............................................. 553 57.5 SURGERY .................................................. 553 57.6 PRIMARY REPAIR ...................................... 554 57.6.1 INDICATIONS .............................................. 554 57.6.2 TECHNIQUE ................................................ 554 55.4.1 CHOICE OF MANAGEMENT ....................... 535 55.4.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ............................... 536 55.5 HEARING LOSS ....................................... 536 55.6 EXTERNAL EAR INJURY ............................. 537 55.7 OTHER COMPLICATIONS ......................... 537 55.8 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 537 541 56.7.1 TONGUE FLAP ......................................... 545 56.7.2 FACIAL ARTERY MYOMUCOSAL FLAP ............ 545 56.7.3 ABBE-SABATTINI CROSS-LIP FLAP ............ 547 56.7.4 PHARYNGEAL FLAP ................................... 547 56.8 TEMPOROPARIETAL FASCIA FLAP .............. 547 56.9 PERICRANIAL FLAP ................................... 548 56.10 SUBMENTAL ISLAND FLAP ....................... 549 56.11 PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE OR MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP ........................... 549 56.12 CONCLUSION........................................... 550 56.13 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 550 ............................................................................. 552 57.7 NERVE GRAFTING: IPSILATERAL AND CROSS-FACIAL......................................... 554 57.7.1 INDICATIONS ........................................... 555 57.7.2 TECHNIQUE ............................................. 555 57.8 INNERVATED FREE FLAPS ....................... 556 57.8.1 INDICATIONS ........................................... 557 57.8.2 TECHNIQUE ............................................. 558 57.8.3 SECOND-STAGE FREE GRACILIS TRANSFER ... 558 57.8.4 ONE-STAGE FREE GRACILIS TO MASSETER FACIAL REANIMATION ............................... 561 57.9 CONCLUSION........................................... 561 57.10 HIGHLIGHTS ........................................... 561 XXII 58 FREE FLAP TRANSFERS IN HEAD-AND-NECK RECONSTRUCTIONS OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. .. 564 DAVID BEN-NUN, RAVIT YANKO, ARIK ZARETSKI, DAN M. FLISS, NIDAL MUHANNA 59 OTOPLASTY ........................................................................................................................... 576 DAVID LESHEM, SIVAN ZISSMAN 58.1 INTRODUCTION ............................. ........ 564 58.2.4 LATISSIMUS DORSI FREE FLAP .............. ... 568 58.2 SOFT TISSUE FREE FLAPS ............... ........ 565 58.2.5 PARASCAPULAR FASCIOCUTANEOUS FREE FLAP .......................................... ... 569 58.2.1 ANTEROLATERAL THIGH FLAP ............ ........ 565 58.2.6 OSTEOCUTANEOUS FREE FLAPS ............. ... 569 58.2.2 RADIAL FOREARM FREE FLAP ............ ........ 567 58.3 HIGHLIGHTS ..................................... ... 573 58.2.3 RECTUS ABDOMINIS FLAP .............. ........ 567 581 59.1 INTRODUCTION ............................... .... 576 59.5 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT ................. .. 577 59.2 ANATOMY OF THE EAR ................... .... 576 59.5.1 EAR MOLDING ..................................... .. 577 59.3 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT .......... .... 576 59.6 OTOPLASTY SURGICAL TECHNIQUE........ .. 577 59.4 TIMING OF SURGERY ..................... .... 577 59.7 COMPLICATIONS ................................. .. 579 59.8 HIGHLIGHTS ....................................... .. 579 INDEX XXIII
adam_txt	CONTENTS VIDEOS . XIV PREFACE . XV CONTRIBUTORS . XXVI SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1 PEDIATRIC ANATOMY . 3 ROY HOD, NAJJAR ESMAT 1.1 INTRODUCTION . 3 1.6.1 CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX . 16 FASCIAE OF THE NECK. 1.6.2 LIGAMENTS AND MEMBRANES OF 1.2 3 THE LARYNX . 16 1.3 MUSCLES OF THE NECK . 3 1.6.3 MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX . 18 1.6.4 ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1.3.1 SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES. 3 PEDIATRIC AND ADULT LARYNX. 20 1.3.2 MIDDLE MUSCLES OR MUSCLES OF THE HYOID BONE . 5 1.7 FACIAL NERVE . 20 1.3.3 DEEP MUSCLES . 7 1.7.1 COMPONENTS AND BRANCHES . 20 1.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE NECK . 9 1.8 THE ORGAN OF HEARING . 22 1.4.1 MUSCLES OF THE HEAD . 9 1.8.1 THE EXTERNAL EAR . 22 1.4.2 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION . 9 1.8.2 THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE . 24 1.4.3 BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEAD 1.8.3 THE MIDDLE EAR . 24 AND NECK . 10 1.8.4 THE INNER EAR . 25 1.5 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS . 13 1.9 THYROID GLAND . 27 1.6 THE LARYNX . 15 2 THE DISTINCTIVE ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE PEDIATRIC SKULL BASE . 28 OREN CAVEL, DAN M. FLISS, IRIT DUEK 2.1 INTRODUCTION . 28 2.8 SPHENOID SINUS DEVELOPMENT . 30 2.2 CRANIAL FOSSAE . 28 2.9 LATERAL SKULL BASE . 30 2.3 ANTERIOR SKULL BASE . 29 2.10 THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL . 30 2.4 PARANASAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT . 29 2.11 THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE . 31 2.5 MAXILLARY SINUS DEVELOPMENT . 29 2.12 THE MIDDLE EAR CLEFT . 31 2.6 ETHMOID SINUS DEVELOPMENT . 30 2.13 HIGHLIGHTS . 32 2.7 FRONTAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT . 30 3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA AND PAIN CONTROL . 34 URIAMIT, RON FLAISHON, AVI A. WEINBROUM 3.1 INTRODUCTION . 34 3.3 PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ENT CHILD. . 35 3.2 PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS . 34 3.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 3.2.1 AIRWAY RISKS VERSUS SAFETY . 34 PREPARATION FOR ANESTHESIA . 35 DETRIMENTS IN THE ENT PEDIATRIC POPULATION . 3.3.2 TRAUMA PATIENTS . 37 3.2.2 35 3.3.3 INTRAOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA REGIMENS . 43 VII 3.3.4 POSTOPERATIVE PATIENT-TAILORED 3.4.2 PAIN ASSESSMENT. 49 MANAGEMENT . 46 3.4.3 SPECIFIC PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOLS . 50 3.3.5 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS . 46 3.4.4 ANALGESIA MODUS OPERANDI . 52 3.4 PAIN MANAGEMENT IN 3.4.5 THE WHO ' S TWO-STEP PAIN STRATEGY . 54 ENT-OPERATED CHILDREN . 48 3.4.6 LATE PAIN CONTROL . 54 3.4.1 PAIN HANDLING HIGHLIGHTS . 48 3.5 CONCLUSION. 54 4 IMAGING OF THE PEDIATRIC HEAD AND NECK . 62 SHELLY I. SHIRAN 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 62 4.3.1 ULTRASOUND . 63 PEDIATRIC IMAGING SAFETY . 4.3.2 CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING . 65 4.2 62 4.3.3 RADIOGRAPHY AND FLUOROSCOPY . 68 4.2.1 RADIATION SAFETY . 62 4.3.4 NUCLEAR MEDICINE . 70 4.2.2 SEDATION . 63 4.4 THE IMAGING DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP. . 72 4.3 THE IMAGING MODALITIES . 63 SECTION II HEAD AND NECK 5 SURGERY OF HEAD AND NECK INFECTION . 81 ROY HOD, EYAL RAVEH 5.1 INTRODUCTION . 81 5.6 SITE-SPECIFIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 84 5.2 ANATOMY . 81 5.6.1 RETROPHARYNGEAL INFECTION . 84 5.6.2 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE (LATERAL 5.3 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PHARYNGEAL SPACE) . 85 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 81 5.6.3 PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS . . 86 5.4 PATHOGENS . 83 5.6.4 ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM . 87 5.7 CONCLUSION. 87 5.5 TREATMENT . 83 5.8 HIGHLIGHTS . 88 6 THYROIDECTOMY . 89 VANINDER K. DHILLON, JONATHON 0. RUSSELL, RALPH P. TUFANO 6.1 INTRODUCTION . 89 6.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 89 6.3 OUTCOMES . 90 6.4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM . 91 6.5 PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA FOR THYROIDECTOMY . 91 6.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE/OPERATIVE PLANNING . 91 6.6.1 GOALS . 91 6.6.2 ANESTHESIA . 91 6.6.3 PREPARATION/PLANNING THE INCISION . 92 6.6.4 INCISION AND FLAP ELEVATION . 92 6.6.5 MOBILIZATION OF THYROID GLAND . 92 6.6.6 KEY MANEUVERS . 92 6.6.7 IDENTIFYING THE RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE AND PARATHYROID GLANDS . 92 6.6.8 MEDIALIZATION OF THYROID GLAND OVER TRACHEA . 92 6.6.9 REMOVAL OF THE SPECIMEN, REIMPLANTATION, AND RE-EVALUATION OF NERVES . 93 6.6.10 CLOSURE OF WOUND . 93 6.7 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . 93 6.8 CONCLUSION. 93 6.9 HIGHLIGHTS . 94 VIII 7 NECK DISSECTION FOR THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN . 95 VANINDER K. DHILLON, JONATHON 0. RUSSELL, RALPH P. TUFANO 7.1 INTRODUCTION . 95 7.6 POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS . 97 7.2 GUIDELINES FOR PEDIATRIC NECK 7.7 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 97 DISSECTION IN THYROID MALIGNANCY . 95 7.7.1 CENTRAL NECK DISSECTION . 97 7.3 ANATOMY OF A NECK DISSECTION . 95 7.7.2 LATERAL NECK DISSECTION . . 98 7.7.3 POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE . 99 7.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR NECK DISSECTION 96 7.7.4 PARATHYROID AUTOIMPLANTATION . 99 IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION . 7.8 CONCLUSION. 99 7.5 INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS . 96 7.9 HIGHLIGHTS . 99 8 PEDIATRIC PAROTIDECTOMY . DAMN V, BONN, MEGHAN WILSON . 101 8.1 INTRODUCTION . 101 8.3.7 ACQUIRED LESIONS . , 106 8.3.8 INFECTIOUS CONDITIONS . , 107 8.2 ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY . 101 8.3.9 INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE 8.3 PATIENT EVALUATION . 103 CONDITIONS . 108 8.3.1 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION . 103 8.4 PAROTIDECTOMY . 109 8.3.2 LABORATORY EVALUATION . 103 8.4.1 PROCEDURE . 109 8.3.3 IMAGING STUDIES . 103 8.4.2 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . 111 8.3.4 SIALENDOSCOPY. 105 8.4.3 COMPLICATIONS . 111 8.3.5 PEDIATRIC PAROTID GLAND DISORDERS . 105 8.5 CONCLUSION. 111 8.3.6 CONGENITAL LESIONS . 105 8.6 HIGHLIGHTS . 111 9 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE SURGERY IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION . 115 AVIYAH PERI, DAN M. FLISS 9.1 INTRODUCTION . 115 9.3 PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE TUMORS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION . . , 121 9.2 INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE PPS . 117 9.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 9.2.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 118 ANESTHESIA . . 123 9.2.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 119 9.3.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 124 9.2.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 121 9.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 128 10 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND EXCISION. . SAM J. DANIEL . 131 10.1 SURGICAL ANATOMY . 131 10.3.3 ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH . . 135 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 10.3.4 COMPLICATIONS . . 135 10.2 132 10.4 . 136 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . 10.3 SURGICAL APPROACHES . 133 10.4.1 PEARLS TO AVOID INTRAOPERATIVE 10.3.1 TRANSCERVICAL APPROACH . 134 COMPLICATIONS . . 136 10.3.2 INTRAORAL APPROACH . 135 10.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 136 IX 11 PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPIC SALIVARY GLAND SURGERY . 138 ODED NAHLIELI 11.1 INTRODUCTION . 138 11.2 GENERAL ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS . 138 11.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . 139 11.3.1 CLINICAL EVALUATION . 139 11.4 SALIVARY IMAGING . 140 11.4.1 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND . 140 11.4.2 PAROTID GLAND . 141 11.4.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIALOGRAPHY . 142 11.5 THE THALLIUM SCAN FOR ALL SALIVARY GLANDS . 142 11.6 LABORATORY DATA . 142 11.7 SIALOENDOSCOPY. 142 11.8 PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA . 143 11.9 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH RARE NONSURGICAL CONDITIONS . 143 11.10 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 144 11.10.1 IRRIGATION. . 144 11.10.2 SIALOENDOSCOPIC SIALOLITHOTOMY . 144 11.11 COMBINATION OF ESWL AND SIALOENDOSCOPIC APPROACH . 147 11.12 THE AUTHOR ' S APPROACHES TO VARIOUS CASES . 147 11.12.1 SURGICAL APPROACH TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS . 148 11.12.2 LOCATION STATISTICS . 150 11.12.3 ACUTE SUPPURATIVE PAROTITIS . 150 11.13 THE SJOGREN'S SYNDROME . 151 11.13.1 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 151 11.14 HIGHLIGHTS . 152 12 SALIVARY GLAND DUCTAL DIVERSION, BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION, AND SALIVARY DUCTAL LIGATION . 155 SAM J. DANIEL 12.1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DROOLING AND SURGICAL ANATOMY . 155 12.6 SURGICAL OPTIONS . . 159 12.7 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES . . 160 12.2 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BOTULINUM 12.7.1 SALIVARY DIVERSION PROCEDURES . TOXIN . 156 . 160 12.7.2 SALIVARY REDUCTION PROCEDURES . . 162 12.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 157 12.7.3 SUBMANDIBULAR DUCT LIGATION . . 163 12.3.1 CLINICAL EVALUATION . 157 12.8 BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION IN THE 12.3.2 ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS . 157 SALIVARY GLANDS . . 164 12.4 OTHER INVESTIGATIONS . 159 12.9 CONCLUSION. . 166 12.5 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SIALORRHEA . 159 12.10 HIGHLIGHTS . . 166 13 THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST EXCISION . OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, DAN M. FLISS . 169 13.1 INTRODUCTION . 169 13.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - REVISION. . 171 13.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 13.5 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 171 ANESTHESIA . 169 13.6 COMPLICATIONS . . 172 13.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE - SISTRUNK PROCEDURE . 170 13.7 HIGHLIGHTS . . 172 X 14 BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES, SINUSES, AND CYSTS . 1 73 OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, DAN M. FLISS 14.1 INTRODUCTION . 173 14.3.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 177 FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES . 14.3.4 COMPLICATIONS . . 177 14.2 173 14.4 PYRIFORM FOSSA ANOMALIES 14.2.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND (FORMERLY THIRD AND FOURTH ANESTHESIA . 173 BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES) . . 177 14.2.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 174 14.4.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 14.2.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 175 ANESTHESIA . . 178 14.2.4 COMPLICATIONS . 175 14.4.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 178 14.3 SECOND BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES. . 175 14.4.3 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 179 14.3.1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 14.4.4 COMPLICATIONS . . 179 ANESTHESIA . 176 14.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 179 14.3.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 176 15 PREAURICULAR ANOMALIES . 180 LINDSEY MOSES, MAX M. APRIL 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . 180 15.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 181 15.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 15.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 183 ANESTHESIA . . 180 15.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 185 16 SURGERY FOR LYMPHATIC VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS . 186 SONIA KUMAR, BEN HARTLEY 16.1 INTRODUCTION . . 186 16.8 ANESTHESIA . . 189 16.2 HEMANGIOMAS . . 186 16.9 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE . . 189 16.3 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS . . 187 16.10 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . . 191 16.4 SURGERY FOR NECK DISEASE . . 188 16.11 EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT . . 192 16.5 PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS . . 188 16.12 LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS OF THE TONGUE AND FLOOR OF MOUTH . . 192 16.6 PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS . . 188 16.13 . 192 HIGHLIGHTS . 16.7 CONTRAINDICATIONS AND RISKS . . 188 17 CERVICAL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY IN CHILDREN . 193 BARAK RINGEL, GADI FISHMAN 17.1 INTRODUCTION . 193 17.2 PREOPERATIVE AND ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS . 194 17.2.1 HISTORY . 194 17.2.2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION . 194 17.2.3 LABORATORY STUDIES . 194 17.2.4 IMAGING STUDIES . 194 17.2.5 NEEDLE BIOPSY . 195 17.2.6 FINAL PRESURGICAL PREPARATIONS . 195 17.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR LYMPH NODE BIOPSY OF LEVEL III . 195 17.3.1 SKIN INCISION . 196 17.3.2 ELEVATION OF SUBPLATYSMA I FLAPS . 196 17.3.3 DISSECTION ALONG THE LYMPH NODE IN LEVEL III . 196 17.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 196 17.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 196 XI 18 PEDIATRIC MAXILLECTOMY . 199 GILAD HOROWITZ, ANTON WARSHAVSKY, AHMAD SAFADI, AVRAHAM ABERGEL, DAN M. FLISS 18.1 INTRODUCTION . . 199 18.2.2 COMBINED APPROACH . . 202 18.2.3 HEMI-DEGLOVING . . 202 18.2 SURGICAL APPROACH TO PEDIATRIC MAXILLECTOMY . . 199 18.3 ENDOSCOPIC MAXILLECTOMY . . 204 18.2.1 MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING . . . 201 18.4 HIGHLIGHTS . . 205 19 VAGAL NERVE STIMULATION . . 207 ODED BEN-ARI, GILAD HOROWITZ, ITZHAK FRIED, DAN M. FLISS 19.1 INTRODUCTION . 207 19.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . . 207 19.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 19.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 209 ANESTHESIA . 207 19.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 209 20 PEDIATRIC HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE STIMULATION . 210 GILLIAN R. DIERCKS, CHRISTOPHER HARTNICK 20.1 INTRODUCTION . 210 20.3.5 IMPULSE GENERATOR POCKET PLACEMENT . . 215 20.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 20.3.6 SENSING LEAD PLACEMENT . . 215 ANESTHESIA . 211 20.3.7 LEAD TUNNELING . . 216 20.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 212 20.3.8 IMPULSE GENERATOR PLACEMENT . . 216 20.3.1 INCISION PLACEMENT AND PREPARATION . 212 20.3.9 20.3.10 DEVICE TESTING . WOUND CLOSURE . . 217 . 217 20.3.2 20.3.3 EMG MONITORING . PREPARATION . 212 213 20.3.11 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 217 20.3.4 SENSING LEAD PLACEMENT . 213 20.4 HIGHLIGHTS . . 218 21 LINGUAL TONSILLECTOMY . . 220 SANJAY R. PARIKH, CRAIG MILLER 21.1 INTRODUCTION . 220 21.4 AVOIDING COMPLICATIONS . . 222 21.2 INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY . 220 21.5 POSTOPERATIVE CARE . . 222 21.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 220 21.6 HIGHLIGHTS . . 223 22 TONSILLECTOMY AND ADENOIDECTOMY . 224 MARISA EARLEY, MAX APRIL 22.1 INTRODUCTION . 224 22.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . 224 22.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 224 22.3.1 ADENOIDECTOMY . 224 22.3.2 COMPLETE TONSILLECTOMY . 227 22.3.3 POWERED INTRACAPSULAR TONSILLECTOMY AND ADENOIDECTOMY . 228 22.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 229 22.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 229 XII 23 PEDIATRIC TRANSORAL ROBOTIC SURGERY . 231 CABRIEL COMEZ, CARLTON J. ZDANSKI 23.1 INTRODUCTION . . 231 23.4.2 SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY: EPIGLOTTOPEXY . 233 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 23.4.3 EXPANSION LARYNGOTRACHEOPLASTY 23.2 WITH A POSTERIOR CRICOID GRAFT . 234 AND ANESTHESIA . . 231 23.4.4 LARYNGEAL CYST EXCISION . 236 23.3 EXPOSURE, SETUP, AND 23.4.5 PHARYNGEAL LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION 236 INSTRUMENTATION . . 232 EXCISION . 23.4.6 SCAR BAND LYSIS AND FLAPS . 237 23.4 SELECT CASES IN PEDIATRIC ROBOTIC SURGERY . . 233 23.5 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 237 23.4.1 LARYNGEAL CLEFT REPAIR . . 233 23.6 HIGHLIGHTS . 238 SECTION III SKULL BASE AND CRANIOFACIAL 24 MANAGEMENT OF PERIORBITAL ABSCESS. 241 NARIN N. CARMEL NEIDERMAN, DAN M. FLISS, OSHRI WASSERZUG, CADI FISHMAN, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 24.1 PREVALENCE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIORBITAL AND ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS OF SINUSITIS . 241 24.4 IMAGING ROLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS OF SINUSITIS. 246 24.2 CLASSIFICATION. 243 24.5 SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT VS. SURGERY - WHEN TO TREAT 24.3 MICROBIOLOGY OF ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED CONSERVATIVELY? . 246 WITH SINUSITIS . 243 24.6 ENDOSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN SURGICAL APPROACH . 247 24.7 HIGHLIGHTS . 248 25 ORBITAL SURGERY FOR TUMORS . SHAY KEREN, IGAL LEIBOVITCH . 252 25.1 INTRODUCTION . 252 25.3.2 ORBITAL SURGICAL PLANES . 256 25.1.1 BENIGN TUMORS . 252 25.3.3 EXENTERATION . 259 25.1.2 MALIGNANT LESIONS . 253 25.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 259 25.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 25.4.1 LOCAL TREATMENT . 259 AND ANESTHESIA . 255 25.4.2 SYSTEMIC MANAGEMENT . 260 25.3 SURGICAL APPROACH . 256 25.4.3 COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT . 260 25.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 260 25.3.1 SURGICAL PLANNING . 256 26 ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY IN CHILDREN FOR BENIGN LESIONS . 262 SHAHAFSHILO, DAN M. FLISS, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 26.1 INTRODUCTION . 262 26.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 264 26.2 LIMITATIONS AND SPECIAL 26.4 CONGENITAL MIDLINE LESIONS. . 264 CONSIDERATIONS . 262 26.4.1 NASAL DERMOID CYST . 264 XIII 26.4.2 GLIOMA . 265 26.5 MIDDLE SKULL BASE LESIONS . 266 26.5.1 PITUITARY ADENOMA . 266 26.5.2 CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA . 266 26.5.3 RATHKE ' S CLEFT CYST . 266 26.6 OTHER SINONASAL AND SKULL BASE LESIONS . 267 26.6.1 SCHWANNOMA . 267 26.6.2 NEUROFIBROMA . 267 26.6.3 HEMANGIOMA . 267 26.6.4 PAPILLOMA . 267 26.6.5 JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA . 268 26.7 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 268 26.8 SURGICAL APPROACHES . 268 ,26.8.1 TRANSNASAL APPROACH . 268 26.8.2 SAGITTAL PLANE . 269 26.8.3 CORONAL PLANE . 271 26.9 HIGHLIGHTS . 272 27 ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 274 AHMAD SAFADI, ALBERTO SCHREIBER, DAN M. FLISS, PIERO NICOLAI 27.1 INTRODUCTION . 274 27.4 SURGICAL SETTINGS . . 277 27.2 DIAGNOSIS AND PREOPERATIVE 27.5 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION . . 277 MANAGEMENT . 275 27.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 277 27.3 INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ENDOSCOPIC ENDONASAL 27.6.1 BLEEDING CONTROL . . 280 APPROACH . 275 27.7 HIGHLIGHTS . . 281 28 JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA WITH INTRACRANIAL EXTENSION . 282 PHILIPPE LAVIGNE, CARL H. SNYDERMAN, PAUL A. GARDNER 28.1 INTRODUCTION . . 282 28.3.1 STAGING OF SURGERY . . 286 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 28.3.2 OUTCOMES . . 286 28.2 . 282 28.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 287 ANESTHESIA . 28.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 284 28.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 287 29 EXPANDED ENDONASAL APPROACHES FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANCY IN CHILDREN . 289 MEGHAN WILSON, CARL H. SNYDERMAN, PAUL A. GARDNER, ELIZABETH C. TYLER-KABARA 29.1 INTRODUCTION . 289 29.1.1 CHORDOMA . 289 29.1.2 CHONDROSARCOMA . 289 29.1.3 SARCOMAS . 290 29.1.4 EWING SARCOMA . 290 29.1.5 OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA . 290 29.1.6 GERMINOMA . 290 29.1.7 LYMPHOMA . 290 29.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 290 29.3 PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . 291 29.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 291 29.4.1 ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: TRANSFRONTAL/ TRANSCRIBRIFORM/TRANSPLANUM APPROACH . 291 29.4.2 POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: TRANSCLIVAL APPROACH . 294 29.5 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT . 297 29.6 OUTCOMES . 298 29.7 COMPLICATIONS . 298 29.8 HIGHLIGHTS . 298 XIV 30 OPEN APPROACHES TO THE ANTERIOR SKULL BASE IN CHILDREN 300 OSHRI WASSERZUG, ARI DEROWE, BARAK RINGEL, DAN M. FLISS 31 SURGICAL APPROACH TO THE LATERAL SKULL BASE 308 OMER ]. UNGAR, DAN M. FLISS, YAHAV ORON 30.1 INTRODUCTION . 300 30.5.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 304 30.2 BILATERAL/UNILATERAL SUBFRONTAL APPROACH . 300 30.6 THE COMBINED SUBCRANIAL-MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING APPROACH . 304 30.2.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 300 30.7 THE SUBCRANIAL-TRANSORBITAL 305 30.3 THE SUBCRANIAL APPROACH . 301 APPROACH . 30.3.1 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 301 30.8 SUBCRANIAL-LE FORT 1 APPROACH . 306 30.4 SUBCRANIAL-TRANSFACIAL APPROACH. . 303 30.8.1 RECONSTRUCTION . 306 30.5 MIDFACIAL DEGLOVING APPROACH . 304 30.9 HIGHLIGHTS . 306 32 LATERAL SKULL BASE SURGERY IN A PEDIATRIC POPULATION 319 GOLDA GRINBLAT, ABDELKADER TAIBAH, ALESSANDRA RUSSO, MARIO SANNA, GIANLUCA PIRAS 31.1 INTRODUCTION . 308 31.3.7 MANDIBULAR CONDYLECTOMY . . 313 31.3.8 EXPOSURE OF THE SUBTEMPORAL 31.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND TRAPEZOID MUSCLE . . 313 ANESTHESIA . 308 31.3.9 OTOLOGIC EXPOSURE . . 313 31.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 310 31.3.10 CRANIOTOMY . . . 314 31.3.11 CAROTID DISSECTION AND EUSTACHIAN 31.3.1 PREPARATION . 310 TUBE RESECTION . . 315 31.3.2 INCISION . 310 31.3.12 CAVERNOUS SINUS RESECTION . . 315 31.3.3 EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL OBLITERATION . 311 31.3.13 DURA AND BRAIN RESECTION . . 316 31.3.4 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY AND INTERNAL 31.3.14 RECONSTRUCTION . . 316 JUGULAR VEIN EXPOSURE . 311 31.3.5 TEMPORALIS MUSCLE ELEVATION . 311 31.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 317 31.3.6 ZYGOMATIC OSTECTOMY . 312 31.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 318 32.1 INTRODUCTION 319 32.1.1 ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION 319 32.1.2 DEMOGRAPHY 319 32.1.3 CLINICAL FEATURES 319 32.1.4 PATHOLOGY 320 32.1.5 PREOPERATIVE WORKUP 322 32.1.6 SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 322 32.1.7 SURGICAL PROCEDURES 322 32.1.8 FUNCTIONAL PRESERVATION 334 32.1.9 COMPLICATIONS 335 32.2 CONCLUSION 335 32.3 HIGHLIGHTS 335 33 SURGERY OF SKULL BASE MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE 337 PAOLO CASTELNUOVO, STEFANIA GALLO, JACOPO ZOCCHI, JESSICA RUGGIERO, DAVIDE LOCATELLI 33.1 DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL NOTES 337 33.2 CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION 337 33.3 ETIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 338 33.4 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 33.5 DIAGNOSIS . 33.6 TREATMENT 340 341 342 XV 33.7 STEP-BY-STEP ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAI APPROACH . . 343 33.9.1 33.9.2 TIMING OF REPAIR. ANATOMICAL ASPECTS . . 345 . 346 33.8 ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAL SURGICAL CORRIDORS . . 344 33.9.3 33.9.4 INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGE GUIDANCE. NASOSEPTAL FLAP . . 346 . 346 33.10 COMPLICATIONS AND 33.9 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION IN PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAL LONG-TERM OUTCOMES . . 346 SURGERY . . 345 33.11 HIGHLIGHTS . . 347 34 BRAIN STEM IMPLANTATION . 350 BAISHAKHI CHOUDHURY, DAVID R. FRIEDMANN, J, THOMAS ROLAND JR 34.1 INTRODUCTION . . 350 34.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 351 34.1.1 HISTORY . . 350 34.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 353 34.1.2 ANATOMY . . 350 34.1.3 AUDITORY BRAIN STEM IMPLANT 34.4.1 IMPLANT ACTIVATION . . 354 DEVICE . . 351 34.4.2 SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS . . 354 34.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 34.4.3 OUTCOMES . . 355 ANESTHESIA . . 351 34.5 CONCLUSION. . 356 34.6 HIGHLIGHTS . . 356 35 EXCISION OF FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SKELETON . 358 SHAHAFSHILO, DAN M. FLISS, AVRAHAM ABERGEL 35.1 INTRODUCTION . 358 35.2 PATIENT EVALUATION . 358 35.3 FIBROUS DYSPLASIA . 358 35.4 IMAGING . 359 35.5 MANAGEMENT OF FIBROUS DYSPLASIA . 360 35.5.1 FACIAL BONES . 361 35.5.2 PARANASAL SINUSES . 361 35.5.3 OPTIC CANAL . 362 35.5.4 TEMPORAL BONE . 362 35.6 OSSIFYING FIBROMA . 363 36 REPAIR OF PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS ROBERT F. WARD, MARISA EARLEY 36.1 INTRODUCTION . 368 36.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . 369 36.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES . 370 36.3.1 TRANSNASAL APPROACH . 370 35.7 IMAGING . 363 35.8 MANAGEMENT OF OSSIFYING FIBROMA . 363 35.9 OSTEOMA . 364 35.10 IMAGING . 365 35.11 MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOMA . 365 35.12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT . 366 35.13 HIGHLIGHTS . 366 . 368 36.3.2 SUBLABIAL APPROACH . 371 36.3.3 RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION (RME) (COLLARESETAL) . 371 36.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 371 36.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 371 XVI 37 RHINOPLASTY: SECONDARY CLEFT NASAL DEFORMITY . 373 DAVID LESHEM, SIVAN ZISSMAN CRAIG SENDERS, MARY ROZ TIMBANG, MOHAMMAD ABRAHAM KAZEMIZADEH GOL 37.1 INTRODUCTION . 373 37.5 SURGICAL APPROACH . . 375 37.2 ANATOMY OF THE NOSE . 373 37.6 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 375 37.3 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT . 374 37.7 COMPLICATIONS . . 377 37.4 TIMING OF SURGERY . 374 37.8 HIGHLIGHTS . . 377 38 BILATERAL CHOANAL ATRESIA REPAIR REEMA PADIA, SANJAY R. PARIKH . . 379 38.1 INTRODUCTION . 379 38.3 DISCUSSION . . 381 38.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 379 38.4 HIGHLIGHTS . . 381 39 CLEFT LIP AND PALATE . YANIV EBNER . 382 39.1 INTRODUCTION . 382 39.3.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 385 UNILATERAL CLEFT LIP REPAIR . 39.3.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE. . 386 39.2 382 39.4 . 386 HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEFT LIP REPAIR . 39.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 382 39.2.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 39.5 CLEFT PALATE REPAIR . . 387 ANESTHESIA . 382 39.5.1 INTRODUCTION . . 387 39.2.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 383 39.5.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 39.2.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE . 384 ANESTHESIA . . 387 39.3 BILATERAL CLEFT LIP REPAIR . 384 39.5.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 387 39.3.1 INTRODUCTION . 384 39.5.4 POSTOPERATIVE CARE. . 392 39.3.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . 384 39.6 HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEFT PALATE REPAIR . . 392 40 MANDIBULAR DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS . 393 40.1 MICROGNATHIA AND PIERRE ROBIN SEQUENCE . . 393 40.5 POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND DISTRACTION MONITORING . 399 40.2 MANDIBULAR DISTRACTION 40.6 COMPLICATIONS . 400 OSTEOGENESIS . . 393 40.7 CONCLUSION. 400 40.3 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT . . 393 40.8 HIGHLIGHTS . 401 40.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . . 395 XVII SECTION IV AIRWAY, VOICE, AND SWALLOWING 41 SURGERY FOR VELOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY 405 GADI FISHMAN 41.1 INTRODUCTION 405 41.2 PATTERNS OF VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE 405 41.3 VELOPHARYNGEAL ASSESSMENT 405 41.4 SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 405 42 PEDIATRIC TRACHEOSTOMY BLAKE SMITH, PAUL KRAKOVITZ 41.5 SURGICAL PROCEDURES 406 41.5.1 SUPERIORLY BASED PHARYNGEAL FLAP 406 41.5.2 SPHINCTER PHARYNGOPLASTY 409 41.5.3 POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL AUGMENTATION 410 41.5.4 FURLOW PALATOPLASTY 411 41.6 HIGHLIGHTS 412 414 42.1 INTRODUCTION . 414 42.6.5 INFECTION . . 418 42.2 INDICATIONS . 414 42.7 LATE COMPLICATIONS . . 418 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 42.7.1 GRANULOMATA . . 418 42.3 414 42.7.2 AIRWAY STENOSIS OR COLLAPSE. . 419 42.3.1 ANATOMY . 414 42.7.3 PERISTOMAL AND TRACHEAL EROSION . . 419 42.3.2 TRADITIONAL TRACHEOSTOMY . 415 42.8 MORTALITY RATE . . 419 42.3.3 BJORK FLAP . 416 42.3.4 STARPLASTY TRACHEOSTOMY . 416 42.9 HOME CARE . . 419 42.4 INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS . 417 42.10 SURVEILLANCE . . 420 42.5 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS . 417 42.11 DECANNULATION . . 420 42.6 EARLY COMPLICATIONS . 418 42.12 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA . . 420 42.6.1 TUBE OBSTRUCTION . 418 42.12.1 TECHNIQUE - REPAIR OF 42.6.2 AIR LEAK . 418 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA . . 420 42.6.3 HEMORRHAGE . 418 42.13 HIGHLIGHTS . . 420 42.6.4 ACCIDENTAL DECANNULATION . 418 43 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR CHRISTINE FORDHAM, ANNA H. MESSNER . 422 43.1 INTRODUCTION . 422 43.3.2 PRIMARY CLOSURE . . 423 43.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION FOR TCF REPAIR . 422 43.4 COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR. . . 424 43.3 TRACHEOCUTANEOUS FISTULA REPAIR. . 423 43.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 424 43.3.1 SECONDARY CLOSURE-DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE . 423 44 PEDIATRIC BRONCHOSCOPY 426 ANNABELLE TAYSOK YAN, CHRISTINE BARRON, TULIOA. VALDEZ 44.1 INTRODUCTION 44.2 INSTRUMENTS 44.2.1 LARYNGOSCOPES 426 44.2.2 BRONCHOSCOPES . . 427 A~)~7 44.2.3 ANCILLARY TOOLS . . 428 M-Z / 44.2.4 IMAGING SYSTEM . . 428 427 44.3 TECHNIQUE . . 428 XVIII 44.3.1 TYPES OF ANESTHESIA 428 44.4 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE 429 44.5 INDICATIONS 429 44.6 LIMITATIONS 431 44.6.1 DISADVANTAGES 431 44.6.2 COMPLICATIONS 431 44.7 FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY 431 44.7.1 INTRODUCTION 431 44.7.2 INSTRUMENT 433 44.7.3 INDICATIONS 433 44.7.4 TECHNIQUE 433 44.7.5 COMPLICATIONS 433 44.8 HIGHLIGHTS 433 45 SURGERY OF LARYNGOMALACIA 435 YORAM STERN, MOSHE HAIN 45.1 INTRODUCTION . 435 45.9 STAGES OF SURGERY . 436 45.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. 435 45.10 TYPE OF SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY . 437 45.3 PRESENTATION . 435 45.10.1 TYPE 1 . 437 45.10.2 TYPE 2 . 438 45.4 SYMPTOMS . 435 45.10.3 TYPE 3 . 438 45.5 INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY . 436 45.11 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 439 45.6 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . 436 45.12 COMPLICATIONS . SURGICAL RESULTS . 439 439 45.13 45.7 SUPRAGLOTTOPLASTY . 436 45.14 HIGHLIGHTS . 440 45.8 AIRWAY SAFETY . 436 46 UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL VOCAL FOLD PARALYSIS. . 442 CAROL NHAN, JEAN-PAUL MARIE, KAREN B. ZUR 46.1 PART 1 UNILATERAL VOCAL FOLD PARALYSIS 442 46.2 PART 2 BILATERAL VOCAL CAROL NHAN, KAREN B. ZUR FOLD PARALYSIS . CAROL NHAN, KAREN B. ZUR, JEAN-PAUL MARIE 447 46.1.1 INTRODUCTION . 442 46.1.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . 442 46.2.1 BILATERAL SELECTIVE RECURRENT 46.1.3 SURGICAL OPTIONS . 442 LARYNGEAL NERVE REINNERVATION . 447 46.1.4 INJECTION MEDIALIZATION LARYNGOPLASTY . 442 46.2.2 HIGHLIGHTS . 449 46.1.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 443 46.1.6 UNILATERAL ANSA CERVICALIS TO RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE REINNERVATION . 444 46.1.7 HIGHLIGHTS . 446 47 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY SURGERY 450 K. A. STEPHENSON, M. E. WYATT 47.1 INTRODUCTION 47.1.1 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 47.1.2 RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOSCOPIC TO OPEN AIRWAY SURGERY 450 47.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 450 ANESTHESIA . . 451 47.2.1 HISTORY AND EXAMINATION . . 451 450 47.2.2 INVESTIGATIONS . . 452 XIX 47.2.3 ANESTHESIA 47.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 47.3.1 PREPARATION AND POSITIONING 47.3.2 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY EVALUATION 453 47.3.3 ENDOSCOPIC AIRWAY SURGERY . . 455 454 47.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 461 454 454 47.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 461 48 SURGICAL APPROACH TO JUVENILE ONSET RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS. . 463 SETH M. PRONSKY, JEFFREY D. BERNSTEIN 48.1 INTRODUCTION . 463 48.4 INTRAOPERATIVE APPROACH . 468 48.1.1 GENERAL . 463 48.4.1 GENERAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES . 468 48.1.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . 463 48.4.2 GENERAL TECHNIQUE " PEARLS " . 468 48.1.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY . 464 48.4.3 ADJUVANT THERAPY . 469 48.1.4 PRESENTATION . 464 48.4.4 NOTE ON ADJUVANT TREATMENT . 469 48.1.5 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT . 464 48.4.5 TECHNIQUE OF INTRALESIONAL INJECTION . 469 48.1.6 PATIENT DISCUSSION . 465 48.4.6 CIDOFOVIR . 469 48.2 OR PREPARATION . 465 48.4.7 SAFETY CONCERNS . 472 48.4.8 THE FUTURE OF JORRP 48.3 OR SETUP . 465 MANAGEMENT . 473 48.3.1 TOOLS FOR REMOVAL OF PAPILLOMA . 465 48.5 HIGHLIGHTS . 473 49 LARYNGOTRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION. DIEGO PRECIADO, GEORGE ZA/ZAL . 475 49.1 INTRODUCTION 475 49.2 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 475 49.3 EVALUATION, PREOPERATIVE, AND ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS 475 49.3.1 TIMING OF RECONSTRUCTION 476 49.4 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 476 49.4.1 ROLE FOR ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT 476 49.5 OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 477 50 PARTIAL CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION . IAN N. JACOBS 50.1 INDICATIONS 486 50.2 RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS 486 50.3 COMPARISON TO LTR BEST HANDLES . 486 50.4 GRADES OF STENOSIS III, IV 486 50.4.1 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 486 50.4.2 GENERAL SURGICAL APPROACH 487 50.4.3 MAJOR PEARLS OF THE SURGERY 489 50.5 SINGLE STAGE VERSES DOUBLE STAGE . 489 49.5.1 ANTERIOR CRICOID SPLIT 477 49.5.2 LTR WITH CARTILAGE GRAFTING 477 49.5.3 ANTERIOR GRAFTS 477 49.5.4 POSTERIOR GRAFTS 479 49.5.5 USE OF STENTS 480 49.5.6 CRICOTRACHEAL RESECTION 481 49.5.7 DECANNULATION 481 49.5.8 POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 482 49.6 HIGHLIGHTS 482 486 50.6 EXTENDED CTR 491 50.7 COMBINED LTR AND CTR 491 50.8 POSTOPERATIVE CARE 491 50.9 RESULTS 492 50.10 COMPLICATIONS 492 50.11 CONCLUSION 492 50.12 HIGHLIGHTS 493 XX 51 HARVESTING COSTAL CARTILAGE FOR LARYNGOTRACHEAL RECONSTRUCTION . 494 ANAT WENGIER, ARI DEROWE 51.1 INTRODUCTION . 494 51.4 DONOR SITE POSTOPERATIVE CARE. . . 497 51.2 INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS. . 494 51.5 DONOR SITE COMPLICATIONS . . 497 51.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 494 51.6 HIGHLIGHTS . . 497 52 LARYNGOTRACHEAL CLEFT REPAIR. . 498 NIKOLAUS E. WOLTER, REZA RAHBAR 52.1 INTRODUCTION . . 498 52.4.2 PREOPERATIVE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT . 501 52.4.3 ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS . 501 52.2 EMBRYOLOGY OF LARYNGOTRACHEAL CLEFTS . . 498 52.5 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 502 52.3 PRESENTATION . . 499 52.5.1 ENDOSCOPIC REPAIR . 502 52.5.2 OPEN REPAIR . 504 52.4 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND 52.6 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . 506 MANAGEMENT . . 500 52.4.1 INVESTIGATIONS . . 500 52.7 HIGHLIGHTS . 506 53 SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY . 509 MICHAEL RUTTER, CLAUDIA SCHWEIGER 53.1 INTRODUCTION . . 509 53.3.2 CERVICAL SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY . . 512 53.2 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND ANESTHESIA . . 510 53.3.3 SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY FOR TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA . . 513 53.4 POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT . . 514 53.3 SURGICAL TECHNIQUES . . 510 53.5 HIGHLIGHTS . . 514 53.3.1 INTRATHORACIC SLIDE TRACHEOPLASTY . . 510 SECTION V PEDIATRIC TRAUMA 54 FACIAL TRAUMA IN PEDIATRIC PATIENT . 519 AMIR LAVIV, AMIR SHUSTER, VADIM REISER 54.1 54.2 INTRODUCTION . GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT . . 519 . 519 54.5.1 54.5.2 FRONTAL BONE, FRONTAL SINUS, AND SUPERIOR ORBITAL FRACTURES . NASO-ORBITO-ETHMOID FRACTURES . 521 523 54.3 54.4 54.5 EPIDEMIOLOGY . PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION . FRACTURES SITES AND SURGICAL TREATMENT (BY FRACTURE SITE) . . 520 . 521 . 521 54.5.3 54.5.4 54.5.5 54.5.6 54.5.7 ORBITAL FLOOR AND BLOWOUT FRACTURES. . NASAL FRACTURES . MIDFACE AND ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY COMPLEX FRACTURES . MANDIBULAR FRACTURES . RESORBABLE PLATES . 524 525 526 526 529 55 THE MANAGEMENT OF TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES GIL LAHAV, OPHIR HANDZEL 531 55.1 55.1.1 INTRODUCTION . EPIDEMIOLOGY . . 531 . 531 55.1.2 55.1.3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . CLASSIFICATION. 531 531 XXI 55.2 DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH . 531 55.2.1 INITIAL EVALUATION . 531 55.2.2 TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURE . 532 55.2.3 MANAGEMENT . 534 55.3 CSFLEAK . 534 55.4 FACIAL NERVE . 535 SECTION VI RECONSTRUCTION 56 REGIONAL AND LOCAL FLAPS IN CHILDREN . JUSTIN LOLOI, MEGHAN WILSON, JESSYKA G. LIGHTHALL 56.1 INTRODUCTION . 541 56.2 LOCAL AND REGIONAL FLAPS . 542 56.3 CERVICOFACIAL FLAP . 542 56.4 SCALP ROTATION FLAP . 543 56.5 GEOMETRIC FLAPS . 544 56.5.1 BILOBE FLAP . 544 56.5.2 RHOMBIC FLAP . 544 56.6 INTERPOLATED FLAPS FOR CUTANEOUS DEFECTS . 544 56.6.1 PARAMEDIAN FOREHEAD FLAP . 544 56.7 ORAL AND PERIORAL FLAPS . 545 57 FACIAL PARALYSIS IN THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT EYAL GUR, DANIEL J. KEDAR 57.1 INTRODUCTION . 552 57.2 ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY . 552 57.2.1 CONGENITAL FACIAL NERVE PALSY . 552 57.2.2 MOBIUS SYNDROME . 552 57.2.3 ACQUIRED FACIAL NERVE PALSY . 552 57.3 PROGNOSIS. 553 57.4 TREATMENT . 553 57.5 SURGERY . 553 57.6 PRIMARY REPAIR . 554 57.6.1 INDICATIONS . 554 57.6.2 TECHNIQUE . 554 55.4.1 CHOICE OF MANAGEMENT . 535 55.4.2 SURGICAL TECHNIQUE . 536 55.5 HEARING LOSS . 536 55.6 EXTERNAL EAR INJURY . 537 55.7 OTHER COMPLICATIONS . 537 55.8 HIGHLIGHTS . 537 541 56.7.1 TONGUE FLAP . 545 56.7.2 FACIAL ARTERY MYOMUCOSAL FLAP . 545 56.7.3 ABBE-SABATTINI CROSS-LIP FLAP . 547 56.7.4 PHARYNGEAL FLAP . 547 56.8 TEMPOROPARIETAL FASCIA FLAP . 547 56.9 PERICRANIAL FLAP . 548 56.10 SUBMENTAL ISLAND FLAP . 549 56.11 PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLE OR MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP . 549 56.12 CONCLUSION. 550 56.13 HIGHLIGHTS . 550 . 552 57.7 NERVE GRAFTING: IPSILATERAL AND CROSS-FACIAL. 554 57.7.1 INDICATIONS . 555 57.7.2 TECHNIQUE . 555 57.8 INNERVATED FREE FLAPS . 556 57.8.1 INDICATIONS . 557 57.8.2 TECHNIQUE . 558 57.8.3 SECOND-STAGE FREE GRACILIS TRANSFER . 558 57.8.4 ONE-STAGE FREE GRACILIS TO MASSETER FACIAL REANIMATION . 561 57.9 CONCLUSION. 561 57.10 HIGHLIGHTS . 561 XXII 58 FREE FLAP TRANSFERS IN HEAD-AND-NECK RECONSTRUCTIONS OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. . 564 DAVID BEN-NUN, RAVIT YANKO, ARIK ZARETSKI, DAN M. FLISS, NIDAL MUHANNA 59 OTOPLASTY . 576 DAVID LESHEM, SIVAN ZISSMAN 58.1 INTRODUCTION . . 564 58.2.4 LATISSIMUS DORSI FREE FLAP . . 568 58.2 SOFT TISSUE FREE FLAPS . . 565 58.2.5 PARASCAPULAR FASCIOCUTANEOUS FREE FLAP . . 569 58.2.1 ANTEROLATERAL THIGH FLAP . . 565 58.2.6 OSTEOCUTANEOUS FREE FLAPS . . 569 58.2.2 RADIAL FOREARM FREE FLAP . . 567 58.3 HIGHLIGHTS . . 573 58.2.3 RECTUS ABDOMINIS FLAP . . 567 581 59.1 INTRODUCTION . . 576 59.5 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT . . 577 59.2 ANATOMY OF THE EAR . . 576 59.5.1 EAR MOLDING . . 577 59.3 PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT . . 576 59.6 OTOPLASTY SURGICAL TECHNIQUE. . 577 59.4 TIMING OF SURGERY . . 577 59.7 COMPLICATIONS . . 579 59.8 HIGHLIGHTS . . 579 INDEX XXIII
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institution	BVB
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language	English
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physical	xxxii, 585 Seiten 1080 Illustrationen 27 cm x 19.5 cm Enthält: 1 Online-Ressource
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spelling	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe [1. Auflage] Stuttgart Thieme [2021] © 2021 xxxii, 585 Seiten 1080 Illustrationen 27 cm x 19.5 cm Enthält: 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Halschirurgie (DE-588)4158927-0 gnd rswk-swf Kopfchirurgie (DE-588)4165259-9 gnd rswk-swf Schädelbasis (DE-588)4051939-9 gnd rswk-swf Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Chirurgie (DE-588)4009987-8 gnd rswk-swf Skull base cranial base Congenital Anomalies pediatric airway Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma head and neck trauma Chirurgie (DE-588)4143303-8 Atlas gnd-content Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s Kopfchirurgie (DE-588)4165259-9 s Halschirurgie (DE-588)4158927-0 s Schädelbasis (DE-588)4051939-9 s Chirurgie (DE-588)4009987-8 s DE-604 Fliss, Dan M. (DE-588)110035977X edt DeRowe, Ari edt Georg Thieme Verlag KG (DE-588)1064287301 pbl DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032526664&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery Halschirurgie (DE-588)4158927-0 gnd Kopfchirurgie (DE-588)4165259-9 gnd Schädelbasis (DE-588)4051939-9 gnd Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Chirurgie (DE-588)4009987-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4158927-0 (DE-588)4165259-9 (DE-588)4051939-9 (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4009987-8 (DE-588)4143303-8
title	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
title_auth	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
title_exact_search	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
title_exact_search_txtP	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
title_full	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe
title_fullStr	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe
title_full_unstemmed	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery Dan M. Fliss, Ari DeRowe
title_short	Atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
title_sort	atlas of pediatric head and neck and skull base surgery
topic	Halschirurgie (DE-588)4158927-0 gnd Kopfchirurgie (DE-588)4165259-9 gnd Schädelbasis (DE-588)4051939-9 gnd Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Chirurgie (DE-588)4009987-8 gnd
topic_facet	Halschirurgie Kopfchirurgie Schädelbasis Kind Chirurgie Atlas
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032526664&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT flissdanm atlasofpediatricheadandneckandskullbasesurgery AT deroweari atlasofpediatricheadandneckandskullbasesurgery AT georgthiemeverlagkg atlasofpediatricheadandneckandskullbasesurgery

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MARC

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