The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Lexington Books
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | The Harvard Cold War studies book series
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| Beschreibung: | xvi, 627 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781793631923 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |c edited by Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, and Peter Ruggenthaler |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Peter Ruggenthaler and Aryo Makko PART I. Theories and Practices of Neutrality in Cold War Europe 1 Austria s Neutrality—Myth versus Reality 13 15 Franz Cede 2 Swedish Neutrality, 1949-1991 31 Olof Kronvall 3 Swiss Cold War Neutrality: Undisputed Principle of Foreign Policy 64 Thomas Fischer 4 Neutrality as Compromises: Finland s Cold War Neutrality 75 Johanna Rainio-Niemi PART II. The Neutrals in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev 5 Swedish Neutrality: The View from Moscow 101 103 Alexey Komarov 6 Soviet Attitudes to Finnish Neutralism, 1947-1989 Kimmo Rentola v 127
Contents VI 7 A Hidden Danger for the Eastern Bloc? Neutral Austria in the Soviet Policy from 1955 to the End of the Cold War 148 Peter Ruggenthaler 8 The Soviet Union and Neutral Switzerland: Concerns and Hopes in 1989 171 Olga Pavlenko PART III. The Soviet Union in the Policies of the European Neutrals 9 Old Fears, New Realities: Sweden and the Soviet Union during the Cold War 181 183 Aryo Makko 10 From Aspiration to Consummation and Transition: Finnish Neutrality as Strategy in the Cold War 210 Kari Möttölä 11 Indefinite Coexistence? Austria, the Soviet Union, and Ostpolitik after 1968 233 Maximilian Graf 12 Always Hit Back Right on the Kisser? The Soviet Union in Swiss Foreign Policy during the Cold War 260 Sacha Zala, Thomas BUrgisser and Thomas Fischer PART IV. Departures from the Eastern Bloc to Neutrality 291 13 Soviet-Yugoslav Relations, 1948-1955: From Conflict to Rapprochement 293 Andrei Edemskii 14 The Neutrality of Hungary during the 1956Revolution 324 Csaba Békés 15 Albania: Exploiting Relevance and Irrelevance During the Cold War 344 Robert C. Austin 16 The USSR and Yugoslavia s Policy of Nonalignment, 1955-1980 Nadia Boyadjieva 356
Contents 17 How Could the Nonaligned Save Yugoslavia? The 1989 Summit of the Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade and the Breakup of Yugoslavia vii 376 Tvrtko jakovim PART V. Western Perspectives on Neutrality and Neutral-Soviet Relations 18 The United States and Neutrality in Scandinavia 403 405 Jussi M. Hanhimäki 19 United States and Austrian Neutrality during the Cold War 425 Günter Bischof 20 The United Kingdom and the European Neutrals during the Cold War 447 Anne Deighton 21 France, the European Neutrals,and the USSR, 1947-1981 467 Nicolas Badalassi 22 Neutrality in the Cold War: Views from West Germany 494 Andreas Hilger 23 NATO and the Neutrals on the Flanks: Finland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia 513 Milorad Lazic and Magnus Petersson PART VI. Conclusions 531 24 The USSR and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe 533 Mark Kramer Selected Bibliography 565 Index 609 About the Editors 623 About the Contributors 625
Index Abbenhuis, Maartje, 2,16 Abramov, Aleksandr (Soviet envoy to Finland), 136-137 Acheson, Dean, 427 Adenauer, Konrad, 8, 79, 109, 495, 497-498 af Ugglas, Margaretha, 57 Afghanistan, 25, 81, 441; Soviet war in, 44, 70,149,153-155,164, 222, 242, 249, 259, 276-278, 279, 281, 290, 366, 385, 386, 416, 441, 459462, 486, 501, 542, 557; Soviet withdrawal from, 177, 441 AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), 48 Akhromeev, Sergei (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 180 Albania, 1, 7, 275, 300, 310, 313, 331, 344-355, 377, 463, 535, 536, 537 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei, 105, 111, 122 Alia, Ramiz, 349, 350, 353 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)-VKP(b). See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), tihe name adopted in October 1952; Nineteenth Party Congress (October 1952), 297, 319 Allard, Sven, 195-197,199 Allilueva, Svetlana, 271 Altman, Gavro, 378, 381 Andersson, Sven, 48, 54, 55 Andorra, 7, 380, 384, 551, 558 André, Gérard, 479-481 Andropov, Yurii, 122, 202, 279, 333, 334-336, 342 Arab-Israeli conflict, 28, 69,178, 239, 240-241, 267, 357, 359, 372, 501, 523, 539, 548 Arafat, Yasser, 388 Arbatov, Georgy, 48 Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 82, 97 Arvidson, Stellan, 51, 62 Assarsson, Per, 104 Åström, Sverker, 187,189,192-193, 194,199 Aubert, Pierre, 173, 276-277, 279-280 Austria, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,15-30, 31, 64, 68, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89-90, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 109, 110,138,139,148-170,173,183, 195-197,198-199, 203, 215, 220, 223, 233-259, 267, 268, 282, 284, 609
610 312, 314, 315, 324, 325-326, 327, 328, 329, 334, 339, 347, 380, 381, 384-387, 389-391, 392, 394, 398, 406, 407, 410-411, 425-446, 447, 451, 453, 454,455, 456,458, 463, 468,472, 475, 477, 478-479, 486, 488,498, 499, 503, 515, 535, 537, 538, 540, 541, 547-548, 550-552, 553, 554, 555, 557; Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ), 234, 252; Austrian People s Party (ÖVP), 22, 32, 90, 99, 160, 248, 250, 438, 439; Austrian State Treaty (May 1955), 4, 16, 18, 20, 138,148, 235-236, 238, 247, 250, 314, 325, 326, 327-328, 385,410, 427, 428,429, 433, 435, 443,447, 473, 475,478, 537, 545-546, 550551; Declaration of Neutrality (October 1955), 15-30, 162, 235, 250, 284, 549-550, 550-551; prospect of armed neutrality, 154,425, 427-430,431, 440-441; Socialist Party of Austria (SPÖ), 18, 22,160,162, 250, 386; trade with the USSR, 238, 249-250 Avilov, Viktor (Soviet ambassador to Austria), 197 Bace, Max, 384 Bahr, Egon, 509 Balkan Pact, 298, 300, 302, 310, 313 314, 315-316, 522, 548 Ball, George W., 435-436, 464 Bandung conference (1955), 80, 81, 82, 285, 326 Baranovskii, G. P., 115 Bartenev-Komissarov debate (Finland), 220 Bauer, Friedrich (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 161 Bebler, Aleš, 301-302, 382, Belgium, 2, 25, 75, 189,430, 534 Belokhvostikov, Nikolai (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 115,194 Belyakov, Aleksei (Soviet ambassador to Finland), 146 Index Beria, Lavrentii, 302-303 Berg, Ingmar, 195 Berlin Blockade (1948-1949), 33,128129,130, 546 Berlin Wall: 1958-1962 crises and building of the Wall (August 1961), 87,139,141,152, 200, 218, 236, 246, 248, 269, 362,435, 475, 477, 487, 498, 500;
opening of the Wall (1989), 15, 22, 55,160, 280, 487 Bertelman, Tomas, 184 Bevin, Ernest, 129,142, 451, 452, 517 Bidault, Georges, 468 Biermann, Wolf, 51 Bildt, Carl, 47, 57,185 Bindschedler doctrine, 66, 69 Bindschedler, Rudolf, 66, 69,275, 276 Blix, Hans, 184, 201 Bodström, Lennart, 48, 51, 202, Bogomolov Institute (Institute of the Economy of the World Socialist System), 140,147 Bohlen, Charles E., 405-406, 431 Bonneau, Gabriel (French ambassador to Switzerland), 477478 Borisoglebskii, Viktor (LieutenantGeneral), 194 Brandt, Willy, 8, 51,481,483, 500-501 Brezhnev, Leonid, 6, 8, 99, 122, 140, 152-153, 244, 249, 270, 279, 362, 363, 364-365, 368, 370, 480,485, 533, 552, 553 Brezhnev Doctrine, 351, 363, 377, 519, 523 Brouillet, René (French ambassador to Austria), 475 Brugger, Ernst, 273, 274 Brunner, Édouard, 173, 276 Bryn, Dag (Norwegian ambassador to NATO), 517 Bulganin, Nikolai, 111, 112, 138, 267, 298, 316 Bullard, Julian, 461 Bush, George H. W., 52,227, 459, 553-554
Index Cable, James (British ambassador to Finland), 460-461 Cabot, John Moors (U.S. ambassador to Sweden), 436 Callaghan, James, 142 Canada, 275, 299, 479, 541 Carl XVI Gustaf (Swedish king), 119 Carlsson, Ingvar, 53, 54, 55, 203 Carter, Jimmy, 52,153, 155, 249, 275, 279, 366, 387, 460, 486, 505 Castro, Fidel, 366 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 354 Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. (CIA), 48,130, 356, 411, 431, 432, 444 Charta 77 (Czechoslovakia), 240 Charter of Paris (1990), 223,228, 393 Chataigneau, Yves (French ambassador to the USSR), 470 Chaudet, Paul, 473, 476 Chauvel, Jean, 472 Chernenko, Konstantin, 122, 202, 279 Chernetz, Carl, 385 Chernyaev, Anatolii, 173,179 Chervenkov, Vulko, 303 Churchill, Winston, 129,140, 265, 283, 428 Committee of State Security, Soviet. See KGB. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 15, 22, 229,426, 555 Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 128, 293, 294, 296, 301, 314, 315, 549, 550 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See also All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): 20th Party Congress (1956), 80, 268, 347, 411, 551; 22nd Party Congress (1961), 350; 23rd Party Congress (1966), 363 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 6, 8, 42, 45, 51, 69, 73, 93, 94,140, 141,149,153,156,158,159,164, 168, 195,197, 201, 202, 222, 223, 611 237, 238, 243, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 289, 364, 365, 380. 381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392, 393, 408, 419, 426, 448, 458459, 461-462, 468, 479, 480-481, 483, 484, 485-486, 485, 493, 494, 496, 497, 500-506, 507, 516, 534, 538, 538, 541, 548, 552, 553, 558; Belgrade Review
Conference (1977-1978), 93, 276, 289, 387, 486; Madrid Review Conference (1980-1983), 93, 156-157, 276, 277, 289, 459, 462, 486; Vienna Review Conference (1986-1989), 93,157,158, 168; Confidence and Security-Building Measures (Stockholm, 1984-1986), 176, 280; Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Ottawa, 1985), 280; Human Contacts (Bern, 1986), 280 Congo, 189-191,197, 203, 385 Congress of Vienna (1815), 2 Conradi, Moritz, 261 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 7, 38, 52, 56, 70, 72, 157-158, 250, 542, 545-546 Cotti, Flavio, 174 Coulet, François (French ambassador to Finland), 469 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, also abbreviated as COMECON), 160, 247, 352, 454, 486, 536, 550 Council of Europe, 67, 385,450, 453, 454, 457 Cuba, 275, 360, 365-366, 373, 381, 435, 474, 476, 539; Cuban Missile Crisis, 19, 188, 200, 362, 539 Cyprus, 377, 384, 459, 463, 501, 522, 537, 538, 539, 558 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 240 Czechoslovakia, 77,151,163,164, 166,180, 200, 235, 239, 240, 266, 274, 436; Communist takeover (February 1948), 77, 78,141, 268, 294, 410, 450, 468, 482, 548;
612 Index Prague Spring (1968), 41,139, 151-152, 272, 351, 363, 437, 548; Soviet-led invasion of (August 1968), 41, 51, 93,140,151,164, 222, 272, 331, 351, 357, 358, 359, 363-364, 367, 370, 416, 437, 438, 456, 458, 495, 519, 523, 524, 529, 536, 548, 552, 557; Velvet Revolution (November 1989), 240, 389 Dashichev, Vyacheslav, 553, 563 Datasaab affair (smuggling operation), 52-53 De Gasperi, Alcide, 166, 234 de Gaulle, Charles, 237, 454,468, 473, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479,485, 488 de Haller, Eduard, 267 Dejean, Maurice (French ambassador to the USSR), 478 de Michelis, Gianni, 379 Deng Xiaoping, 352 Denmark, 2, 3, 5, 6, 32, 38, 52, 75, 96, 103,104, 105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 113,117, 120,122,123,134, 136, 137, 185, 187,191, 205, 212, 213, 407, 409, 411, 413, 421, 434, 452, 453, 454, 455, 470, 471,478, 479, 481, 482, 489, 516, 517 Dennery, Étienne, 472 Dizdarević, Raif, 376 Djerdja, Josip (Yugoslav ambassador to India), 358 Đilas, Milovan, 295, 304-305, 309, 310 Djurić, Dragoje (Yugoslav envoy in the USSR), 300-301, 320 Drangel, Carl Jacob, 115 Druzhinin, Vladimir, 106 Dulles, Allen, 411 Dulles, John Foster, 324, 385, 405, 425, 427, 429-432,435, 523 Edberg, Rolf (Swedish ambassador to Norway), 189 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 113,188, 324, 326, 338, 410, 417, 427-428, 429-430, 431, 432,433, 434,435, 436,437, 440, 521 Ekéus, Rolf, 184 El Salvador, 52 Engfeldt, Stig, 193-194 Erhard, Ludwig, 500 Erlander, Tage, 34,36, 38, 42, 43, 56, 57, 96, 106, 110, 111, 116, 135, 136, 145,186, 187,190, 201, 203,436 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 67, 98, 541 European Communities (EC), 22,
56, 57, 67,140,150,158, 189, 210, 225, 229, 248, 249, 250, 251, 376, 388, 390, 391, 392, 394, 397, 400,448, 450, 451, 453,454, 458, 458,463, 465, 480, 482, 484, 496, 554-555 European Defense Community (EDC), 310, 428, 430, 472 European Economic Area (EEA), 71 European Economic Community (EEC), 7, 22, 33, 55-56, 57, 68, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 99, 158-160,161, 162,164,165,177, 189,197,198, 199, 201, 203, 236-237, 248, 249, 250, 251, 329,352, 414, 435, 436, 448, 454, 455,456, 457, 464, 475, 476, 478, 479,480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 487, 488,494, 495, 503, 536, 541, 545, 552 European Economic Space (EES), 22 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 22, 33, 56, 67, 86-88, 90, 98,197-198, 237, 376, 414, 448, 450, 454-455, 458, 475, 478, 516, 541, 545 European Recovery Program (ERP). See Marshall Plan. European Union (EU), 210, 229 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic Eden, Anthony, 283, 431 Faildin, Thorbjörn, 45, 201 Fay, Pierre (General), 472 Farafanov, Georgii, 192
Index Ferm, Anders, 48 Figl, Leopold, 24, 427, 428,430, 435 Finland, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,17, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40,41, 75-100, 103,104,105,107, 108,109,110, 117,121, 122, 126,127-147,149, 159,173, 183,185,197, 199, 210-232, 237, 300, 329,380, 383, 384, 385, 391, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418,419, 420, 421, 426, 429, 431, 451,452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 460, 461, 462, 463, 468, 469, 470, 474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 485,486, 487, 499, 500, 502, 513527, 534, 535, 538, 540, 542, 544, 545-547, 550, 553, 554, 555, 557; Agrarian Union, 87, 99,130, 131, 133,143, 412; Continuation War (Soviet-Finnish war, 1941-1944), 515, 544; Finlandization, 17, 96,140,141, 150, 410, 411, 413, 414, 417, 418, 419-420, 483, 545, 553-554; Finnish Communist Party (SKP), 86,128,130,132, 133, 134, 138,144,421, 550; Night Frost Crisis, 86-88, 90,130,139, 412; Note Crisis, 40, 88-90, 91, 130,139, 218, 412-413, 489, 499500, 546, 561; prospect of armed neutrality, 80, 85, 91, 215, 217, 218, 219-220; Social Democratic Party, 86, 87, 88,104,130-131, 132,133, 134,136,140, 412; Soviet-Finnish Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (April 1948), 3, 17, 77, 78, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96,105, 216,217,218-220,221, 224-225, 226, 227, 228, 231, 452, 489, 500, 515, 544-545, 546, 550; Totalförsvaret (Total Defense), 215; Winter War (Soviet-Finnish war, 1939-1940), 104, 544 Finnmark, Lennart, 195 France, 8, 20, 28, 64, 90,109,127,150, 176,185, 223, 241,282, 309, 336, 613 338, 406, 451, 454, 467-493, 495, 521, 522, 523, 534, 537, 547 Francfort,
Pierre (French ambassador to Sweden), 481 Franco, Francisco, 453, 501 Furgler, Kurt, 173, 279, Gaddafi, Muammar, 239, 387 Ganz, Anton R. (Swiss ambassador to the USSR), 477 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 379, 397, 495, 504, 511 Gerhardsen, Einar, НО German Democratic Republic (GDR-East Germany), 50-52, 53, 54-55, 62, 144,146,151,191, 200, 234,235,236, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246-248, 250, 251, 252, 258, 269, 483, 498, 499, 501, 502, 507, 509, 510, 542, 550; June 1953 uprising, 246,268, 327, 557; events of 1989, 15, 22, 55,141,160, 245, 247-248, 280, 487, 497-498 Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG, West Germany), 8, 51, 79,109, 141,149,150,152,160,165,193, 200, 218, 233, 236, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 326, 353, 379, 412, 450, 456, 469, 474, 479, 481, 483, 489, 494-512, 534, 542, 546, 552; Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 79,109,160, 495, 497, 498; entry into NATO (1955), 138, 236, 428, 435, 498; Free Democratic Party (FDP), 503; Social Democratic Party (SPD), 51, 233, 500-501, 502, 503, 504 Gero, Ernő, 324-325 Gimes, Miklós, 340 Giscard d Estaing, Valéry, 485-486 Gnägi, Rudolf, 273 Golob, Ignac, 395 Gomułka, Władysław, 240, 241 Gorbach, Alfons, 198,199 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 7, 8, 53, 70, 93, 122,140, 141,147,158,159,162, 164,172,173,174,177, 178, 202,
614 Index 223-226, 227, 244, 251,279, 373, 390, 391, 419-420, 519, 533, 553554, 555, 563 Gorgé, Camille, 265-266 Grafström, Sven, 186 Greece, 2,296, 297, 298, 308, 310, 315, 349, 351, 367, 391,434, 451, 514, 518, 522, 5253 548 Gribanov, Mikhail, 189 Grubiša, Damir, 395 Gligorov, Kiro, 369 Gošnjak, Ivan (Army-General), 523524 Granfil, Toma, 369 Gromyko, Andrei, 115, 118,139, 154, 157,188, 271, 279, 284, 294, 304 Grosz, Károly, 244 Gruber, Karl, 79,166, 234, 235, 427, 428 Gudzenko, Semen, 106 Gulf War of 1991, 21,160, 161, Gusev, Fedor (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 190, 197-198,199, 200, 201 Gustinčič, Jurij, 365 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 273-274 Hague Peace Conventions (1899 and 1907), 2, 67, 76 Hägglöf, Gunnar, 186,187 Hallstein Doctrine, 236, 246, 499 Hammarskjöld, Dag (UN SecretaryGeneral), 189-191,196, 203, 414 Handy, Thomas (General), 298, 299 Hansen, Hans, 110 Hansson, Per Albin, 186 Harrison, Geoffrey, 431 Harriman, W. Averell, 133, 521 Healey, Denis, 449 Hedlund, Gunnar, 110, 111 Heinrichs, Erik (General), 132 Helsinki Final Act. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Hernelius, Allan, 110 Hirdman, Sven, 184 Hitler, Adolf, 65, 262, 295, 451, 544 Hjalmarson, Jarl, 40-41,113,188,189, Hjalmarson affair, 40-41,194 Holocaust, 192, 538 Honecker, Erich, 51-52, 54, 246, 247, 248, Honecker, Margot, 54 Honka, Olavi, 90, 412, 546 Horn, Gyula, 245 Hoppenot, Henri, 472 Hotz-Linder Agreement (regarding Swiss compliance with COCOM restrictions), 264-265 Hoxha, Enver, 344, 345, 346-348, 349֊ 351, 352, 353 Hungary, 1,4, 5, 77,128,139,150, 151,155, 164, 239, 240,
243-245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 257, 264, 266, 274, 294, 313, 324-343, 346, 347, 389, 438, 554, 557; Hungarian Revolution (October-November 1956) and Soviet Invasion, 5, 40, 41, 84-86, 97, 98, 112, 124, 140, 149, 150,152, 163,164, 222, 236, 237, 266, 267, 268, 324-343, 348, 361, 415, 416, 434, 438, 494, 519, 536-537, 542, 551-552 Hussein, Saddam, 21 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (December 1987), 174, 539 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 262, 265, 277-278, 289, 541 Iran, 70,178, 278,448, 460,462, 501 Iraq, 21, 25, 160,161,184, 372, 501 Ireland, 25, 380, 390,406, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457-458, 463,479, 483, 494, 535-536, 538, 541, 542 Irwin, Leroy (General), 433 Italy, 64, 66,127,150,166,196, 234, 236, 237,282, 303-304, 309, 310, 345, 353, 389, 432, 433, 434, 437, 451, 514, 518, 520, 521, 522, 539 Jankovič, Peter, 381, 385 Janner, Antonino, 270-271
Index Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 241 Jarring, Gunnar, 190 Jaruzelski, Wojciech (General), 45, 49, 277 Jazie, Žika, 379 Job, Cvijeta, 390, 400 Johansson, Sten, 48, 49 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 416, 417, 418, 436, 523, 524 Jouve, Géraud (French ambassador to Finland), 475 Kádár, János, 243, 244, 245, 329, 332, 334, 341, 342 Kaiser, Jakob, 498 Kapiin, Anatolii, НО Каро, Hysn, 349 Kardelj, Edvard, 295, 303, 304, 315, 321 Karelian isthmus, 136, 544 Karl VI (French king), 2 Kekkonen, Urho, 3, 4, 7, 88-89, 91, 93, 96, 98,100, 107,127,131,132, 133-135, 136, 137,138,139,140, 143,145, 199, 218, 384, 385, 410, 412, 422, 461, 471, 474, 480, 481, 484, 487, 499, 502, 540, 546, 547, 553, 561 Kennan, George F., 77, 427, 428 Kennedy, John F., 83, 88,152,197, 236, 240, 348, 369, 392, 435, 436, 439 Keyes, Geoffrey (General), 427, 432, 433 KGB (Committee of State Security, USSR), 7 140, 156, 195, 227,271, 272, 319, 547 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 6, 39, 40, 89, 93,109, 111, 112,113,114,115, 116,117,118,119,120,139,149, 150,152,163,188,189, 190,191, 195,196,197,198, 200, 218, 220, 236, 237, 267, 268, 269, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, 319, 347348, 349, 350, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 392,411,412, 430, 435, 615 474-476, 518, 522, 533, 537, 546, 549, 551-552, 553 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 500, 502 Kim Il-sung, 131 Kirchschläger, Rudolf, 241, 249, 385, 386 Kirsanov, Stepan, 300, ЗОЇ Kissinger, Henry A., 140,142,146, 415, 438, 518, 524, 553-554 Klaus, Josef, 235, 437, 438 Kocher, Eric, 523 Kohl, Helmut, 160,173, 248 Koivisto, Mauno, 140,147, 224, 227228, 547 Kollontai, Aleksandra M., 105 Korea, North, 347,
542 Korean Airlines shootdown (1983), 277 Korean War (1950-1953) and armistice settlement, 33, 37, 39, 72-73,108, 131,132,133,135,143, 265, 266, 268,427,428, 432, 468, 498, 520, 526 Kos, Péter, 342 Kosovo, 354 Kostov, Traicho, 294 Kosygin, Aleksei, 41, 93,151,198, 273 Kovács, Béla, 340 Kozlov, Frol, 191 Krastinic, Mirjana, 369 Kreisky, Bruno, 7,18,19,24, 28, 89, 90, 99,153-157,158,164,195,196, 197,198-199,233, 238, 239-244,246, 247, 249-250, 385-386,426, 430, 435,439-440, 453, 478, 552, 553 Krokstedt, Oscar, 192 Kuusinen, Hertta, 130 Kuusinen, Otto Wille, 133 Kuznetsov, Vasilii (General), 191 Kuznetsov, Vladimir, 305 Kvitsinskii, Yulii, 169 Laloy, Jean, 473 Lamb, Archie (British ambassador to Norway), 462
616 Index Lavrov, Vladimir (Soviet ambassador to Switzerland), 277 League of Nations, 65, 66, 214, 262, 407 Lebanon, 434 Lebedev, Viktor, 107,134, 136, 145 Lenin, Vladimir, 137,196, 261 Libya, 25, 372, 388 Liedermann, Helmut (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 250 Lippmann, Walter, 82 Lipski, Józef, 54 Litvinov, Maksim, 105 LO (Swedish labor organization), 48-49, 51, 54 Lončar, Budimir, 378, 381 Losonczy, Géza, 334, 341 Lukovac, Branko, 395 Lumumba, Patrice, 189,190 Lun kov, Nikolai, 190 Luxembourg, 25 Maastricht Treaty (1992) and Lisbon Treaty (2007), 15, 21-23, 25, 27, 28, 56, 228, 229, 391, 463, 555-556 Maazing, Richard, 193 MacArthur, Douglas (U.S. ambassador to Austria), 437 Macmillan Harold, 455 Malenkov, Georgii, 128, 297, 300, 302, 303, 313-314,427, 550 Malik, Yakov, 299 Malinovskii, Rodion (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 115 Malm, Stig, 54 Malta, 25, 384,419,459, 463, 537, 538, 539 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (Marshal of Finland), 129 Mao Zedong, 350, 351, 352, 536 Markovič, Ante, 395 Marshall, George, 541 Marshall Plan, 38, 86,127,128, 408, 415, 452,467, 469, 470, 541, 545 Mendelevich, Lev, 276 Mendès France, Pierre, 472-473 Menshikov, Mikhail, 190 Micheli, Pierre (Swiss ambassador in France), 473-474 Mićunović, Veljko, 358 Middle East, 80, 81, 82, 239, 385, 501. See also Arab-Israeli conflict Mikoyan, Anastas, 138, 150, 190,236, 268, 313, 360, 361 Milkovič, Vlado (Yugoslav ambassador in Bulgaria), 312 Mitterrand, François, 173, 248,486, 487 Mobutu, Sese Seko, 189 Mock, Alois, 159, 160, 162, 245, 248, 390 Modrow, Hans, 248 Molander, Johan, 184 Molotov, Vyacheslav,
5,104, 111, 127,135,137,145,150, 265, 266, 267, 284,296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 320, 361, 430, 431, 435 Morgenthau, Hans, 2, 75, 83, 97 Motta, Giuseppe, 261-262 Mrazović, Karlo (Yugoslav ambassador to the USSR), 313 Mühlemann Ernst (Brigadier General), 176 Myrdal, Alva, 193 Nagy, Imre, 5,112, 313, 316, 326, 327, 328, 329-332,333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 361, 537 Nasser, Gamal abdel, 358-359 Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939), 407, 543 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 357, 358, 381 Németh, Miklós, 245 Netherlands, 2, 75, 542 Neutral and Non-Aligned (N+N) grouping (CSCE negotiations), 159, 222-223, 238, 459, 538, 539, 548, 552 Neutrality, nature of, 15-24, 215, 534535, 536, 537, 538 Nicaragua, 47, 52, 57,178, 377, 394, 416
Index Nikolskii, V. A. (Major-General), 115 Nilsson, Torsten, 51,114,115,116, 194, 200 Nixon, Richard Milhous, 7, 73,140, 352, 368-369, 415,438, 524 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 359 Nonalignment, nature of, 535, 538539 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 286 Nordic Council, 76,138,146, 213, 516 Nordic Defense Union. See Scandinavian Defense Union. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40-41, 44, 46, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65,106,107,108,109,110, 111, 112,113,117,118,119,120, 126,134,136,137,149, 152,154, 156,157,163,165,175,176,183, 184,185,187,190,191,193,196, 197,198,199, 201, 212, 213, 218, 225,229, 231, 267, 295, 296, 298, 306, 307, 310, 316, 326, 329, 352, 358, 360, 405, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 415, 418, 419, 423, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 471, 472, 473, 474, 478, 482, 483, 485, 486, 487, 496-497, 499, 502, 503, 504, 513-528, 536, 537, 538, 543544, 546, 548, 552, 555-556, 557; as Cold War military alliance, 32, 33, 38, 39,118,126,176,187, 193, 268, 296, 298, 429,433, 439, 450, 453, 462, 522; dual-track decision (December 1979) of, 70, 460; reunified Germany s status in, 496, 503; post-Cold War fate of, 555-557 Norway, 2, 3, 5, 6, 32, 38, 75, 96,103, 104,105, 106, 107,108, 111, 113, 117-118,120,122,134,135,137, 187, 191, 192, 212, 213, 264, 407, 617 409, 411, 413, 419, 421, 434, 452, 453, 454, 462, 470, 471, 473, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 516, 517 Nosenko, Yurii, 271 Oden, Delk (Colonel, later MajorGeneral), 433
Ohlin, Bertil. 113 Oistrakh, David, 269 Olszowski, Stefan, 241 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 56, 98, 439, 462, 541 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 86, 541 Ortega, Daniel, 377 Ostpolitik (Austrian policy), 158, 233-259 Ostpolitik (West German policy), 51, 241, 246, 458, 500-503, 504, 516 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 78, 79,109, 127,128,129,130-131,136,137, 138, 139, 231, 469, 545 Pahr, Willibald, 381, 386, 387 Palme, Olof, 42, 43, 46-53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 119, 188, 201-203, 406, 415, 416, 482, 483, 553 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 57, 183, 426, 463 Patolichev, Nikolai, 273, 274 Percentages Agreement (October 1944), 129 Péter, János, 562 Peterson, Sven-Olof, 184 Petitpierre, Max, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 284, 471, 472, 476 Philipp, Hannes (General), 438 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 262, 263 Plakhin, Andrei, 108,123 Platzer, Wilfried (Austrian ambassador to the United States), 436 Poland, 54, 55, 62, 77,121,139,140, 155,184, 200, 239, 240-243, 244, 251, 265, 266, 274, 315, 327, 330,
618 Index 331, 407, 436,439, 451, 554; antiSemitic campaign (1967-1968), 240-241; December 1970 workers unrest, 241; Polish crisis of 19801981 and its aftermath, 45, 48-50, 51, 54,149,155-157,164, 242, 277, 281, 439, 552; Poznań uprising (June 1956), 240, 327; Solidarność / Solidarity—see separate listing Pompidou, Georges, 479-481, 482, 483 484, 485 Popovič, Koča, 295, 383, 397, 398 Popovič, Vladimir (Yugoslav ambassador to the United States), 521 Porkkala naval base, 76, 78, 79, 109, 110,139, 220,408, 410, 414,474, 516 Portugal, 71, 434, 454, 501 Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), 179, 266 Prague Spring (1968). See Czechoslovakia. Primault, Étienne (Divisional Colonel), 473 Probst, Raymond, 270, 272, 273 Proksch, Johannes (Austrian ambassador to Poland), 241 Putin, Vladimir, 280, 556, 557 Raab, Julius, 10, 236, 385, 426, 428, 430-431, 434, 435, 499, 551-552 Radford, Arthur (Admiral), 425, 429 Rajk, Laszlo, 294, 347 Rákosi, Mátyás, 313, 325, 346 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 243, Ramel, Henrik, 194 Rankovič, Aleksandar, 297, 302 Rapacki, Adam, 200, 240 Rapacki Plan, 200, 240 Reagan, Ronald, 7, 47, 48, 52, 53, 58, 70, 155,156,173,174, 248, 279, 416, 439, 487, 524 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 185 Renner, Karl, 234 Ritschard, Willi, 274 Roberts, Frank, 428, 431 Roché, Louis, 480 Rösch, Otto, 436, Rusk, Dean, 437 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 53, 203, 250, 390 Sager, Peter, 74,287 San Francisco Conference (AprilJune 1945) to form the United Nations, 66 San Marino, 380, 384, 495, 537, 538 Sargent, Sir Ome, 452, 453,464 Säve-Söderbergh, Bengt, 51 Scandinavian Defense Union, 3, 5, 78,105,106, 107,
113,117,120, 129, 186,187, 201, 214, 414, 452, 470, 516, 517 Schaetzel, Robert, 436 Schärf, Adolf, 18 Scheel, Detlev, 502 Scheel, Walter, 500 Schmidt, Helmut, 257 Schneider, Rolf, 246 Schori, Pierre, 58 Sejko, Teme (Rear Admiral), 354 Šeparović, Zvonimir, 396 Shehu, Mehmet, 346, 347, 351, 353 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 173-174, 279, 379, 390 Shultz, George P., 174 Siegbahn, Bo, 192 Sinowatz, Fred, 244 Sjölin, Åke, 189 Smirnov, Andrei (Soviet ambassador in the FRG), 498 Sobolev, Arkadii, 191,337 Söder, Karin, 51, 201 Sohiman, Rolf (Swedish ambassador to the USSR), 34,187,189,190, 191,192-193,194,197-198,199, 200 Solidarność / Solidarity (Poland), 45, 48-50, 51, 54, 202, 242, 439, 552 Sorsa, Kalevi, 390, 547 Soviet submarines in Swedish waters. See Sweden. Soviet-Finnish wars. See Finland— Winter War and Continuation War.
Index Spain, 71, 453, 501, 542 Spannocchi, Emil (General), 439 Spühler, Willy, 272 Stalin, Joseph, 3,4, 36, 80,104,109, 110,127-128, 265, 271, 533, 548; Stalin and Austria, 427,451, 498, 540, 547, 550; Stalin and Germany, 4, 128,134, 135, 427, 497-498; Stalin and neutrality, 114,120,129, 549-550, 552; Stalin and Scandinavia, 3, 4, 36,127128,129,130,131-132,133,134, 143,144,187, 216-217, 471, 515, 516-517, 540, 544-545, 546, 550; Stalin and Switzerland, 262, 263, 264-265, 280-281; Stalin and Yugoslavia. See YugoslaviaSoviet-Yugoslav split; Stalin, relations with the United States, 39, 427, 451 Stasi (East German Ministry for State Security), 51,156 Stassen, Harold, 429 Statskevich, Nikolai, 192,193,194 Suez Crisis (1956), 77, 189, 267, 268, 336, 338, 343, 464 Suslov, Mikhail, 139, 188, 305, 361 Svedlund, Nils (General), 200 Sweden, 2-3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 28, 31-63, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96, 103-126,129, 130,132,134,136, 137,138, 139,142,183-209, 212, 214, 215, 223, 230, 266, 380, 382, 383, 384, 390, 391, 392, 398, 406, 407-409, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,432„ 434, 436, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 462, 463, 468, 470, 471, 473,475, 481-482, 485, 486, 487, 494, 499, 508, 513, 515, 516-518, 525-526, 535, 538, 540, 541, 542-544, 546, 547, 554, 555, 557; armed neutrality and Totalförsvaret (total defense), 32, 100, 215, 543, 555; Baltic émigré communities in Sweden, 191193; Liberal Party, 34, 57,113; Farmers Party, 33; Conservative 619 Party, 34, 35, 36, 40, 46, 47, 48,49, 51, 57, 58, 59,110,116,184; Social Democratic Party, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44,45,
46, 47, 48-50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62,116,121,184, 186,188, 200, 201, 202, 203, 408, 415, 417, 482; Soviet submarines in Swedish waters, 7, 46, 47-48, 54, 119,125,184, 202, 419, 544 Switzerland, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,16,18, 20, 28, 31, 64-74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92, 94, 98, 99,150, 171179,194,197,198-199, 203, 215, 223, 244, 249, 260-290, 332, 334, 380, 384, 386, 390, 392, 406, 411, 426, 429, 430, 431, 436, 437, 440, 454, 456, 458, 462, 463, 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478,483, 484-485, 486,487, 488, 494, 514, 534, 535, 537, 538, 541542, 543, 547, 551, 555, 556, 557; armed neutrality / self-defense, 65, 67-69,191, 267, 268-269, 543, 555; Gesamtverteidigung (Total Defense), 67, 68-69; Konzeption der militärischen Landesverteidigung (Concept of Military National Defense), 67, 68, 69; Labor Party (pro-Soviet party), 267-268, 270; Social Democratic Party, 272; Swiss-Soviet Joint Commission, 274 Szabó, János, 337, 342 Tepavac, Mirko, 524 Thatcher, Margaret, 173, 460-461 Thompson, Llewellyn, 433 Thulin, Carl, 192 Thunborg, Anders, 54 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 249, 385 Tito, Josip Broz, 235, 293-323, 325, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 356-375, 376, 377, 381, 384, 385, 386, 396, 455, 456,465, 519, 521, 523, 524, 540, 548-550, 551-552. See also Yugoslavia. Todorovič, Mijalko, 313
620 Index Togliatti, Palmiro, 294 Troendle, Max (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 197198, 264, 270, 271 Tončić-Sorinj, Lujo, 99, 385 Trieste Crisis (October 1953), 303304, 310 Trotskyism, 340 Truman, Harry S., 38, 57, 410, 521 Tshombe, Moïse, 189 Tuovinen, Matti, 459 Turkey, 109, 264, 296, 297-298, 308, 451, 514, 522, 548 Ulbricht, Walter, 498 Ulisten, Ola, 44, 45, 52, 201 Undén, Bo Östen, 34, 35, 36, 105, 108, 109, 112,114,120, 121,124, 184,186,187, 188,190,191,193, 196,197,199, 200, 201, 203 United Kingdom, 8, 20, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 64, 90, 95,129, 142,161, 173, 237, 226, 227, 241-242, 265, 267, 282, 283,294, 295, 296, 297, 300, 301, 307, 308, 318, 336, 338, 343, 358, 391, 410, 417,428, 429, 431,437, 447-466, 472, 477,494, 495,499, 515, 517, 518, 521, 522, 523, 527, 534, 535, 536, 538, 547, 552, 558 United Nations (UN), 20, 21, 28,32, 37, 40,45, 48, 58, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 92, 97,105,112,139, 140,150,153,155,161,173,184, 189,190-191,197, 215, 220, 222, 223, 235, 236, 263, 264, 266, 272, 285, 294, 296, 304,307, 308, 334336, 337, 338, 342, 343, 369, 379, 382, 383, 384, 385, 393, 397, 410, 414, 422, 426, 434, 449, 450, 456, 457, 459, 483, 485, 516, 536, 540, 541, 556, 558 United Nations Charter, 20-21, 66, 88, 92, 222, 335 United States, 8, 15, 20, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43-44, 47, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 65, 70, 72, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 97,108,109,110,113,114, 116,127,130,133, 136, 141,150, 154, 156,157,159,160, 161,164, 167,172,173,174,178,184,188, 189,190,192,193,198, 249, 264, 265, 271, 275, 276, 277, 279, 295, 296, 297, 298, 304, 308, 310, 316, 324, 336,
338, 344, 351, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 381, 386, 391, 392, 395, 405-446, 449, 451, 452, 454, 457, 460, 463, 467, 469, 479, 481, 494, 495, 497, 517, 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 534, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544, 545, 547, 549, 552, 553, 554, 555 Ustinov, Dmitrii (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 140, 154, 218, 224 Vajgl, Ivo, 378, 396 Valkov, Vasilii (Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia), 303, 305, 311 Vásárhelyi, Miklós, 340 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 132 Vatican City, 380, 463, 537, 538, 558 Velvet Revolution (Czechoslovakia, 1989). See Czechoslovakia Venizelos, Sophokles, 349 Versailles Treaty (1919), 7, 69 Vidić, Dobrivoje (Yugoslavia ambassador to the USSR), 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 311, 312, 313 Vietnam, 52, 372, 519, 523, 542, 553 Vietnam War (U.S. war), 6, 42-43, 118, 201, 359, 415, 416, 481, 523, 553 Villiger, Kaspar, 176 VÖEST (Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen und Stahlwerke — United Austrian Iron and Steelworks), 152, 238, 247, 249, von Damm, Helene, 156 Voroshilov, Kliment, 313 Vorovskií, Vatslav, 261 Vranitzky, Franz, 160, 244, 248, 250, 390
Index Vrhovec, Josip, 381, 386 Vukmanović, Svetozar, 316-317 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 131 Wahlen, Friedrich Traugott, 271, 284 Wallenberg, Raoul, 117,188 Waldheim, Kurt, 152,164, 385, 392, 437-438, 439 Waldheim affair, 164-165 Warsaw Pact (Warsaw Treaty Organization), 8, 25, 50, 54, 68, 79, 84,112, 137,151, 239, 241, 252, 272, 274, 315, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338, 351, 352, 357, 358, 360, 406, 413, 416,419, 420, 437, 438, 439, 447, 459, 479, 503, 505, 519, 536, 538, 544, 548, 549, 551, 553, 554, 556; Albania s formal withdrawal from (1968), 331, 351, 536; dissolution of, 203, 555-556; Hungary s attempted withdrawal (1956). See Hungarian Revolution; impact of Gorbachev era on, 140-141,174, 203, 420, 553-556; Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia (August 1968). See Czechoslovakia. Weden, Sven, 41, 47 Weilbull, Erik, 194 Weinberger, Caspar, 46, 518 Wennerström, Stig (Colonel), 115, 124,193 Wennerström affair, 115,116,117, 193 West Germany. See Germany, Federal Republic of Wuori, Eero (Finnish ambassador to the USSR), 199 Xoxe, Koçi, 346, 347, 350 621 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 141, 554 Yakovlev, Mikhail (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 118 Yalta Conference (February 1945), 140,160,179, 216, 223, 474 Yeltsin, Boris, 228, 556 Yugoslavia, 1,4, 5, 8, 77, 79, 97, 128,151, 160,162, 220, 235, 240, 299-323, 325, 326, 328, 332, 334, 337, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 356-375, 376-401, 429, 437, 451, 453, 456-457, 459, 463, 465, 468, 484, 503, 507, 513, 514, 518526, 530, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539540, 548-549, 550, 551, 555, 556; Breakup of Yugoslavia, 160, 162, 361, 387-396,
555, 556; Post-Stalin rapprochement, 299-317, 325, 347, 348, 518-525, 537, 550-551; SovietYugoslav Split, 4,10,128, 235, 293-299, 325, 345, 384, 465, 484, 518, 520-522, 548-550; Yugoslavia and Non-Aligned Movement, 356-375, 376-401, 503, 548-550 Yumashev, Ivan (Admiral), 132 Zambia, 387 Zarins, Edgar, 193 Zehnder, Alfred, 269 Zhdanov, Andrei, 128,129,138, 549 Zhenikhov, V. V. (Soviet intelligence officer), 134 Zhivkov, Todor, 354 Zhou Enlai, 351, 352 Zhukov, Georgii (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 348 Zimbabwe, 387 Zimyanin, Mikhail, 301, 305, 306, 311 Zog, Ahmed (Albanian king), 345, 353 Zorin, Valerian, 109,136,199, 305, 311-312
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Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 Peter Ruggenthaler and Aryo Makko PART I. Theories and Practices of Neutrality in Cold War Europe 1 Austria's Neutrality—Myth versus Reality 13 15 Franz Cede 2 Swedish Neutrality, 1949-1991 31 Olof Kronvall 3 Swiss Cold War Neutrality: Undisputed Principle of Foreign Policy 64 Thomas Fischer 4 Neutrality as Compromises: Finland's Cold War Neutrality 75 Johanna Rainio-Niemi PART II. The Neutrals in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev 5 Swedish Neutrality: The View from Moscow 101 103 Alexey Komarov 6 Soviet Attitudes to Finnish Neutralism, 1947-1989 Kimmo Rentola v 127
Contents VI 7 A Hidden Danger for the Eastern Bloc? Neutral Austria in the Soviet Policy from 1955 to the End of the Cold War 148 Peter Ruggenthaler 8 The Soviet Union and Neutral Switzerland: Concerns and Hopes in 1989 171 Olga Pavlenko PART III. The Soviet Union in the Policies of the European Neutrals 9 Old Fears, New Realities: Sweden and the Soviet Union during the Cold War 181 183 Aryo Makko 10 From Aspiration to Consummation and Transition: Finnish Neutrality as Strategy in the Cold War 210 Kari Möttölä 11 Indefinite Coexistence? Austria, the Soviet Union, and Ostpolitik after 1968 233 Maximilian Graf 12 "Always Hit Back Right on the Kisser?" The Soviet Union in Swiss Foreign Policy during the Cold War 260 Sacha Zala, Thomas BUrgisser and Thomas Fischer PART IV. Departures from the Eastern Bloc to Neutrality 291 13 Soviet-Yugoslav Relations, 1948-1955: From Conflict to Rapprochement 293 Andrei Edemskii 14 The Neutrality of Hungary during the 1956Revolution 324 Csaba Békés 15 Albania: Exploiting Relevance and Irrelevance During the Cold War 344 Robert C. Austin 16 The USSR and Yugoslavia's Policy of Nonalignment, 1955-1980 Nadia Boyadjieva 356
Contents 17 How Could the Nonaligned Save Yugoslavia? The 1989 Summit of the Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade and the Breakup of Yugoslavia vii 376 Tvrtko jakovim PART V. Western Perspectives on Neutrality and Neutral-Soviet Relations 18 The United States and Neutrality in Scandinavia 403 405 Jussi M. Hanhimäki 19 United States and Austrian Neutrality during the Cold War 425 Günter Bischof 20 The United Kingdom and the European Neutrals during the Cold War 447 Anne Deighton 21 France, the European Neutrals,and the USSR, 1947-1981 467 Nicolas Badalassi 22 Neutrality in the Cold War: Views from West Germany 494 Andreas Hilger 23 NATO and the Neutrals on the Flanks: Finland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia 513 Milorad Lazic and Magnus Petersson PART VI. Conclusions 531 24 The USSR and Cold War Neutrality and Nonalignment in Europe 533 Mark Kramer Selected Bibliography 565 Index 609 About the Editors 623 About the Contributors 625
Index Abbenhuis, Maartje, 2,16 Abramov, Aleksandr (Soviet envoy to Finland), 136-137 Acheson, Dean, 427 Adenauer, Konrad, 8, 79, 109, 495, 497-498 af Ugglas, Margaretha, 57 Afghanistan, 25, 81, 441; Soviet war in, 44, 70,149,153-155,164, 222, 242, 249, 259, 276-278, 279, 281, 290, 366, 385, 386, 416, 441, 459462, 486, 501, 542, 557; Soviet withdrawal from, 177, 441 AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), 48 Akhromeev, Sergei (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 180 Albania, 1, 7, 275, 300, 310, 313, 331, 344-355, 377, 463, 535, 536, 537 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei, 105, 111, 122 Alia, Ramiz, 349, 350, 353 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)-VKP(b). See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), tihe name adopted in October 1952; Nineteenth Party Congress (October 1952), 297, 319 Allard, Sven, 195-197,199 Allilueva, Svetlana, 271 Altman, Gavro, 378, 381 Andersson, Sven, 48, 54, 55 Andorra, 7, 380, 384, 551, 558 André, Gérard, 479-481 Andropov, Yurii, 122, 202, 279, 333, 334-336, 342 Arab-Israeli conflict, 28, 69,178, 239, 240-241, 267, 357, 359, 372, 501, 523, 539, 548 Arafat, Yasser, 388 Arbatov, Georgy, 48 Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 82, 97 Arvidson, Stellan, 51, 62 Assarsson, Per, 104 Åström, Sverker, 187,189,192-193, 194,199 Aubert, Pierre, 173, 276-277, 279-280 Austria, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,15-30, 31, 64, 68, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89-90, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 109, 110,138,139,148-170,173,183, 195-197,198-199, 203, 215, 220, 223, 233-259, 267, 268, 282, 284, 609
610 312, 314, 315, 324, 325-326, 327, 328, 329, 334, 339, 347, 380, 381, 384-387, 389-391, 392, 394, 398, 406, 407, 410-411, 425-446, 447, 451, 453, 454,455, 456,458, 463, 468,472, 475, 477, 478-479, 486, 488,498, 499, 503, 515, 535, 537, 538, 540, 541, 547-548, 550-552, 553, 554, 555, 557; Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ), 234, 252; Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), 22, 32, 90, 99, 160, 248, 250, 438, 439; Austrian State Treaty (May 1955), 4, 16, 18, 20, 138,148, 235-236, 238, 247, 250, 314, 325, 326, 327-328, 385,410, 427, 428,429, 433, 435, 443,447, 473, 475,478, 537, 545-546, 550551; Declaration of Neutrality (October 1955), 15-30, 162, 235, 250, 284, 549-550, 550-551; prospect of armed neutrality, 154,425, 427-430,431, 440-441; Socialist Party of Austria (SPÖ), 18, 22,160,162, 250, 386; trade with the USSR, 238, 249-250 Avilov, Viktor (Soviet ambassador to Austria), 197 Bace, Max, 384 Bahr, Egon, 509 Balkan Pact, 298, 300, 302, 310, 313 314, 315-316, 522, 548 Ball, George W., 435-436, 464 Bandung conference (1955), 80, 81, 82, 285, 326 Baranovskii, G. P., 115 Bartenev-Komissarov debate (Finland), 220 Bauer, Friedrich (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 161 Bebler, Aleš, 301-302, 382, Belgium, 2, 25, 75, 189,430, 534 Belokhvostikov, Nikolai (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 115,194 Belyakov, Aleksei (Soviet ambassador to Finland), 146 Index Beria, Lavrentii, 302-303 Berg, Ingmar, 195 Berlin Blockade (1948-1949), 33,128129,130, 546 Berlin Wall: 1958-1962 crises and building of the Wall (August 1961), 87,139,141,152, 200, 218, 236, 246, 248, 269, 362,435, 475, 477, 487, 498, 500;
opening of the Wall (1989), 15, 22, 55,160, 280, 487 Bertelman, Tomas, 184 Bevin, Ernest, 129,142, 451, 452, 517 Bidault, Georges, 468 Biermann, Wolf, 51 Bildt, Carl, 47, 57,185 Bindschedler doctrine, 66, 69 Bindschedler, Rudolf, 66, 69,275, 276 Blix, Hans, 184, 201 Bodström, Lennart, 48, 51, 202, Bogomolov Institute (Institute of the Economy of the World Socialist System), 140,147 Bohlen, Charles E., 405-406, 431 Bonneau, Gabriel (French ambassador to Switzerland), 477478 Borisoglebskii, Viktor (LieutenantGeneral), 194 Brandt, Willy, 8, 51,481,483, 500-501 Brezhnev, Leonid, 6, 8, 99, 122, 140, 152-153, 244, 249, 270, 279, 362, 363, 364-365, 368, 370, 480,485, 533, 552, 553 Brezhnev Doctrine, 351, 363, 377, 519, 523 Brouillet, René (French ambassador to Austria), 475 Brugger, Ernst, 273, 274 Brunner, Édouard, 173, 276 Bryn, Dag (Norwegian ambassador to NATO), 517 Bulganin, Nikolai, 111, 112, 138, 267, 298, 316 Bullard, Julian, 461 Bush, George H. W., 52,227, 459, 553-554
Index Cable, James (British ambassador to Finland), 460-461 Cabot, John Moors (U.S. ambassador to Sweden), 436 Callaghan, James, 142 Canada, 275, 299, 479, 541 Carl XVI Gustaf (Swedish king), 119 Carlsson, Ingvar, 53, 54, 55, 203 Carter, Jimmy, 52,153, 155, 249, 275, 279, 366, 387, 460, 486, 505 Castro, Fidel, 366 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 354 Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. (CIA), 48,130, 356, 411, 431, 432, 444 Charta 77 (Czechoslovakia), 240 Charter of Paris (1990), 223,228, 393 Chataigneau, Yves (French ambassador to the USSR), 470 Chaudet, Paul, 473, 476 Chauvel, Jean, 472 Chernenko, Konstantin, 122, 202, 279 Chernetz, Carl, 385 Chernyaev, Anatolii, 173,179 Chervenkov, Vulko, 303 Churchill, Winston, 129,140, 265, 283, 428 Committee of State Security, Soviet. See KGB. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 15, 22, 229,426, 555 Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 128, 293, 294, 296, 301, 314, 315, 549, 550 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See also All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): 20th Party Congress (1956), 80, 268, 347, 411, 551; 22nd Party Congress (1961), 350; 23rd Party Congress (1966), 363 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 6, 8, 42, 45, 51, 69, 73, 93, 94,140, 141,149,153,156,158,159,164, 168, 195,197, 201, 202, 222, 223, 611 237, 238, 243, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 289, 364, 365, 380. 381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392, 393, 408, 419, 426, 448, 458459, 461-462, 468, 479, 480-481, 483, 484, 485-486, 485, 493, 494, 496, 497, 500-506, 507, 516, 534, 538, 538, 541, 548, 552, 553, 558; Belgrade Review
Conference (1977-1978), 93, 276, 289, 387, 486; Madrid Review Conference (1980-1983), 93, 156-157, 276, 277, 289, 459, 462, 486; Vienna Review Conference (1986-1989), 93,157,158, 168; Confidence and Security-Building Measures (Stockholm, 1984-1986), 176, 280; Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Ottawa, 1985), 280; Human Contacts (Bern, 1986), 280 Congo, 189-191,197, 203, 385 Congress of Vienna (1815), 2 Conradi, Moritz, 261 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 7, 38, 52, 56, 70, 72, 157-158, 250, 542, 545-546 Cotti, Flavio, 174 Coulet, François (French ambassador to Finland), 469 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, also abbreviated as COMECON), 160, 247, 352, 454, 486, 536, 550 Council of Europe, 67, 385,450, 453, 454, 457 Cuba, 275, 360, 365-366, 373, 381, 435, 474, 476, 539; Cuban Missile Crisis, 19, 188, 200, 362, 539 Cyprus, 377, 384, 459, 463, 501, 522, 537, 538, 539, 558 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 240 Czechoslovakia, 77,151,163,164, 166,180, 200, 235, 239, 240, 266, 274, 436; Communist takeover (February 1948), 77, 78,141, 268, 294, 410, 450, 468, 482, 548;
612 Index Prague Spring (1968), 41,139, 151-152, 272, 351, 363, 437, 548; Soviet-led invasion of (August 1968), 41, 51, 93,140,151,164, 222, 272, 331, 351, 357, 358, 359, 363-364, 367, 370, 416, 437, 438, 456, 458, 495, 519, 523, 524, 529, 536, 548, 552, 557; Velvet Revolution (November 1989), 240, 389 Dashichev, Vyacheslav, 553, 563 Datasaab affair (smuggling operation), 52-53 De Gasperi, Alcide, 166, 234 de Gaulle, Charles, 237, 454,468, 473, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479,485, 488 de Haller, Eduard, 267 Dejean, Maurice (French ambassador to the USSR), 478 de Michelis, Gianni, 379 Deng Xiaoping, 352 Denmark, 2, 3, 5, 6, 32, 38, 52, 75, 96, 103,104, 105,106,107, 108,110, 111, 113,117, 120,122,123,134, 136, 137, 185, 187,191, 205, 212, 213, 407, 409, 411, 413, 421, 434, 452, 453, 454, 455, 470, 471,478, 479, 481, 482, 489, 516, 517 Dennery, Étienne, 472 Dizdarević, Raif, 376 Djerdja, Josip (Yugoslav ambassador to India), 358 Đilas, Milovan, 295, 304-305, 309, 310 Djurić, Dragoje (Yugoslav envoy in the USSR), 300-301, 320 Drangel, Carl Jacob, 115 Druzhinin, Vladimir, 106 Dulles, Allen, 411 Dulles, John Foster, 324, 385, 405, 425, 427, 429-432,435, 523 Edberg, Rolf (Swedish ambassador to Norway), 189 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 113,188, 324, 326, 338, 410, 417, 427-428, 429-430, 431, 432,433, 434,435, 436,437, 440, 521 Ekéus, Rolf, 184 El Salvador, 52 Engfeldt, Stig, 193-194 Erhard, Ludwig, 500 Erlander, Tage, 34,36, 38, 42, 43, 56, 57, 96, 106, 110, 111, 116, 135, 136, 145,186, 187,190, 201, 203,436 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 67, 98, 541 European Communities (EC), 22,
56, 57, 67,140,150,158, 189, 210, 225, 229, 248, 249, 250, 251, 376, 388, 390, 391, 392, 394, 397, 400,448, 450, 451, 453,454, 458, 458,463, 465, 480, 482, 484, 496, 554-555 European Defense Community (EDC), 310, 428, 430, 472 European Economic Area (EEA), 71 European Economic Community (EEC), 7, 22, 33, 55-56, 57, 68, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 99, 158-160,161, 162,164,165,177, 189,197,198, 199, 201, 203, 236-237, 248, 249, 250, 251, 329,352, 414, 435, 436, 448, 454, 455,456, 457, 464, 475, 476, 478, 479,480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 487, 488,494, 495, 503, 536, 541, 545, 552 European Economic Space (EES), 22 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 22, 33, 56, 67, 86-88, 90, 98,197-198, 237, 376, 414, 448, 450, 454-455, 458, 475, 478, 516, 541, 545 European Recovery Program (ERP). See Marshall Plan. European Union (EU), 210, 229 East Germany. See German Democratic Republic Eden, Anthony, 283, 431 Faildin, Thorbjörn, 45, 201 Fay, Pierre (General), 472 Farafanov, Georgii, 192
Index Ferm, Anders, 48 Figl, Leopold, 24, 427, 428,430, 435 Finland, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,17, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40,41, 75-100, 103,104,105,107, 108,109,110, 117,121, 122, 126,127-147,149, 159,173, 183,185,197, 199, 210-232, 237, 300, 329,380, 383, 384, 385, 391, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418,419, 420, 421, 426, 429, 431, 451,452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 460, 461, 462, 463, 468, 469, 470, 474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 485,486, 487, 499, 500, 502, 513527, 534, 535, 538, 540, 542, 544, 545-547, 550, 553, 554, 555, 557; Agrarian Union, 87, 99,130, 131, 133,143, 412; Continuation War (Soviet-Finnish war, 1941-1944), 515, 544; "Finlandization," 17, 96,140,141, 150, 410, 411, 413, 414, 417, 418, 419-420, 483, 545, 553-554; Finnish Communist Party (SKP), 86,128,130,132, 133, 134, 138,144,421, 550; Night Frost Crisis, 86-88, 90,130,139, 412; Note Crisis, 40, 88-90, 91, 130,139, 218, 412-413, 489, 499500, 546, 561; prospect of armed neutrality, 80, 85, 91, 215, 217, 218, 219-220; Social Democratic Party, 86, 87, 88,104,130-131, 132,133, 134,136,140, 412; Soviet-Finnish Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (April 1948), 3, 17, 77, 78, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96,105, 216,217,218-220,221, 224-225, 226, 227, 228, 231, 452, 489, 500, 515, 544-545, 546, 550; Totalförsvaret (Total Defense), 215; Winter War (Soviet-Finnish war, 1939-1940), 104, 544 Finnmark, Lennart, 195 France, 8, 20, 28, 64, 90,109,127,150, 176,185, 223, 241,282, 309, 336, 613 338, 406, 451, 454, 467-493, 495, 521, 522, 523, 534, 537, 547 Francfort,
Pierre (French ambassador to Sweden), 481 Franco, Francisco, 453, 501 Furgler, Kurt, 173, 279, Gaddafi, Muammar, 239, 387 Ganz, Anton R. (Swiss ambassador to the USSR), 477 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 379, 397, 495, 504, 511 Gerhardsen, Einar, НО German Democratic Republic (GDR-East Germany), 50-52, 53, 54-55, 62, 144,146,151,191, 200, 234,235,236, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246-248, 250, 251, 252, 258, 269, 483, 498, 499, 501, 502, 507, 509, 510, 542, 550; June 1953 uprising, 246,268, 327, 557; events of 1989, 15, 22, 55,141,160, 245, 247-248, 280, 487, 497-498 Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG, West Germany), 8, 51, 79,109, 141,149,150,152,160,165,193, 200, 218, 233, 236, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 326, 353, 379, 412, 450, 456, 469, 474, 479, 481, 483, 489, 494-512, 534, 542, 546, 552; Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 79,109,160, 495, 497, 498; entry into NATO (1955), 138, 236, 428, 435, 498; Free Democratic Party (FDP), 503; Social Democratic Party (SPD), 51, 233, 500-501, 502, 503, 504 Gero, Ernő, 324-325 Gimes, Miklós, 340 Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 485-486 Gnägi, Rudolf, 273 Golob, Ignac, 395 Gomułka, Władysław, 240, 241 Gorbach, Alfons, 198,199 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 7, 8, 53, 70, 93, 122,140, 141,147,158,159,162, 164,172,173,174,177, 178, 202,
614 Index 223-226, 227, 244, 251,279, 373, 390, 391, 419-420, 519, 533, 553554, 555, 563 Gorgé, Camille, 265-266 Grafström, Sven, 186 Greece, 2,296, 297, 298, 308, 310, 315, 349, 351, 367, 391,434, 451, 514, 518, 522, 5253 548 Gribanov, Mikhail, 189 Grubiša, Damir, 395 Gligorov, Kiro, 369 Gošnjak, Ivan (Army-General), 523524 Granfil, Toma, 369 Gromyko, Andrei, 115, 118,139, 154, 157,188, 271, 279, 284, 294, 304 Grosz, Károly, 244 Gruber, Karl, 79,166, 234, 235, 427, 428 Gudzenko, Semen, 106 Gulf War of 1991, 21,160, 161, Gusev, Fedor (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 190, 197-198,199, 200, 201 Gustinčič, Jurij, 365 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 273-274 Hague Peace Conventions (1899 and 1907), 2, 67, 76 Hägglöf, Gunnar, 186,187 Hallstein Doctrine, 236, 246, 499 Hammarskjöld, Dag (UN SecretaryGeneral), 189-191,196, 203, 414 Handy, Thomas (General), 298, 299 Hansen, Hans, 110 Hansson, Per Albin, 186 Harrison, Geoffrey, 431 Harriman, W. Averell, 133, 521 Healey, Denis, 449 Hedlund, Gunnar, 110, 111 Heinrichs, Erik (General), 132 Helsinki Final Act. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Hernelius, Allan, 110 Hirdman, Sven, 184 Hitler, Adolf, 65, 262, 295, 451, 544 Hjalmarson, Jarl, 40-41,113,188,189, Hjalmarson affair, 40-41,194 Holocaust, 192, 538 Honecker, Erich, 51-52, 54, 246, 247, 248, Honecker, Margot, 54 Honka, Olavi, 90, 412, 546 Horn, Gyula, 245 Hoppenot, Henri, 472 Hotz-Linder Agreement (regarding Swiss compliance with COCOM restrictions), 264-265 Hoxha, Enver, 344, 345, 346-348, 349֊ 351, 352, 353 Hungary, 1,4, 5, 77,128,139,150, 151,155, 164, 239, 240,
243-245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 257, 264, 266, 274, 294, 313, 324-343, 346, 347, 389, 438, 554, 557; Hungarian Revolution (October-November 1956) and Soviet Invasion, 5, 40, 41, 84-86, 97, 98, 112, 124, 140, 149, 150,152, 163,164, 222, 236, 237, 266, 267, 268, 324-343, 348, 361, 415, 416, 434, 438, 494, 519, 536-537, 542, 551-552 Hussein, Saddam, 21 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (December 1987), 174, 539 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 262, 265, 277-278, 289, 541 Iran, 70,178, 278,448, 460,462, 501 Iraq, 21, 25, 160,161,184, 372, 501 Ireland, 25, 380, 390,406, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457-458, 463,479, 483, 494, 535-536, 538, 541, 542 Irwin, Leroy (General), 433 Italy, 64, 66,127,150,166,196, 234, 236, 237,282, 303-304, 309, 310, 345, 353, 389, 432, 433, 434, 437, 451, 514, 518, 520, 521, 522, 539 Jankovič, Peter, 381, 385 Janner, Antonino, 270-271
Index Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 241 Jarring, Gunnar, 190 Jaruzelski, Wojciech (General), 45, 49, 277 Jazie, Žika, 379 Job, Cvijeta, 390, 400 Johansson, Sten, 48, 49 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 416, 417, 418, 436, 523, 524 Jouve, Géraud (French ambassador to Finland), 475 Kádár, János, 243, 244, 245, 329, 332, 334, 341, 342 Kaiser, Jakob, 498 Kapiin, Anatolii, НО Каро, Hysn, 349 Kardelj, Edvard, 295, 303, 304, 315, 321 Karelian isthmus, 136, 544 Karl VI (French king), 2 Kekkonen, Urho, 3, 4, 7, 88-89, 91, 93, 96, 98,100, 107,127,131,132, 133-135, 136, 137,138,139,140, 143,145, 199, 218, 384, 385, 410, 412, 422, 461, 471, 474, 480, 481, 484, 487, 499, 502, 540, 546, 547, 553, 561 Kennan, George F., 77, 427, 428 Kennedy, John F., 83, 88,152,197, 236, 240, 348, 369, 392, 435, 436, 439 Keyes, Geoffrey (General), 427, 432, 433 KGB (Committee of State Security, USSR), 7 140, 156, 195, 227,271, 272, 319, 547 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 6, 39, 40, 89, 93,109, 111, 112,113,114,115, 116,117,118,119,120,139,149, 150,152,163,188,189, 190,191, 195,196,197,198, 200, 218, 220, 236, 237, 267, 268, 269, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315, 319, 347348, 349, 350, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 392,411,412, 430, 435, 615 474-476, 518, 522, 533, 537, 546, 549, 551-552, 553 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 500, 502 Kim Il-sung, 131 Kirchschläger, Rudolf, 241, 249, 385, 386 Kirsanov, Stepan, 300, ЗОЇ Kissinger, Henry A., 140,142,146, 415, 438, 518, 524, 553-554 Klaus, Josef, 235, 437, 438 Kocher, Eric, 523 Kohl, Helmut, 160,173, 248 Koivisto, Mauno, 140,147, 224, 227228, 547 Kollontai, Aleksandra M., 105 Korea, North, 347,
542 Korean Airlines shootdown (1983), 277 Korean War (1950-1953) and armistice settlement, 33, 37, 39, 72-73,108, 131,132,133,135,143, 265, 266, 268,427,428, 432, 468, 498, 520, 526 Kos, Péter, 342 Kosovo, 354 Kostov, Traicho, 294 Kosygin, Aleksei, 41, 93,151,198, 273 Kovács, Béla, 340 Kozlov, Frol, 191 Krastinic, Mirjana, 369 Kreisky, Bruno, 7,18,19,24, 28, 89, 90, 99,153-157,158,164,195,196, 197,198-199,233, 238, 239-244,246, 247, 249-250, 385-386,426, 430, 435,439-440, 453, 478, 552, 553 Krokstedt, Oscar, 192 Kuusinen, Hertta, 130 Kuusinen, Otto Wille, 133 Kuznetsov, Vasilii (General), 191 Kuznetsov, Vladimir, 305 Kvitsinskii, Yulii, 169 Laloy, Jean, 473 Lamb, Archie (British ambassador to Norway), 462
616 Index Lavrov, Vladimir (Soviet ambassador to Switzerland), 277 League of Nations, 65, 66, 214, 262, 407 Lebanon, 434 Lebedev, Viktor, 107,134, 136, 145 Lenin, Vladimir, 137,196, 261 Libya, 25, 372, 388 Liedermann, Helmut (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 250 Lippmann, Walter, 82 Lipski, Józef, 54 Litvinov, Maksim, 105 LO (Swedish labor organization), 48-49, 51, 54 Lončar, Budimir, 378, 381 Losonczy, Géza, 334, 341 Lukovac, Branko, 395 Lumumba, Patrice, 189,190 Lun'kov, Nikolai, 190 Luxembourg, 25 Maastricht Treaty (1992) and Lisbon Treaty (2007), 15, 21-23, 25, 27, 28, 56, 228, 229, 391, 463, 555-556 Maazing, Richard, 193 MacArthur, Douglas (U.S. ambassador to Austria), 437 Macmillan Harold, 455 Malenkov, Georgii, 128, 297, 300, 302, 303, 313-314,427, 550 Malik, Yakov, 299 Malinovskii, Rodion (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 115 Malm, Stig, 54 Malta, 25, 384,419,459, 463, 537, 538, 539 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (Marshal of Finland), 129 Mao Zedong, 350, 351, 352, 536 Markovič, Ante, 395 Marshall, George, 541 Marshall Plan, 38, 86,127,128, 408, 415, 452,467, 469, 470, 541, 545 Mendelevich, Lev, 276 Mendès France, Pierre, 472-473 Menshikov, Mikhail, 190 Micheli, Pierre (Swiss ambassador in France), 473-474 Mićunović, Veljko, 358 Middle East, 80, 81, 82, 239, 385, 501. See also Arab-Israeli conflict Mikoyan, Anastas, 138, 150, 190,236, 268, 313, 360, 361 Milkovič, Vlado (Yugoslav ambassador in Bulgaria), 312 Mitterrand, François, 173, 248,486, 487 Mobutu, Sese Seko, 189 Mock, Alois, 159, 160, 162, 245, 248, 390 Modrow, Hans, 248 Molander, Johan, 184 Molotov, Vyacheslav,
5,104, 111, 127,135,137,145,150, 265, 266, 267, 284,296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 320, 361, 430, 431, 435 Morgenthau, Hans, 2, 75, 83, 97 Motta, Giuseppe, 261-262 Mrazović, Karlo (Yugoslav ambassador to the USSR), 313 Mühlemann Ernst (Brigadier General), 176 Myrdal, Alva, 193 Nagy, Imre, 5,112, 313, 316, 326, 327, 328, 329-332,333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 361, 537 Nasser, Gamal abdel, 358-359 Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939), 407, 543 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 357, 358, 381 Németh, Miklós, 245 Netherlands, 2, 75, 542 Neutral and Non-Aligned (N+N) grouping (CSCE negotiations), 159, 222-223, 238, 459, 538, 539, 548, 552 Neutrality, nature of, 15-24, 215, 534535, 536, 537, 538 Nicaragua, 47, 52, 57,178, 377, 394, 416
Index Nikolskii, V. A. (Major-General), 115 Nilsson, Torsten, 51,114,115,116, 194, 200 Nixon, Richard Milhous, 7, 73,140, 352, 368-369, 415,438, 524 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 359 Nonalignment, nature of, 535, 538539 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 286 Nordic Council, 76,138,146, 213, 516 Nordic Defense Union. See Scandinavian Defense Union. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40-41, 44, 46, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65,106,107,108,109,110, 111, 112,113,117,118,119,120, 126,134,136,137,149, 152,154, 156,157,163,165,175,176,183, 184,185,187,190,191,193,196, 197,198,199, 201, 212, 213, 218, 225,229, 231, 267, 295, 296, 298, 306, 307, 310, 316, 326, 329, 352, 358, 360, 405, 406, 409, 410, 411, 414, 415, 418, 419, 423, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 471, 472, 473, 474, 478, 482, 483, 485, 486, 487, 496-497, 499, 502, 503, 504, 513-528, 536, 537, 538, 543544, 546, 548, 552, 555-556, 557; as Cold War military alliance, 32, 33, 38, 39,118,126,176,187, 193, 268, 296, 298, 429,433, 439, 450, 453, 462, 522; "dual-track" decision (December 1979) of, 70, 460; reunified Germany's status in, 496, 503; post-Cold War fate of, 555-557 Norway, 2, 3, 5, 6, 32, 38, 75, 96,103, 104,105, 106, 107,108, 111, 113, 117-118,120,122,134,135,137, 187, 191, 192, 212, 213, 264, 407, 617 409, 411, 413, 419, 421, 434, 452, 453, 454, 462, 470, 471, 473, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 516, 517 Nosenko, Yurii, 271 Oden, Delk (Colonel, later MajorGeneral), 433
Ohlin, Bertil. 113 Oistrakh, David, 269 Olszowski, Stefan, 241 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 56, 98, 439, 462, 541 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 86, 541 Ortega, Daniel, 377 Ostpolitik (Austrian policy), 158, 233-259 Ostpolitik (West German policy), 51, 241, 246, 458, 500-503, 504, 516 Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, 78, 79,109, 127,128,129,130-131,136,137, 138, 139, 231, 469, 545 Pahr, Willibald, 381, 386, 387 Palme, Olof, 42, 43, 46-53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 119, 188, 201-203, 406, 415, 416, 482, 483, 553 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 57, 183, 426, 463 Patolichev, Nikolai, 273, 274 "Percentages Agreement" (October 1944), 129 Péter, János, 562 Peterson, Sven-Olof, 184 Petitpierre, Max, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 284, 471, 472, 476 Philipp, Hannes (General), 438 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 262, 263 Plakhin, Andrei, 108,123 Platzer, Wilfried (Austrian ambassador to the United States), 436 Poland, 54, 55, 62, 77,121,139,140, 155,184, 200, 239, 240-243, 244, 251, 265, 266, 274, 315, 327, 330,
618 Index 331, 407, 436,439, 451, 554; antiSemitic campaign (1967-1968), 240-241; December 1970 workers' unrest, 241; Polish crisis of 19801981 and its aftermath, 45, 48-50, 51, 54,149,155-157,164, 242, 277, 281, 439, 552; Poznań uprising (June 1956), 240, 327; Solidarność / Solidarity—see separate listing Pompidou, Georges, 479-481, 482, 483 484, 485 Popovič, Koča, 295, 383, 397, 398 Popovič, Vladimir (Yugoslav ambassador to the United States), 521 Porkkala naval base, 76, 78, 79, 109, 110,139, 220,408, 410, 414,474, 516 Portugal, 71, 434, 454, 501 Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), 179, 266 Prague Spring (1968). See Czechoslovakia. Primault, Étienne (Divisional Colonel), 473 Probst, Raymond, 270, 272, 273 Proksch, Johannes (Austrian ambassador to Poland), 241 Putin, Vladimir, 280, 556, 557 Raab, Julius, 10, 236, 385, 426, 428, 430-431, 434, 435, 499, 551-552 Radford, Arthur (Admiral), 425, 429 Rajk, Laszlo, 294, 347 Rákosi, Mátyás, 313, 325, 346 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 243, Ramel, Henrik, 194 Rankovič, Aleksandar, 297, 302 Rapacki, Adam, 200, 240 Rapacki Plan, 200, 240 Reagan, Ronald, 7, 47, 48, 52, 53, 58, 70, 155,156,173,174, 248, 279, 416, 439, 487, 524 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 185 Renner, Karl, 234 Ritschard, Willi, 274 Roberts, Frank, 428, 431 Roché, Louis, 480 Rösch, Otto, 436, Rusk, Dean, 437 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 53, 203, 250, 390 Sager, Peter, 74,287 San Francisco Conference (AprilJune 1945) to form the United Nations, 66 San Marino, 380, 384, 495, 537, 538 Sargent, Sir Ome, 452, 453,464 Säve-Söderbergh, Bengt, 51 Scandinavian Defense Union, 3, 5, 78,105,106, 107,
113,117,120, 129, 186,187, 201, 214, 414, 452, 470, 516, 517 Schaetzel, Robert, 436 Schärf, Adolf, 18 Scheel, Detlev, 502 Scheel, Walter, 500 Schmidt, Helmut, 257 Schneider, Rolf, 246 Schori, Pierre, 58 Sejko, Teme (Rear Admiral), 354 Šeparović, Zvonimir, 396 Shehu, Mehmet, 346, 347, 351, 353 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 173-174, 279, 379, 390 Shultz, George P., 174 Siegbahn, Bo, 192 Sinowatz, Fred, 244 Sjölin, Åke, 189 Smirnov, Andrei (Soviet ambassador in the FRG), 498 Sobolev, Arkadii, 191,337 Söder, Karin, 51, 201 Sohiman, Rolf (Swedish ambassador to the USSR), 34,187,189,190, 191,192-193,194,197-198,199, 200 Solidarność / Solidarity (Poland), 45, 48-50, 51, 54, 202, 242, 439, 552 Sorsa, Kalevi, 390, 547 Soviet submarines in Swedish waters. See Sweden. Soviet-Finnish wars. See Finland— Winter War and Continuation War.
Index Spain, 71, 453, 501, 542 Spannocchi, Emil (General), 439 Spühler, Willy, 272 Stalin, Joseph, 3,4, 36, 80,104,109, 110,127-128, 265, 271, 533, 548; Stalin and Austria, 427,451, 498, 540, 547, 550; Stalin and Germany, 4, 128,134, 135, 427, 497-498; Stalin and neutrality, 114,120,129, 549-550, 552; Stalin and Scandinavia, 3, 4, 36,127128,129,130,131-132,133,134, 143,144,187, 216-217, 471, 515, 516-517, 540, 544-545, 546, 550; Stalin and Switzerland, 262, 263, 264-265, 280-281; Stalin and Yugoslavia. See YugoslaviaSoviet-Yugoslav split; Stalin, relations with the United States, 39, 427, 451 Stasi (East German Ministry for State Security), 51,156 Stassen, Harold, 429 Statskevich, Nikolai, 192,193,194 Suez Crisis (1956), 77, 189, 267, 268, 336, 338, 343, 464 Suslov, Mikhail, 139, 188, 305, 361 Svedlund, Nils (General), 200 Sweden, 2-3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 28, 31-63, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96, 103-126,129, 130,132,134,136, 137,138, 139,142,183-209, 212, 214, 215, 223, 230, 266, 380, 382, 383, 384, 390, 391, 392, 398, 406, 407-409, 410, 411, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,432„ 434, 436, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 462, 463, 468, 470, 471, 473,475, 481-482, 485, 486, 487, 494, 499, 508, 513, 515, 516-518, 525-526, 535, 538, 540, 541, 542-544, 546, 547, 554, 555, 557; armed neutrality and Totalförsvaret (total defense), 32, 100, 215, 543, 555; Baltic émigré communities in Sweden, 191193; Liberal Party, 34, 57,113; Farmers' Party, 33; Conservative 619 Party, 34, 35, 36, 40, 46, 47, 48,49, 51, 57, 58, 59,110,116,184; Social Democratic Party, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44,45,
46, 47, 48-50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62,116,121,184, 186,188, 200, 201, 202, 203, 408, 415, 417, 482; Soviet submarines in Swedish waters, 7, 46, 47-48, 54, 119,125,184, 202, 419, 544 Switzerland, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8,16,18, 20, 28, 31, 64-74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92, 94, 98, 99,150, 171179,194,197,198-199, 203, 215, 223, 244, 249, 260-290, 332, 334, 380, 384, 386, 390, 392, 406, 411, 426, 429, 430, 431, 436, 437, 440, 454, 456, 458, 462, 463, 467, 468, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478,483, 484-485, 486,487, 488, 494, 514, 534, 535, 537, 538, 541542, 543, 547, 551, 555, 556, 557; armed neutrality / self-defense, 65, 67-69,191, 267, 268-269, 543, 555; Gesamtverteidigung (Total Defense), 67, 68-69; Konzeption der militärischen Landesverteidigung (Concept of Military National Defense), 67, 68, 69; Labor Party (pro-Soviet party), 267-268, 270; Social Democratic Party, 272; Swiss-Soviet Joint Commission, 274 Szabó, János, 337, 342 Tepavac, Mirko, 524 Thatcher, Margaret, 173, 460-461 Thompson, Llewellyn, 433 Thulin, Carl, 192 Thunborg, Anders, 54 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 249, 385 Tito, Josip Broz, 235, 293-323, 325, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 356-375, 376, 377, 381, 384, 385, 386, 396, 455, 456,465, 519, 521, 523, 524, 540, 548-550, 551-552. See also Yugoslavia. Todorovič, Mijalko, 313
620 Index Togliatti, Palmiro, 294 Troendle, Max (Austrian ambassador to the USSR), 197198, 264, 270, 271 Tončić-Sorinj, Lujo, 99, 385 Trieste Crisis (October 1953), 303304, 310 Trotskyism, 340 Truman, Harry S., 38, 57, 410, 521 Tshombe, Moïse, 189 Tuovinen, Matti, 459 Turkey, 109, 264, 296, 297-298, 308, 451, 514, 522, 548 Ulbricht, Walter, 498 Ulisten, Ola, 44, 45, 52, 201 Undén, Bo Östen, 34, 35, 36, 105, 108, 109, 112,114,120, 121,124, 184,186,187, 188,190,191,193, 196,197,199, 200, 201, 203 United Kingdom, 8, 20, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 64, 90, 95,129, 142,161, 173, 237, 226, 227, 241-242, 265, 267, 282, 283,294, 295, 296, 297, 300, 301, 307, 308, 318, 336, 338, 343, 358, 391, 410, 417,428, 429, 431,437, 447-466, 472, 477,494, 495,499, 515, 517, 518, 521, 522, 523, 527, 534, 535, 536, 538, 547, 552, 558 United Nations (UN), 20, 21, 28,32, 37, 40,45, 48, 58, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 92, 97,105,112,139, 140,150,153,155,161,173,184, 189,190-191,197, 215, 220, 222, 223, 235, 236, 263, 264, 266, 272, 285, 294, 296, 304,307, 308, 334336, 337, 338, 342, 343, 369, 379, 382, 383, 384, 385, 393, 397, 410, 414, 422, 426, 434, 449, 450, 456, 457, 459, 483, 485, 516, 536, 540, 541, 556, 558 United Nations Charter, 20-21, 66, 88, 92, 222, 335 United States, 8, 15, 20, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43-44, 47, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 65, 70, 72, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 97,108,109,110,113,114, 116,127,130,133, 136, 141,150, 154, 156,157,159,160, 161,164, 167,172,173,174,178,184,188, 189,190,192,193,198, 249, 264, 265, 271, 275, 276, 277, 279, 295, 296, 297, 298, 304, 308, 310, 316, 324, 336,
338, 344, 351, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 381, 386, 391, 392, 395, 405-446, 449, 451, 452, 454, 457, 460, 463, 467, 469, 479, 481, 494, 495, 497, 517, 518, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 534, 539, 540, 541, 542, 544, 545, 547, 549, 552, 553, 554, 555 Ustinov, Dmitrii (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 140, 154, 218, 224 Vajgl, Ivo, 378, 396 Valkov, Vasilii (Soviet ambassador to Yugoslavia), 303, 305, 311 Vásárhelyi, Miklós, 340 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 132 Vatican City, 380, 463, 537, 538, 558 Velvet Revolution (Czechoslovakia, 1989). See Czechoslovakia Venizelos, Sophokles, 349 Versailles Treaty (1919), 7, 69 Vidić, Dobrivoje (Yugoslavia ambassador to the USSR), 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 311, 312, 313 Vietnam, 52, 372, 519, 523, 542, 553 Vietnam War (U.S. war), 6, 42-43, 118, 201, 359, 415, 416, 481, 523, 553 Villiger, Kaspar, 176 VÖEST (Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen und Stahlwerke — United Austrian Iron and Steelworks), 152, 238, 247, 249, von Damm, Helene, 156 Voroshilov, Kliment, 313 Vorovskií, Vatslav, 261 Vranitzky, Franz, 160, 244, 248, 250, 390
Index Vrhovec, Josip, 381, 386 Vukmanović, Svetozar, 316-317 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 131 Wahlen, Friedrich Traugott, 271, 284 Wallenberg, Raoul, 117,188 Waldheim, Kurt, 152,164, 385, 392, 437-438, 439 Waldheim affair, 164-165 Warsaw Pact (Warsaw Treaty Organization), 8, 25, 50, 54, 68, 79, 84,112, 137,151, 239, 241, 252, 272, 274, 315, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 338, 351, 352, 357, 358, 360, 406, 413, 416,419, 420, 437, 438, 439, 447, 459, 479, 503, 505, 519, 536, 538, 544, 548, 549, 551, 553, 554, 556; Albania's formal withdrawal from (1968), 331, 351, 536; dissolution of, 203, 555-556; Hungary's attempted withdrawal (1956). See Hungarian Revolution; impact of Gorbachev era on, 140-141,174, 203, 420, 553-556; Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia (August 1968). See Czechoslovakia. Weden, Sven, 41, 47 Weilbull, Erik, 194 Weinberger, Caspar, 46, 518 Wennerström, Stig (Colonel), 115, 124,193 Wennerström affair, 115,116,117, 193 West Germany. See Germany, Federal Republic of Wuori, Eero (Finnish ambassador to the USSR), 199 Xoxe, Koçi, 346, 347, 350 621 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 141, 554 Yakovlev, Mikhail (Soviet ambassador to Sweden), 118 Yalta Conference (February 1945), 140,160,179, 216, 223, 474 Yeltsin, Boris, 228, 556 Yugoslavia, 1,4, 5, 8, 77, 79, 97, 128,151, 160,162, 220, 235, 240, 299-323, 325, 326, 328, 332, 334, 337, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 356-375, 376-401, 429, 437, 451, 453, 456-457, 459, 463, 465, 468, 484, 503, 507, 513, 514, 518526, 530, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539540, 548-549, 550, 551, 555, 556; Breakup of Yugoslavia, 160, 162, 361, 387-396,
555, 556; Post-Stalin rapprochement, 299-317, 325, 347, 348, 518-525, 537, 550-551; SovietYugoslav Split, 4,10,128, 235, 293-299, 325, 345, 384, 465, 484, 518, 520-522, 548-550; Yugoslavia and Non-Aligned Movement, 356-375, 376-401, 503, 548-550 Yumashev, Ivan (Admiral), 132 Zambia, 387 Zarins, Edgar, 193 Zehnder, Alfred, 269 Zhdanov, Andrei, 128,129,138, 549 Zhenikhov, V. V. (Soviet intelligence officer), 134 Zhivkov, Todor, 354 Zhou Enlai, 351, 352 Zhukov, Georgii (Marshal of the Soviet Union), 348 Zimbabwe, 387 Zimyanin, Mikhail, 301, 305, 306, 311 Zog, Ahmed (Albanian king), 345, 353 Zorin, Valerian, 109,136,199, 305, 311-312 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV047096023 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:21:15Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:02:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781793631923 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032502503 |
| oclc_num | 1248961796 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| physical | xvi, 627 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210719 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Harvard Cold War studies book series |
| spelling | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe edited by Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, and Peter Ruggenthaler Lanham Lexington Books [2021] © 2021 xvi, 627 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Harvard Cold War studies book series Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Neutrality Nonalignment Cold War Soviet Union / Foreign relations / 1945-1991 Soviet Union / Foreign relations / Europe Europe / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Diplomatic relations Europe Soviet Union 1945-1991 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s Geschichte z DE-604 Kramer, Mark (DE-588)1153083590 edt Makko, Aryo 1979- (DE-588)1025823540 edt Ruggenthaler, Peter 1976- (DE-588)133776727 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-7936-3193-0 https://www.recensio.net/r/989c14f64d844ced8256d6801747e1e3 rezensiert in: Hungarian Historical Review, 2022, 1, S. 258-261 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032502503&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032502503&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171607-3 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |
| title_auth | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |
| title_exact_search | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |
| title_full | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe edited by Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, and Peter Ruggenthaler |
| title_fullStr | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe edited by Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, and Peter Ruggenthaler |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe edited by Mark Kramer, Aryo Makko, and Peter Ruggenthaler |
| title_short | The Soviet Union and Cold War neutrality and nonalignment in Europe |
| title_sort | the soviet union and cold war neutrality and nonalignment in europe |
| topic | Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neutraler Staat Internationale Politik Ost-West-Konflikt Sowjetunion Europa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/989c14f64d844ced8256d6801747e1e3 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032502503&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032502503&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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