The EOKA cause: nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis
This book explores the origins, conduct, and failure of Greek Cypriot nationalists to achieve the unification of Cyprus with Greece. Andrew Novo addresses the anti-colonial struggle in the context of: the competition for the nationalist narrative in Cyprus between the Left and Right, the duelling Gr...
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney
I.B. Tauris
2021
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| Zusammenfassung: | This book explores the origins, conduct, and failure of Greek Cypriot nationalists to achieve the unification of Cyprus with Greece. Andrew Novo addresses the anti-colonial struggle in the context of: the competition for the nationalist narrative in Cyprus between the Left and Right, the duelling Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot nationalisms in Cyprus, the role of Turkey and Greece in the conflict on the island, and the concerns of the British Empire during its retrenchment following the Second World War. More than a narrative history of the period, an analysis of British policy, or a description of counter-insurgency operations, this book lays out an examination of the underpinnings of the enosis cause and its manifestation in action. It argues that the strategic myopia of the enosis movement shackled the cause, defined its conduct, and was the primary reason for its failure. Divided and occupied, Cyprus, and the world, deal with its unresolved legacy to this day |
| Beschreibung: | 218 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781838606503 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This book explores the origins, conduct, and failure of Greek Cypriot nationalists to achieve the unification of Cyprus with Greece. Andrew Novo addresses the anti-colonial struggle in the context of: the competition for the nationalist narrative in Cyprus between the Left and Right, the duelling Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot nationalisms in Cyprus, the role of Turkey and Greece in the conflict on the island, and the concerns of the British Empire during its retrenchment following the Second World War. More than a narrative history of the period, an analysis of British policy, or a description of counter-insurgency operations, this book lays out an examination of the underpinnings of the enosis cause and its manifestation in action. It argues that the strategic myopia of the enosis movement shackled the cause, defined its conduct, and was the primary reason for its failure. Divided and occupied, Cyprus, and the world, deal with its unresolved legacy to this day | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Terra irredenta: Duelling nationalisms 2 Imperial constitution: Rejection and radicalization viii 1 7 21 3 ‘This sacred goal’: Communists, churchmen and the struggle for the nationalist narrative 31 4 Taking up arms: The continuation of politics through force 45 5 Deepening divides: Political and ethnic fractures 55 6 A time to talk: The Harding-Makarios negotiations 65 7 ‘To destroy EOKA and re-establish law and order’ 85 8 False dawn: The failed road to peace 109 9 On all fronts: EOKA, TMT and the threat of civil war 129 10 End game: Killing a dream 149 Conclusion 167 Notes 173 Bibliography Index 204 214
Bibliography Archival sources and unpublished memoirs The Archives of the Archbishopric of Cyprus (AAC), Nicosia Papers of Archbishop Leontios Papers of Archbishop Makarios II ‘St. Barnabas the Apostle’, Monthly Periodical of the Cypriot Church, March 1954 to October 1956 Minutes of the Ethnarchy Council Meetings Bishop, Alec, Look Back with Pleasure (Unpublished, from the private collection of Mrs. Juliet Campbell, Oxford) The Council for the History and Memory of the EOKA Struggle (SIMAE), Nicosia The Cyprus State Archives (CSA), Nicosia The Cyprus Turkish National Archive and Research Center (CTNA), Kyrenia The Eisenhower Papers: http://eisenhower.press.jhu.edu/ The Imperial War Museum (IWM), London Papers of Field Marshal Sir John Harding Papers of General Sir Kenneth Darling Papers of Corporal Ian W.G. Martin The MacMillan Cabinet Papers The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA), Kew, London Series: CAB 128, CAB 129, CO 926, CO 968, FO 371, PREM 11, WO 32, WO 106, WO 216 The National Archives of the United States (USNA), College Park, Maryland Digital Archive of the CIA Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Vol. XXIV, 1955-1957: The Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean (Washington: US Department of State, 1989) Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Vol. X, Part 1,1958-60: E. Europe Region; Soviet Union, Cyprus (Washington: US Department of State, 1993) RG 59: Records of the US State Department RG 84: Records of the US embassies in London, Athens, and Ankara RG 218: Records of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff
Bibliography 205 The Archives of Rhodes House Library (RHL), Oxford Papers of Sir Robert Percival Armitage (Mss. Afr. S. 2204) Papers of Sir Hugh Foot (Mss. Medit. S. 35) Papers of Sir John Reddaway (Mss. Medit. S. 25, S. 32) Corruption of Youth in Support of Terrorism in Cyprus (Nicosia: The Government of Cyprus, August 1957) ‘Facts About the Question of Cyprus’, from the Turkish Embassy, London (1955) Registration of the Population 1956: Report and Tables (Nicosia: Statistics Section Financial Secretary’s Office, September 1958) Printed primary sources Archbishop Makarios III, ‘Message to the People of Cyprus’, Hellenic News, Bulletin No. 38 (Washington, DC: The Royal Greek Embassy Information Service, 1955). Cmnd. 455, Cyprus Statement ofPolicy (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, June 1958). Cmnd. 679, Conference on Cyprus: Documents Signed and Initialled at Lancaster House on February 19,1959, Miscellaneous No. 4 (1959). Cmnd. 680, Conference on Cyprus: Final Statements at the Closing Plenary Session at Lancaster House on February 19,1959, Miscellaneous No. 5 (1959). Cmnd. 735, Report on the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations Held at New York, United Nations No. 1 (1959) (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, May 1959). Cmnd. 780, The Colonial Territories: 1958-1959, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of Statefor the Colonies by Command of Her Majesty, June 1959. ‘Cyprus: Background to Enosis’, Information Department Memorandum (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1957). Discussion on
Cyprus in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, September-October 1958, Miscellaneous No. 14 (1958) (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, October 1958). Documents and Press Comments on the Cyprus Question (Athens: Press and Information Department, Prime Minister’s Office, 1954). Economides, M., Cyprus: The Case for Enosis (London: Zeno Publications, 1954?). Explanatory Memorandum in support of the Greek request for inclusion of the item of Cyprus on the agenda for the forthcoming General Assembly of the United Nations, 13 June 1956. Harding, Field Marshal Sir John, ‘The Cyprus Problem in Relation to the Middle East’, International Affairs, Voi. 34, No. 3 (July 1958), pp. 291-6. Kouchouk, Fazii Dr., The Voice of Cyprus: Who Is at Fault (Nicosia: Bozkurt Press, November 1956). Kouchouk, Fazii Dr., The Voice of Cyprus (Cyprus: Turkey Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence, 1956). Letter addressed to the Secretary-General by the Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations, 26 April 1956 (Christian X. Palamas to Drag Hammarskjold). Loizides, Savvas, The Cyprus Question and the Law of the United Nations (Nicosia: Nicosia Printing Works, 1951). Loizides, Savvas, Άτυχη Κύπρος, Πως έζησα τους πόθους και τους καημούς της, 19101980 [Unfortunate Cyprus, how I lived its passions and sorrows, 1910-1980] (Athens: Bergadi, 1980).
206 Bibliography Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Fifth Series - Volumes 431,434, 445,446,451,476, 500, 520, 523, 535, 526, 527, 530, 531, 540, 549, 550, 556, 562, 564, 565, 589, 591, 592, 597, 601, House of Commons: Official Report (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office). Rossides, Zenon, The Island of Cyprus and Union with Greece (Nicosia: The Cyprus Ethnarchy Office, 1954). Terrorism in Cyprus: The Captured Documents, trans, by authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1956). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly: Plenary Meetings, 14 October 1952-28 August 1953 (New York: United Nations, 1953). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Session: Plenary Meetings, 15 September-9 December 1953 (New York: United Nations, 1953). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Ninth Session: General Committee, 21 September-17 December 1954 (New York: United Nations, 1954). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly: Plenary Meetings, 21 September-17 December 1954 (New York: United Nations, 1954). Newspapers Cyprus Mail, Nicosia, 1950-1959. Halkın Sesi [English Edition], Nicosia, 1956-1958. The Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago, 1947-1950. The Cyprus Times, Nicosia, 1946-1959. The New York Times, New York, 1946-1960. The Times, London, 1946-1960. The Times of Cyprus, Nicosia, 1955-59. Published memoirs Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos, Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question, 1950-1963, trans. Timothy Cullen and Susan Kyriakidis (New York: Aristide D. Caratzas,
1986). Azinas, Andreas, 50 Years of Silence: Cyprus Struggle for Freedom, My EOKA Secret File, Vols. A B (Nicosia: Airwaves, 2002). Bitsios, Dimitris, Cyprus: The Vulnerable Republic (Thessaloniki: The Institute for Balkan Studies, 1975). Clerides, Glafkos, Cyprus: My Deposition (Nicosia: Alithia Publishing, 1989). Denktaş, Rauf R., The Cyprus Triangle (New York: The Office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 1988). Denktaş, Rauf R., The Cyprus Problem: What It Is - How Can It be Solved? (Cyrep: Lefkoşa, 2004). Durrell, Lawrence, Bitter Lemons (London: Faber and Faber, 1957). Eden, Anthony, Full Circle (London: Cassell, 1960). Eisenhower, Dwight D., Mandatefor Change, 1953-1956, the White House Years (New York: Doubleday, 1963). Eisenhower, Dwight D., Waging Peace, 1956-1961, the White House Years (New York: Doubleday, 1965).
Bibliography 207 Fallaci, Oriana, Intervisa con la storia (Milano: Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 1994). Foot, Sir Hugh, A Start in Freedom (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1964). Grivas, Giorgios, Απομνεμονευματα Αγωνοσ ΕΟΚΑ 1955-1959 [Memoirs of the ΕΟΚΑ Struggle] (Athens: Idiotiki Ekdosi, 1961). Grivas, Giorgios, Guerrilla Warfare and EOKAs Struggle: A Politico- Military Study, trans. AA. Pallis (London: Longmans, 1964). Grivas, Giorgios, The Memoirs of General Grivas, ed. Charles Foley (London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1964). Hart, Charles, Cyprus Crisis - 1955-56: ‘B’ Troop 45 Commando Royal Marines v. Dighenis (Portsmouth: Holbrook Printers, 2003). Kyriakides, Renos, Ρωμανός της Πιτσιλλίάς [Romanos of Pitsillias] (Nicosia: Livadioti, 2008). Lloyd, Selwyn, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (New York: Mayflower Books, 1978). Lyssiotis, Renos, ‘My Marshal, I Surrender!’ and 19 Other Stories, trans. Susan Papas (Nicosia: MAM, 2016). Seraphim-Loizou, Elenitsa, The Cyprus Liberation Struggle: 1955-1959 Through the Eyes of a Woman EOKA Area Commander, trans. John Vickers (Nicosia: Epiphaniou Publications, 2000). Storrs, Ronald, The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs (New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1937). Macmillan, Harold, Tides of Fortune: 1945-1955 (New York: Harper and Row, 1969). Macmillan, Harold, Riding the Storm: 1956-1959 (London: Macmillan, 1971). Noel-Baker, Francis, My Cyprus File (Nicosia: Zavallis Press, 1985). Papaioannou, Ezekias, Ενθυμήσεις από της ζωής μου [Memories From My Life] (Nicosia: Εκδοση Πυρσός, 1988). Reddaway, John, Burdened with Cyprus: The British
Connection (London: K. Rustem Bro. and Weidenfeld 8c Nicolson Ltd., 1986). Interviews Author’s Interviews: Andreas Azinas, Yilmaz Bora, Andreas Chartas, Glafcos Clerides, Rauf Denktaş, Geoffrey Jukes, Yiannis Kolokasides, Renos Kyriakides, Constantinos Loizou, Vassos Lyssarides, Thassos Sophocleous. Secondary sources Alastos, Doros, Cyprus in History (London: Zeno Booksellers 8c Publishers, 1955). Alastos, Doros, Cyprus Guerrilla: Grivas, Makarios and the British (London: Heinemann, 1960). Anderson, David, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005). Anderson, David and David Killingray, eds, Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917-65 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992). Andrew, Christopher, Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History ofMI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009). Aydin, Mustafa, ‘Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War’, Eastern Studies, Voi. 36, No. 1 (January, 2000), pp. 103-9.
208 Bibliography Bachheli, Tozun, Greek-Turkish Relations since 1955 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990). Baker, Colin, Retreatfrom Empire: Sir Robert Armitage in Africa and Cyprus (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1998). Barker, Dudley, Grivas: Portrait of a Terrorist (London: The Cresset Press, 1959). Bartlett, Christopher J., A History ofPostwar Britain: 1945-1974 (London: Longman, 1977). Beckingham, Charles E, ‘The Turks of Cyprus’, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Voi. 87, No. 2 (July-December, 1957), pp. 165-74. Bennet, Huw, Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Blood, L. Lloyd, ‘Mediterranean’, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939). Brambilla, Elena, ‘Convivencia under Muslim Rule: The Island of Cyprus after the Ottoman Conquest (1571-1640)’. Working paper. ND c. 2010. http://www.cliohworld .net/onlread/6/12.pdf Byford-Jones, W., Grivas and the Story ofEOKA (London: Robert Hale Limited, 1959). Carruthers, Susan L., Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments, the Media, and Colonial Counter-Insurgency, 1944-1960 (London: Leicester University Press, 1995). Carver, Michael, Harding ofPetherton, Field Marshal (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978). Charters, David A., The British Army and Jewish insurgency in Palestine, 1945-47 (Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1989). Chrysoloras, Nikos, ‘Why Orthodoxy? Religion and Nationalism in Greek Political Culture’, LSE Symposium on Modern
Greece, 2003. http://www2.lse.ac.uk/european Institute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/1 st_Symposium/NicosChrysoloras 1 stLSES ymposiumPaper.pdf Clogg, Richard, ‘The Byzantine Legacy in the Modern Greek World: The Megali Idea) in The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe, ed. Lowell Clucas (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1988). Close, David H., The Greek Civil War, 1943-1950, Studies of Polarization (London: Routledge, 1993). dose, David H., The Origins of the Greek Civil War (London: Longman, 1995). Coates, John, Suppressing Insurgency: An Analysis of the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1954 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992). Corum, James S„ Training Indigenous Forces in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two Insurgencies (Carlise: Strategic Studies Institute US Army War College, March 2006). www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil Crawshaw, Nancy, The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece (London: George Allen Unwin, 1978). Crouzet, François, Le Conflit de Chypre, 1946-1959 (Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1973). Darwin, John, Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain (New York: Bloomsburg Press, 2012). Demetriou, Chares, ‘Political Radicalization and Political Violence in Palestine (19201948), Ireland (1850-1921), and Cyprus (1914-1959)’. Social Science History, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Fall, 2012), pp. 391-420. Dietzel, Irene and Vasillos N. Makrides, ‘Ethno-Religious Coexistence and Plurality in Cyprus under British Rule (1878-1960)’, Social Compass, Voi. 56, No. 1 (2009), pp. 69-83. Dimaras, Konstaninos, Ελληνικός Ρομαντισμός [Greek Romanticism] (Athens: Ermis,
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Bibliography 209 Dimitrakis, Panagiotis, ‘British Intelligence and the Cyprus Insurgency, 1955-1959’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Voi. 21, No. 2 (2008), pp. 375-94. Dixon, Paul, “‘Hearts and Minds”? British Counter-Insurgency from Malaya to Iraqi The Journal of Strategic Studies, Voi. 32, No. 3 (2009), pp. 353-81. Dorril, Stephen, MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations (London: Fourth Estate, 2000). Drousiotis, Makarios, EOKA: η σκοτεινή όψη [БОКА: The Dark Side] (Λευυκωσία: Έκδοσης Αλφάδι, 2002). Enloe, Cynthia H., ‘Police and Military in the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict’, in Annak of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Voi. 433, Ethnic Conflict in the World Today (September, 1077), pp. 137-49. Paustmann, Hubert, ‘The UN and the Internationalization of the Cyprus Conflict, 194958’, in The Work of the UN in Cyrus: Promoting Peace and Development, ed. Oliver P. Richmond and James Ker-Lindsay (New York: Paigrave Macmillan, 2001). Foley, Charles, Island in Revolt (London: Longmans, 1962). Foley, Charles and W. I. Scobie, The Struggle for Cyprus (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1975). Frazee, Charles A., The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece 1821-1852 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969). French, David, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945-1967 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). French, David, Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 19551959 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015) Galpern, Steven G„ Money, Oil, and Empire in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge
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210 Bibliography Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, Greece and the Cold War: Front Line State, 1952-1967 (London: Routledge, 2006). Hitchens, Christopher, Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger (London: Verso, 1997). Hoffman, Bruce, The Failure ofBritish Military Strategy within Palestine 1939-1947 (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1983). Hoffman, Bruce, ‘The Palestinian Police Force and the Challenges of Gathering CounterTerrorism Intelligence, 1939-1947’, (2008) [Unpublished]. Holland, Robert, ‘Never, Never Land: British Colonial Policy and the Roots of Violence in Cyprus, 1950-54’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Voi. 21 (1993), pp. 148-76. Holland, Robert, Britain and the Cyprus Revolt 1954-1959 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). Holland, Robert and Diana Markides, The British and the Hellenes: Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1850-1960 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Jackson, Ashley, ‘Empire and Beyond: The Pursuit of Overseas National Interests in the Late Twentieth Century’, The English Historical Review, Vol. CXXII, No. 409 (2007), pp. 1350-66. Katsourides, Yiannos, The History of the Communist Party in Cyprus: Colonialism, Class, and the Cypriot Lefi (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014). Katsourides, Yiannos, The Greek-Cypriot Nationalist Right in the Era ofBritish Colonialism: Emergence, Mobilisation and Transformations ofRight-Wing Party Politics (Cham: Springer, 2017). Kelling, George Horton, Countdown to Rebellion: British Policy in Cyprus, 1939-1955 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990). Kitromilides, Paschalis,
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Bibliography 211 Markides, Diana W., ‘Britain’s “New Look” Policy for Cyprus and the Makarios-Harding Talks, January 1955-March 1956’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Voi. 23, Issue 3 (September, 1995), pp. 479-502. Markides, Diana W„ Cyprus 1957-1963: Prom Colonial Conflict to Constitutional Crisis, the Key Role of the Municipal Issue (Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 2001). Markides, Kyriacos, The Rise and Fall of the Cyprus Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977). Mayes, Stanley, Makarios: A Biography (London: The Macmillan Press, 1981). Mockaitis, Thomas R., British Counterinsurgency 1919-60 (London: Macmillan, 1990). Murphy, Philip, Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999). Nevzat, Altay, Nationalism amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First Wave (Oulu: Oulu University Press, 2005). Newsinger, John, British Counterinsurgency: From Palestine to Northern Ireland (Houndmills: Paigrave, 2002). Neyzi, Leyla, ‘Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma’, History Memory, Voi. 20, No. 2 (Fall/Winter, 2008), pp. 106-27. O’Ballance, Edgar, The Greek Civil War 1944-1949 (London: Faber and Faber, 1966). O’Malley, Brendan and Ian Craig, The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999). O’Shaughnessy, “‘To Gain the Hearts and Subdue the Minds of America”: General Sir Henry Clinton and the Conduct of the British War in America’, Proceedings of the American Philological Society, Voi. 158, No. 3 (September, 2013), pp. 199-208. Panourgiá, Neni, Dangerous Citizens: The Greek
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Index Afxentiou, Grigoris 51 death of 107-8,136 AKEL (Progressive Party of Working People) 53,56, 136, 137 attitudes toward enosis 32-4 attitudes toward Winster Constitution 25 establishment of 14 Armitage, Robert (governor of Cyprus) 53, 56, 89, 92, 95 dismissal of 65-6 meeting with Gerald Templer 88 Asia Minor Catastrophe 8,13,16,127, 146,168,173 n.2 Atlee, Clement 27 auxiliary police 95-6 Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos 41, 61,102, 115,116, 123,151, 158-63 discussions with Makarios 37-8 and Zurich and London agreements 164-5 Azinas, Andreas 48, 50, 51, 77 Baghdad Pact 69,115,119,121,144-5, 147 Baker, George (chief of staff to Harding) 90 report on the Cyprus Emergency 108 Bishop Kyprianos of Kyrenia 103 deportation of 70,83 opposition to compromise 78-80, 163 Bowker, James (British ambassador in Turkey) 71, 79,122,126,141 Churchill, Winston 9,12,17 Communist Party of Cyprus (CPC) 13-4 Congress of Berlin (1878) 11-12,15 Cypriot Orthodox Church 25,49, 50, 60, 86,91,103,104 attitudes toward enosis 1,8,10-15,25 attitudes toward Turkish-Cypriots 8, 121 ‘Blueprint of the National Struggle’ 31, 32,48-9 as leaders of nationalist sentiment 8, 31-8,48,63, 76 relations with British administration 25, 70, 84, 86,103,105 Cyprus becomes Crown Colony 175 n.36 demographics 24,81, 94, 96 independence of 2, 5,13,14, 33, 42, 130,136, 149,150,158-62, 164-5,171 intercommunal violence of 1958 4,6, 95-6,129-30,138-48, 149-51, 157 partition of 18,110,112-23,125-7, 129-35,138-41,145,149-52, 154, 158-61,166, 171 riots of 1931 13,21,23,24,25,90 role in the Greek War of Independence 7,11 self-
determination for 26, 29, 31, 35, 37, 38,41,42, 55, 58-61,68-9, 71-5,77,78, 80,81, 101, 105, 111, 113-22, 131, 133, 134, 150, 155, 159-60,170 and Treaty of Berlin (1878) 11-12, 15,17, 56 Cyprus Intelligence Committee (CIC) 52, 90-1,107, 108, 123, 139 Cyprus is Turkish Association (KTC) 61, 62, 73 Cyprus Police Force (CPF) 91-7,170 casualties 170 efforts to reform 93-6 ethnic composition of 94-6 expansion of mobile reserve 95-6 targeted by EOKA 92
Index Darling, Kenneth (director of operations in Cyprus) 95,156,165,170 Report on the Cyprus Emergency 95, 156,170 Denktaş, Rauf 146,147,161,164 political leader of TMT 146-7 Dighenis (cryptonym), see Grivas, Giorgos Eden, Anthony 38, 50, 56, 63, 66, 67, 68, 97,98, 101, 110,114 opposition to enosis 38, 40 resignation 106,114 and Suez crisis 106,109 Eisenhower, Dwight 124,159 EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) attacks on British security forces 513, 66, 69, 72, 80, 89, 92-3, 97-103, 106-7, 127, 138,143, 156-7 attacks on Cyprus Police Force 92-6 attacks on Greek-Cypriot leftists 85, 136-8, 155, 157,169, 170 attacks on ‘traitors’ 53, 85, 93,101, 137, 150,155-7, 169-70 attacks on Turkish-Cypriots 150,157 casualties 99,123,155,157,170 formation 45-51 guerrilla teams 5,47-9, 52, 78, 85, 93, 99,143, 168, 171 ideology 45-9, 170 members, number and profile 1,48, 52,91, 169 members hanged by authorities 100,102,170 members tortured by authorities 5,85, 99 protests, strikes 5,49, 98,123 Ethnarchy Bureau 68, 104 Ethnarchy Council 34, 47, 78, 80,104 Famagusta 45, 51, 52,123,133,134,138, 155 violence against the Left in 137-8 Foot, Hugh (governor of Cyprus) 21, 22, 125, 134-8,140-2, 154, 157, 158,160,163-6 arrival in Cyprus 126,129-31 215 attitudes toward Makarios 81 attitudes toward partition 125,129, 145 as Colonial Secretary and Acting Governor in Cyprus 21 plan for Cyprus (Foot Plan) 129,131, 133-4,137, 139,140 relations with military in Cyprus 132-3,144 Georghiades, Polykarpos 123 accusations as British spy 196 n.69 Geunyeli incident 142,146 Greece civil war 3, 8, 32,
35, 46,49,168 elections of 1952 137 elections of 1956 101 elections of 1958 151, 162 and NATO 5,22,57,59,89, 96,115, 123, 129,152,154, 158, 162 Greek War of Independence 7,11 and fallout in Cyprus 11 Grivas, Giorgos 50, 52, 53, 55, 72, 73, 78,80, 82, 84, 87,91-3, 96-8, 100-2,104, 106-8, 123,133, 135,137, 142,143,146,155, 156-8, 163-5, 167, 169, 171 anti-communism 47 death of 172 as ‘Dighenis’ 51, 90-1, 102, 106, 147, 162-4 early life and education 45-7 and formation of EOKA 48-9 relations with Makarios 49-51, 90, 105,136,167 role in the Greek Civil War 46-7 and Zurich and London Agreements 167-8 Halkın Sesi (The Voice of the People) 121,126 Harding, John (governor of Cyprus) 54, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97-101, 103,104,108, 110, 111, 118, 119,120,124-5,126, 132, 156,165 appointed as governor of Cyprus 65-6 arrival in Cyprus 68
216 Index career background 66 departure from Cyprus 124-5,127 negotiations with Makarios 67-83, 102,109 Hellenism 9-10,14,51,137 Hopkinson, Henry 50 statement on Cyprus in Parliament 38-41 interrogation of EOKA detainees 98, 99,101, 107 Istanbul pogrom 61-2,140 85, 91, Karamanlis, Constantinos 114,116,137, 147,151-3 attitudes toward enosis 101 and Zurich and London Agreements 163-6 Kemal, Mustapha (Atatürk) 15-16,49, 61,141,142,166, 197 п.100 Kendrew, Douglas (chief of operations in Cyprus) 143,144,156 attitudes toward Turkish base on Cyprus 132 relations with Hugh Foot 132-3 Kenya British experience with counter insurgency in 39, 91, 95-6, 142.170 and Mau Mau 2, 4 Kontemenos massacre 142 Kütchük, Fazii 73,126,140,146,164, 166.171 Kyrenia 83,119,142,172 Kyrillos III (archbishop of Cyprus) 9, 23-4 Kyrou, Alexis 38,41-2,174 n.8 Labour government 27, 36 program of civic improvements in Cyprus 24 and Winster Constitution 22 Lamaca 12, 51, 52, 77,107,131,140 Lausanne, Treaty of 17, 60,118 Lennox-Boyd, Alan 55, 65-7, 70-2, 77, 92, 99, 104, 111, 112,114-17, 119-22,124-6, 140-2, 145, 161-2 visits to Cyprus 81-3 Leontios (archbishop of Cyprus) 24 death of 25 differences with Archbishop Makarios II 25 Limassol 51-3,107 Lloyd, Selwyn 41,42, 96,119,121,122, 133,134,152,158 Loizides, Savvas 47,48 Loizides, Socrates 47,48, 51 London Agreement 164,165,167,171 London Conference of 1955, see Tripartite Conference Macmillan, Harold 55,58,66, 71,109-11, 119,121,124,125,129,130, 145.147.149-53, 156,163-6 becomes prime minister 106 tridominium plan 130-1, 158,160 and the Tripartite Conference
(1955) 56,59-60 Makarios II (archbishop of Cyprus) 37 differences with Archbishop Leontios 25 Makarios III (archbishop of Cyprus) 38, 41, 55, 56, 59, 61, 90, 92,100, 101, 103, 108,110,114, 124, 126.131.147.149-50,151, 153-4, 157, 158, 162, 163, 168, 171,172 attitudes toward Turkey and TurkishCypriots 34-5,45, 58 attitudes toward violence 47-53, 135-6,142 brinksmanship 81,165 decision to begin insurgency 50-1 deportation to the Seychelles 66, 83-4, 85,104, 111 elected archbishop 37, 83 interview with Barbara Castle 158-9 and London and Zurich Agreements 165-6 negotiations with Harding 67-83, 97-8,102,109 relations with Grivas 45-53,105, 167,169 role in organizing 1950 plebiscite 37 Malaya 65-6, 83, 86-7, 89-90, 92, 95-6, 98, 170
Index Martin, John (deputy undersecretary of state for the colonies) 98,111, 118,160 Mau Mau 2,4 Meghall Idhea (Great Idea) 7-8,12,14, 25,127 Underpinnings 10-11 Menderes, Adnan 98,134,147,152, 172 attitudes to partition 117,120,122, 145 plane crash 164 role in Istanbul Pogrom 61, 62 and Zurich and London Agreements 163-4 NATO 22, 57, 59, 62, 68,69,71 -4, 77, 89, 96,108,115,121,123,126, 129,131, 145,152, 154,158, 161, 162,164,166 Nicosia 38, 51-3, 80, 81,83,101,118, 122-3,133,134,138,140,152, 155,172 operations by security forces Black Mak 123 Foxhunter I 98 Foxhunter II 98 Lucky Alphonse 101 Matchbox 144,154 Pepperpot 101 Table Lighter 144 Palestine 1, 2,4, 21, 26, 29, 36,91, 117,118,120,126,140, 142, 170 pan-Hellenism 9,10,14, 51 Papagos, Alexandras (prime minister of Greece) 47, 50,101 Paphos 37,72,73,119 Peake, Charles (British ambassador in Athens) 76,115,116 PEON (Pancyprian National Youth Organisation) 48,90, 103 plebiscite of January 1950 18, 32-7, 76, 83 Qunit 91,170,190 n.39 217 Raddiife, Cyril constitutional proposals 109-24,126, 131,151 referendum on enosis (1950), see plebiscite of January 1950 St. George (caique) 50-1 Sèvres, Treaty of 15 Sinclair, George (deputy governor of Cyprus) 90,126,133,139, 140,165 Smyrna 12,15,16,127,146 Storrs, Sir Ronald 8-9,13 Suez crisis 105-10,112,114,121,145, 147.171 Templer, Gerald 98 and ‘hearts and minds’ 87 as model for counter-insurgency command 66, 86, 90, 92 visit to Cyprus 88 Tripartite Conference 54, 55-61, 63, 65-8,71,109,119,123,152 Turkey 1-5, 12-13,15,22,29,33-7, 42,49, 54, 69, 73-80, 87, 96,
109-11,113,115-16,118-21, 126,129, 132-4,139-141, 144-5,147-54,158-60,169, 170.172 and London and Zurich agreements 161-6 opposition to enosis 8-10,17-19, 24-6,71-2,79,86,89,117,130-1 support for TMT 146-7 at Tripartite Conference 55-63, 68 Turkish-Cypriots 22,25, 27, 35,49, 58, 69, 72, 73, 75,78-81, 87, 100-1,109,113-15, 119, 121-2, 123, 124,126,129-36,138-42, 144-6,148,150,154,156-8, 161, 164, 169-71 as members of Cyprus Police Force 94-6,143 opposition to enosis 24-6, 28, 32, 35-6, 57, 86, 89, 117 origins 10 plebiscite of 1950 34 relations with Turkey 17-18,60,68, 117
218 Index Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) 1,134,135,140,144, 154 attacks against Greek-Cypriots 143, 145-8 attacks against Turkish-Cypriot ‘Leftists’and‘traitors’ 138 formation 127 leadership 147 training and equipment 139 United Nations 17, 33, 37-9, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 59, 63, 97, 106,108, 123-4,149-50,153,158-62 debate of September 1954 41-3,45, 76,170 Venizelos, Eleftherios 166,168 and Meghall Idhea 8,12 at the Paris Peace Conference 12 Venizelos, Sophocles 35, 38,159 Ґ Winster, Reginald (governor of Cyprus) 24,28, 35 and constitutional proposals 25, 29, 68, 69,109,116 Wolseley, Garnet (administrator of Cyprus) arrival in Cyprus 12 ‘X’ organization 46-8 formation by Grivas 46 publications of Makarios III for 46 Zorlu, Fatin 134,146,152,160,164,166, 172 approach to Averoff 161-2 formation of TMT 146-7 meetings with Averoff in Paris 161-2 at the Tripártate Conference (1955) 60-1 Zurich Agreement 150,163,165-7, 171 N Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mflnchen
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Contents Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Terra irredenta: Duelling nationalisms 2 Imperial constitution: Rejection and radicalization viii 1 7 21 3 ‘This sacred goal’: Communists, churchmen and the struggle for the nationalist narrative 31 4 Taking up arms: The continuation of politics through force 45 5 Deepening divides: Political and ethnic fractures 55 6 A time to talk: The Harding-Makarios negotiations 65 7 ‘To destroy EOKA and re-establish law and order’ 85 8 False dawn: The failed road to peace 109 9 On all fronts: EOKA, TMT and the threat of civil war 129 10 End game: Killing a dream 149 Conclusion 167 Notes 173 Bibliography Index 204 214
Bibliography Archival sources and unpublished memoirs The Archives of the Archbishopric of Cyprus (AAC), Nicosia Papers of Archbishop Leontios Papers of Archbishop Makarios II ‘St. Barnabas the Apostle’, Monthly Periodical of the Cypriot Church, March 1954 to October 1956 Minutes of the Ethnarchy Council Meetings Bishop, Alec, Look Back with Pleasure (Unpublished, from the private collection of Mrs. Juliet Campbell, Oxford) The Council for the History and Memory of the EOKA Struggle (SIMAE), Nicosia The Cyprus State Archives (CSA), Nicosia The Cyprus Turkish National Archive and Research Center (CTNA), Kyrenia The Eisenhower Papers: http://eisenhower.press.jhu.edu/ The Imperial War Museum (IWM), London Papers of Field Marshal Sir John Harding Papers of General Sir Kenneth Darling Papers of Corporal Ian W.G. Martin The MacMillan Cabinet Papers The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA), Kew, London Series: CAB 128, CAB 129, CO 926, CO 968, FO 371, PREM 11, WO 32, WO 106, WO 216 The National Archives of the United States (USNA), College Park, Maryland Digital Archive of the CIA Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Vol. XXIV, 1955-1957: The Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean (Washington: US Department of State, 1989) Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Vol. X, Part 1,1958-60: E. Europe Region; Soviet Union, Cyprus (Washington: US Department of State, 1993) RG 59: Records of the US State Department RG 84: Records of the US embassies in London, Athens, and Ankara RG 218: Records of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff
Bibliography 205 The Archives of Rhodes House Library (RHL), Oxford Papers of Sir Robert Percival Armitage (Mss. Afr. S. 2204) Papers of Sir Hugh Foot (Mss. Medit. S. 35) Papers of Sir John Reddaway (Mss. Medit. S. 25, S. 32) Corruption of Youth in Support of Terrorism in Cyprus (Nicosia: The Government of Cyprus, August 1957) ‘Facts About the Question of Cyprus’, from the Turkish Embassy, London (1955) Registration of the Population 1956: Report and Tables (Nicosia: Statistics Section Financial Secretary’s Office, September 1958) Printed primary sources Archbishop Makarios III, ‘Message to the People of Cyprus’, Hellenic News, Bulletin No. 38 (Washington, DC: The Royal Greek Embassy Information Service, 1955). Cmnd. 455, Cyprus Statement ofPolicy (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, June 1958). Cmnd. 679, Conference on Cyprus: Documents Signed and Initialled at Lancaster House on February 19,1959, Miscellaneous No. 4 (1959). Cmnd. 680, Conference on Cyprus: Final Statements at the Closing Plenary Session at Lancaster House on February 19,1959, Miscellaneous No. 5 (1959). Cmnd. 735, Report on the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations Held at New York, United Nations No. 1 (1959) (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, May 1959). Cmnd. 780, The Colonial Territories: 1958-1959, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of Statefor the Colonies by Command of Her Majesty, June 1959. ‘Cyprus: Background to Enosis’, Information Department Memorandum (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1957). Discussion on
Cyprus in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, September-October 1958, Miscellaneous No. 14 (1958) (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, October 1958). Documents and Press Comments on the Cyprus Question (Athens: Press and Information Department, Prime Minister’s Office, 1954). Economides, M., Cyprus: The Case for Enosis (London: Zeno Publications, 1954?). Explanatory Memorandum in support of the Greek request for inclusion of the item of Cyprus on the agenda for the forthcoming General Assembly of the United Nations, 13 June 1956. Harding, Field Marshal Sir John, ‘The Cyprus Problem in Relation to the Middle East’, International Affairs, Voi. 34, No. 3 (July 1958), pp. 291-6. Kouchouk, Fazii Dr., The Voice of Cyprus: Who Is at Fault (Nicosia: Bozkurt Press, November 1956). Kouchouk, Fazii Dr., The Voice of Cyprus (Cyprus: Turkey Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence, 1956). Letter addressed to the Secretary-General by the Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations, 26 April 1956 (Christian X. Palamas to Drag Hammarskjold). Loizides, Savvas, The Cyprus Question and the Law of the United Nations (Nicosia: Nicosia Printing Works, 1951). Loizides, Savvas, Άτυχη Κύπρος, Πως έζησα τους πόθους και τους καημούς της, 19101980 [Unfortunate Cyprus, how I lived its passions and sorrows, 1910-1980] (Athens: Bergadi, 1980).
206 Bibliography Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Fifth Series - Volumes 431,434, 445,446,451,476, 500, 520, 523, 535, 526, 527, 530, 531, 540, 549, 550, 556, 562, 564, 565, 589, 591, 592, 597, 601, House of Commons: Official Report (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office). Rossides, Zenon, The Island of Cyprus and Union with Greece (Nicosia: The Cyprus Ethnarchy Office, 1954). Terrorism in Cyprus: The Captured Documents, trans, by authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1956). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly: Plenary Meetings, 14 October 1952-28 August 1953 (New York: United Nations, 1953). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Session: Plenary Meetings, 15 September-9 December 1953 (New York: United Nations, 1953). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Ninth Session: General Committee, 21 September-17 December 1954 (New York: United Nations, 1954). United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly: Plenary Meetings, 21 September-17 December 1954 (New York: United Nations, 1954). Newspapers Cyprus Mail, Nicosia, 1950-1959. Halkın Sesi [English Edition], Nicosia, 1956-1958. The Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago, 1947-1950. The Cyprus Times, Nicosia, 1946-1959. The New York Times, New York, 1946-1960. The Times, London, 1946-1960. The Times of Cyprus, Nicosia, 1955-59. Published memoirs Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos, Lost Opportunities: The Cyprus Question, 1950-1963, trans. Timothy Cullen and Susan Kyriakidis (New York: Aristide D. Caratzas,
1986). Azinas, Andreas, 50 Years of Silence: Cyprus Struggle for Freedom, My EOKA Secret File, Vols. A B (Nicosia: Airwaves, 2002). Bitsios, Dimitris, Cyprus: The Vulnerable Republic (Thessaloniki: The Institute for Balkan Studies, 1975). Clerides, Glafkos, Cyprus: My Deposition (Nicosia: Alithia Publishing, 1989). Denktaş, Rauf R., The Cyprus Triangle (New York: The Office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 1988). Denktaş, Rauf R., The Cyprus Problem: What It Is - How Can It be Solved? (Cyrep: Lefkoşa, 2004). Durrell, Lawrence, Bitter Lemons (London: Faber and Faber, 1957). Eden, Anthony, Full Circle (London: Cassell, 1960). Eisenhower, Dwight D., Mandatefor Change, 1953-1956, the White House Years (New York: Doubleday, 1963). Eisenhower, Dwight D., Waging Peace, 1956-1961, the White House Years (New York: Doubleday, 1965).
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Index Afxentiou, Grigoris 51 death of 107-8,136 AKEL (Progressive Party of Working People) 53,56, 136, 137 attitudes toward enosis 32-4 attitudes toward Winster Constitution 25 establishment of 14 Armitage, Robert (governor of Cyprus) 53, 56, 89, 92, 95 dismissal of 65-6 meeting with Gerald Templer 88 Asia Minor Catastrophe 8,13,16,127, 146,168,173 n.2 Atlee, Clement 27 auxiliary police 95-6 Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos 41, 61,102, 115,116, 123,151, 158-63 discussions with Makarios 37-8 and Zurich and London agreements 164-5 Azinas, Andreas 48, 50, 51, 77 Baghdad Pact 69,115,119,121,144-5, 147 Baker, George (chief of staff to Harding) 90 report on the Cyprus Emergency 108 Bishop Kyprianos of Kyrenia 103 deportation of 70,83 opposition to compromise 78-80, 163 Bowker, James (British ambassador in Turkey) 71, 79,122,126,141 Churchill, Winston 9,12,17 Communist Party of Cyprus (CPC) 13-4 Congress of Berlin (1878) 11-12,15 Cypriot Orthodox Church 25,49, 50, 60, 86,91,103,104 attitudes toward enosis 1,8,10-15,25 attitudes toward Turkish-Cypriots 8, 121 ‘Blueprint of the National Struggle’ 31, 32,48-9 as leaders of nationalist sentiment 8, 31-8,48,63, 76 relations with British administration 25, 70, 84, 86,103,105 Cyprus becomes Crown Colony 175 n.36 demographics 24,81, 94, 96 independence of 2, 5,13,14, 33, 42, 130,136, 149,150,158-62, 164-5,171 intercommunal violence of 1958 4,6, 95-6,129-30,138-48, 149-51, 157 partition of 18,110,112-23,125-7, 129-35,138-41,145,149-52, 154, 158-61,166, 171 riots of 1931 13,21,23,24,25,90 role in the Greek War of Independence 7,11 self-
determination for 26, 29, 31, 35, 37, 38,41,42, 55, 58-61,68-9, 71-5,77,78, 80,81, 101, 105, 111, 113-22, 131, 133, 134, 150, 155, 159-60,170 and Treaty of Berlin (1878) 11-12, 15,17, 56 Cyprus Intelligence Committee (CIC) 52, 90-1,107, 108, 123, 139 Cyprus is Turkish Association (KTC) 61, 62, 73 Cyprus Police Force (CPF) 91-7,170 casualties 170 efforts to reform 93-6 ethnic composition of 94-6 expansion of mobile reserve 95-6 targeted by EOKA 92
Index Darling, Kenneth (director of operations in Cyprus) 95,156,165,170 Report on the Cyprus Emergency 95, 156,170 Denktaş, Rauf 146,147,161,164 political leader of TMT 146-7 Dighenis (cryptonym), see Grivas, Giorgos Eden, Anthony 38, 50, 56, 63, 66, 67, 68, 97,98, 101, 110,114 opposition to enosis 38, 40 resignation 106,114 and Suez crisis 106,109 Eisenhower, Dwight 124,159 EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) attacks on British security forces 513, 66, 69, 72, 80, 89, 92-3, 97-103, 106-7, 127, 138,143, 156-7 attacks on Cyprus Police Force 92-6 attacks on Greek-Cypriot leftists 85, 136-8, 155, 157,169, 170 attacks on ‘traitors’ 53, 85, 93,101, 137, 150,155-7, 169-70 attacks on Turkish-Cypriots 150,157 casualties 99,123,155,157,170 formation 45-51 guerrilla teams 5,47-9, 52, 78, 85, 93, 99,143, 168, 171 ideology 45-9, 170 members, number and profile 1,48, 52,91, 169 members hanged by authorities 100,102,170 members tortured by authorities 5,85, 99 protests, strikes 5,49, 98,123 Ethnarchy Bureau 68, 104 Ethnarchy Council 34, 47, 78, 80,104 Famagusta 45, 51, 52,123,133,134,138, 155 violence against the Left in 137-8 Foot, Hugh (governor of Cyprus) 21, 22, 125, 134-8,140-2, 154, 157, 158,160,163-6 arrival in Cyprus 126,129-31 215 attitudes toward Makarios 81 attitudes toward partition 125,129, 145 as Colonial Secretary and Acting Governor in Cyprus 21 plan for Cyprus (Foot Plan) 129,131, 133-4,137, 139,140 relations with military in Cyprus 132-3,144 Georghiades, Polykarpos 123 accusations as British spy 196 n.69 Geunyeli incident 142,146 Greece civil war 3, 8, 32,
35, 46,49,168 elections of 1952 137 elections of 1956 101 elections of 1958 151, 162 and NATO 5,22,57,59,89, 96,115, 123, 129,152,154, 158, 162 Greek War of Independence 7,11 and fallout in Cyprus 11 Grivas, Giorgos 50, 52, 53, 55, 72, 73, 78,80, 82, 84, 87,91-3, 96-8, 100-2,104, 106-8, 123,133, 135,137, 142,143,146,155, 156-8, 163-5, 167, 169, 171 anti-communism 47 death of 172 as ‘Dighenis’ 51, 90-1, 102, 106, 147, 162-4 early life and education 45-7 and formation of EOKA 48-9 relations with Makarios 49-51, 90, 105,136,167 role in the Greek Civil War 46-7 and Zurich and London Agreements 167-8 Halkın Sesi (The Voice of the People) 121,126 Harding, John (governor of Cyprus) 54, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97-101, 103,104,108, 110, 111, 118, 119,120,124-5,126, 132, 156,165 appointed as governor of Cyprus 65-6 arrival in Cyprus 68
216 Index career background 66 departure from Cyprus 124-5,127 negotiations with Makarios 67-83, 102,109 Hellenism 9-10,14,51,137 Hopkinson, Henry 50 statement on Cyprus in Parliament 38-41 interrogation of EOKA detainees 98, 99,101, 107 Istanbul pogrom 61-2,140 85, 91, Karamanlis, Constantinos 114,116,137, 147,151-3 attitudes toward enosis 101 and Zurich and London Agreements 163-6 Kemal, Mustapha (Atatürk) 15-16,49, 61,141,142,166, 197 п.100 Kendrew, Douglas (chief of operations in Cyprus) 143,144,156 attitudes toward Turkish base on Cyprus 132 relations with Hugh Foot 132-3 Kenya British experience with counter insurgency in 39, 91, 95-6, 142.170 and Mau Mau 2, 4 Kontemenos massacre 142 Kütchük, Fazii 73,126,140,146,164, 166.171 Kyrenia 83,119,142,172 Kyrillos III (archbishop of Cyprus) 9, 23-4 Kyrou, Alexis 38,41-2,174 n.8 Labour government 27, 36 program of civic improvements in Cyprus 24 and Winster Constitution 22 Lamaca 12, 51, 52, 77,107,131,140 Lausanne, Treaty of 17, 60,118 Lennox-Boyd, Alan 55, 65-7, 70-2, 77, 92, 99, 104, 111, 112,114-17, 119-22,124-6, 140-2, 145, 161-2 visits to Cyprus 81-3 Leontios (archbishop of Cyprus) 24 death of 25 differences with Archbishop Makarios II 25 Limassol 51-3,107 Lloyd, Selwyn 41,42, 96,119,121,122, 133,134,152,158 Loizides, Savvas 47,48 Loizides, Socrates 47,48, 51 London Agreement 164,165,167,171 London Conference of 1955, see Tripartite Conference Macmillan, Harold 55,58,66, 71,109-11, 119,121,124,125,129,130, 145.147.149-53, 156,163-6 becomes prime minister 106 tridominium plan 130-1, 158,160 and the Tripartite Conference
(1955) 56,59-60 Makarios II (archbishop of Cyprus) 37 differences with Archbishop Leontios 25 Makarios III (archbishop of Cyprus) 38, 41, 55, 56, 59, 61, 90, 92,100, 101, 103, 108,110,114, 124, 126.131.147.149-50,151, 153-4, 157, 158, 162, 163, 168, 171,172 attitudes toward Turkey and TurkishCypriots 34-5,45, 58 attitudes toward violence 47-53, 135-6,142 brinksmanship 81,165 decision to begin insurgency 50-1 deportation to the Seychelles 66, 83-4, 85,104, 111 elected archbishop 37, 83 interview with Barbara Castle 158-9 and London and Zurich Agreements 165-6 negotiations with Harding 67-83, 97-8,102,109 relations with Grivas 45-53,105, 167,169 role in organizing 1950 plebiscite 37 Malaya 65-6, 83, 86-7, 89-90, 92, 95-6, 98, 170
Index Martin, John (deputy undersecretary of state for the colonies) 98,111, 118,160 Mau Mau 2,4 Meghall Idhea (Great Idea) 7-8,12,14, 25,127 Underpinnings 10-11 Menderes, Adnan 98,134,147,152, 172 attitudes to partition 117,120,122, 145 plane crash 164 role in Istanbul Pogrom 61, 62 and Zurich and London Agreements 163-4 NATO 22, 57, 59, 62, 68,69,71 -4, 77, 89, 96,108,115,121,123,126, 129,131, 145,152, 154,158, 161, 162,164,166 Nicosia 38, 51-3, 80, 81,83,101,118, 122-3,133,134,138,140,152, 155,172 operations by security forces Black Mak 123 Foxhunter I 98 Foxhunter II 98 Lucky Alphonse 101 Matchbox 144,154 Pepperpot 101 Table Lighter 144 Palestine 1, 2,4, 21, 26, 29, 36,91, 117,118,120,126,140, 142, 170 pan-Hellenism 9,10,14, 51 Papagos, Alexandras (prime minister of Greece) 47, 50,101 Paphos 37,72,73,119 Peake, Charles (British ambassador in Athens) 76,115,116 PEON (Pancyprian National Youth Organisation) 48,90, 103 plebiscite of January 1950 18, 32-7, 76, 83 Qunit 91,170,190 n.39 217 Raddiife, Cyril constitutional proposals 109-24,126, 131,151 referendum on enosis (1950), see plebiscite of January 1950 St. George (caique) 50-1 Sèvres, Treaty of 15 Sinclair, George (deputy governor of Cyprus) 90,126,133,139, 140,165 Smyrna 12,15,16,127,146 Storrs, Sir Ronald 8-9,13 Suez crisis 105-10,112,114,121,145, 147.171 Templer, Gerald 98 and ‘hearts and minds’ 87 as model for counter-insurgency command 66, 86, 90, 92 visit to Cyprus 88 Tripartite Conference 54, 55-61, 63, 65-8,71,109,119,123,152 Turkey 1-5, 12-13,15,22,29,33-7, 42,49, 54, 69, 73-80, 87, 96,
109-11,113,115-16,118-21, 126,129, 132-4,139-141, 144-5,147-54,158-60,169, 170.172 and London and Zurich agreements 161-6 opposition to enosis 8-10,17-19, 24-6,71-2,79,86,89,117,130-1 support for TMT 146-7 at Tripartite Conference 55-63, 68 Turkish-Cypriots 22,25, 27, 35,49, 58, 69, 72, 73, 75,78-81, 87, 100-1,109,113-15, 119, 121-2, 123, 124,126,129-36,138-42, 144-6,148,150,154,156-8, 161, 164, 169-71 as members of Cyprus Police Force 94-6,143 opposition to enosis 24-6, 28, 32, 35-6, 57, 86, 89, 117 origins 10 plebiscite of 1950 34 relations with Turkey 17-18,60,68, 117
218 Index Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) 1,134,135,140,144, 154 attacks against Greek-Cypriots 143, 145-8 attacks against Turkish-Cypriot ‘Leftists’and‘traitors’ 138 formation 127 leadership 147 training and equipment 139 United Nations 17, 33, 37-9, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 59, 63, 97, 106,108, 123-4,149-50,153,158-62 debate of September 1954 41-3,45, 76,170 Venizelos, Eleftherios 166,168 and Meghall Idhea 8,12 at the Paris Peace Conference 12 Venizelos, Sophocles 35, 38,159 Ґ Winster, Reginald (governor of Cyprus) 24,28, 35 and constitutional proposals 25, 29, 68, 69,109,116 Wolseley, Garnet (administrator of Cyprus) arrival in Cyprus 12 ‘X’ organization 46-8 formation by Grivas 46 publications of Makarios III for 46 Zorlu, Fatin 134,146,152,160,164,166, 172 approach to Averoff 161-2 formation of TMT 146-7 meetings with Averoff in Paris 161-2 at the Tripártate Conference (1955) 60-1 Zurich Agreement 150,163,165-7, 171 N Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mflnchen |
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| spelling | Novo, Andrew R. 1980- Verfasser (DE-588)1013806344 aut The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis Andrew R. Novo The Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών cause The Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston cause London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney I.B. Tauris 2021 218 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertation University of Oxford geht aus einer Dissertation hervor This book explores the origins, conduct, and failure of Greek Cypriot nationalists to achieve the unification of Cyprus with Greece. Andrew Novo addresses the anti-colonial struggle in the context of: the competition for the nationalist narrative in Cyprus between the Left and Right, the duelling Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot nationalisms in Cyprus, the role of Turkey and Greece in the conflict on the island, and the concerns of the British Empire during its retrenchment following the Second World War. More than a narrative history of the period, an analysis of British policy, or a description of counter-insurgency operations, this book lays out an examination of the underpinnings of the enosis cause and its manifestation in action. It argues that the strategic myopia of the enosis movement shackled the cause, defined its conduct, and was the primary reason for its failure. Divided and occupied, Cyprus, and the world, deal with its unresolved legacy to this day Ethnikē Organōsē Kypriōn Agōnistōn (DE-588)1224905-1 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Zypern (DE-588)4079596-2 gnd rswk-swf E.O.K.A. (Cyprus) Nationalism / Cyprus / History / 20th century Cyprus / History / British rule, 1878-1960 Nationalism Cyprus 1878-1999 History (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Zypern (DE-588)4079596-2 g Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Ethnikē Organōsē Kypriōn Agōnistōn (DE-588)1224905-1 b DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-83860-653-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-83860-652-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-83860-651-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032511977&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032511977&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032511977&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Novo, Andrew R. 1980- The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis Ethnikē Organōsē Kypriōn Agōnistōn (DE-588)1224905-1 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1224905-1 (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4079596-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis |
| title_alt | The Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών cause The Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston cause |
| title_auth | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis |
| title_exact_search | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis |
| title_full | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis Andrew R. Novo |
| title_fullStr | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis Andrew R. Novo |
| title_full_unstemmed | The EOKA cause nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis Andrew R. Novo |
| title_short | The EOKA cause |
| title_sort | the eoka cause nationalism and the failure of cypriot enosis |
| title_sub | nationalism and the failure of Cypriot enosis |
| topic | Ethnikē Organōsē Kypriōn Agōnistōn (DE-588)1224905-1 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnikē Organōsē Kypriōn Agōnistōn Nationalismus Zypern Hochschulschrift |
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