Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism: complexities, contradictions, and controversies
"This thought-provoking collection of essays, assembled in honour of renowned historian Geoffrey Roberts, analyses the complex, multi-faceted, and even contradictory nature of Stalinism and its representations. This volume 'revisions' Stalin in his various guises - despot and diplomat...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This thought-provoking collection of essays, assembled in honour of renowned historian Geoffrey Roberts, analyses the complex, multi-faceted, and even contradictory nature of Stalinism and its representations. This volume 'revisions' Stalin in his various guises - despot and diplomat, soldier and statesman, rational bureaucrat and paranoid politician - and explores the complex picture that this created in Russia during the period. Broadly speaking, three important areas of debate are examined, united by a focus on political leadership: the key controversies surrounding Stalin's leadership role; a reconsideration of Stalin and the Cold War; and new perspectives on the cult of personality"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 250 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781350122949 |
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| adam_text | Contents Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xii Note on transliteration xiii Introduction: Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism James Ryan and Susan Grant 1 Part One The Controversial Vozhd’: Stalin as Leader and Statesman 1 The many lives of Joseph Stalin: Writing the biography of a ‘Monster Christopher Read 21 2 Stalin’s purge of the Red Army and misperception of security threats 3 Stalin and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939: The new historiography Peter Whitewood 39 Daniel Kowalsky 4 51 Brute force and genius: Stalin as war leader Chris Bellamy 63 Part Two Challenging Stalinist Models: Cults of Personality 5 The Stalin cult in comparative context Judith Devlin 6 From heroic lion to streetfighter: Historical legacies and the leader cult in twentieth-century Hungary Balázs Apor 81 93 Part Three New Ways of Understanding the Stalinist System: The Cold War 7 Revisioning Stalin’s Cold War Caroline Kennedy-Pipe 8 Working towards the Vozhd ? Stalin and the peace movement Geoffrey Roberts 9 113 127 Constructing a confession: The language and psychology of interrogations in Stalinist Czechoslovakia Molly Pucci 141
Contents vüi Part Four In Lieu of an Epilogue 10 Reckoning with the past: Stalin and Stalinism in Putin’s Russia James Ryan 157 Notes 173 Select Bibliography 219 Geoffrey Roberts Select Bibliography 233 Index 237
Index Abramson, Paulina and Adelina, 54 ‘absolute truth,’ 146 absolutism, 98 Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 52,54 access to historical Soviet documents background and overview, 7,24,26-7 on Cold War, 114,116 on Spanish Civil War, 51,52,57-8,62 for Stalin biographies, 27-30,33, 180 n.21 accusatorial interrogations. See interrogations Adler, Nancy, 169 agency, individual, 30,109 aircraft carriers, 68 Alba, Victor, 57,188 n.42 Allen, David E„ 55,188 n.40 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda, 34 Amis, Martin, 113 Anka, Paul, 107-8 Ankara, Heart of Turkey (Yutkevich and Arnshtam), 85 Anti-Comintern Pact, 48 Apor, Balázs, 17 Araquistáin, Luis, 57,188 n.43 Arendt, Hannah, 8-9,10 argumentation interrogation method, 150 Arkhipova, Aleksandra, 158,165 armed forces, development of Soviet, 67-70 Amts for Spain (Howson), 59,189 n.57 Arnshtam, Leo, 85 Árpád, Captain, 101,103 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 17,83-6,88-90, 197 n.10,199 n.40 atomic bombs. See nuclear weapons Attlee, Clement, 77 Austria, 116,207 n.39 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 98,100 authoritarianism leader cults, 106 Putin, 97,161,162,213 n.41 reckoning with Stalinism, 166,167-8, 170-1,172 re-Stalinization, 158,161 Stalin, 65 balance of power, 118-19 Baltic States, 71,121 Barbusse, Henri, 86,131 Basque children evacuees, 54,60,61 battlecruisers, 68 Battle of Khalkin-Gol, 67-8 Beissinger, Mark, 97 Belarus, 71 Bellamy, Chris, 16 Beneš, Edvard, 84 Beria, Lavrentii, 33,73-5,76 Berlin, race for, 120 Berlin Appeal, 137 Bessarabia, 71 Bethlen, István, 102 big three conferences, 63,77,121 biographies on Stalin, 21-37 breakdown of binary discourse, 23-6
considerations for writing, 30-7 cult of personality, 21-3,85-6, 198 n.25 historical document access, 26-30, 180 n.21 revisionary, 113 Spanish Civil War, 58,61 See also specific biographies biography genre, 14,31 bipolarity, 114,119 Bizcarrondo, Marta, 59,188 n.45,189 n.60 Black Book of Communism, The, 32 Bloodlands (Snyder), 25 Bloom, Molly, 31 Bogumił, Zuzanna, 167 Bolloten, Burnett, 55,59 Bolloten-Orwell thesis, 55
238 Bolsheviks modernization, 95 Red Army purge, 40,41-4,183 n.l 1 Tsaritsyn, 64-6 Bolshevism ideology, 12-13 Stalin and, 35 Bornholm, 121-2 Bortnikov, Aleksandr, 166-7 Boym, Svedana, 168,215 n.83 Brandenberger, David, 29 Brandon, Ray, 15 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 34,42 Breumelberger, Werner, 85 Brezhnev era, 6 Britain peace movement, 135,136,137 Spanish Civil War, 54,56 Stalin, 71,76 as a superpower, 118-19 British Peace Committee (ВРС), 135 Brittain, Vera, 118 Brodie, Bernard, 120 Budenny, Semen, 70,74,185 n.58 Building of the State, 84 Bukharin, Nikolai, 23,34-5,66 bureaucratization, 24,36,45 Cairncross, John, 77 calendars, 192 n.7 Cameron, Sarah, 7 Čapek, Karel, 84,88 capitalism, 3,12,66,123,133-4 Carr, E.H., 27-8 Cattell, David, 54 ceremonies and celebrations, 87-8,91,99, 101,103,104,108,198 n.30 Chamberlain, Neville, 54 Chase, William, 60,190 n.66 Cheka, 43,183 n.26 children Basque evacuees, 54,60,61 leader cults, 87,88,107 China, 5,133 Chinese Communist Party, 23,133 Churchill, Winston Iron Curtain speech, 4,27 Stalin, 27,34,76,77,119,123 Clark, Katerina, 12 Index coexistence between capitalism and socialism, 133-4 Cohen, Stephen, 10,176 n.47 Cold War, 113-25 background and overview, 4-5,113-15 broader landscape of, 123-4 conclusions, 124-5 historiography, 7-12,33,115-17 moralism, 123,124 novelty, 117-20,122-3 peace movement of (See peace movement) realpolitik, 121-3 Cold War, The (Gaddis), 117 collective identity, 159,164,170 collective security, 3,51,55-6 collectivization, 2,37,46,127,165,166 Comintern, 52,54,59-60,66-7,71 communism historical legacies, 96-7
historiography, 116-17 in Hungary, 93,102-5,202 n.48 ‘language’of, 151 modernity, 95 Spanish Civil War, 54,55 Stalin and Stalinism, 5,24-5,32,72,123 See ako Communist Party Communism and the Spanish Civil War (Cattell), 54 ‘communist kingdom,’ 93 Communist Party Chinese, 23,133 peace movement, 130-1,135 psychological torture, 150-1 Spanish, 54 Stalin, 2,23 See also communism Compromise of 1867, Hungarian, 98,100 Concept of State Policy to Perpetuate the Memory of Victims of Political Repression, 167 confession constructing, 141-54 background and overview, 141-4 conclusions, 153-4 interrogation department, 142,143, 144-7,209 n.23 language of, 151-3 torture, 147-51 confrontation interrogation method, 150
Index Congress of Peoples for Peace, 137-8 Conquest, Robert, 24,25,176 n.41 ‘consent and evade,’ 65 conspiracy Czechoslovakian interrogation and, 145-6,209 n.23 Red Army purge and, 39,40,41,46-8 Containment Doctrine, 119 Conversations with Masaryk (Čapek), 84 coping with the past, 158-9,166,169,172 counter attacks on Germany, 72-3,76 counter-cult of personality for Stalin, 22-3 counterintelligence, 44-5 Crimea, 73,113,165 crisis as a political theme, 106-7 cult of personality of Stalin, 21-6 background and overview, 5-6,91 binary discourse breakdown, 23-6 counter cult, 22-3,199 n.34 Hungary, 104-5 iconography, 82-4,94 patrimonial rule, 95-6 post mortem, 90,105 rituals and practices, 87,88-9 Stalin biographies, 21-3,84,85-6, 198 n.25 Stalins dislike of, 22,179-80 n.3 cults, leader, 81-91 background and overview, 81,196 n.4 biography and history, 84-6 conclusions, 90-1 in Hungary (See cults in Hungary, leader) iconography, 82-4,100-1,197 n.9-10 persistence, change, and legacy, 94-7 post-mortem, 89-90,199 n.45 rituals and practices, 86-9,91,98,101, 103-4,106,198 n.35 See also cult of personality, Stalin’s cults in Hungary, leader, 93-109 background and overview, 93-7 communism, 102-5,202 n.48 conclusions, 108-9 monarchy and nationalism, 98-102 post-communist, 105-8 culture, political Hungarian, 93-4,96,97-8,100-2,103 Stalin cult, 81,91 culture and social structures, 11 239 culture of honour, 32,35 Czechoslovakia, confession in. See confession constructing Daily Telegraph, 24 Daniels, Robert, 10 David-Fox, Michael, 5,13-14,216 n.103 Davies, R.W., 9,28 Day of Remembrance for
Victims of Political Repression, 167-8 D-Day anniversary snub, 113 Deák, Ferenc, 100,101 Death of Stalin, The, 37,113,181 n.38 decision-making of Stalin, 127-9 Defence Commissariat Spanish Civil War, 52,57,58,186 n.10, 189 n.57 war operations, 70 Degtiiarev, Georgii, 77 Denmark, 71,121-2 deportations, 2-3,165,169 de-Stalinization, 6,171 Deutscher, Isaac, 21,23,61,122 developmental violence, 3 development of Soviet armed forces, 67-70 Devlin, Judith, 16-17 diversionary operations, 47,69-70 Dobrenko, Yevgeny, 86 documentary films, 84-5,168-9,198 n.22 documents, access to historical Soviet. See access to historical Soviet documents Donne, John, 31 dossier of evidence of military conspiracy, 40,182 n.4 Doubek, Bohumil, 143,144-5,146-7,148, 150,151 Dreister, Efim, 184 n.48 Dud’, Iurii, 168-9 Dumas, Alexandre, 86 Dva goda v Ispanii (Savich), 54 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 43 Eastern Europe and Stalinist ideology background and overview, 2,5,15 historiography, 115 leader cults, 95-7,102-5,109 reckoning, 157
240 Economic Problems of the USSR (Stalin), 133,134 Eden, Anthony, 125 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 53,131,132,135,136, 137-9,187 n.16-17,206 n.U Eighth Party Congress, 42 Einstein, Albert, 131 Eisenhower, Dwight D„ 118,120,136 Eisenstadt, Schmuel, 17,95 Elorza, Antonio, 59,188 n.45,189 n.60 El’tsin, Boris, 116,160 Estonia, 71,121 Etkind, Aleksandr, 166 European Parliament, 160 Evacuation Soviet, 75 Ezhov, Nikolai, 47-8 Fadeev, Aleksandr, 131-2,136,206 n.17 Fainsod, Merle, 8,10 famine, 7,24,25,165 Farkas, Mihály, 104 father figures leader cults, 88,90,99,101,104,107 Stalin as, 1,21 Federal Security Service (FSB), 166 Fedoseev, P.N., 131-2,203 n.ll Feleségverseny (Spirò), 93-4 FIDESZ, 106,108 Filatov, Georgy, 59 films Death of Stalin, 37,113,181 n.38 on Gulag camps, 168-9 leader cults, 84-6,198 n.22 Spanish Civil War, 53,61 Finland, 121 Fitzpatrick, Shelia, 9-10,13,14,33, 174 n.25,176 n.47 five-power pact campaign, 137,138 Five-Year Plans, 66 Flërov, Georgii, 77 For a Lasting Peace, For a People’s Democracy!, 133-4 foreign infiltration of Red Army, 40-1,43, 44,46-7,48-9,184 n.50 Foreign Policy Commission, 129,135,137-8 forgetfulness, 169-70 Forward Steps in the Turkish Revolution (Shub), 85 Fox, William T.R., 118 Index France, 54,71,76,116,120,135,137 Frangulian, Georgii, 167-8 Franquista theories of Spanish Civil War, 56,188 n.40 Frei, Norbert, 159 FSB (Federal Security Service), 166 Fulbrook, Mary, 159 Fundación Pablo Iglesias, 60 Gaddis, John Lewis, 115,116-17 Gamarnik, Ian, 39,49 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 86,199 n.45 genre of biography, 14,31 geopolitical strength of Soviet Union, 2,5,
165 Germany coping with the past, 158-9,169,172 defeat of, 117-18,120 leader cults, 82,84-5,91 Lenin, 41-2 Nazis and Nazism, 25,55 peace movement, 136 Red Army infiltration, 48,49 Soviet Union attack, 70,71-6 Stalin, 36,54,55,56,71-6,120, 195 n.60 Gerő, András, 98 Getty, J. Arch, 11,26,28,33,95-6 Gill, Graeme, 10,174 n.25 GKO, 74-5 Glyptis, Leda, 89,90 Gömbös, Gyula, 102 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 24,26,113 GPU, 44-5 Grantseva, Ekaterina, 59 Great Patriotic War big three conferences, 63,77,121 policing scholarship on, 160 pre-war armed forces development, 67-70 revisioning the Cold War and, 117-23, 124 Stalin, 3-4,6,16,66,71-8,113,172 Great Terror confession and torture, 141-2,147, 208 n.8 cult performance, 91 historiography, 24 See also purge of the Red Army; purges
Index Great Terror, The (Conquest), 24 Greene, Samuel, 163,213 n.41 Grey, Ian, 23 Guardian, 166 Gudkov, Lev, 164 Guerra y revolución en España, 57 guilt by association, 145,150-1 Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 146 Gulag camps, 165,168-9,214 n.63 Gulag museum, 161,167 Habeck, Mary, 59-60 Habsburg monarchy, 99,100 Halfin, Igal, 12-13,150 Haller, József, 88 Harriman, Averill, 63 Harrison, Mark, 28 Hasiam, Jonathan, 55-6 Hein, Heidi, 84,88,90 Hellbeck, Jochen, 12-13,30 Helsinki World Peace Assembly, 139, 207 n.42 Hindenburg, Paul von, 82-5,86,87,88 Hiroshima bombing, 118,195 n.73 Historia 16, 57 historical document access. See access to historical Soviet documents historical legacies, 93-7,100,102-6,107, 108-9,170-2 historical materialism, 11 history as national security, 160 History of Foreign Countries (Kandel and Guterman), 52 History of Stalinism, 14 History of the USSR (Davies), 28 Hider, Adolf compared to Stalin, 127-8,139 cult of personality, 83,84,85,86,87 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 simplification of, 33 Spanish Civil War, 51 Stalin and, 4,25,36 Hider Day, 87 Hochman, Jiri, 55-6 Hoffman, David, 7,13,142 Holloway, David, 118,122 Holocaust, 159 Holquist, Peter, 13 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 55,186 n.l 241 Hopf, Ted, 129-30 Horthy, István, 102 Horthy, Miklós, 93,94,100-3,107,109, 196 n.4 Hosking, Geoffrey, 28 House of Government (Slezkine), ЗО How Russia is Ruled (Fainsod), 8 Howson, Gerald, 59,189 n.57 Hungary leader cults (See cults in Hungary, leader) revolution of 1956,105 torture methods, 149 Iagoda, Genrikh, 43 Ibárruri, Dolores, 56-7 Icebreaker (Rezun), 72
iconography, 82-4,88,90-1,94,197 n.910 identity collective, 159,164,170 national, 4,157-8,160,164,167,168, 172 ideology in historical documents, 27,28-9 interpretation schools of thought, 8,9, 10,12,14 interrogations and confession, 142, 143,146,151,152,153 leader cults, 97,109 moralism, 117,123,124 Spanish Civil War, 56,61-2 US, 115,117,123 ILC (International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace), 131-2 Imperial Army, 42 individuality and biography writing, 30-1, 33 industrialization, 2-3,37,66,166 inevitability of war, 133-4,137 Ingush,165 inquisitorial interrogations, 152 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 22,52 Institute of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism, 22 Intelligence and Reconnaissance Directorate, 70 International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace (ILC), 131-2
242 International Relations studies, 114, 117-19 International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic (Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 54 interrogations background and overview, 141,143 Czech interrogation department, 142, 143,144-7,209 n.23 torture, 147-51 interrogators, 143,144-7,149,152-4 Iran, 113,122 Iron Curtain speech of Winston Churchill, 4,27 Iron Hindenburg, 84-5 Ispanskaia respublika і Komintern (Meshcheriakov), 188 n.45 Ispanskie reportazhi (Ehrenburg), 53, 187 n.17 Ispanskii dnevnik (Koltsov), 53,186 n.15 Ispanskii tetrady (Maistól), 53,187 n.20 Istoriia, 59 Istorila stalinizma, 14 Istoriia zarubezhnikh stran (Kandel and Guterman), 52 Italian Socialist Party, 132,206 n.13 Iurieva, L.M., 52 Japan, 32,48,67-8,115-16,117-18,120,124 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 132,134-5 Jones, Adrian, 23 Jones, Polly, 2 Joseph, Franz, 98-100,102,109 Judt, Tony, 117 justice for Stalinism victims, 159 Kádár, János, 93,94,105,202 n.48 Kaftanov, Sergei, 77 Kaganovich, Lazar, 74 Kalashnikov, Mikhail, 77 Kamenev, Lev, 25 Karatygin, P.A., 69 Karmen, Roman, 53-4 Kazakhstan, 7,165 Kazbegi, Aleksandr, 35 Kennan, George F., 114,115,119,121 Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 17,113-14,124 Kerenskii, Aleksandr, 82,88,197 n. 10 Kershaw, Ian, 18,127-8,139 Index Khlevniuk, Oleg, 7,14,28,61,171 Khrushchev, Nikita de-Stalinization, 6 secret speech, 1-2,3,5,22,23,141, 170,173 n.l Stalin as a war leader, 74 totalitarianism, 8 Kindler, Robert, 7 Kirov, Sergei, 40,47,87 Kiselev, Dmitrii, 168 Kitchlew, Saifuddin, 138 kitsch, 82,197 n.9-10,197 n.14 Koba the Dread (Amis), 113 Kohoutek, Vladimir, 149-50 Koltsov, Mikhail,
53,186 n.l 5 Komshukov, A.A., 54 Königsberg, 121 Kontopodis, Michael, 171 Korean War, 124,136 Kossuth, Lajos, 99,101,103 Kotkin, Stephen, 12,15,29,61,97, 191 n.71 Kowalsky, Daniel, 60,189-90 n.62 Kozma, Andor, 99 Krasnaia Zvezda, 76 Krasnov, Pëtr, 65 Kuleshova, V. V., 54 Kuznetsov, Nikolai, 53,73,74,186 n.4, 187 n.24 language of interrogations, 151-2 leader cults, 22,88 Laos, 124 Large, David Clay, 169 Latvia, 71,121 leader cults. See cult of personality, Stalin’s; cults, leader; cults in Hungary, leader leadership role of Stalin, 3-4 Leites, Nathan, 8 Lenin, Vladimir Khrushchev on, 1,2 leader cults, 21,22,83,86,89,197 n.l0 New Left, 24 revolution, 34,36,66-7 Soviet army, 42-3 Stalin, 22,29,34,64-5,96 totalitarian school of thought on, 8
Index Leningradsty v hpanii (Pritsker), 53 Leninism, 2,12,22,97 Lenin Peace Prize, 206 n.16 Leo, Richard, 153 Levada Center, 163-4,168,169,171 Lih, Lars, 27 Lithuania, 71,121 Litvinov, Maxim, 55-6 Liudi, gody, zhizn (Ehrenburg), 53, 187 n.16 London, Arthur, 141,143,144,145, 148-53 Luhn, Alec, 166 Lukin, Vladimir, 168 Magnetic Mountain (Kotkin), 12 Maiskii, Ivan M., 52,53,186 n.4, 187 n.20-1 Makhotina, Ekaterina, 158,165,169 Makhrovskii, K.A., 65,192 n. 12 Malay, V. V., 58 Malenkov, Georgii, 74-5,134,138 Malinova, Oľga, 158,168,216 n.99 Manhattan Project, 76-7 Manning, Roberta, 11 Markin, n., 64 Marks, Stephen, 61 Marshall Plan, 4,37,116,119 Marx, Karl, 9,27 Marxism, 5,11,134 Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 83-4,86-8,90, 197 п.10,197 n.13-14,197 n.16, 199 n.38-9 McCullough, David, 63,77 mediocrity myth of Stalin, 28,36 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 160,161-2,167 Medvedev, Roy, 26 Mekhlis, Lev, 73 memoirs of Soviets in Spanish Civil War, 52-4 memorials and monuments, 83,90,108, 157,161,165-6,167-8 memory, 158-9,160,165-6,167-9,171-2 Menzhinskii, Viacheslav, 45-6,47 Merkulov, Vsevolod, 72,74,77,194 n.53, 195 n.73 Meshcheriakov, M.T., 52,188 n.45 Mikoyan, Anastas, 74-5 Military Archive (RGVA), 59 243 Military Council of the Northern Caucasus Military District, 65 military operations, 64,67,69-70,76 See also specific operations Military Opposition, 42 military specialists (voenspets) in Red Army purge, 42-3,44,46-7, 183 n.27 Stalin at Tsaritsyn and, 65 Military Strategy (Sokolovskii), 67 military-technological development, 76-7 Minakov, Sergei, 182 n.5 Minin, Sergei K., 43,65 Mitrokhin, Nikolau,
167 modernity in Hungary, 98 leader cults, 17,83,91,95,98 in Soviet Union, 13-14,95 Molotov, Polina, 129 Molotov, Viacheslav morality, 32 peace movement, 129,131-2,206 n.17 Red Army purge, 49 Stalin, 28,35,68,73-5,129 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 monarchical symbols, 93,94,102,106,109 Monarchist Union of Central Russia, 45 monarchy and Hungary, 98-102 Monroe Doctrine, 119,123 Montefiore, Simon Sebag, 29 monuments and memorials, 83,90,108, 157,161,165-6,167-8 mood reports. See public opinion moralism, 17,31-2,114,117,123,124 moral judgement and biography, 31-2 Mosaico Roto (Abramson), 54 Moscow, 157 museums and leader cults, 88-9,90,104 Mussolini, Benito leader cult, 82,83,89,197 n.9,198 n.26 Spanish Civil War, 51 totalitarianism school of thought on, 7 My First Struggles (Piłsudski), 84 My internatsionalisty, 53 myths, historical leader cults, 83-4,85,90,97,103,107 Putin and, 161 Spanish Civil War, 60,62 Stalin and, 29-30,33,37
244 Nagasaki bombing, 118,195 n.73 Naiman, Eric, 13 name day celebrations, 87-8 naming after leaders, 86-7 narratives leader cult, 83,85-6,90-1 Russian history, 157,159-62,165,167, 168,169,171 national identity, 4,157-8,160,164,167, 168,172 nationalism, 102,109,159 National Peace Council (NPC), 135 national unity, 159,167 NATO, 116,119,125,132 Navy, Soviet, 68,73 Nazis, 127-8,158-9,160,161,172 Nazism and communism, 25 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 34 Nenni, Pietro, 132,137,138,206 n.13, 207 n.43 Neo-Revisionists on Cold War, 115-17 neo-traditionalism, 13-14,95 New Economic Policy (NEP), 6,9 New Left, 9,24,115 Nikolaev, Leonid, 47 Niños de Guerra, 54 Nitti, Giuseppe, 138 Nixon, Richard, 115 NKVD about, 69 purge of Red Army, 39-40,41,47-9,50 Spanish Civil War, 62 war operations, 70 Nolte, Ernst, 25 Non-Intervention Agreement, 51 Non-Intervention Committee (NIC), 52, 54,58 No Pasaran (Karmen), 53-4 No Pasarán! slogan, 62 Norris, Chuck, 107 Northern Iran, 122 Nove, Alec, 23 Novikov, M.V., 57 NPC (National Peace Council), 135 nuclear weapons Cold War historiographies, 115,117 dropping of, 32,118,120,195 n.73 peace movement, 129,132,133,134-5, 137,138-9 Index proxy wars, 124 Soviet development, 5,120,122 Soviet vulnerability, 118,120,121,122 US development, 76-7 objective guilt, 145,150-1 October Revolution, 2,25 OGPU, 44-7,69 Olšáková, Dubravka, 15 On Trial (London), 141,143,144,145, 148-53 operational art, 64,67 Operation Barbarossa, 73,127 Operation Springtime, 47 Operation X, 51,58,61,62 opinion polls, 4,105,158,163-5,168-9, 170-1 Orbán, Viktor, 94,97,106-8,109,200 n.l Order GKO-83 ss,
70 Order Number 147,69-70 Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 8-9, 10 Orkán, Akeràl, 93-4,95,105,109 Orwell, George, 55,59-60,61,114, 186 n.l Orzoff, Andrea, 84,88 Osbye otdely (OO), 43,183 n.26 OSCE (Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 160 O’Sullivan, Noel, 123 output system of interrogation, 146-7 Özyürek, Esra, 85 Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 160 Partisans for Peace, 132,135 partisan warfare, 69-70 Partizanstvo (Karatygin), 69 Pascua, Marcelino, 61 paternalism, 96,107,108,171 See abo father figures patriarchal rule, 7,165 patrimonial rule, 93,95-6,97,108 Pavlov, Grigor’evich, 70 PCPP (Permanent Committee of Partisans of Peace), 132,133,134-6
Index peace movement, 127-40 after Stalin, 138-9 background and overview, 127-9 conclusions, 139-40 emergence, 130-2 foreign policy, 129-30 Stalin, 133-4,206 n.17 Stockholm Appeal, 134-6 Vienna peace congress, 137-8 World Peace Council, 136-7 peace prizes, 131,133,138,206n.l6, 207 n.43 People’s Commisariat for Defence, 69, 73-4 people’s militia, 41,183 n.l 1 Perm-36 Gulag museum, 161 Permanent Committee of Partisans of Peace (PCPP), 132,133,134-6 persistence and change, 95-7 Peters, Edward, 142 Petrov, Nikita, 166 photography and leader cults, 82-4, 197 n.9 physical violence and confession, 147-8, 149 Piłsudski, Jozef coup planning, 44,45 leader cult, 83,84,86-8,89,90 Pipes, Richard, 9,24,175 n.41,180 n.12 Plumb, Robert Lee, 55,188 n.40 Podliubnyi, Stephan, 30 Pod znamenem Ispanskoi respubliki (Maiskii, et al), 53,187 n.21 poetry and leader cults, 22,88,99,104, 199 n.38 Poland espionage, 44,46 Lenin’s attack on, 66-7 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 Nazi occupation of, 72,127 peace movement, 130-1 Piłsudski and, 83,84,86-7,88,90 Soviet interest in, 121 Political Administration of the Red Army (PUR), 45,182 n.2 political symbolism, 81,94,97,99-103, 106 Political Thought of Stalin, The (van Ree), 28 245 polluted sources, 33 popular frontism, 56,62,136 popularity of Stalin, 4,158,163-5,172 portraits and leader cults, 82-4,88, 197 n.9 Poskrebyshev, A.N., 137 post-Communist society features, 96-7 post-mortem leader cults, 89-90,199 n.45 post-revisionist school of thought, 11-14 Potsdam big three conference, 63,77 POUM (Workers Party of Marxist Unification), 55,57,62 power of Stalin,
36-7,40,50 Pozharskaia, Svetlana, 52,58,186 n.8 Practicing Stalinism (Getty), 95-6 Pravda Spanish Civil War, 53 Stalin, 49,82,137,207 n.37 Presidential Archive, 27,58 Primakov, Vitalii, 39,46,47,184 n.48 Pritsker, D.P., 53 Problemy ispanskoi istorii (Gluzhinsskaia), 52 proxy wars, 124 psychological torture, 147-51 Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions, 149 public opinion, 4,105,158,163-5,168-9, 170-1 Pucci, Molly, 18 Puigsech, Josep, 61-2,191 n.75 PUR (Political Administration of the Red Army), 45,182 n.2 purge of the Red Army background and overview, 39-41,50, 182 n.2,182 n.4-5,182 n.6 civil war and military vulnerabilities, 41-3 Great Terror and, 46-50,184 n.50 1920’s threats, 43-6,184 n.33 purges morality, 24 Spanish Civil War and, 62,191 n.77 totalitarian view on, 24 victims, 25-6,30, 39,69,165,182 n.2 See also purge of the Red Army Puskás, Ferenc, 108 Putin, Vladimir as an authoritarian leader, 97,161
246 D-Day anniversary snub, 113 Future and, 125 on Great Patriotic War, 4,161 Stalinism, 18,157,159-63,166,167, 168,170,172 Putna, Vitovt, 39,47,184 n.47-8 Pyta, Wolfram, 82 question protocols of interrogation, 151-2 Raack, R.C., 71 Rabinowitch, Alexander, 10 Radosh, Ronald, 59-60 Rákosi, Mátyás, 94,103-5,109 Raport, 68-9 Read, Christopher, 15-16 realpolitik, 114,121-3 reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism, 157-72 background and overview, 157-60 conclusions, 171-2 repression and, 165-71 re-Stalinization of Russian society, 162-5 re-Stalinization of the ruling elite, 160-2 Reconnaissance and Intelligence Directorate, 69 Red Army foreign infiltration, 43,44,46-7,48-9, 184 n.50 purge of (See purge of the Red Army) Stalin as a war leader, 69-70 at Tsaritsyn, 65 Rees, Arfon, 28 rehabilitation of Stalinism. See reStalinization Reid Technique, 146 Reno, William, 124 repression public opinion on, 163-4 purges (See purges) reckoning and rehabilitation, 160-1, 165-71 re-Stalinization background and overview, 18,158, 159-60 ruling elite, 160-2 Russian society, 162-5 Index Reviewing the Cold War (Westad), 117 revisionism, 9,101,176 n.47 revisionist school of thought Cold War, 115-17,122,123 purge, 26,118 Stalinism, 9-11,12,14 Rezun, Vladimir, 72 RGASPI, 59 RGVA (Military Archive), 59 Riali, Lucy, 86 Ribalkin, ludi, 57,58 Rieber, Alfred, 29,35 Riefenstahl, Leni, 85 rituals, 86-9,91,98,101,103-4,106, 198 n.35 Roberts, Geoffrey, 17-18,28-9,113,120 Spanish Civil War, 56 Stalin’s Wars, 3,4,29-30,63 Robertson, Graeme, 163,213 n.41 Rogge, O. John, 136-7 Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 73,76,195 n.60
Rome-Berlin Axis, 48 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 77,117-18,120, 123,124-5 Rosefielde, Stephen, 25 royal cult,’ 93-4 Ruder, Cynthia, 7 ruling elite and Stalin and Stalinism, 158, 159-62,166,167,170,172,216 n.99 ‘Rusos en la Guerra de España, Los,’ 60 Russian Orthodox Church, 167 Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 14 Russo-German pact of 1939,54 Ryan, James, 18 Saint Stephen, King, 94,99,106 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 138,207 n.42 Savich, Ovadei, 54 ‘scenario of love,’ 87,88 Schauff, Frank, 60 second front in Great Patriotic War, 63, 76,122 Second World, 116 Second World War. See Great Patriotic War secret speech of Khrushchev, 1-2,3,5,22, 23,141,170,173 n.l security, collective, 3,51,55-6
Index security threats to Soviet military, 16, 40-1,46,50 Service, Robert, 29 Sherlock, Thomas, 158,161 Sherry, Jonathan, 62,191 n.76 Short Course, 29,86 show trials Czech, 141,142,145,151,153-4 Soviet, 25,35,47,48,62,142,185 n.58 Shpagin, Georgii, 77 Shub, Esfir, 85,198 n.22 Shulman, Marshal D., 130 Shul’man, Ekaterina, 171 simplification of Russian politics, 33,115, 159 Skoutelsky, Rémi, 59,189 n.58 Slánský, Rudolf, 141,151,152-3 sleep deprivation, 141,148-9 Slezkine.Yuri, 30 Smetona, Antanas, 198 n.ЗО Smirnov, R, 193 n.31 Snyder, Timothy, 15,25 socialism capitalisms coexistence with, 133-4 Czech, 143 leader cults, 103,104,105 reckoning with, 157,217 n.104 Spanish Civil War, 56 Stalinism, 3,4,6,12,34,66-7,71 socialism in one country,’ 34,66-7,71 Sokolovskii, Vitalii, 67 Solomon, Peter, 142 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, 25-6,143,146, 149 Soong Ching-ling, 133 ‘Sovetskaia istoriografiia antifashistskoi voiny v Ispanii’ (Pozharskaia), 52, 186 n.8 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 52 Soviet advisers to Czech interrogators, 141, 143,144-5,146-9,152,209 n.23 Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War (Cattell), 54 sovietization, 103-4,143,153 ‘Soviet Participation in the Spanish Civil War’ (Plumb), 55 “Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security” (Hochman), 55-6 247 ‘Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War, The’ (Allen), 55 Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe (Hasiam), 55-6 Spain Betrayed (Habeck and Radosh), 59-60 Spanish Civil War about, 51 collective security, 51,55-6 reckoning with, 170 Soviet support and participation, 51, 54-7,59-62,67,68,69 See
also Spanish Civil War historiography Spanish Civil War historiography, 51-62 background and overview, 51-2,62, 186 n.l non-Russian post Cold War, 59-62 Russian language post Cold War, 57-9 USSR 1936-1991,52-4,186 n.7, 188 n.45 Western countries 1936-1991,54-7 ‘Spanish Civil War’s Impact on Spanish and Soviet Political Cultures, The’ (Chase), 60,190 n.66 Spanish Communist Party (PCE), 54 Spanish Notebooks (Maiskii), 53,187 n.20 Spanish Republican Army, 69 Special Departments, 43,183 n.26 Special Forces, 69 Specialist Diversionary Department, 70 Spirò, György, 93-4 spy infiltration of Red Army, 40-1,43,44, 46-7,48-9,184 n.50 Stalin, Joseph background and overview, 2-4 Cold War, 4,118,119,120,121,122, 123-5 compared to Hitler, 127-8,139 cult of personality (See cult of personality of Stalin) decision-making, 127-9 early years, 22,34,35-6 Germany, 36,54,55,56,71-6,120, 195 n.60 July 3,1941 speech, 76 Khrushchev’s secret speech, 1-2,3,5, 22,23,141,170,173 n.l mediocrity myth, 28,36
248 motivation, 33-4,181 n.40 ‘normal’ personality, 34-6 peace movement, 129-30,137,138, 139-40,207 n.43 popularity, 4,158,163-5,172 power, 36-7,40,50 reckoning with (See reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism) Red Army purge, 39-40,41,43,46-50 revolutionary convictions, 2,34,66, 71 Spanish Civil War, 51-2,54,61-2 torture, 147 as a villain, 124-5,205 n.58 See also Stalin as a war leader Stalin and Europe (Snyder and Brandon), 15 Stalin as a war leader, 63-78 background and overview, 63-4 development of armed forces, 67-70 geopolitics and geostrategy, 66-7 Germany’s attack on Soviet Union, 71-6,195 n.60 international relations, 76,77-8 military-technological development, 76-7 romance with Germany, 71-3 at Tsaritsyn, 64-6 Stalinism background and overview, 5-7,15, 174 n.25 confessions, 142-3,153 cult leaders, 103-4,107 post-revisionist school of thought on, 11-14 reckoning with (See reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism) rehabilitation of (See re-Stalinization) revisionist school of thought on, 9-11, 12,14 term of 22,159 totalitarian school of thought on, 7-9, 10,24-6,175-6 n.41 ‘Stalino-fascist baroque,’ 97 Stalin Peace Prizes, 131,133,138, 206 n.16,207 n.43 Stalin’s Cold War (Kennedy-Pipe), 113-14, 124 Stalin’s Foreign Policy Reappraised (Shulman), 130 Index Stalin’s Wars (Roberts), 3,4,29-30,63 Starshina, 72 Stavka, 66,74-5 Steel Division, 66 Steinbeck, John, 90 Stites, Richard, 61 Stockholm Appeal, 134-6,137 Stone, Oliver, 157,161 Strana Sovetov, 68 strategic bombing, 118 Strategy (Svechin), 67 ‘strong hand,’ necessity of, 170-1 Sudoplatov, P.A., 70 Suny, Ronald Grigor,
10,29,35 superpowers, 17,78,115-16,118-19,122 Suslov, Mikhail, 133,139 Suvorov, Victor, 72 Svechin, Aleksandr, 67 Švermová, Marie, 150 symbolic politics, 81,94,97,99-103,106 Sytin, Pavel, 43 Szász, Béla, 143,145,147,149,151 Talashova, V.A., 54 tanks, 59,61,67-8 Tannenberg, 85 Taylor, A. J.P., 131 Tehran big three conference, 63,77 Tenth Army, 65 tëplopelengator, 68-9 terror in East Europe, 142,208 n.8 Soviet Great Terror (See Great Terror) textbooks, history, 84,161,162 theory of confessions, 146 thermal direction finders, 68-9 Third International, 52,54,59-60,66-7, 71 Third World, 116 Thurston, Robert, 25,33 Tiempo de Historia, 57 Tiflis bank robbery, 35 Timoshenko, Semën, 70,72,73-4 Tismaneanu, Vladimir, 97 Tito, Josip Broz, 134,136-7 Todorova, Maria, 97 Together with Spanish Patriots, 53 Tolmachaev, Vladimir, 57,188 n.46 torture, 39,141,142,147-51,153
Index totalitarianism, 7-9,81,162,164,213 n.38 totalitarian school of thought cult of personality, 24-6 Stalin biographies, 28,30 Stalinism, 7-9,10,173 n.3,1756 n.41-42 Traditionalists, 115,117,124-5 training manuals on interrogation, 144-5, 147,151-2 trains, armoured, 65,66 transitional justice, 169-70 treasures, Soviet, 75 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 34,42 Treaty of Trianon, 101,102 Triumph of the WiĶ 85 Trotsky, Leon purges, 26,42-3,44,45-6,48 Stalin and Stalinism, 2,22-4,28,36, 65-6,67 Trotskyites, 45-8,49,50,61 Truman, Harry S„ 63,77-8,118,119,122, 123,125 Truman Doctrine, 4 Trust Operation, 45 Tsaritsyn, 43,64-6 Tucker, Robert, 24,25,191 n.77 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail about, 67,69 purge of Red Army, 39,40,44-5,47, 48,49-50,182 n.4 Twentieth Party Congress, 22,23 two-camps doctrine, 4-5,130,132 Two Years in Spain (Savich), 54 Uborevich, Ieronim R, 39,69 Ukraine famine in, 24,165 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 partisan warfare, 69 Soviet power, 157 Spanish Civil War, 52 Unconditional Surrender doctrine, 117-18 Under the banner of the Spanish republic (Maiskii, et al), 83,187 n.21 uninterrupted interrogations, 145-6,148 United Nations, 37 Updike, John, 114 US Naval War College Review, 68 USSR collapse, 113-14,116,157 249 van Ree, Eric, 28 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 53,72,76 Vatsetis, Ioakhim, 42-3 Vatutin, Nikolai, 74 Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 158-9,166, 169,172 Vergangenheitspolitick, 159 victims of Communism and Imperialism, 32 confession and, 141-2,143 of purges, 25-6,30,39,69,165, 182 n.2 reckoning with the past, 159,162,165, 167-8,169 See also specific victims Victory of
Belief (Riefenstahl), 85 Vienna Awards, 101-2 Vienna peace congress, 137-8,139 Vietnam War, 9,124 Viñas, Angel, 58-9,60 Viola, Lynne, 7,18,147 Vmeste s patriotami Ispanii, 53 voenspets. See military specialists Voina і revoliutsiia v Ispanii, 52 Voina v Ispanii, 52,186 п.10 Volkogonov, Dmitri, 26,61,178 n.80 Volodarsky, Boris, 62,191 n.77 Von der Goltz, Anna, 84,85,88 Voronov, Nikolai, 53,67,73,186 n.4, 187 n.21 Voroshilov, Kliment purge of Red Army, 43,44,46,48-50, 182 n.5,184 n.47 Stalin as a war leader, 64,65,70, 74,76 Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 74-5 VTsIOM, 163 Walker, Shaun, 166 Wallace, Henry, 131 ‘Wall of Sorrow’ (Frangulian), 167-8 War Cabinet, 74-5 War of Independence, Hungarian, 99-100 Waterlow, Jonathan, 7 We Internationalists (Gorilovskogo), 53 We Now Know (Gaddis), 116 Westad, Odd Arne, 117,124 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 25
Index 250 White Armies, 42-5,64-5 Whitewood, Peter, 16 Williams, William Appleman, 115,117, 176 n.45 Wohlforth, William, 119 women Cold War, 117 peace movement, 132,136 Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), 55,57,62 World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace, 130-1 World Congress of Partisans of Peace in Paris, 132,133 in Warsaw, 135-6 World Federation of Scientific Workers, 134-5 World Peace Council (WPC), 135-7, 138-9 world revolution, 2,34,43,66-7,71 World War II. See Great Patriotic War І Wortman, Richard, 87 Wroclaw congress, 130-1 XIV Partisan Corps, 69 Yakhina, Guzel, 169 Yakir, I.E., 69 Yalta big three conference, 63,77,121 Yeltsin, Boris, 116,160 Yugoslavia, 4,104,134,136-7 Yutkevich, Sergei, 85 Zaloga, Steven, 59 Zhdanov, Andrei, 4-5,130,132 Zhdanovshchina, 4 Zhigarev, Pavel, 74 Zhloba, Dmitrii Petrovich, 66 Zhukov, Georgii, 33,68,72-4,76 Zilliacus, Konni, 134,135 Zubovich, Katherine, 7 Zuleikha otkryivaet glaza (Yakhina), 169 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mánchen
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Contents Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xii Note on transliteration xiii Introduction: Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism James Ryan and Susan Grant 1 Part One The Controversial Vozhd’: Stalin as Leader and Statesman 1 The many lives of Joseph Stalin: Writing the biography of a ‘Monster Christopher Read 21 2 Stalin’s purge of the Red Army and misperception of security threats 3 Stalin and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939: The new historiography Peter Whitewood 39 Daniel Kowalsky 4 51 Brute force and genius: Stalin as war leader Chris Bellamy 63 Part Two Challenging Stalinist Models: Cults of Personality 5 The Stalin cult in comparative context Judith Devlin 6 From heroic lion to streetfighter: Historical legacies and the leader cult in twentieth-century Hungary Balázs Apor 81 93 Part Three New Ways of Understanding the Stalinist System: The Cold War 7 Revisioning Stalin’s Cold War Caroline Kennedy-Pipe 8 Working towards the Vozhd'? Stalin and the peace movement Geoffrey Roberts 9 113 127 Constructing a confession: The language and psychology of interrogations in Stalinist Czechoslovakia Molly Pucci 141
Contents vüi Part Four In Lieu of an Epilogue 10 Reckoning with the past: Stalin and Stalinism in Putin’s Russia James Ryan 157 Notes 173 Select Bibliography 219 Geoffrey Roberts Select Bibliography 233 Index 237
Index Abramson, Paulina and Adelina, 54 ‘absolute truth,’ 146 absolutism, 98 Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 52,54 access to historical Soviet documents background and overview, 7,24,26-7 on Cold War, 114,116 on Spanish Civil War, 51,52,57-8,62 for Stalin biographies, 27-30,33, 180 n.21 accusatorial interrogations. See interrogations Adler, Nancy, 169 agency, individual, 30,109 aircraft carriers, 68 Alba, Victor, 57,188 n.42 Allen, David E„ 55,188 n.40 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda, 34 Amis, Martin, 113 Anka, Paul, 107-8 Ankara, Heart of Turkey (Yutkevich and Arnshtam), 85 Anti-Comintern Pact, 48 Apor, Balázs, 17 Araquistáin, Luis, 57,188 n.43 Arendt, Hannah, 8-9,10 argumentation interrogation method, 150 Arkhipova, Aleksandra, 158,165 armed forces, development of Soviet, 67-70 Amts for Spain (Howson), 59,189 n.57 Arnshtam, Leo, 85 Árpád, Captain, 101,103 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 17,83-6,88-90, 197 n.10,199 n.40 atomic bombs. See nuclear weapons Attlee, Clement, 77 Austria, 116,207 n.39 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 98,100 authoritarianism leader cults, 106 Putin, 97,161,162,213 n.41 reckoning with Stalinism, 166,167-8, 170-1,172 re-Stalinization, 158,161 Stalin, 65 balance of power, 118-19 Baltic States, 71,121 Barbusse, Henri, 86,131 Basque children evacuees, 54,60,61 battlecruisers, 68 Battle of Khalkin-Gol, 67-8 Beissinger, Mark, 97 Belarus, 71 Bellamy, Chris, 16 Beneš, Edvard, 84 Beria, Lavrentii, 33,73-5,76 Berlin, race for, 120 Berlin Appeal, 137 Bessarabia, 71 Bethlen, István, 102 big three conferences, 63,77,121 biographies on Stalin, 21-37 breakdown of binary discourse, 23-6
considerations for writing, 30-7 cult of personality, 21-3,85-6, 198 n.25 historical document access, 26-30, 180 n.21 revisionary, 113 Spanish Civil War, 58,61 See also specific biographies biography genre, 14,31 bipolarity, 114,119 Bizcarrondo, Marta, 59,188 n.45,189 n.60 Black Book of Communism, The, 32 Bloodlands (Snyder), 25 Bloom, Molly, 31 Bogumił, Zuzanna, 167 Bolloten, Burnett, 55,59 Bolloten-Orwell thesis, 55
238 Bolsheviks modernization, 95 Red Army purge, 40,41-4,183 n.l 1 Tsaritsyn, 64-6 Bolshevism ideology, 12-13 Stalin and, 35 Bornholm, 121-2 Bortnikov, Aleksandr, 166-7 Boym, Svedana, 168,215 n.83 Brandenberger, David, 29 Brandon, Ray, 15 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 34,42 Breumelberger, Werner, 85 Brezhnev era, 6 Britain peace movement, 135,136,137 Spanish Civil War, 54,56 Stalin, 71,76 as a superpower, 118-19 British Peace Committee (ВРС), 135 Brittain, Vera, 118 Brodie, Bernard, 120 Budenny, Semen, 70,74,185 n.58 Building of the State, 84 Bukharin, Nikolai, 23,34-5,66 bureaucratization, 24,36,45 Cairncross, John, 77 calendars, 192 n.7 Cameron, Sarah, 7 Čapek, Karel, 84,88 capitalism, 3,12,66,123,133-4 Carr, E.H., 27-8 Cattell, David, 54 ceremonies and celebrations, 87-8,91,99, 101,103,104,108,198 n.30 Chamberlain, Neville, 54 Chase, William, 60,190 n.66 Cheka, 43,183 n.26 children Basque evacuees, 54,60,61 leader cults, 87,88,107 China, 5,133 Chinese Communist Party, 23,133 Churchill, Winston Iron Curtain speech, 4,27 Stalin, 27,34,76,77,119,123 Clark, Katerina, 12 Index coexistence between capitalism and socialism, 133-4 Cohen, Stephen, 10,176 n.47 Cold War, 113-25 background and overview, 4-5,113-15 broader landscape of, 123-4 conclusions, 124-5 historiography, 7-12,33,115-17 moralism, 123,124 novelty, 117-20,122-3 peace movement of (See peace movement) realpolitik, 121-3 Cold War, The (Gaddis), 117 collective identity, 159,164,170 collective security, 3,51,55-6 collectivization, 2,37,46,127,165,166 Comintern, 52,54,59-60,66-7,71 communism historical legacies, 96-7
historiography, 116-17 in Hungary, 93,102-5,202 n.48 ‘language’of, 151 modernity, 95 Spanish Civil War, 54,55 Stalin and Stalinism, 5,24-5,32,72,123 See ako Communist Party Communism and the Spanish Civil War (Cattell), 54 ‘communist kingdom,’ 93 Communist Party Chinese, 23,133 peace movement, 130-1,135 psychological torture, 150-1 Spanish, 54 Stalin, 2,23 See also communism Compromise of 1867, Hungarian, 98,100 Concept of State Policy to Perpetuate the Memory of Victims of Political Repression, 167 confession constructing, 141-54 background and overview, 141-4 conclusions, 153-4 interrogation department, 142,143, 144-7,209 n.23 language of, 151-3 torture, 147-51 confrontation interrogation method, 150
Index Congress of Peoples for Peace, 137-8 Conquest, Robert, 24,25,176 n.41 ‘consent and evade,’ 65 conspiracy Czechoslovakian interrogation and, 145-6,209 n.23 Red Army purge and, 39,40,41,46-8 Containment Doctrine, 119 Conversations with Masaryk (Čapek), 84 coping with the past, 158-9,166,169,172 counter attacks on Germany, 72-3,76 counter-cult of personality for Stalin, 22-3 counterintelligence, 44-5 Crimea, 73,113,165 crisis as a political theme, 106-7 cult of personality of Stalin, 21-6 background and overview, 5-6,91 binary discourse breakdown, 23-6 counter cult, 22-3,199 n.34 Hungary, 104-5 iconography, 82-4,94 patrimonial rule, 95-6 post mortem, 90,105 rituals and practices, 87,88-9 Stalin biographies, 21-3,84,85-6, 198 n.25 Stalins dislike of, 22,179-80 n.3 cults, leader, 81-91 background and overview, 81,196 n.4 biography and history, 84-6 conclusions, 90-1 in Hungary (See cults in Hungary, leader) iconography, 82-4,100-1,197 n.9-10 persistence, change, and legacy, 94-7 post-mortem, 89-90,199 n.45 rituals and practices, 86-9,91,98,101, 103-4,106,198 n.35 See also cult of personality, Stalin’s cults in Hungary, leader, 93-109 background and overview, 93-7 communism, 102-5,202 n.48 conclusions, 108-9 monarchy and nationalism, 98-102 post-communist, 105-8 culture, political Hungarian, 93-4,96,97-8,100-2,103 Stalin cult, 81,91 culture and social structures, 11 239 culture of honour, 32,35 Czechoslovakia, confession in. See confession constructing Daily Telegraph, 24 Daniels, Robert, 10 David-Fox, Michael, 5,13-14,216 n.103 Davies, R.W., 9,28 Day of Remembrance for
Victims of Political Repression, 167-8 D-Day anniversary snub, 113 Deák, Ferenc, 100,101 Death of Stalin, The, 37,113,181 n.38 decision-making of Stalin, 127-9 Defence Commissariat Spanish Civil War, 52,57,58,186 n.10, 189 n.57 war operations, 70 Degtiiarev, Georgii, 77 Denmark, 71,121-2 deportations, 2-3,165,169 de-Stalinization, 6,171 Deutscher, Isaac, 21,23,61,122 developmental violence, 3 development of Soviet armed forces, 67-70 Devlin, Judith, 16-17 diversionary operations, 47,69-70 Dobrenko, Yevgeny, 86 documentary films, 84-5,168-9,198 n.22 documents, access to historical Soviet. See access to historical Soviet documents Donne, John, 31 dossier of evidence of military conspiracy, 40,182 n.4 Doubek, Bohumil, 143,144-5,146-7,148, 150,151 Dreister, Efim, 184 n.48 Dud’, Iurii, 168-9 Dumas, Alexandre, 86 Dva goda v Ispanii (Savich), 54 Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 43 Eastern Europe and Stalinist ideology background and overview, 2,5,15 historiography, 115 leader cults, 95-7,102-5,109 reckoning, 157
240 Economic Problems of the USSR (Stalin), 133,134 Eden, Anthony, 125 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 53,131,132,135,136, 137-9,187 n.16-17,206 n.U Eighth Party Congress, 42 Einstein, Albert, 131 Eisenhower, Dwight D„ 118,120,136 Eisenstadt, Schmuel, 17,95 Elorza, Antonio, 59,188 n.45,189 n.60 El’tsin, Boris, 116,160 Estonia, 71,121 Etkind, Aleksandr, 166 European Parliament, 160 Evacuation Soviet, 75 Ezhov, Nikolai, 47-8 Fadeev, Aleksandr, 131-2,136,206 n.17 Fainsod, Merle, 8,10 famine, 7,24,25,165 Farkas, Mihály, 104 father figures leader cults, 88,90,99,101,104,107 Stalin as, 1,21 Federal Security Service (FSB), 166 Fedoseev, P.N., 131-2,203 n.ll Feleségverseny (Spirò), 93-4 FIDESZ, 106,108 Filatov, Georgy, 59 films Death of Stalin, 37,113,181 n.38 on Gulag camps, 168-9 leader cults, 84-6,198 n.22 Spanish Civil War, 53,61 Finland, 121 Fitzpatrick, Shelia, 9-10,13,14,33, 174 n.25,176 n.47 five-power pact campaign, 137,138 Five-Year Plans, 66 Flërov, Georgii, 77 For a Lasting Peace, For a People’s Democracy!, 133-4 foreign infiltration of Red Army, 40-1,43, 44,46-7,48-9,184 n.50 Foreign Policy Commission, 129,135,137-8 forgetfulness, 169-70 Forward Steps in the Turkish Revolution (Shub), 85 Fox, William T.R., 118 Index France, 54,71,76,116,120,135,137 Frangulian, Georgii, 167-8 Franquista theories of Spanish Civil War, 56,188 n.40 Frei, Norbert, 159 FSB (Federal Security Service), 166 Fulbrook, Mary, 159 Fundación Pablo Iglesias, 60 Gaddis, John Lewis, 115,116-17 Gamarnik, Ian, 39,49 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 86,199 n.45 genre of biography, 14,31 geopolitical strength of Soviet Union, 2,5,
165 Germany coping with the past, 158-9,169,172 defeat of, 117-18,120 leader cults, 82,84-5,91 Lenin, 41-2 Nazis and Nazism, 25,55 peace movement, 136 Red Army infiltration, 48,49 Soviet Union attack, 70,71-6 Stalin, 36,54,55,56,71-6,120, 195 n.60 Gerő, András, 98 Getty, J. Arch, 11,26,28,33,95-6 Gill, Graeme, 10,174 n.25 GKO, 74-5 Glyptis, Leda, 89,90 Gömbös, Gyula, 102 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 24,26,113 GPU, 44-5 Grantseva, Ekaterina, 59 Great Patriotic War big three conferences, 63,77,121 policing scholarship on, 160 pre-war armed forces development, 67-70 revisioning the Cold War and, 117-23, 124 Stalin, 3-4,6,16,66,71-8,113,172 Great Terror confession and torture, 141-2,147, 208 n.8 cult performance, 91 historiography, 24 See also purge of the Red Army; purges
Index Great Terror, The (Conquest), 24 Greene, Samuel, 163,213 n.41 Grey, Ian, 23 Guardian, 166 Gudkov, Lev, 164 Guerra y revolución en España, 57 guilt by association, 145,150-1 Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 146 Gulag camps, 165,168-9,214 n.63 Gulag museum, 161,167 Habeck, Mary, 59-60 Habsburg monarchy, 99,100 Halfin, Igal, 12-13,150 Haller, József, 88 Harriman, Averill, 63 Harrison, Mark, 28 Hasiam, Jonathan, 55-6 Hein, Heidi, 84,88,90 Hellbeck, Jochen, 12-13,30 Helsinki World Peace Assembly, 139, 207 n.42 Hindenburg, Paul von, 82-5,86,87,88 Hiroshima bombing, 118,195 n.73 Historia 16, 57 historical document access. See access to historical Soviet documents historical legacies, 93-7,100,102-6,107, 108-9,170-2 historical materialism, 11 history as national security, 160 History of Foreign Countries (Kandel and Guterman), 52 History of Stalinism, 14 History of the USSR (Davies), 28 Hider, Adolf compared to Stalin, 127-8,139 cult of personality, 83,84,85,86,87 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 simplification of, 33 Spanish Civil War, 51 Stalin and, 4,25,36 Hider Day, 87 Hochman, Jiri, 55-6 Hoffman, David, 7,13,142 Holloway, David, 118,122 Holocaust, 159 Holquist, Peter, 13 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 55,186 n.l 241 Hopf, Ted, 129-30 Horthy, István, 102 Horthy, Miklós, 93,94,100-3,107,109, 196 n.4 Hosking, Geoffrey, 28 House of Government (Slezkine), ЗО How Russia is Ruled (Fainsod), 8 Howson, Gerald, 59,189 n.57 Hungary leader cults (See cults in Hungary, leader) revolution of 1956,105 torture methods, 149 Iagoda, Genrikh, 43 Ibárruri, Dolores, 56-7 Icebreaker (Rezun), 72
iconography, 82-4,88,90-1,94,197 n.910 identity collective, 159,164,170 national, 4,157-8,160,164,167,168, 172 ideology in historical documents, 27,28-9 interpretation schools of thought, 8,9, 10,12,14 interrogations and confession, 142, 143,146,151,152,153 leader cults, 97,109 moralism, 117,123,124 Spanish Civil War, 56,61-2 US, 115,117,123 ILC (International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace), 131-2 Imperial Army, 42 individuality and biography writing, 30-1, 33 industrialization, 2-3,37,66,166 inevitability of war, 133-4,137 Ingush,165 inquisitorial interrogations, 152 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 22,52 Institute of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism, 22 Intelligence and Reconnaissance Directorate, 70 International Liaison Committee of Intellectuals for Peace (ILC), 131-2
242 International Relations studies, 114, 117-19 International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic (Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 54 interrogations background and overview, 141,143 Czech interrogation department, 142, 143,144-7,209 n.23 torture, 147-51 interrogators, 143,144-7,149,152-4 Iran, 113,122 Iron Curtain speech of Winston Churchill, 4,27 Iron Hindenburg, 84-5 Ispanskaia respublika і Komintern (Meshcheriakov), 188 n.45 Ispanskie reportazhi (Ehrenburg), 53, 187 n.17 Ispanskii dnevnik (Koltsov), 53,186 n.15 Ispanskii tetrady (Maistól), 53,187 n.20 Istoriia, 59 Istorila stalinizma, 14 Istoriia zarubezhnikh stran (Kandel and Guterman), 52 Italian Socialist Party, 132,206 n.13 Iurieva, L.M., 52 Japan, 32,48,67-8,115-16,117-18,120,124 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 132,134-5 Jones, Adrian, 23 Jones, Polly, 2 Joseph, Franz, 98-100,102,109 Judt, Tony, 117 justice for Stalinism victims, 159 Kádár, János, 93,94,105,202 n.48 Kaftanov, Sergei, 77 Kaganovich, Lazar, 74 Kalashnikov, Mikhail, 77 Kamenev, Lev, 25 Karatygin, P.A., 69 Karmen, Roman, 53-4 Kazakhstan, 7,165 Kazbegi, Aleksandr, 35 Kennan, George F., 114,115,119,121 Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 17,113-14,124 Kerenskii, Aleksandr, 82,88,197 n. 10 Kershaw, Ian, 18,127-8,139 Index Khlevniuk, Oleg, 7,14,28,61,171 Khrushchev, Nikita de-Stalinization, 6 secret speech, 1-2,3,5,22,23,141, 170,173 n.l Stalin as a war leader, 74 totalitarianism, 8 Kindler, Robert, 7 Kirov, Sergei, 40,47,87 Kiselev, Dmitrii, 168 Kitchlew, Saifuddin, 138 kitsch, 82,197 n.9-10,197 n.14 Koba the Dread (Amis), 113 Kohoutek, Vladimir, 149-50 Koltsov, Mikhail,
53,186 n.l 5 Komshukov, A.A., 54 Königsberg, 121 Kontopodis, Michael, 171 Korean War, 124,136 Kossuth, Lajos, 99,101,103 Kotkin, Stephen, 12,15,29,61,97, 191 n.71 Kowalsky, Daniel, 60,189-90 n.62 Kozma, Andor, 99 Krasnaia Zvezda, 76 Krasnov, Pëtr, 65 Kuleshova, V. V., 54 Kuznetsov, Nikolai, 53,73,74,186 n.4, 187 n.24 language of interrogations, 151-2 leader cults, 22,88 Laos, 124 Large, David Clay, 169 Latvia, 71,121 leader cults. See cult of personality, Stalin’s; cults, leader; cults in Hungary, leader leadership role of Stalin, 3-4 Leites, Nathan, 8 Lenin, Vladimir Khrushchev on, 1,2 leader cults, 21,22,83,86,89,197 n.l0 New Left, 24 revolution, 34,36,66-7 Soviet army, 42-3 Stalin, 22,29,34,64-5,96 totalitarian school of thought on, 8
Index Leningradsty v hpanii (Pritsker), 53 Leninism, 2,12,22,97 Lenin Peace Prize, 206 n.16 Leo, Richard, 153 Levada Center, 163-4,168,169,171 Lih, Lars, 27 Lithuania, 71,121 Litvinov, Maxim, 55-6 Liudi, gody, zhizn (Ehrenburg), 53, 187 n.16 London, Arthur, 141,143,144,145, 148-53 Luhn, Alec, 166 Lukin, Vladimir, 168 Magnetic Mountain (Kotkin), 12 Maiskii, Ivan M., 52,53,186 n.4, 187 n.20-1 Makhotina, Ekaterina, 158,165,169 Makhrovskii, K.A., 65,192 n. 12 Malay, V. V., 58 Malenkov, Georgii, 74-5,134,138 Malinova, Oľga, 158,168,216 n.99 Manhattan Project, 76-7 Manning, Roberta, 11 Markin, n., 64 Marks, Stephen, 61 Marshall Plan, 4,37,116,119 Marx, Karl, 9,27 Marxism, 5,11,134 Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 83-4,86-8,90, 197 п.10,197 n.13-14,197 n.16, 199 n.38-9 McCullough, David, 63,77 mediocrity myth of Stalin, 28,36 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 160,161-2,167 Medvedev, Roy, 26 Mekhlis, Lev, 73 memoirs of Soviets in Spanish Civil War, 52-4 memorials and monuments, 83,90,108, 157,161,165-6,167-8 memory, 158-9,160,165-6,167-9,171-2 Menzhinskii, Viacheslav, 45-6,47 Merkulov, Vsevolod, 72,74,77,194 n.53, 195 n.73 Meshcheriakov, M.T., 52,188 n.45 Mikoyan, Anastas, 74-5 Military Archive (RGVA), 59 243 Military Council of the Northern Caucasus Military District, 65 military operations, 64,67,69-70,76 See also specific operations Military Opposition, 42 military specialists (voenspets) in Red Army purge, 42-3,44,46-7, 183 n.27 Stalin at Tsaritsyn and, 65 Military Strategy (Sokolovskii), 67 military-technological development, 76-7 Minakov, Sergei, 182 n.5 Minin, Sergei K., 43,65 Mitrokhin, Nikolau,
167 modernity in Hungary, 98 leader cults, 17,83,91,95,98 in Soviet Union, 13-14,95 Molotov, Polina, 129 Molotov, Viacheslav morality, 32 peace movement, 129,131-2,206 n.17 Red Army purge, 49 Stalin, 28,35,68,73-5,129 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 monarchical symbols, 93,94,102,106,109 Monarchist Union of Central Russia, 45 monarchy and Hungary, 98-102 Monroe Doctrine, 119,123 Montefiore, Simon Sebag, 29 monuments and memorials, 83,90,108, 157,161,165-6,167-8 mood reports. See public opinion moralism, 17,31-2,114,117,123,124 moral judgement and biography, 31-2 Mosaico Roto (Abramson), 54 Moscow, 157 museums and leader cults, 88-9,90,104 Mussolini, Benito leader cult, 82,83,89,197 n.9,198 n.26 Spanish Civil War, 51 totalitarianism school of thought on, 7 My First Struggles (Piłsudski), 84 My internatsionalisty, 53 myths, historical leader cults, 83-4,85,90,97,103,107 Putin and, 161 Spanish Civil War, 60,62 Stalin and, 29-30,33,37
244 Nagasaki bombing, 118,195 n.73 Naiman, Eric, 13 name day celebrations, 87-8 naming after leaders, 86-7 narratives leader cult, 83,85-6,90-1 Russian history, 157,159-62,165,167, 168,169,171 national identity, 4,157-8,160,164,167, 168,172 nationalism, 102,109,159 National Peace Council (NPC), 135 national unity, 159,167 NATO, 116,119,125,132 Navy, Soviet, 68,73 Nazis, 127-8,158-9,160,161,172 Nazism and communism, 25 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 34 Nenni, Pietro, 132,137,138,206 n.13, 207 n.43 Neo-Revisionists on Cold War, 115-17 neo-traditionalism, 13-14,95 New Economic Policy (NEP), 6,9 New Left, 9,24,115 Nikolaev, Leonid, 47 Niños de Guerra, 54 Nitti, Giuseppe, 138 Nixon, Richard, 115 NKVD about, 69 purge of Red Army, 39-40,41,47-9,50 Spanish Civil War, 62 war operations, 70 Nolte, Ernst, 25 Non-Intervention Agreement, 51 Non-Intervention Committee (NIC), 52, 54,58 No Pasaran (Karmen), 53-4 No Pasarán! slogan, 62 Norris, Chuck, 107 Northern Iran, 122 Nove, Alec, 23 Novikov, M.V., 57 NPC (National Peace Council), 135 nuclear weapons Cold War historiographies, 115,117 dropping of, 32,118,120,195 n.73 peace movement, 129,132,133,134-5, 137,138-9 Index proxy wars, 124 Soviet development, 5,120,122 Soviet vulnerability, 118,120,121,122 US development, 76-7 objective guilt, 145,150-1 October Revolution, 2,25 OGPU, 44-7,69 Olšáková, Dubravka, 15 On Trial (London), 141,143,144,145, 148-53 operational art, 64,67 Operation Barbarossa, 73,127 Operation Springtime, 47 Operation X, 51,58,61,62 opinion polls, 4,105,158,163-5,168-9, 170-1 Orbán, Viktor, 94,97,106-8,109,200 n.l Order GKO-83 ss,
70 Order Number 147,69-70 Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 8-9, 10 Orkán, Akeràl, 93-4,95,105,109 Orwell, George, 55,59-60,61,114, 186 n.l Orzoff, Andrea, 84,88 Osbye otdely (OO), 43,183 n.26 OSCE (Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 160 O’Sullivan, Noel, 123 output system of interrogation, 146-7 Özyürek, Esra, 85 Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 160 Partisans for Peace, 132,135 partisan warfare, 69-70 Partizanstvo (Karatygin), 69 Pascua, Marcelino, 61 paternalism, 96,107,108,171 See abo father figures patriarchal rule, 7,165 patrimonial rule, 93,95-6,97,108 Pavlov, Grigor’evich, 70 PCPP (Permanent Committee of Partisans of Peace), 132,133,134-6
Index peace movement, 127-40 after Stalin, 138-9 background and overview, 127-9 conclusions, 139-40 emergence, 130-2 foreign policy, 129-30 Stalin, 133-4,206 n.17 Stockholm Appeal, 134-6 Vienna peace congress, 137-8 World Peace Council, 136-7 peace prizes, 131,133,138,206n.l6, 207 n.43 People’s Commisariat for Defence, 69, 73-4 people’s militia, 41,183 n.l 1 Perm-36 Gulag museum, 161 Permanent Committee of Partisans of Peace (PCPP), 132,133,134-6 persistence and change, 95-7 Peters, Edward, 142 Petrov, Nikita, 166 photography and leader cults, 82-4, 197 n.9 physical violence and confession, 147-8, 149 Piłsudski, Jozef coup planning, 44,45 leader cult, 83,84,86-8,89,90 Pipes, Richard, 9,24,175 n.41,180 n.12 Plumb, Robert Lee, 55,188 n.40 Podliubnyi, Stephan, 30 Pod znamenem Ispanskoi respubliki (Maiskii, et al), 53,187 n.21 poetry and leader cults, 22,88,99,104, 199 n.38 Poland espionage, 44,46 Lenin’s attack on, 66-7 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 Nazi occupation of, 72,127 peace movement, 130-1 Piłsudski and, 83,84,86-7,88,90 Soviet interest in, 121 Political Administration of the Red Army (PUR), 45,182 n.2 political symbolism, 81,94,97,99-103, 106 Political Thought of Stalin, The (van Ree), 28 245 polluted sources, 33 popular frontism, 56,62,136 popularity of Stalin, 4,158,163-5,172 portraits and leader cults, 82-4,88, 197 n.9 Poskrebyshev, A.N., 137 post-Communist society features, 96-7 post-mortem leader cults, 89-90,199 n.45 post-revisionist school of thought, 11-14 Potsdam big three conference, 63,77 POUM (Workers Party of Marxist Unification), 55,57,62 power of Stalin,
36-7,40,50 Pozharskaia, Svetlana, 52,58,186 n.8 Practicing Stalinism (Getty), 95-6 Pravda Spanish Civil War, 53 Stalin, 49,82,137,207 n.37 Presidential Archive, 27,58 Primakov, Vitalii, 39,46,47,184 n.48 Pritsker, D.P., 53 Problemy ispanskoi istorii (Gluzhinsskaia), 52 proxy wars, 124 psychological torture, 147-51 Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions, 149 public opinion, 4,105,158,163-5,168-9, 170-1 Pucci, Molly, 18 Puigsech, Josep, 61-2,191 n.75 PUR (Political Administration of the Red Army), 45,182 n.2 purge of the Red Army background and overview, 39-41,50, 182 n.2,182 n.4-5,182 n.6 civil war and military vulnerabilities, 41-3 Great Terror and, 46-50,184 n.50 1920’s threats, 43-6,184 n.33 purges morality, 24 Spanish Civil War and, 62,191 n.77 totalitarian view on, 24 victims, 25-6,30, 39,69,165,182 n.2 See also purge of the Red Army Puskás, Ferenc, 108 Putin, Vladimir as an authoritarian leader, 97,161
246 D-Day anniversary snub, 113 Future and, 125 on Great Patriotic War, 4,161 Stalinism, 18,157,159-63,166,167, 168,170,172 Putna, Vitovt, 39,47,184 n.47-8 Pyta, Wolfram, 82 question protocols of interrogation, 151-2 Raack, R.C., 71 Rabinowitch, Alexander, 10 Radosh, Ronald, 59-60 Rákosi, Mátyás, 94,103-5,109 Raport, 68-9 Read, Christopher, 15-16 realpolitik, 114,121-3 reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism, 157-72 background and overview, 157-60 conclusions, 171-2 repression and, 165-71 re-Stalinization of Russian society, 162-5 re-Stalinization of the ruling elite, 160-2 Reconnaissance and Intelligence Directorate, 69 Red Army foreign infiltration, 43,44,46-7,48-9, 184 n.50 purge of (See purge of the Red Army) Stalin as a war leader, 69-70 at Tsaritsyn, 65 Rees, Arfon, 28 rehabilitation of Stalinism. See reStalinization Reid Technique, 146 Reno, William, 124 repression public opinion on, 163-4 purges (See purges) reckoning and rehabilitation, 160-1, 165-71 re-Stalinization background and overview, 18,158, 159-60 ruling elite, 160-2 Russian society, 162-5 Index Reviewing the Cold War (Westad), 117 revisionism, 9,101,176 n.47 revisionist school of thought Cold War, 115-17,122,123 purge, 26,118 Stalinism, 9-11,12,14 Rezun, Vladimir, 72 RGASPI, 59 RGVA (Military Archive), 59 Riali, Lucy, 86 Ribalkin, ludi, 57,58 Rieber, Alfred, 29,35 Riefenstahl, Leni, 85 rituals, 86-9,91,98,101,103-4,106, 198 n.35 Roberts, Geoffrey, 17-18,28-9,113,120 Spanish Civil War, 56 Stalin’s Wars, 3,4,29-30,63 Robertson, Graeme, 163,213 n.41 Rogge, O. John, 136-7 Rokossovskii, Konstantin, 73,76,195 n.60
Rome-Berlin Axis, 48 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 77,117-18,120, 123,124-5 Rosefielde, Stephen, 25 royal cult,’ 93-4 Ruder, Cynthia, 7 ruling elite and Stalin and Stalinism, 158, 159-62,166,167,170,172,216 n.99 ‘Rusos en la Guerra de España, Los,’ 60 Russian Orthodox Church, 167 Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 14 Russo-German pact of 1939,54 Ryan, James, 18 Saint Stephen, King, 94,99,106 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 138,207 n.42 Savich, Ovadei, 54 ‘scenario of love,’ 87,88 Schauff, Frank, 60 second front in Great Patriotic War, 63, 76,122 Second World, 116 Second World War. See Great Patriotic War secret speech of Khrushchev, 1-2,3,5,22, 23,141,170,173 n.l security, collective, 3,51,55-6
Index security threats to Soviet military, 16, 40-1,46,50 Service, Robert, 29 Sherlock, Thomas, 158,161 Sherry, Jonathan, 62,191 n.76 Short Course, 29,86 show trials Czech, 141,142,145,151,153-4 Soviet, 25,35,47,48,62,142,185 n.58 Shpagin, Georgii, 77 Shub, Esfir, 85,198 n.22 Shulman, Marshal D., 130 Shul’man, Ekaterina, 171 simplification of Russian politics, 33,115, 159 Skoutelsky, Rémi, 59,189 n.58 Slánský, Rudolf, 141,151,152-3 sleep deprivation, 141,148-9 Slezkine.Yuri, 30 Smetona, Antanas, 198 n.ЗО Smirnov, R, 193 n.31 Snyder, Timothy, 15,25 socialism capitalisms coexistence with, 133-4 Czech, 143 leader cults, 103,104,105 reckoning with, 157,217 n.104 Spanish Civil War, 56 Stalinism, 3,4,6,12,34,66-7,71 socialism in one country,’ 34,66-7,71 Sokolovskii, Vitalii, 67 Solomon, Peter, 142 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, 25-6,143,146, 149 Soong Ching-ling, 133 ‘Sovetskaia istoriografiia antifashistskoi voiny v Ispanii’ (Pozharskaia), 52, 186 n.8 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 52 Soviet advisers to Czech interrogators, 141, 143,144-5,146-9,152,209 n.23 Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War (Cattell), 54 sovietization, 103-4,143,153 ‘Soviet Participation in the Spanish Civil War’ (Plumb), 55 “Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security” (Hochman), 55-6 247 ‘Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War, The’ (Allen), 55 Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe (Hasiam), 55-6 Spain Betrayed (Habeck and Radosh), 59-60 Spanish Civil War about, 51 collective security, 51,55-6 reckoning with, 170 Soviet support and participation, 51, 54-7,59-62,67,68,69 See
also Spanish Civil War historiography Spanish Civil War historiography, 51-62 background and overview, 51-2,62, 186 n.l non-Russian post Cold War, 59-62 Russian language post Cold War, 57-9 USSR 1936-1991,52-4,186 n.7, 188 n.45 Western countries 1936-1991,54-7 ‘Spanish Civil War’s Impact on Spanish and Soviet Political Cultures, The’ (Chase), 60,190 n.66 Spanish Communist Party (PCE), 54 Spanish Notebooks (Maiskii), 53,187 n.20 Spanish Republican Army, 69 Special Departments, 43,183 n.26 Special Forces, 69 Specialist Diversionary Department, 70 Spirò, György, 93-4 spy infiltration of Red Army, 40-1,43,44, 46-7,48-9,184 n.50 Stalin, Joseph background and overview, 2-4 Cold War, 4,118,119,120,121,122, 123-5 compared to Hitler, 127-8,139 cult of personality (See cult of personality of Stalin) decision-making, 127-9 early years, 22,34,35-6 Germany, 36,54,55,56,71-6,120, 195 n.60 July 3,1941 speech, 76 Khrushchev’s secret speech, 1-2,3,5, 22,23,141,170,173 n.l mediocrity myth, 28,36
248 motivation, 33-4,181 n.40 ‘normal’ personality, 34-6 peace movement, 129-30,137,138, 139-40,207 n.43 popularity, 4,158,163-5,172 power, 36-7,40,50 reckoning with (See reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism) Red Army purge, 39-40,41,43,46-50 revolutionary convictions, 2,34,66, 71 Spanish Civil War, 51-2,54,61-2 torture, 147 as a villain, 124-5,205 n.58 See also Stalin as a war leader Stalin and Europe (Snyder and Brandon), 15 Stalin as a war leader, 63-78 background and overview, 63-4 development of armed forces, 67-70 geopolitics and geostrategy, 66-7 Germany’s attack on Soviet Union, 71-6,195 n.60 international relations, 76,77-8 military-technological development, 76-7 romance with Germany, 71-3 at Tsaritsyn, 64-6 Stalinism background and overview, 5-7,15, 174 n.25 confessions, 142-3,153 cult leaders, 103-4,107 post-revisionist school of thought on, 11-14 reckoning with (See reckoning with Stalin and Stalinism) rehabilitation of (See re-Stalinization) revisionist school of thought on, 9-11, 12,14 term of 22,159 totalitarian school of thought on, 7-9, 10,24-6,175-6 n.41 ‘Stalino-fascist baroque,’ 97 Stalin Peace Prizes, 131,133,138, 206 n.16,207 n.43 Stalin’s Cold War (Kennedy-Pipe), 113-14, 124 Stalin’s Foreign Policy Reappraised (Shulman), 130 Index Stalin’s Wars (Roberts), 3,4,29-30,63 Starshina, 72 Stavka, 66,74-5 Steel Division, 66 Steinbeck, John, 90 Stites, Richard, 61 Stockholm Appeal, 134-6,137 Stone, Oliver, 157,161 Strana Sovetov, 68 strategic bombing, 118 Strategy (Svechin), 67 ‘strong hand,’ necessity of, 170-1 Sudoplatov, P.A., 70 Suny, Ronald Grigor,
10,29,35 superpowers, 17,78,115-16,118-19,122 Suslov, Mikhail, 133,139 Suvorov, Victor, 72 Svechin, Aleksandr, 67 Švermová, Marie, 150 symbolic politics, 81,94,97,99-103,106 Sytin, Pavel, 43 Szász, Béla, 143,145,147,149,151 Talashova, V.A., 54 tanks, 59,61,67-8 Tannenberg, 85 Taylor, A. J.P., 131 Tehran big three conference, 63,77 Tenth Army, 65 tëplopelengator, 68-9 terror in East Europe, 142,208 n.8 Soviet Great Terror (See Great Terror) textbooks, history, 84,161,162 theory of confessions, 146 thermal direction finders, 68-9 Third International, 52,54,59-60,66-7, 71 Third World, 116 Thurston, Robert, 25,33 Tiempo de Historia, 57 Tiflis bank robbery, 35 Timoshenko, Semën, 70,72,73-4 Tismaneanu, Vladimir, 97 Tito, Josip Broz, 134,136-7 Todorova, Maria, 97 Together with Spanish Patriots, 53 Tolmachaev, Vladimir, 57,188 n.46 torture, 39,141,142,147-51,153
Index totalitarianism, 7-9,81,162,164,213 n.38 totalitarian school of thought cult of personality, 24-6 Stalin biographies, 28,30 Stalinism, 7-9,10,173 n.3,1756 n.41-42 Traditionalists, 115,117,124-5 training manuals on interrogation, 144-5, 147,151-2 trains, armoured, 65,66 transitional justice, 169-70 treasures, Soviet, 75 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 34,42 Treaty of Trianon, 101,102 Triumph of the WiĶ 85 Trotsky, Leon purges, 26,42-3,44,45-6,48 Stalin and Stalinism, 2,22-4,28,36, 65-6,67 Trotskyites, 45-8,49,50,61 Truman, Harry S„ 63,77-8,118,119,122, 123,125 Truman Doctrine, 4 Trust Operation, 45 Tsaritsyn, 43,64-6 Tucker, Robert, 24,25,191 n.77 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail about, 67,69 purge of Red Army, 39,40,44-5,47, 48,49-50,182 n.4 Twentieth Party Congress, 22,23 two-camps doctrine, 4-5,130,132 Two Years in Spain (Savich), 54 Uborevich, Ieronim R, 39,69 Ukraine famine in, 24,165 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 71 partisan warfare, 69 Soviet power, 157 Spanish Civil War, 52 Unconditional Surrender doctrine, 117-18 Under the banner of the Spanish republic (Maiskii, et al), 83,187 n.21 uninterrupted interrogations, 145-6,148 United Nations, 37 Updike, John, 114 US Naval War College Review, 68 USSR collapse, 113-14,116,157 249 van Ree, Eric, 28 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 53,72,76 Vatsetis, Ioakhim, 42-3 Vatutin, Nikolai, 74 Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 158-9,166, 169,172 Vergangenheitspolitick, 159 victims of Communism and Imperialism, 32 confession and, 141-2,143 of purges, 25-6,30,39,69,165, 182 n.2 reckoning with the past, 159,162,165, 167-8,169 See also specific victims Victory of
Belief (Riefenstahl), 85 Vienna Awards, 101-2 Vienna peace congress, 137-8,139 Vietnam War, 9,124 Viñas, Angel, 58-9,60 Viola, Lynne, 7,18,147 Vmeste s patriotami Ispanii, 53 voenspets. See military specialists Voina і revoliutsiia v Ispanii, 52 Voina v Ispanii, 52,186 п.10 Volkogonov, Dmitri, 26,61,178 n.80 Volodarsky, Boris, 62,191 n.77 Von der Goltz, Anna, 84,85,88 Voronov, Nikolai, 53,67,73,186 n.4, 187 n.21 Voroshilov, Kliment purge of Red Army, 43,44,46,48-50, 182 n.5,184 n.47 Stalin as a war leader, 64,65,70, 74,76 Voznesenskii, Nikolai, 74-5 VTsIOM, 163 Walker, Shaun, 166 Wallace, Henry, 131 ‘Wall of Sorrow’ (Frangulian), 167-8 War Cabinet, 74-5 War of Independence, Hungarian, 99-100 Waterlow, Jonathan, 7 We Internationalists (Gorilovskogo), 53 We Now Know (Gaddis), 116 Westad, Odd Arne, 117,124 Wheatcroft, Stephen, 25
Index 250 White Armies, 42-5,64-5 Whitewood, Peter, 16 Williams, William Appleman, 115,117, 176 n.45 Wohlforth, William, 119 women Cold War, 117 peace movement, 132,136 Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), 55,57,62 World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace, 130-1 World Congress of Partisans of Peace in Paris, 132,133 in Warsaw, 135-6 World Federation of Scientific Workers, 134-5 World Peace Council (WPC), 135-7, 138-9 world revolution, 2,34,43,66-7,71 World War II. See Great Patriotic War І Wortman, Richard, 87 Wroclaw congress, 130-1 XIV Partisan Corps, 69 Yakhina, Guzel, 169 Yakir, I.E., 69 Yalta big three conference, 63,77,121 Yeltsin, Boris, 116,160 Yugoslavia, 4,104,134,136-7 Yutkevich, Sergei, 85 Zaloga, Steven, 59 Zhdanov, Andrei, 4-5,130,132 Zhdanovshchina, 4 Zhigarev, Pavel, 74 Zhloba, Dmitrii Petrovich, 66 Zhukov, Georgii, 33,68,72-4,76 Zilliacus, Konni, 134,135 Zubovich, Katherine, 7 Zuleikha otkryivaet glaza (Yakhina), 169 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mánchen |
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| spelling | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies edited by James Ryan and Susan Grant London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2021 xi, 250 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This thought-provoking collection of essays, assembled in honour of renowned historian Geoffrey Roberts, analyses the complex, multi-faceted, and even contradictory nature of Stalinism and its representations. This volume 'revisions' Stalin in his various guises - despot and diplomat, soldier and statesman, rational bureaucrat and paranoid politician - and explores the complex picture that this created in Russia during the period. Broadly speaking, three important areas of debate are examined, united by a focus on political leadership: the key controversies surrounding Stalin's leadership role; a reconsideration of Stalin and the Cold War; and new perspectives on the cult of personality"-- Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd rswk-swf Personenkult (DE-588)4173916-4 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1917-1936 Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1936-1953 Stalin, Joseph / 1878-1953 Heads of state / Soviet Union / Biography Heads of state Politics and government Soviet Union 1917-1953 Biographies (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 s Personenkult (DE-588)4173916-4 s DE-604 Ryan, James 1985- (DE-588)1023786923 edt Grant, Susan 1988- (DE-588)102694001X edt Online version 9781350122963 Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism New York : Bloomsbury Academic, 2020 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032511968&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032511968&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Personenkult (DE-588)4173916-4 gnd |
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| title | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies |
| title_auth | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies |
| title_exact_search | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies |
| title_full | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies edited by James Ryan and Susan Grant |
| title_fullStr | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies edited by James Ryan and Susan Grant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism complexities, contradictions, and controversies edited by James Ryan and Susan Grant |
| title_short | Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism |
| title_sort | revisioning stalin and stalinism complexities contradictions and controversies |
| title_sub | complexities, contradictions, and controversies |
| topic | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Personenkult (DE-588)4173916-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Stalinismus Personenkult Konferenzschrift |
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