Operation Tidal Wave: the bloodiest air battle in the history of war
"The story of the bloodiest air battle in the history of war, when 1,700 American airmen set out to bomb the oil refineries surrounding the city of Ploesti, Romania, on August 1, 1943."--
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Guilford, Connecticut
Lyons Press
[2021]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The story of the bloodiest air battle in the history of war, when 1,700 American airmen set out to bomb the oil refineries surrounding the city of Ploesti, Romania, on August 1, 1943."-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 239 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781493053728 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a Bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Great Council of War -- The Ladder -- HALPRO -- "The Smart Plan" -- Lumbering Lib -- Black Gold -- Eine Falle -- The Sandman Would Live Forever -- The Defense Did Not Rest -- Spies -- Smart Descends -- Secrets -- The Courage -- "Hit Then for Six! -- Everything Will Change -- Fortune's Wheel -- Crumble and Crackle -- Flak-Zug -- "Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!" -- Wings of Madness -- And This They Did for Country -- Afterword -- The Sandman Redux | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The story of the bloodiest air battle in the history of war, when 1,700 American airmen set out to bomb the oil refineries surrounding the city of Ploesti, Romania, on August 1, 1943."-- | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1943 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Erdölraffinerie |0 (DE-588)4152697-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Luftangriff |0 (DE-588)4074365-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Ploieşti |0 (DE-588)4335898-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Ploiești, Battles of, Ploiești, Romania, 1943-1944 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Bombing, Aerial / Romania / Ploiești / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 0 | |a World War, 1939-1945 / Aerial operations, American | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Bombing, Aerial | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Military operations, Aerial / American | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Romania / Ploiești | |
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| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Introduction....................................................................................... vii Chapter i : Great Council of War......................................................i Chapter 2: The Ladder........................................................................9 Chapter 3: HALPRO......................................................................18 Chapter 4: “The Smart Plan”.............................................................25 Chapter 5 : Lumbering Lib................................................................4° Chapter 6: Black Gold......................................................................52 Chapter 7: Eine Falle.........................................................................60 Chapter 8: The Sandman Would Live Forever................................. 69 Chapter 9: The Defense Did Not Rest............................................. 77 Chapter 10: Spies...............................................................................86 Chapter i i: Smart Descends.............................................................91 Chapter 12: Secrets............................................................................96 Chapter 13:The Courage................................................................. 103 Chapter 14: “Hit Them for Six!”..................................................... 109 Chapter 15: Everything Will Change............................................117 Chapter 16: Fortune s Wheel........................................................... 123 Chapter 17: Crumble and
Crackle..................................................134 Chapter 18: Flak-Zug.................................................................... 143 Chapter 19: “Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!”......................................155 Chapter 20: Wings of Madness.....................................................165 Chapter 21 : And This They Did for Country...................................181 Chapter 22: The Sandman Redux..................................................... 192 Afterword......................................................................................... 199 Coda.................................................................................................. 2x1 Acknowledgments............................................................................. 225 Bibliography...................................................................................... 227 Index.................................................................................................. 231 In Color Acknowledgments................................................................. 240 v
Bibliography “Addison Baker.” Wikipedia. June 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Baker. “Alfred Gerstenberg.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gerstenberg. Army Air Corps Library and Museum. “Ninth Air Force.” Accessed July 2019. www .armyaircorpsmuseum.org/wwii_9th_Air_Force.cfm. Army Air Forces in Europe—World War II. Accessed November 2019. http://www .usaaf.com/9thAF.html. Baldwin, Hanson W. “Ploieşti Raiders Flew Amid Fires,” “Ploieşti Raid Worth Cost.” New York Times, August 5,1943:1,4. Bender, Roger James. Air Organizations ofthe Third Reich: Luftwaffe. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing, 1997. Bishop, Chris. The Illustrated Weapons of World ШггЊА Comprehensive Guide to Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. London: Ambers Books Ltd., 2018. “B-24 Start-Up Procedure.” Wikipedia. April 2010. www.461st.org/B-24_Manual /B-24_Manual.html. “Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.” Wikipedia. May 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim. Carter, Kit C., and Robert Mueller. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronol ogy 1941-1945. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1973. Chant, Chris. From 1914 to the Present Day: The Worlds Great Bombers. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc., 2005. “Col. John R. ‘Killer’ Kane.”This Day in Aviation: Important Dates in Aviation History. www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/colonel-john-r-kane/. “Col. John R. ‘Killer’ Kane.” Wikipedia. January 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /fohn_R._Kane. Conley, Kevin. Luftwaffe Field Divisions,
1941-1945. New York: Osprey Publishing, 1990. Davis, Larry. B-24 Liberator in Action: Aircraft Number 80. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/ Signal Publications, 1987. Dugan, James, and Carroll Stewart. Ploieşti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of1 August 1943. New York: Random House, 2002. --------- . “Ploieşti: German Defenses and Allied Intelligence.” The Air Power Historian, Air Force Historical Foundation, Voi. 9, No. 1 (January 1962), 1-20. www.jstor .org/stable/44512693. 8th Air Force Historical Society. “Perpetuating the Accomplishments and Heritage of the 8th Air Force for Present and Future Generations.” www.8thaffis.org. “Ernst Udet.” Wikipedia. March 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Udet. 22 7
Bibliography Feist, Uwe, and Edward Maloney. Messerschmitt Me 109. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1965. Fili, William J. “The Siege of Ploieşti: The Truth about the Alleged Wrong Turn during Tidal Wave—-The Awesome Low-Level Attack on Ploieşti.” http://Ploieşti.net /pagel2.html. 2006. Freeman, Roger A. The Ploieşti Raid: Through the Lens. London, England: Battle of Britain International Limited, n.d. “German Railway Flak, from Tactical and Technical Trends. Lone Sentry, www.lone sentry.com/articles/ttt07/railway-flak.html. Hamilton, Charles. Leaders and Personalities ofthe Third Reich: Their Biographies, Portraits andAutographs. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing, 1996. Hill, Michael. Black Sunday: Ploieşti. Atglen, PA: Schilfer Publishing, 1993. --------- . The Desert Rats: The 98th Bomb Group and the August 1943 Ploieşti Raid. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1990. “The Hitler and Mannerheim Recording in Finland, June 4,1942.” Military Story: Chronicles of War. March 2019. www.militarystory.org/the-hitler-and-mannerheim -recording-in-finland-june-4-1942-subtitles/. “Hitler and the Mannerheim Recording.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Hitler_and_Mannerheim_recording. “House Order of Hohenzollern.” Wikipedia. November 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern. Johnson, Frederick A. B-24 Liberator: Rugged but Right. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. Kaplan, Philip, and Jack Currie. Round the Clock The Experience ofthe Allied Bomber Crews Who Flew by Day and by Nightfrom England in the Second World War. New York: Random
House, 1993. “Keith K. Compton.” Military.wikia.org. May 2018. https://military.wikia.org/wiki /Keith_K._Compton. “Keith K. Compton.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_K._Compton. Laing, Malcom. Focke-WufFl 190A/F: Walk Around Number 22. Carollton,TX: Squad ron/Signal Publications, 2000. Lupiano, Vincent dePaul, and Ken Sayers. It Was a Very GoodYear: A Cultural History of the United States: From 1776 to the Present. Avon, MA: Adams Media Corp., 1994. “Manfred von Richthofen.” Wikipedia. May 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Manfred_von_Richthofen. Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. The Rise ofthe Werhmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War Җ Volume 1. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. Modrovsky, Robert J. 1 August 1943—Todays Target is Ploieşti: A Departurefrom Doctrine. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. 1999. Newby, Leroy W. Target Ploieşti: Viewfrom a Bombsight. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1983. New York Times. “U.S. Bombers Missed Ploieşti, Turks Hear.”June 21,1942: 5. --------- . “81 Airmen Honored for Raids in Africa (John R. Kane Received DFC for Naples Attack).”January 6,1943: 4. --------- . “Breretons Fliers Also Raided Rome, Report ofJuly 19th Bombing.” July 20, 1943: 4.
Bibliography --------- . “Raid Losses Equal Germans’ Output,” “Oil Production Cut 40 Percent,” “Turks to Release Americans.” August 12,1943: 5. --------- . “2 Colonels Honored Over Raid on Ploieşti (Medals of Honor Awarded to John R. Kane and Leon Johnson).” August 20,1943: 3. --------- . “Wings Highest Award.” August 21,1943: 4. --------- . “Six Who Raided Ploieşti Oil Fields Get Distinguished Service Cross (Awards to Keith K. Compton, Julian N. Bleyer, Delbert H. Han, Norman C. Appold, Herbert I. Shingler, Lewis N. Ellis).” October 1,1943: 22. --------- . “A Congressional Medal Hero Back Home (captioned photo ofJohn R. Kane with his wife and son in Shreveport).” November 26,1943: 5. --------- . “Ploieşti Raid Leader Decorated in Britain (Leon Johnson presented with Medal of Honor).” November 26,1943: 7. “Order of Michael the Brave.” Wikipedia. November 6,2019. https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave. Pietrobon, Giorgio. The Nephew of Unde Pilot Is in Italy. Treviso, Italy. “Ploieşti.” Wikipedia. January 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploiesti. Rust, Ken. The 9th Air Force in World War II. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, n.d. Sedgewick, A. C. “Ploieşti Oil Output Reported Cut 75%,”“Ploieşti Bombing Group Honored.”Ми; York Times, Nisy 9,1944: 3. ---------. “Big Rumanian [sic] Oil Field Bombed by 175 U.S. Planes in Long Flight.” New York Times, August 2,1943:1,3. Sternfels, Robert W. “Colonel, “Don’t Move the Controls.” For file, 2010. Stout, Jay. Fortress Ploieşti: The Campaign to Destroy Hitlers Oil. Haverton, PA: Casemate, 2003. Sulzberger, C. L.
“Reich Vulnerable in Oil of Romania.” Ми; York Times, February 17, 1943: 3. --------- . “Col. Compton Named: K. K. Compton Appointed to Command 376th.” New York Times, March 4,1943: 6. Swopes, Bryan R. “1 August 1943.”This Day in Aviation: Important Dates in Aviation History. Accessed May 2019. www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/9th-air-force/. “Timberlake, Edward J. (Edward Julius), 1909-1990.” National Archives Catalog. Accessed August 2,2019. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10613443. “Tokyo Tanks.” Wikipedia. March 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_tanks. United Press International. “Ploieşti Oil Raid Damage Big; Plane Loss Tops 20, Foe’s 51 (reports of target damage, US losses),” “Gunner’s First Combat Job Brings Down Enemy Plane” (David Rosenthal Bags Me 109, Bombers Over Ploieşti).” August 4, 1943:1,2,4,18. “Uzai G. Ent.” Wikipedia. January 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzal_Girard_Ent. Valant, Gary M. Vintage Aircraft Nose Art. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks Intemationl, 1987. Vassiltchikov, Marie. Berlin Diaries: 1940-1945. New York: Random House, 1988. von Kardorff, Ursula. Diary ofa Nightmare: Berlin, 1942-1945. First edition, published by Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965. “Walter Hagenah.” Aces of the Luftwaffe, www.luftwaffe.cz/hagenah.html. 229
Bibliography War History Online. “Tbe Only Known Recording of Hitler’s Normal Speaking Voice, as He Talks to Marshal of Finland Mannerheim.” www.warhistoryonline.com/fea tured/recording-of-hitlers-normal-speakingvoice.html. Way, Frank, and Robert W. Sternfels. Burning Hitler’s Black Gold. Frank Way, publisher, 2002. “Wilhelm Steinmann.” Aces of the Luftwaffe. February 2018. www.luftwaffe.cz/stein mann.html. “Wilhelm Steinmann.” Military. Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, https ://military,wikia .org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinmann. Williamson, Gordon. The “Hermann Goring” Division. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2003. --------- . Knight’s Cross with Diamonds Recipients: 1941—1945. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2006. “The World’s First Oil Refinery: Ploieşti.” Wikipedia. January 2017. www.worldrecord academy.org/technology/worlds-first-oil-refinery-ploiesti-218277. 230
Index Page numbers in italics refer to the photo insert. A aircraft B-17 Flying Fortress, 31,40-42, 45-48 В ֊29 Superfortress, 31 BT-13 Valiant, 16-17 choosing for Smart Plan, 31-33 deadstick landings, 14-15 de Havilland Mosquito, 114-15, 207-8 Douglas A-20 Havoc attack planes, 29-30 Fairchild PT-19A, 14—16 formation of, 131-32,165 low-level flying, 100-101,202 preparing for mission, 103, 105-6 See also В-24 Liberator; specific planes airplane defense cannon, 79-81 Air Sports Association (Deutscher Luftsportverband), 65,78 Allen, George R, 177 Anglo-American Trident Conference, 36—37 Antonescu, Ion Victor, 58-59 Appold, Norman C., 132 Armstrong, Frank A., 53 Arnold, Henry Harley “Hap,” 1, 4, 25-26,97-99,206 Astra Romana refinery (White IV), 28,165-66,172-75 awards, 22-23,187. See also specific airmen В B-17 Flying Fortress, 31,40-42, 45-48 В-24 Liberator B-17 comparison, 45-48 caricatures on, 41-45 Davis Wing design, 9, 32, 47,140 exploding on July 13,1943, 74-75 first impressions of, 48,49-51 Germans’ knowledge of, 67 names of, 41-45 photo, 16 suitability for Smart Plan, 31-33 See also Tidal Wave mission; specific airplanes B-29 Superfortress, 31 231
Index Baker, Addison, 158,170,172-73, 176-77. See also 93rd Bombing Group barrage balloons, 81-82 Battle of Britain, 64 Benghazi airfields Benina, 69-70 food and living conditions, 5, 104-5 lack of security, 86-90 Bennet, Charles E., 177 Big Time Operator, 133 Black Sunday, 181-82. See also Ploieşti; Tidal Wave mission Black Sunday (Hill), 137-38 Blue, Al, 195-96 Bolen, Merle, 11, 175-76 bombers. See aircraft Bombing Groups, 81,126,134—35. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group); 93rd Bombing Group; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); 376th Bombing Group; 389th Bombing Group bombs composition of, 106 defixsing, 190-91 not exploding, 136 Brandon, William H., 173-74 Brereton, Lewis Hyde approving Trident Plan, 38 death of, 216 Gertenberg’s interest in, 66-67 not flying in Tidal Wave, 99 ordering Tidal Wave, 97-98, 101-2 212 photo, 2 positions held, 215-16 reporting on Tidal Wave, 187-88 Brewery Wagon, 7, 158-64,183, 184-85 Brinton, George, 35-36. See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Brogan, D. W, 49 Brooke, Alan Francis, 2-3 BT-13 Valiant, 16-17 C caricatures on B-24s, 41-45 Carrol, John H., 177 Casablanca Conference, 1, 1-6,25, 49,66,206 Castlunger, Angela, 193 Chastain, Austin, 161 Chekiang raid (proposed), 19-20 Chug-A-Lug, 175-76 Churchill, Winston, 1,1, 37-38,39 Compton, Keith “K. K.” bombing targets of opportunity, 178-79 “failure” attributed to, 199 fatal error in turning, 125, 132-33,155-58,169-72, 180,200-201 Kane clashing with, 107, 138-41,187,204,206-7 life after Tidal Wave, 218 not using frontal penetration maneuver, 138-39 photo, 3
Index receiving Distinguished Flying Cross, 187 See also TeggieAnn concurrent events, 48-49 Constanta (Romania) bombing, 21-23 Corfb, 125,132,134-36,143,203 Curtiss-Wright AT-9 Jeep, 17 D Davis Wing design, 9, 32,47,140 deadstick landings, 14—15 DeCarlino, Francesca, 196-97 de Havilland Mosquito, 114-15, 207-8 Desert Lily, 132 Desert Rats. See Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Diary ofa Nightmare (von Kardorff), 52-53 Dill, Sir John Greer, 3 DLV (Air Sports Association), 65,78 Doolittle, Jimmy, 13 Douglas A-20 Havoc attack planes, 29-30 Dzus spiral cam fasteners, 195 E Eakin, Ira, 46-47 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 37 Ent, Uzal Girard approving Tidal Wave, 38, 95-96 background, 96 life after Tidal Wave, 217-18 as mission commander, 38, 98-99,157,171-72,200 sending coded signal to Brereton, 178 Exterminator, 8 F “failure” of Tidal Wave mission factors in, 86-90,199,205-8 lessons learned from, 211-12 reports on, 133,166-67,171, 182-83,187-88,208-9, 212-13 sacrifices of airmen and, 213 Sternfels’s views on, 223-24 Fairchild PT-19A, 14-16 Faith, Edgar C., 177 flak (Flierabwehr Kanone), 79—81 flak train, 80-81,90,134,141-45, 147-52 flak guns, 79-80 flak jackets, 128 Flesch, Anthony W, 10,11, 145-46,148,175 Flierabwehr Kanone (flak), 79—81 Floresti, 81,86,90,146-47, 155-58,166-67,169, 173,201 Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group), 81,126,140,145, 148,151-52,166. See also Johnson, Leon W; Salyer, Charles A. Flying Fortress (B-17), 31,40-42, 45-48 Foggia (Italy) bombing mission, 91-95 233
Index formation of planes, 131-32,165 44th Bombing Group. See Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group); Johnson, Leon W.; Salyer, Charles A. 43rd Bombing Group, 134 Foster, Clinton, 176 frontal penetration maneuver, 138-39 learning of attack, 141-42 life after Ploieşti, 216-17 responsibilities of, 39,60-62, 65-68,77-82 Smart comparison, 84-85 studying Allies, 66-68 Goebbelsjoseph, 54—55,115 Goring, Hermann, 60-61,65,77, 115,190 G Garner, Eugene, 131 Geerlings, Gerald K., 98-99 German intelligence operations coded message intercepted by, 84-85,126-27 dossier on Smart, 84 initiating counterattack, 134-36 signals interception battalion, 122,134 spies, 41,82,86-90,205 Germany Battle of Britain, 64 Hitler s concerns about oil, 56-59 peoples’ feelings of doubt, 52-53,55-56 Ploieşti defense, 77-82,83 Third Reich calamities, 53-55 Gerstenberg, Alfred “The Protector” on American tactics, 171, 190-91 away from command on August 1,1943,123-24 background, 62-63 as enigma, 216 H Hadley’s Harem, 151 Hagenah, Walter, 192-93 Hail Columbia, 12, 98,140,146, 174,180,184-86 HALPRO mission, 18-23,67, 207 Halverson, Harry A., 19-23 Hansen, Georg Alexander, 6-8 Hell’s Wench, 158,170,176-77 Hendricks Army Airfield, 40 Herglia airfield, 72-74 Hester, Lynn, 157,179 Hill, Michael, 137-38 Hider, Adolf, 6-8,56-59,190 Hohagen, Erich, 162 Houston, Rowland B., 167-69 Howie, James, 176 I incendiaries, 136-37 initial checkpoints (IPs), 81, 125,145-46. See also Corfii; Floresti; Piteşti; Ploieşti; Targoviste intelligence gathering by Americans, 79,80,84 234
Index intelligence gathering by Germans. See German intelligence operations lovine, Lt., 132 IPs (initial checkpoints), 81, 125,145-46. See also Corfu; Floresti; Piteşti; Ploieşti; Targoviste J Jackson, Barney, 6, 10, 11 Jerstad, John L., 177 Joey Uptown, 169 Johnson, Leon W., 4, 173-74. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group) Jose Carioca, 177-78 Just, Frank, 11 К Kane, John Riley “Killer” background, 108 Compton clashing with, 107, 138-41,187,204,206-7 diary entry before mission, 120-21 doubts about mission, 121-22 life after Tidal Wave, 218-19 on measuring success, 83 Medal of Honor, 187,218-19 personality, 107-8 photos, 2, 13 during Tidal Wave, 140-41, 173-74,180,184,185-87 See also Hail Columbia; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Kate Smith, 88,176 Kickapoo, 128—31,214 King, Ernest Joseph, 2 Kroger, Harry, 174 L Leningrad Siege, 53 Leo, William, 140 Liberandos. See 376th Bombing Group Liberator. See В-24 Liberator Livinallongo Valley, Italy, 192-97 Love, Bill, 163-64,184-85 M Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf Emil, 56-57 Marshall, George Catlett, Jr., 2 McCormick, Anne O’Hara, 4-6 McCrary, Tex, 114 media reports on Tidal Wave attack, 208-9 Merrill, Robert, 161,163 Molders, Werner, 64-65 Mosquito PR Mk I (“The Wooden Wolf”), 114-15 Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, 3 N Nespor, Robert, 128-31 Ness, James Van, 175 98th Bombing Group. See Brinton, George; Kane, John Riley “Killer”; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); Sternfels, Robert W; Whalen, Norm 235
Index 93rd Bombing Group, 99,126, 134,140,178. See also Baker, Addison Norden bombsight, 100 nose art on B-24s, 41-45. See also specific planes О oil fields and refineries Gerstenberg responsible for protecting, 60-61 Hitlers worries about, 56-59 importance of, 18-23,33 See also Ploieşti Operation Soapsuds, 34,36-37, 39. See also Smart Plan; Tidal Wave mission P Page, Russ, 151 Palm John, 7, 158-64,184-85 Parker, О. K. “Ozzie,” 221 Patton, George S., 25 Paulus, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst, 53-54 paydays, 120 Perry, David, 43 Petri, N., 11 Pezzala, Alfred W, 177 Pharaoh fly, 104 photoreconnaissance, 114-15, 207-8,224 Pietrobon, Giorgio, 194—98,222 Piteşti, 145-46,155-56 Pitschieder, Filomena, 193 Ploieşti bombing counted as five missions, 41 importance of oil fields/ refineries, 19-23 later attacks on, 217 location, xv, 79 planning for, 25,27-28 spur as reference point for, 80-81,86,90,142,146 See also “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Smart Plan; Tidal Wave mission Polaschek, David, 10,11, 72, 175-76 Polivka, Russell, 131 Portal, Charles Frederick Algernon, 2 Pound, Sir Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers, 2 Project 63 (HALPRO), 19-23, 67,207 Pudgy, 164 Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) losses, 90,186-87 name of, 107 during Tidal Wave, 28,101, 126,134,137-38,144-48, 151,166 See also Brinton, George; Kane, John Riley “Killer”; Sternfels, Robert W; Whalen, Norm a QTrain, 80-81
Index R radio silence, 125,138,139, 203-4,212 Ready and Willing, 170 Reinhard, Wilhelm, 63 Reuter, George J., 177 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 115 Rifkin, Harry, 11, 149 Robertson, Dallas, 164 Roche, John, 170 Rockinson, Alexander R “Rocky,” 163,164,185 Romana Americana refinery (White I), 180 Romanian search for survivors, 183-84 Rome bombing mission, 99 Rommel, Erwin “Desert Fox,” 18,78 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1,1, 112-13 Roper, Hugh R., 8 remnants from, 14, 15, 192-96,222 Sternfels s first sight of, 189 Sarrubbi, Francis, viii-xi Satan’s Hell Cats, 167-69 Saville, Gordon, 37 Scarlett O’Hara, 133 Sedgwick, A. C., 208-9 Siege in Leningrad, 53 signals interception battalion, 122 Smart, Jacob “Jake” Edward as Arnold’s aide-de-camp, 3-4,8 background, 26-27 “failure” attributed to, 199 first combat mission, 91-95 Gerstenberg comparison, 84-85 lack of В-24 experience, 201-2,204 life after Tidal Wave, 219-21 memo after Tidal Wave, 202-5 not flying in Tidal Wave, 99 photo, 1 presenting Smart Plan, 96, 97-98 Sternfels’s opinion of, 223 strengths, 202 See also Smart Plan Smart Plan approvals for, 37-38,206 benefits, 33 choosing bombers for mission, 31-33 details, 205-8 development of idea, 28-31 end of, 152-53,171-72 S Salyer, Charles A., 183. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group) The Sandman assembly of, 196 last mission, 188-89,197 lettering on, 75-76 photos, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15 Pietrobon’s connection to, 194-98,222 during Ploieşti attack, 150, 174-76 237
Index nondirect flight plan, 124-25 problems with, 33-36 Soapsuds name, 34,36-37,39 Tidal Wave name, 39 See also “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Ploieşti; Tidal Wave mission smoke generators, 83 Soapsuds name, 34,36-37,39. See also Smart Plan spies, 41,82,86-90,205 Stafford, Morton O., 177 Stampolis, Nicholas, 177-78 Stanfield, Ivan, 177-78 Stars and Stripes, 209 Steinmann, Wilhelm, 162-63, 167-69 Sternfels, Nancy, xi-xiv, 16 Sternfels, Robert W. author meeting with, viii-xiv flight training, 12,13-17 life after Tidal Wave, xi, 13, 221-24 logbook, 5 personality, 70-71 photos, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16 Pietrobons correspondence about remnant, 197-98,222 Silver Star, 13, 188 during Tidal Wave, 185-87 training, 40,45-46,49 views on German spies in Benghazi, 41,86-90 views on Smart, 27 youth, 9-13 See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); The Sandman 238 Stewart, Raymond, 11, 148 Storms, Leon, 151 Stout, William W, 11, 93,150 Superfortress (B-29), 31 Suzy Q, 173 T Tabacoff, Harold, 151 Targoviste, 79,146,155-58,170, 200-201 Tedder, Sir Arthur, 115-16 TeggieAnn as lead bomber, 132,133 return trip to Benghazi, 187 taking wrong turn, 155-58, 169-73,200-201,223 See also Compton, Keith “K. K.” Ent, Uzal Girard Teltser, Milton, 164 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 215 Thompson, Ralph “Red,” 178 Thompson, William, 160,164 376th Bombing Group, 132, 134-35,140,157-58, 199-200. See also Compton, Keith “K. K.”; Ent, Uzal Girard; Wicklund, Harold 389th Bombing Group, 139-40, 146,203. See also Wood, William O. Tidal Wave mission complexity of, 204 doubts about, 37-38,100-101, 110-11,121-22 false
theories, 199-201 knowledge that nothing will be the same after, 117-19
Index liabilities, 135-37 losses, 182-83,188,214-15 media reports, 208-9 objective and targets, 101-2 pilots’ preparations for, 109-16,119 significance of August 1 date, 123 surprise element, 205-6,207, 223-24 tactical errors, 137-41 takeoff, 127-31 vulnerabilities in plan, 102 See also aircraft; “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Ploieşti; Smart Plan Timberlake, Edward “Ted,” 99 Tokyo fuel tanks, 32-33,102, 105-6,137,176-77,207-8 Treaty of Versailles, 65,78,216 U Udet, Ernst, 64—65 V Valiant (ВТ-13), 16-17 Vargas, Alberto, 41 Versailles Treaty, 65,78,216 von Clausewitz, Claus, 213 von Kardorff, Ursula, 52-53 von Richthofen, Manfred Albrecht Freiherr “Red Baron,” 62-63 von Stauffenberg, Berthold Alfred Maria Schenk Graf, 8 von Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf, 6-8 W Weston, John Tramley, 147-49 Whalen, Norm, 108,146,186. See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) White I (Romana Americana refinery), 180 White IV (Astra Romana refinery), 28,165-66,172-75 Wicklund, Harold, 133,155-58, 170,200-201 Wilhelmshaven (Germany) bombing, 53 Wilson, Robert E, 133,200 “Wog” terminology, 87 Woldenga, Bernhard, 123-24,135, 162,190-91 Wongo Wongo, 6,132,133, 199-200,203,214 Wood, William O., 177 Wright, William, 158,161 239
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Contents Introduction. vii Chapter i : Great Council of War.i Chapter 2: The Ladder.9 Chapter 3: HALPRO.18 Chapter 4: “The Smart Plan”.25 Chapter 5 : Lumbering Lib.4° Chapter 6: Black Gold.52 Chapter 7: Eine Falle.60 Chapter 8: The Sandman Would Live Forever. 69 Chapter 9: The Defense Did Not Rest. 77 Chapter 10: Spies.86 Chapter i i: Smart Descends.91 Chapter 12: Secrets.96 Chapter 13:The Courage. 103 Chapter 14: “Hit Them for Six!”. 109 Chapter 15: Everything Will Change.117 Chapter 16: Fortune s Wheel. 123 Chapter 17: Crumble and
Crackle.134 Chapter 18: Flak-Zug. 143 Chapter 19: “Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!”.155 Chapter 20: Wings of Madness.165 Chapter 21 : And This They Did for Country.181 Chapter 22: The Sandman Redux. 192 Afterword. 199 Coda. 2x1 Acknowledgments. 225 Bibliography. 227 Index. 231 In Color Acknowledgments. 240 v
Bibliography “Addison Baker.” Wikipedia. June 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Baker. “Alfred Gerstenberg.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gerstenberg. Army Air Corps Library and Museum. “Ninth Air Force.” Accessed July 2019. www .armyaircorpsmuseum.org/wwii_9th_Air_Force.cfm. Army Air Forces in Europe—World War II. Accessed November 2019. http://www .usaaf.com/9thAF.html. Baldwin, Hanson W. “Ploieşti Raiders Flew Amid Fires,” “Ploieşti Raid Worth Cost.” New York Times, August 5,1943:1,4. Bender, Roger James. Air Organizations ofthe Third Reich: Luftwaffe. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing, 1997. Bishop, Chris. The Illustrated Weapons of World ШггЊА Comprehensive Guide to Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms Warplanes, Artillery, Ships and Submarines. London: Ambers Books Ltd., 2018. “B-24 Start-Up Procedure.” Wikipedia. April 2010. www.461st.org/B-24_Manual /B-24_Manual.html. “Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.” Wikipedia. May 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim. Carter, Kit C., and Robert Mueller. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronol ogy 1941-1945. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1973. Chant, Chris. From 1914 to the Present Day: The Worlds Great Bombers. Edison, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc., 2005. “Col. John R. ‘Killer’ Kane.”This Day in Aviation: Important Dates in Aviation History. www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/colonel-john-r-kane/. “Col. John R. ‘Killer’ Kane.” Wikipedia. January 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /fohn_R._Kane. Conley, Kevin. Luftwaffe Field Divisions,
1941-1945. New York: Osprey Publishing, 1990. Davis, Larry. B-24 Liberator in Action: Aircraft Number 80. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/ Signal Publications, 1987. Dugan, James, and Carroll Stewart. Ploieşti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of1 August 1943. New York: Random House, 2002. --------- . “Ploieşti: German Defenses and Allied Intelligence.” The Air Power Historian, Air Force Historical Foundation, Voi. 9, No. 1 (January 1962), 1-20. www.jstor .org/stable/44512693. 8th Air Force Historical Society. “Perpetuating the Accomplishments and Heritage of the 8th Air Force for Present and Future Generations.” www.8thaffis.org. “Ernst Udet.” Wikipedia. March 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Udet. 22 7
Bibliography Feist, Uwe, and Edward Maloney. Messerschmitt Me 109. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1965. Fili, William J. “The Siege of Ploieşti: The Truth about the Alleged Wrong Turn during Tidal Wave—-The Awesome Low-Level Attack on Ploieşti.” http://Ploieşti.net /pagel2.html. 2006. Freeman, Roger A. The Ploieşti Raid: Through the Lens. London, England: Battle of Britain International Limited, n.d. “German Railway Flak, from Tactical and Technical Trends." Lone Sentry, www.lone sentry.com/articles/ttt07/railway-flak.html. Hamilton, Charles. Leaders and Personalities ofthe Third Reich: Their Biographies, Portraits andAutographs. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing, 1996. Hill, Michael. Black Sunday: Ploieşti. Atglen, PA: Schilfer Publishing, 1993. --------- . The Desert Rats: The 98th Bomb Group and the August 1943 Ploieşti Raid. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1990. “The Hitler and Mannerheim Recording in Finland, June 4,1942.” Military Story: Chronicles of War. March 2019. www.militarystory.org/the-hitler-and-mannerheim -recording-in-finland-june-4-1942-subtitles/. “Hitler and the Mannerheim Recording.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Hitler_and_Mannerheim_recording. “House Order of Hohenzollern.” Wikipedia. November 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern. Johnson, Frederick A. B-24 Liberator: Rugged but Right. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. Kaplan, Philip, and Jack Currie. Round the Clock The Experience ofthe Allied Bomber Crews Who Flew by Day and by Nightfrom England in the Second World War. New York: Random
House, 1993. “Keith K. Compton.” Military.wikia.org. May 2018. https://military.wikia.org/wiki /Keith_K._Compton. “Keith K. Compton.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_K._Compton. Laing, Malcom. Focke-WufFl 190A/F: Walk Around Number 22. Carollton,TX: Squad ron/Signal Publications, 2000. Lupiano, Vincent dePaul, and Ken Sayers. It Was a Very GoodYear: A Cultural History of the United States: From 1776 to the Present. Avon, MA: Adams Media Corp., 1994. “Manfred von Richthofen.” Wikipedia. May 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Manfred_von_Richthofen. Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. The Rise ofthe Werhmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War Җ Volume 1. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. Modrovsky, Robert J. 1 August 1943—Todays Target is Ploieşti: A Departurefrom Doctrine. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. 1999. Newby, Leroy W. Target Ploieşti: Viewfrom a Bombsight. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1983. New York Times. “U.S. Bombers Missed Ploieşti, Turks Hear.”June 21,1942: 5. --------- . “81 Airmen Honored for Raids in Africa (John R. Kane Received DFC for Naples Attack).”January 6,1943: 4. --------- . “Breretons Fliers Also Raided Rome, Report ofJuly 19th Bombing.” July 20, 1943: 4.
Bibliography --------- . “Raid Losses Equal Germans’ Output,” “Oil Production Cut 40 Percent,” “Turks to Release Americans.” August 12,1943: 5. --------- . “2 Colonels Honored Over Raid on Ploieşti (Medals of Honor Awarded to John R. Kane and Leon Johnson).” August 20,1943: 3. --------- . “Wings Highest Award.” August 21,1943: 4. --------- . “Six Who Raided Ploieşti Oil Fields Get Distinguished Service Cross (Awards to Keith K. Compton, Julian N. Bleyer, Delbert H. Han, Norman C. Appold, Herbert I. Shingler, Lewis N. Ellis).” October 1,1943: 22. --------- . “A Congressional Medal Hero Back Home (captioned photo ofJohn R. Kane with his wife and son in Shreveport).” November 26,1943: 5. --------- . “Ploieşti Raid Leader Decorated in Britain (Leon Johnson presented with Medal of Honor).” November 26,1943: 7. “Order of Michael the Brave.” Wikipedia. November 6,2019. https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave. Pietrobon, Giorgio. The Nephew of Unde Pilot Is in Italy. Treviso, Italy. “Ploieşti.” Wikipedia. January 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploiesti. Rust, Ken. The 9th Air Force in World War II. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, n.d. Sedgewick, A. C. “Ploieşti Oil Output Reported Cut 75%,”“Ploieşti Bombing Group Honored.”Ми; York Times, Nisy 9,1944: 3. ---------. “Big Rumanian [sic] Oil Field Bombed by 175 U.S. Planes in Long Flight.” New York Times, August 2,1943:1,3. Sternfels, Robert W. “Colonel, “Don’t Move the Controls.” For file, 2010. Stout, Jay. Fortress Ploieşti: The Campaign to Destroy Hitlers Oil. Haverton, PA: Casemate, 2003. Sulzberger, C. L.
“Reich Vulnerable in Oil of Romania.” Ми; York Times, February 17, 1943: 3. --------- . “Col. Compton Named: K. K. Compton Appointed to Command 376th.” New York Times, March 4,1943: 6. Swopes, Bryan R. “1 August 1943.”This Day in Aviation: Important Dates in Aviation History. Accessed May 2019. www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/9th-air-force/. “Timberlake, Edward J. (Edward Julius), 1909-1990.” National Archives Catalog. Accessed August 2,2019. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10613443. “Tokyo Tanks.” Wikipedia. March 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_tanks. United Press International. “Ploieşti Oil Raid Damage Big; Plane Loss Tops 20, Foe’s 51 (reports of target damage, US losses),” “Gunner’s First Combat Job Brings Down Enemy Plane” (David Rosenthal Bags Me 109, Bombers Over Ploieşti).” August 4, 1943:1,2,4,18. “Uzai G. Ent.” Wikipedia. January 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzal_Girard_Ent. Valant, Gary M. Vintage Aircraft Nose Art. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks Intemationl, 1987. Vassiltchikov, Marie. Berlin Diaries: 1940-1945. New York: Random House, 1988. von Kardorff, Ursula. Diary ofa Nightmare: Berlin, 1942-1945. First edition, published by Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965. “Walter Hagenah.” Aces of the Luftwaffe, www.luftwaffe.cz/hagenah.html. 229
Bibliography War History Online. “Tbe Only Known Recording of Hitler’s Normal Speaking Voice, as He Talks to Marshal of Finland Mannerheim.” www.warhistoryonline.com/fea tured/recording-of-hitlers-normal-speakingvoice.html. Way, Frank, and Robert W. Sternfels. Burning Hitler’s Black Gold. Frank Way, publisher, 2002. “Wilhelm Steinmann.” Aces of the Luftwaffe. February 2018. www.luftwaffe.cz/stein mann.html. “Wilhelm Steinmann.” Military. Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, https ://military,wikia .org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinmann. Williamson, Gordon. The “Hermann Goring” Division. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2003. --------- . Knight’s Cross with Diamonds Recipients: 1941—1945. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2006. “The World’s First Oil Refinery: Ploieşti.” Wikipedia. January 2017. www.worldrecord academy.org/technology/worlds-first-oil-refinery-ploiesti-218277. 230
Index Page numbers in italics refer to the photo insert. A aircraft B-17 Flying Fortress, 31,40-42, 45-48 В ֊29 Superfortress, 31 BT-13 Valiant, 16-17 choosing for Smart Plan, 31-33 deadstick landings, 14-15 de Havilland Mosquito, 114-15, 207-8 Douglas A-20 Havoc attack planes, 29-30 Fairchild PT-19A, 14—16 formation of, 131-32,165 low-level flying, 100-101,202 preparing for mission, 103, 105-6 See also В-24 Liberator; specific planes airplane defense cannon, 79-81 Air Sports Association (Deutscher Luftsportverband), 65,78 Allen, George R, 177 Anglo-American Trident Conference, 36—37 Antonescu, Ion Victor, 58-59 Appold, Norman C., 132 Armstrong, Frank A., 53 Arnold, Henry Harley “Hap,” 1, 4, 25-26,97-99,206 Astra Romana refinery (White IV), 28,165-66,172-75 awards, 22-23,187. See also specific airmen В B-17 Flying Fortress, 31,40-42, 45-48 В-24 Liberator B-17 comparison, 45-48 caricatures on, 41-45 Davis Wing design, 9, 32, 47,140 exploding on July 13,1943, 74-75 first impressions of, 48,49-51 Germans’ knowledge of, 67 names of, 41-45 photo, 16 suitability for Smart Plan, 31-33 See also Tidal Wave mission; specific airplanes B-29 Superfortress, 31 231
Index Baker, Addison, 158,170,172-73, 176-77. See also 93rd Bombing Group barrage balloons, 81-82 Battle of Britain, 64 Benghazi airfields Benina, 69-70 food and living conditions, 5, 104-5 lack of security, 86-90 Bennet, Charles E., 177 Big Time Operator, 133 Black Sunday, 181-82. See also Ploieşti; Tidal Wave mission Black Sunday (Hill), 137-38 Blue, Al, 195-96 Bolen, Merle, 11, 175-76 bombers. See aircraft Bombing Groups, 81,126,134—35. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group); 93rd Bombing Group; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); 376th Bombing Group; 389th Bombing Group bombs composition of, 106 defixsing, 190-91 not exploding, 136 Brandon, William H., 173-74 Brereton, Lewis Hyde approving Trident Plan, 38 death of, 216 Gertenberg’s interest in, 66-67 not flying in Tidal Wave, 99 ordering Tidal Wave, 97-98, 101-2 212 photo, 2 positions held, 215-16 reporting on Tidal Wave, 187-88 Brewery Wagon, 7, 158-64,183, 184-85 Brinton, George, 35-36. See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Brogan, D. W, 49 Brooke, Alan Francis, 2-3 BT-13 Valiant, 16-17 C caricatures on B-24s, 41-45 Carrol, John H., 177 Casablanca Conference, 1, 1-6,25, 49,66,206 Castlunger, Angela, 193 Chastain, Austin, 161 Chekiang raid (proposed), 19-20 Chug-A-Lug, 175-76 Churchill, Winston, 1,1, 37-38,39 Compton, Keith “K. K.” bombing targets of opportunity, 178-79 “failure” attributed to, 199 fatal error in turning, 125, 132-33,155-58,169-72, 180,200-201 Kane clashing with, 107, 138-41,187,204,206-7 life after Tidal Wave, 218 not using frontal penetration maneuver, 138-39 photo, 3
Index receiving Distinguished Flying Cross, 187 See also TeggieAnn concurrent events, 48-49 Constanta (Romania) bombing, 21-23 Corfb, 125,132,134-36,143,203 Curtiss-Wright AT-9 Jeep, 17 D Davis Wing design, 9, 32,47,140 deadstick landings, 14—15 DeCarlino, Francesca, 196-97 de Havilland Mosquito, 114-15, 207-8 Desert Lily, 132 Desert Rats. See Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Diary ofa Nightmare (von Kardorff), 52-53 Dill, Sir John Greer, 3 DLV (Air Sports Association), 65,78 Doolittle, Jimmy, 13 Douglas A-20 Havoc attack planes, 29-30 Dzus spiral cam fasteners, 195 E Eakin, Ira, 46-47 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 37 Ent, Uzal Girard approving Tidal Wave, 38, 95-96 background, 96 life after Tidal Wave, 217-18 as mission commander, 38, 98-99,157,171-72,200 sending coded signal to Brereton, 178 Exterminator, 8 F “failure” of Tidal Wave mission factors in, 86-90,199,205-8 lessons learned from, 211-12 reports on, 133,166-67,171, 182-83,187-88,208-9, 212-13 sacrifices of airmen and, 213 Sternfels’s views on, 223-24 Fairchild PT-19A, 14-16 Faith, Edgar C., 177 flak (Flierabwehr Kanone), 79—81 flak train, 80-81,90,134,141-45, 147-52 flak guns, 79-80 flak jackets, 128 Flesch, Anthony W, 10,11, 145-46,148,175 Flierabwehr Kanone (flak), 79—81 Floresti, 81,86,90,146-47, 155-58,166-67,169, 173,201 Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group), 81,126,140,145, 148,151-52,166. See also Johnson, Leon W; Salyer, Charles A. Flying Fortress (B-17), 31,40-42, 45-48 Foggia (Italy) bombing mission, 91-95 233
Index formation of planes, 131-32,165 44th Bombing Group. See Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group); Johnson, Leon W.; Salyer, Charles A. 43rd Bombing Group, 134 Foster, Clinton, 176 frontal penetration maneuver, 138-39 learning of attack, 141-42 life after Ploieşti, 216-17 responsibilities of, 39,60-62, 65-68,77-82 Smart comparison, 84-85 studying Allies, 66-68 Goebbelsjoseph, 54—55,115 Goring, Hermann, 60-61,65,77, 115,190 G Garner, Eugene, 131 Geerlings, Gerald K., 98-99 German intelligence operations coded message intercepted by, 84-85,126-27 dossier on Smart, 84 initiating counterattack, 134-36 signals interception battalion, 122,134 spies, 41,82,86-90,205 Germany Battle of Britain, 64 Hitler s concerns about oil, 56-59 peoples’ feelings of doubt, 52-53,55-56 Ploieşti defense, 77-82,83 Third Reich calamities, 53-55 Gerstenberg, Alfred “The Protector” on American tactics, 171, 190-91 away from command on August 1,1943,123-24 background, 62-63 as enigma, 216 H Hadley’s Harem, 151 Hagenah, Walter, 192-93 Hail Columbia, 12, 98,140,146, 174,180,184-86 HALPRO mission, 18-23,67, 207 Halverson, Harry A., 19-23 Hansen, Georg Alexander, 6-8 Hell’s Wench, 158,170,176-77 Hendricks Army Airfield, 40 Herglia airfield, 72-74 Hester, Lynn, 157,179 Hill, Michael, 137-38 Hider, Adolf, 6-8,56-59,190 Hohagen, Erich, 162 Houston, Rowland B., 167-69 Howie, James, 176 I incendiaries, 136-37 initial checkpoints (IPs), 81, 125,145-46. See also Corfii; Floresti; Piteşti; Ploieşti; Targoviste intelligence gathering by Americans, 79,80,84 234
Index intelligence gathering by Germans. See German intelligence operations lovine, Lt., 132 IPs (initial checkpoints), 81, 125,145-46. See also Corfu; Floresti; Piteşti; Ploieşti; Targoviste J Jackson, Barney, 6, 10, 11 Jerstad, John L., 177 Joey Uptown, 169 Johnson, Leon W., 4, 173-74. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group) Jose' Carioca, 177-78 Just, Frank, 11 К Kane, John Riley “Killer” background, 108 Compton clashing with, 107, 138-41,187,204,206-7 diary entry before mission, 120-21 doubts about mission, 121-22 life after Tidal Wave, 218-19 on measuring success, 83 Medal of Honor, 187,218-19 personality, 107-8 photos, 2, 13 during Tidal Wave, 140-41, 173-74,180,184,185-87 See also Hail Columbia; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) Kate Smith, 88,176 Kickapoo, 128—31,214 King, Ernest Joseph, 2 Kroger, Harry, 174 L Leningrad Siege, 53 Leo, William, 140 Liberandos. See 376th Bombing Group Liberator. See В-24 Liberator Livinallongo Valley, Italy, 192-97 Love, Bill, 163-64,184-85 M Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf Emil, 56-57 Marshall, George Catlett, Jr., 2 McCormick, Anne O’Hara, 4-6 McCrary, Tex, 114 media reports on Tidal Wave attack, 208-9 Merrill, Robert, 161,163 Molders, Werner, 64-65 Mosquito PR Mk I (“The Wooden Wolf”), 114-15 Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, 3 N Nespor, Robert, 128-31 Ness, James Van, 175 98th Bombing Group. See Brinton, George; Kane, John Riley “Killer”; Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); Sternfels, Robert W; Whalen, Norm 235
Index 93rd Bombing Group, 99,126, 134,140,178. See also Baker, Addison Norden bombsight, 100 nose art on B-24s, 41-45. See also specific planes О oil fields and refineries Gerstenberg responsible for protecting, 60-61 Hitlers worries about, 56-59 importance of, 18-23,33 See also Ploieşti Operation Soapsuds, 34,36-37, 39. See also Smart Plan; Tidal Wave mission P Page, Russ, 151 Palm John, 7, 158-64,184-85 Parker, О. K. “Ozzie,” 221 Patton, George S., 25 Paulus, Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst, 53-54 paydays, 120 Perry, David, 43 Petri, N., 11 Pezzala, Alfred W, 177 Pharaoh fly, 104 photoreconnaissance, 114-15, 207-8,224 Pietrobon, Giorgio, 194—98,222 Piteşti, 145-46,155-56 Pitschieder, Filomena, 193 Ploieşti bombing counted as five missions, 41 importance of oil fields/ refineries, 19-23 later attacks on, 217 location, xv, 79 planning for, 25,27-28 spur as reference point for, 80-81,86,90,142,146 See also “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Smart Plan; Tidal Wave mission Polaschek, David, 10,11, 72, 175-76 Polivka, Russell, 131 Portal, Charles Frederick Algernon, 2 Pound, Sir Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers, 2 Project 63 (HALPRO), 19-23, 67,207 Pudgy, 164 Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) losses, 90,186-87 name of, 107 during Tidal Wave, 28,101, 126,134,137-38,144-48, 151,166 See also Brinton, George; Kane, John Riley “Killer”; Sternfels, Robert W; Whalen, Norm a QTrain, 80-81
Index R radio silence, 125,138,139, 203-4,212 Ready and Willing, 170 Reinhard, Wilhelm, 63 Reuter, George J., 177 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 115 Rifkin, Harry, 11, 149 Robertson, Dallas, 164 Roche, John, 170 Rockinson, Alexander R “Rocky,” 163,164,185 Romana Americana refinery (White I), 180 Romanian search for survivors, 183-84 Rome bombing mission, 99 Rommel, Erwin “Desert Fox,” 18,78 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1,1, 112-13 Roper, Hugh R., 8 remnants from, 14, 15, 192-96,222 Sternfels s first sight of, 189 Sarrubbi, Francis, viii-xi Satan’s Hell Cats, 167-69 Saville, Gordon, 37 Scarlett O’Hara, 133 Sedgwick, A. C., 208-9 Siege in Leningrad, 53 signals interception battalion, 122 Smart, Jacob “Jake” Edward as Arnold’s aide-de-camp, 3-4,8 background, 26-27 “failure” attributed to, 199 first combat mission, 91-95 Gerstenberg comparison, 84-85 lack of В-24 experience, 201-2,204 life after Tidal Wave, 219-21 memo after Tidal Wave, 202-5 not flying in Tidal Wave, 99 photo, 1 presenting Smart Plan, 96, 97-98 Sternfels’s opinion of, 223 strengths, 202 See also Smart Plan Smart Plan approvals for, 37-38,206 benefits, 33 choosing bombers for mission, 31-33 details, 205-8 development of idea, 28-31 end of, 152-53,171-72 S Salyer, Charles A., 183. See also Flying Eight-Balls (44th Bombing Group) The Sandman assembly of, 196 last mission, 188-89,197 lettering on, 75-76 photos, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15 Pietrobon’s connection to, 194-98,222 during Ploieşti attack, 150, 174-76 237
Index nondirect flight plan, 124-25 problems with, 33-36 Soapsuds name, 34,36-37,39 Tidal Wave name, 39 See also “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Ploieşti; Tidal Wave mission smoke generators, 83 Soapsuds name, 34,36-37,39. See also Smart Plan spies, 41,82,86-90,205 Stafford, Morton O., 177 Stampolis, Nicholas, 177-78 Stanfield, Ivan, 177-78 Stars and Stripes, 209 Steinmann, Wilhelm, 162-63, 167-69 Sternfels, Nancy, xi-xiv, 16 Sternfels, Robert W. author meeting with, viii-xiv flight training, 12,13-17 life after Tidal Wave, xi, 13, 221-24 logbook, 5 personality, 70-71 photos, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16 Pietrobons correspondence about remnant, 197-98,222 Silver Star, 13, 188 during Tidal Wave, 185-87 training, 40,45-46,49 views on German spies in Benghazi, 41,86-90 views on Smart, 27 youth, 9-13 See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group); The Sandman 238 Stewart, Raymond, 11, 148 Storms, Leon, 151 Stout, William W, 11, 93,150 Superfortress (B-29), 31 Suzy Q, 173 T Tabacoff, Harold, 151 Targoviste, 79,146,155-58,170, 200-201 Tedder, Sir Arthur, 115-16 TeggieAnn as lead bomber, 132,133 return trip to Benghazi, 187 taking wrong turn, 155-58, 169-73,200-201,223 See also Compton, Keith “K. K.” Ent, Uzal Girard Teltser, Milton, 164 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 215 Thompson, Ralph “Red,” 178 Thompson, William, 160,164 376th Bombing Group, 132, 134-35,140,157-58, 199-200. See also Compton, Keith “K. K.”; Ent, Uzal Girard; Wicklund, Harold 389th Bombing Group, 139-40, 146,203. See also Wood, William O. Tidal Wave mission complexity of, 204 doubts about, 37-38,100-101, 110-11,121-22 false
theories, 199-201 knowledge that nothing will be the same after, 117-19
Index liabilities, 135-37 losses, 182-83,188,214-15 media reports, 208-9 objective and targets, 101-2 pilots’ preparations for, 109-16,119 significance of August 1 date, 123 surprise element, 205-6,207, 223-24 tactical errors, 137-41 takeoff, 127-31 vulnerabilities in plan, 102 See also aircraft; “failure” of Tidal Wave mission; Ploieşti; Smart Plan Timberlake, Edward “Ted,” 99 Tokyo fuel tanks, 32-33,102, 105-6,137,176-77,207-8 Treaty of Versailles, 65,78,216 U Udet, Ernst, 64—65 V Valiant (ВТ-13), 16-17 Vargas, Alberto, 41 Versailles Treaty, 65,78,216 von Clausewitz, Claus, 213 von Kardorff, Ursula, 52-53 von Richthofen, Manfred Albrecht Freiherr “Red Baron,” 62-63 von Stauffenberg, Berthold Alfred Maria Schenk Graf, 8 von Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf, 6-8 W Weston, John Tramley, 147-49 Whalen, Norm, 108,146,186. See also Pyramidiers (98th Bombing Group) White I (Romana Americana refinery), 180 White IV (Astra Romana refinery), 28,165-66,172-75 Wicklund, Harold, 133,155-58, 170,200-201 Wilhelmshaven (Germany) bombing, 53 Wilson, Robert E, 133,200 “Wog” terminology, 87 Woldenga, Bernhard, 123-24,135, 162,190-91 Wongo Wongo, 6,132,133, 199-200,203,214 Wood, William O., 177 Wright, William, 158,161 239 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lupiano, Vincent dePaul |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1229100385 |
| author_facet | Lupiano, Vincent dePaul |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lupiano, Vincent dePaul |
| author_variant | v d l vd vdl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047106273 |
| contents | Great Council of War -- The Ladder -- HALPRO -- "The Smart Plan" -- Lumbering Lib -- Black Gold -- Eine Falle -- The Sandman Would Live Forever -- The Defense Did Not Rest -- Spies -- Smart Descends -- Secrets -- The Courage -- "Hit Then for Six! -- Everything Will Change -- Fortune's Wheel -- Crumble and Crackle -- Flak-Zug -- "Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!" -- Wings of Madness -- And This They Did for Country -- Afterword -- The Sandman Redux |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1241670635 (DE-599)BVBBV047106273 |
| era | Geschichte 1943 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1943 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ploieşti (DE-588)4335898-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ploieşti |
| id | DE-604.BV047106273 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:24:56Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:02:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781493053728 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032512541 |
| oclc_num | 1241670635 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xiv, 239 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210416 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Lyons Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lupiano, Vincent dePaul Verfasser (DE-588)1229100385 aut Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war Vincent dePaul Lupiano Bloodiest air battle in the history of war Guilford, Connecticut Lyons Press [2021] xiv, 239 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Great Council of War -- The Ladder -- HALPRO -- "The Smart Plan" -- Lumbering Lib -- Black Gold -- Eine Falle -- The Sandman Would Live Forever -- The Defense Did Not Rest -- Spies -- Smart Descends -- Secrets -- The Courage -- "Hit Then for Six! -- Everything Will Change -- Fortune's Wheel -- Crumble and Crackle -- Flak-Zug -- "Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!" -- Wings of Madness -- And This They Did for Country -- Afterword -- The Sandman Redux "The story of the bloodiest air battle in the history of war, when 1,700 American airmen set out to bomb the oil refineries surrounding the city of Ploesti, Romania, on August 1, 1943."-- Geschichte 1943 gnd rswk-swf Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd rswk-swf Luftangriff (DE-588)4074365-2 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Ploieşti (DE-588)4335898-6 gnd rswk-swf Ploiești, Battles of, Ploiești, Romania, 1943-1944 Bombing, Aerial / Romania / Ploiești / History / 20th century World War, 1939-1945 / Aerial operations, American Bombing, Aerial Military operations, Aerial / American Romania / Ploiești 1900-1999 History Ploieşti (DE-588)4335898-6 g Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 s Luftangriff (DE-588)4074365-2 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Geschichte 1943 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4930-5373-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032512541&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032512541&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032512541&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Lupiano, Vincent dePaul Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war Great Council of War -- The Ladder -- HALPRO -- "The Smart Plan" -- Lumbering Lib -- Black Gold -- Eine Falle -- The Sandman Would Live Forever -- The Defense Did Not Rest -- Spies -- Smart Descends -- Secrets -- The Courage -- "Hit Then for Six! -- Everything Will Change -- Fortune's Wheel -- Crumble and Crackle -- Flak-Zug -- "Wrong Turn! Wrong Turn!" -- Wings of Madness -- And This They Did for Country -- Afterword -- The Sandman Redux Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd Luftangriff (DE-588)4074365-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4152697-1 (DE-588)4074365-2 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4335898-6 |
| title | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_alt | Bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_auth | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_exact_search | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_full | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war Vincent dePaul Lupiano |
| title_fullStr | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war Vincent dePaul Lupiano |
| title_full_unstemmed | Operation Tidal Wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war Vincent dePaul Lupiano |
| title_short | Operation Tidal Wave |
| title_sort | operation tidal wave the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| title_sub | the bloodiest air battle in the history of war |
| topic | Erdölraffinerie (DE-588)4152697-1 gnd Luftangriff (DE-588)4074365-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erdölraffinerie Luftangriff Zweiter Weltkrieg Ploieşti |
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