Mixed messages: mediating native belonging in Asian Russia
"Mixed Messages shows how media in the Russian Federation's Buryat territories create a minority language public that plays an outsized role in ethnonational politics, but that nonetheless is rapidly shrinking and struggling to redefine itself in a new global era"--
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca, New York ; London
Cornell University Press
2020
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Mixed Messages shows how media in the Russian Federation's Buryat territories create a minority language public that plays an outsized role in ethnonational politics, but that nonetheless is rapidly shrinking and struggling to redefine itself in a new global era"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portrait [der Verfasserin auf dem Cover] |
| ISBN: | 9781501750519 9781501750502 |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations Note on Transliteration and Transcription Introduction Part I Part II ix xiii xviii xix 1 Siberian Moderns 1. Native Autonomy in a Multinational State 27 2. Media and the Making of a Buryat Public 60 3. Rupture and Reclamation 80 Mediated Standards 4. A Literary Standard and Its Discontents 115 5. Anchors of Authority 143 Part III Participation and Performance 6. Performance Anxiety 169 7. Emergent Minority Publics 193 Conclusion 210 Notes Works Cited Index 221 235 253
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Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. The letter t following a page number denotes a table. Absoliut stores, 50,97 activists, modernization led by, 13-14 adult language learners, 107-8 affirmative action, 15,65,199. See also korenizatsiia Aga, Buryat territory, 7; as “ark” of Buryat language, 89; Buddhist monastic centers in, 89; Buryat language use in, 91; dialect of, 124; dissolution of okrug, 8,43-44, 48,99-100; as “ethnic” territory, 33; field research in, 15; linguistic and cultural preservation in, 43,59; local media in, 74; and pastoral nomadism, 89,227n7; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; and spatialVcultural rifts, 88-89 Aginskoe, Aga territory of Buryatia, 18,43,74, 89-90,91,154,163,224nl6 Agynskii Buryat-Mongolian National Okrug (now the Aga Administrative Okrug within Zabaikaľskii Krai), 43 Aikhenvald, Alexandra, 173,188 Aiusheev, Damba, 157 All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture, 44-45 Altai, Siberia, 5 Amagaev, Nikolai, 130,131,132 Amgalanta, eastern Buryatia, 17 Amur Oblast, 36 Anderson, Benedict, 63,140-41 Angarkhaev, Ardan, 108 archival records, 18 Arctic Council, intergovernmental, 34, 36 Arel, Dominique, 31 Arig Us, 70,74,106 Arizona Tewa, 101 Armenians and Armenian language, 35, 55, 81, 94,95,131 Asian identification of Buryats, 40, 88 assimilation of Buryats, 31, 38,50,77-79,94, 97 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and oblasts, 33 autonomy, native, 27-59; and Buryatia’s relationship with Russia, 40-48,41,42; Buryats’ reluctance to support greater, 45-48; double-bind of, 35, 58-59; and ethnonational belonging, 30,
37; and European-Asian identity of Buryats, 36-40; and indigeneity discourse, 30-36; and multiculturalism of Buryatia, 48-58, 49,51,52-, and native-language media, 75; and pride in Buryats’ conqueror history, 28-30, 34 Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis, 35,55, 94,130 Badagarov, Jargal, 107-8 Badmaev, Petr, 65 Baikal, Siberia, 5 Bakhtin, M. M., 96,102 Baku, 130 Basque region and language, 172 Belarusian language, 117 Bell, Allan, 145 belonging: Buryat language tied to sense of, xi, 9,55-56; and civilizing/modernizing missions in Buryat, 11-12; language as means of negotiating, 4; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 92,98-103; and lingua franca, 32; media’s mediation of, 2-3, 4,12-13,23,164,211-12; media’s symbolic role in, 76, 77; multiple scales of, enacted by Buryats, 37,38-39; online mediation of, 208-9; and political autonomy, 30,37; reclamation of, 4,217; and Soviet attitudes toward Siberians, 11; and state-driven modernization, 5,11-12 Bilaniuk, Laada, 170 bilingualism in Buryatia: and blogosphere in Buryatia, 197; and Buryat-language media, 66, 77,96; and changes introduced to languages, 101; and diglossia, 117; of journalists, 149-50; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 59,91-92,96; and passive competence in Buryat, 170; prevalence of, among ethnic Buryats, 3; and public/private domains, 174 blogosphere in Buryatia, 196-99 Blommaert, Jan, 134 253
254 INDEX Bolshevik revolution/activists, 63-64,66,82 Bourdieu, Pierre, 126-27 Boym, Šveđana, ПО bread and potatoes in Russian diet, 38 brokers of minority languages, 71-72 Browne, Donald R., 214 Buddhism: authority of, 130-31,144; as Buryat ethnic practice, 35,43,80,85,90, 106; and Buryat nationalism, 45,88; and cultural sovereignty, 222nl 1; and eastern Buryats, 88-89; as family tradition, 35,106; and language, 64,130-31 (see also literacy); and pacifism, 50; temporality of, 85-86, 233n9; and tourism, 36 Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia, 45, 157 Buriaad FM, 45,76, 157 Buriaad iinén (news publication), 175; archival records of, 18; and Buryat-language media, 75; circulation rate of, 71; and dialectal forms, 157; history of, 75; household discussions about content in, 195; language lessons in, 107-8; literary standard employed at, 143; name changes, 222nl5; native Buryat speakers’ comprehension of, 115,138, 157; offsite contributors to, 154; and online presence, 198; and “real Buryat,” 102; and Russian influence on language, 163; Russian language material in, 85; and Russian-language skills of employees, 23 ln7; scope of coverage in, 77,90,23 ln6 Buriaad Ünén (publishing house), 71,75,78, 149,222nl5 buriat (ethnicity), 2,4-5. See also ethnic Buryats Buriatiia-7 (news publication), 154 Buriat-Mongoloi ünén (news publication). See Buriaad tinén Buriat-Mongol’skaia pravda, 18,75-76,222nl5. See also Buriaad Unen; Buriaad ünén Buriat-Mongol’skii komsomokts (news publication), 75 Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic’s Television and Radio Broadcasting Committee, 18
Buryatia, 210-11; Asian status of, 8; author’s outsider status in, ix-x; culture of (see culture of Buryats); districts in, 119, 120, 122-23; diversity in, x (see also multiculturalism); kinship networks in, 47; Mongolia’s cultural/linguistic connections with, 27; pastoral nomadism dismantled in, 59,227n7; people native to (see ethnic Buryats); term, 8-9; territorial sovereignty of, 14; territories of, 54-55,88-90,94 (see also Aga, Buryat territory; Republic of Buryatia; Ust’-Orda, Buryat territory); Buryatia (BGTRK), 18,71, 74,105,143,195, 198,227nl7 Buryat language: Aga as “ark” of, 89; author’s acquisition of, 18,55-56,101-2; changes and lexical loss in, 101-3; decline in number of speakers, 9,91,95,218 (see also language shift from Buryat to Russian; semispeakers of Buryat language); devaluation of, 94,97-98; dialects (see dialects of Buryat language); dictionaries of, 119,121; and English language, 109-10; ethical importance of, 110-11; functionally endangered status of, 3; as “kitchen language,” 116-17,229n4; legislation preserving, 12,67,68-69,226n7; literary standard for (see Standard Literary Buryat); marginalization of, 8,92-93; neologisms in, 127,161-62,186,203,214,217; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; partial speakers of (see semispeakers of Buryat language); and presidents of Republic of Buryatia, 56-58; “real Buryat,”21,101,102-3, 111, 125,137, 161; rurality/poverty indexed by, 97-98; and Russian accent, 116; social status of, 108; speakers of, 9,221nn5-6; urban/rural division with, 96,190; and zemliadlesivo gatherings, 98. See also
standardization of language Buryat minority public, 67,117,165,202-8, 209,212. See also minority language publics “Buryat-Mongolia,” 54-55,106,224nl4 Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (BMASSR), 43,54, 75, 132 Buryat national boarding school (internat) in Ulan-Ude, 72-73 Buryat Scientific Center (BNTs), 72,137 Buryat State University, 15,18, 35, 95,129,136, 146,148,150 Catalonia region and Catalan language, 172, 173 Cattelino, Jessica, 35-36 Caucasus, 90,99 CCTV, 106-7 census: language reporting on, 91,131,176, 221n5,228nll, 230n21; as tool, 14,128
INDEX Chakars, Melissa, 50 Chechens, 50 children: Buryat language programming for, 219; speaking Buryat with, 188 China: anti-Chinese sentiment in Buryatia, 106; and Chinese language/speakers, 95, 109; labor migrants from, 39,106; and media depictions of Mongolia, 106-7; shou symbol popular in, 27,29. See abo Inner Mongolia Chinggis Khan, 27,28,34,89,104,223n2 Chita (ChGTRK), 74 Chita, Republic of Buryatia, 6,7 chronotope, 96,103,216 Chukchi, 34,36,50 citizenship, Russian term for, 1-2 civil society, 62 clan connections in Buryatia, 122 class issues/stratification, 31, 32,59 codeswitching, 39, 125-27,159,185,186-87, 189,190,233n9 colloquial or vernacular language, 116,117, 118,165,170 Colorado River delta, semispeakers of Cucapá in, 100 Congress of the Buryat People (Kongress buriatskogo naroda, or KBN), 44-45 conquerors, Buryats’ historical status as, 28-30,34 Cossacks, 48,55 counterpublics, 77,194,199 Crimea, 99 crises, chronic, 47 cultural imperialism, 81 culture of Buryats: cultural resilience, 29-30; and cultural sovereignty, 14-15,222nll; and diet, 38; historical status as conquerors, 28-30, 34; intergenerational transmission of, 104-5; journalists as brokers of, 145, 146-47,164-65; and knowledge of ancestral dialect, 123; and language acquisition, 108; and lexical loss, 101; modernization’s impact on, 217; and native-language media, 79; and pastoral nomadism, 89,101,122, 213,227n7; peaceful living prioritized in, 48, 50; and pre-Soviet era, 217; pride in, 108; and “real Buryats,” 165; and reclamation of Buryat identity, 103-5; relationship of practices to language,
87,90; scalar distinctions/hierarchies in, 98; and spatial/ cultural rifts, 88-89 Curran, James, 62 Cyrillic script, 132 255 dialectisms, 119,142,157,215 dialects of Buryat language: argument against writing, 159,215; in Buryat-language media, 157-60; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 123; as indexical of familial/ territorial belonging, 119,121-22,123-24; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 135; and razgovornyi, 119,121; Russian influence on, 124-25; and Standard Literary Buryat, 119,132-34, 139,142,151,205 dictionaries, 119,121 diet as indicator of culture, 38 digital media, 193-209; anonymity of strangers in, 201-2; and blogosphere in Buryatia, 196-99,200-201; and ethnicization, 199-201; and language revitalization movements, 214; and learning Buryat language, 200; mediating belonging in, 208-9; political participation in, 197, 198-99,200-201; and politics in domestic contexts, 195-96,196; renegotiation of Standard Literary Buryat, 202-4; reterritorializing a Buryat minority public, 202-8,204-56, and revitalization efforts, 199 districts in Buryatia, 119,120, 122-23 Dorian, Nancy, 100,177 Dorzhiev, Agvan, 131,132 Dorzhiev, D, D„ 134 dublirovannye (duplicated) publications, 75, 77-78 Dyrkheeva, Galina, 90,135 education and schools: capitalization on opportunities for, 50; and efforts to reclaim Buryat, 14; and illiteracy, 138-39; and language revitalization, 107-8; and literacy campaigns, 130-31,136-37; and online opportunities for language learning, 200; and standardization of language, 128, 130-31,136-37 Egypt, 70 emotional stakes of language competence.
See performance anxiety of Buryat speakers employment, 50 Engels, Friedrich, 32,227n4 English language, 95,109-10,134-35 Enlightenment era, 30 “ethnic Buryatia,” 99 ethnic Buryats: buriat (term), 2,4-5; and census of 2010,9,221n6; and digital media, 199-201; expectations for language
256 INDEX ethnic Buryats: buriat (term) (continued) competency of, 169-71, 173,174,175-76, 176,178,186-89,191; historical status as conquerors, 28-30,34; as separate “nationality,” 37 (see also autonomy, native); and varying degrees of language comprehension, 169-71; Zhirinovsky on, 210-11. See also indigeneity and indigenous rights ethnic minorities: and ethnonational belonging, 99; and ethno-tourism, 36-37; incorporation of, into multinational states, 9; and national self-determination, 59; and territorial autonomy, 33. See also ethnic Buryats ethnic nationalism, 40,59,225n23 ethnic particularism, 65. See also korenizatsiia ethnic Russian (russkii), 2,199,211,221n2 European-Asian identity of Buryats, 36-40 Ewenk Autonomous Okrug, 35 Ewenks and Ewenki language, 34-35,48,55, 157,224n9,228nl2 Far East, economic development of, 36 Far East Broadcasting Company, 70 Ferguson, Jenanne, 94 field research, 15,18-20,221n9,222nnl2-13 financial crisis of 2008-9,46-47,231n28 Florida Seminole in the United States, 35-36 French language, 10, 118,126-27,140-41, 229n22 Friendship of the Peoples: Buryats’ advocacy of, 49,54-55,57; and ethnic nationalism, 59; and multicultural ethos of Buryats, 58; and Nagovitsyn’s presidency, 57; and native-language media, 67-68,78; and racism, 93; Soviet promotion of, 48-50,49 gender dynamics, 47,174 genealogies, 122 generation gaps, 82-84,218 Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan Georgian language, 131 German-American communities’ shift to English, 135-36 German language, 10,229n22,229n5 Goffman, Erving, 173 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 147 government websites in
Buryat language, 69 grandparents in Buryatia, 107, 119, 123, 159 Grant, Bruce, 96 Great Russian chauvinism, 132 Habermas, Jürgen, 61-62,70,199 hate crimes, racially motivated, 50-52, 175 Hebrew language, 81,131,173 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 32 Hill, Jane, 102 Hill, Kenneth, 102 Hirsch, Francine, 77-78 holidays, 103 Humphrey, Caroline, 82,85,106,121,224nl3 identity, Buryatia’s regional: as “bridge” between Europe and Asia, 58; and Buryat language usage, 4; double-bind of, 58-59; feelings of losing touch with, 80; and interethnic peace, 49,55; and multicultural ideals, 49,53-54; reclamation of, 81-82,100, 103-10; and Russian-Buryat “friendship,” 50. See ako reclamation of Buryat language and identity immigrants, 94-95,106 “Index of Linguistic Insecurity,” 172 indigeneity and indigenous rights, 30-36; benefits of status, 34; claimed by post-Soviet Siberian nationalities, 33-36; disinterest of Buryats in, 29,30, 33, 34; and language reform, 11-12; and modernization projects, 11-12, 31-32; and pride in Buryats’ conqueror history, 29-30,34; and Russian self-conceptions, 8; Russian/Soviet attitudes toward, 11; societal expectations of neediness/dependence of, 35-36; young Buryats who claim, 35 “indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East,” 34 industrialization, 82-83,90 Inform polis (news publication), 148,154, 178 Inner Mongolia: Buryat speakers in, 9; Buryats’ roles in revolution of, 224nl0; news/cultural programming broadcasted from, 73, 106-7; and pan-Mongolism, 230n23; and reclamation efforts of Buryats, 110 interethnic conflict, 31 interethnic
peace, 48,51,55 intergenerational communication/language sharing, 18,119,203 internet access, 197 Irish language, 81 Irkutsk (IGTRK), 74 Irkutsk, Republic of Buryatia, 6, 7,130 Irkutsk State University, 136,150 Irkutsk Translation Society, 129
INDEX Jaffe, Alexandra, 72 Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Far East, 33 Jewish people and Hebrew language, 81,131, 173 journalists, 143-65; authoritative role of, 145; career pros and cons of, 152-54; as cultural brokers, 145,146-47,164-65; education and training of, 136,146,150-51,232nl0; and ethnonational belonging, 164; and ethnonational elite, 149-52,164-65; and financial crisis of 2008-9,47,231n28; income levels of, 154-55; and intelligentsia, 18; interviewed for fieldwork, 19,222nl6; and interviews, 95,117, 146,160,213; language mediation by, 136,141-42,160, 179-80; language skills of, 143-44,146, 149-52,153,159,160,163,181,231n7; as language workers, 143-44; as literary writers, 153-54,156; middle-class status of, 18; and mixed language, 213; and nepotism, 152; preservational imperative of, 156-60; professionalism of, 146; purism ideology of, 160-64,213; and “real Buryat,” 165; recruitment of, 151-52; and Russian language, 159-60,163-64,231n7; and semispeakers of Buryat, 142,216,220; in Soviet Union, 147; as standard-bearers of Buryat, 144-45,146,153,189-90,212; viewers’ expectations of, 143-44; and Western ideals, 148. See also media, Buryat; minority-/native-language media Kalmykia, 44,202,230n25 Kalmyks and Kalmyk language, 132,205, 230n23,230n25 Kaska-speaking community in Yukon, 100 Kazakhstan, 70 Khalkhs and Khalkh Mongolian language, 88, 106,124,132-33,158, 205,215,230n23, 233n3 Khaltanova, Larisa, 187-88 Khamutaev, Vladimir, 31 Khilkhanova, Erzhen, 91 Khori dialect of Buryat, 119,133,142,151,205 Khorinsk (town), 96-97 “kitchen languages,” 116-17,159,174,229n4
Kittler, Friedrich, 63 korenizatsiia (“indigenization”), 65-66 Kroskrity, Paul, 101 Kulick, Don, 94 Kunreuther, Laura, 67 Kuzar, Ron, 173 257 labor migrants, 2 Labov, William, 171-72 Lake Baikal, 8,36 language ideologies, 9-11 language shift from Buryat to Russian, 90-98; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 59, 91-92, 96; and changes in languages, 101-3; and devaluation of Buryat, 94-95,97-98; and dialectal variation in Buryat, 135; digital commentary on, 207-8,207t; and emotional attachments, 100-101; and ethnonational belonging, 98-103; experienced as imposition, 81; and generation gaps, 218; and membership in minority publics, 172; as moral concern, 110-11; and nativelanguage media, 66; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; periods of, 90-91; political coercion in, 92; and “real Buryat,” 111; reasons for, 98, 218; and reclamation of Buryat identity, 81-82; and sense of rupture/loss, 21; and temporal disjunctures, 94; term for, in Buryat, 161-62,214; urban/rural division with, 96; in Ust’-Orda, 158 Larkin, Brian, 67 Latin script, 132,230n24 Lena River basin, Siberia, 5 Lenin, V. I., 27,28, 32, 62,83,199, 217 letters to the editor, 198 linguistic insecurity, 172 literacy, 64,130-31,136-40,230n21 literary standards, 117-18,130, 188. See also standardization of language; Standard Literary Buryat (SLB) literature, minority-language, 154 Martin, Terry, 199 Marx, Karl, 32,62,225nl, 227n4 maternity leave, 47 matrix language, 68,102 Mayan, 71 media, Buryat, 60-79; and assimilation, 77-79; belonging mediated by, 2-3,4, 12-13,23,164,211-12; bilingual audience of,
66, 77,96; circulation of, 63-67,226nl2; and contributors, 155-56; culturally symbolic role of, 95-96; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 174,175; and domestic contexts, 195-96,196; duplicated (dublirovannye) publications of, 75-76, 77-78; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 178-86,191; goals of, 67; and language
258 INDEX media, Buryat (continued) attrition among audience, 95,218; language mediation by, 3,12-13,128,136,141-42, 212; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 66; and legislation on minority languages, 12,67,69; linguistic authority of, 103; and modernization projects, 5,12; and native speakers’ comprehension of SLB, 116,139, 141-42; and neologisms in Buryat, 127; and nepotism, 152; nonprofessional participants in, 198; overlapping scales of circulation, 60,73-74; and performance anxiety, 178-86,180-81Ѓ, 182-83Ѓ, 184f, 188-91; and personal reclamations, 105; and political participation, 12, 198; in prerevolutionary era, 65; and professionalizing journalists, 65-66; and race of speaker, 176,177; and reclamation of Mongolianness, 106; at regional level, 61, 73-75; reviewed for fieldwork, 19-20; role of, in minority politics, 76 (see abo publics); Russian language material in, 77-78, 85-86,213; and Russian speakers, 191; and script standards, 131; semiindependent status of, 75; and semispeakers, 12,178-86,180-81Í, 182~83f, 184p separate markets of territories, 89-90; and shift from Buryat to Russian language, 66,96-97; and standardization of language, 12-13, 128,136,139,140,141; Standard Literary Buryat used in, 157-59; state support of, 68, 148,226n7; technologies of, 63,67; topics covered by Buryat/Russian, 96; urban/ rural division with, 190-91; and viewers’ expectations, 143-44,186-89; as visible symbol of state support, 69-70; and Western ideals, 148; work environments of, 153-54. See abo journalists; minority-/nativelanguage media Medvedev, Dmitrii, 99 MegaTitan
stores, 50,97 metalanguage, 11 Milroy, James, 129 minority language publics: about, 4; demonstration of commitment to, 174,175; and digital media, 202; evoked by Buryat media, 61 ; and four key points of publics, 62-63, 76; and journalists’ mediation of language, 141-42; and media interviews, 174; and minority-/native-language media, 61,66, 76-79,165,212,215,216,219; and personal reclamations, 105; and speaking a minority language, 22,81,172-73. See abo publics minority-/native-language media: about, 61; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 77,96; and counter/parallel publics, 77; culturally symbolic role of, 95-96; and cultural revitalization, 79,213; and dialectal forms, 157-60; and duplicated (dublirovannye) publications, 75, 77-78; and Friendship of the Peoples, 67-68, 78; goals of, 157,213; and language attrition among audience, 95,218; literary standard reinforced by, 136,157; and metapragmatic work, 70-73; and minority-language literature, 154; and minority language publics, 61, 66, 76-79,165,212,215,216,219; mixed messages produced/circulated by, 212; and multiculturalism at regional scale, 78; overlapping scales of circulation, 60,73-76; in prerevolutionary era, 65; professionalism of, 65-66,146; and regional market, 61, 73-74; and revitalization efforts, 218-19; as site of social action, 66-67; state’s goals in producing, 66; state support of, 64-65,148; symbolic role played by, in belonging, 76, 77; viewers’ expectations of, 143-44. See abo journalists; media, Buryat missionaries, 13, 37,129-30 mixed language (Buryat-Russia), 124-28,171, 174,187-89,186f, 213 mixed
messages produced and circulated in Buryatia, 22,211,212,218 modernization: advantages/benefits of, 50; and Buryats’ cultural resilience, 30; and cultural practices of Buryat, 87; and cultural ruptures, 217; and ethnonational belonging, 5; and language shift, 94; led by local activists, 13-14; led by Orthodox missionaries, 13; and limitations of Buryat language, 87-88; and literacy, 64,64; as purpose of identifying indigenous people, 31-32; as radical break (perelom), 82; sense of loss following, 3-4; and skipped stages in sociocultural development, 84-85; and standardization of language, 5,11-12, 64 “Mongol-Buryat” language, 130 Mongolia, 229nl2; and “Buryat-Mongolia,” 54-55; Buryats’ ambivalence toward, 37-38; Buryats’ role as diplomatic bridge to, 37; Buryats’ roles in revolution of, 224nl0; cultural/linguistic connections of Buryatia with, 27,88; as depicted in Chinese media, 106-7; and dialects of Buryatia, 124; economic boom of, 38; Khalkh language of, 88,106,124,132-33,158,205,215,233n3;
INDEX and pan-Mongolism, 38, 131,132-33, 201-2,206,226ո2,230ո23,230ո25; and reclamation of Mongolianness by Buryats, 106-7; and script standards, 131,132; shou symbol popular in, 27,28,29; and Zhirinovsky s anti-Buryatia stance, 210 Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR), 37,132 monolingualism, ideology of, 176 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 32 Moscow, Russia, 6,130 Movement for National Unity, 44 Muehlmann, Shaylih, 100 multiculturalism: and Buryats self understanding, 53-54; and ethnonational belonging, 30; and Friendship of the Peoples, 48-50,49, 54-55,58; and interracial harmony, 51,52; and native-language media, 78; and presidents of Republic of Buryatia, 56-58; pride in, 48-58 Müngén sėrgė (television program), 70 mutual intelligibility; of Buryat, Kalmyk, and Khalkh Mongolian, 88,106,133,134,158, 205-6,215-16; of Buryat dialects, 118,135 Nagovitsyn, Viacheslav Vladimirovich, 44, 56-58 Nahuatl language of Mexico, 102 National Humanities Institute (NGI), 18,72, 136-38,141,146,150,152 nationalism in Buryatia, 44-45, 53 National Library of the Republic of Buryatia, 72-73 national self-determination, 59 nation building, Soviet, 11-12 nation-state ideals of Lenin, 32 native language, 10-11,81,91,117,176, 22i-22n9,228nl 1 Nenets, 36 neologisms, 127,161-62,186,203,214,217 Nepal, 67 New Yorkers’ linguistic insecurity, 172 Nikolaevskii, 50 normality, importance placed on, 47-48 nostalgia, 110 Novosibirsk, Siberia, 5 Ochirov, Mikhail, 44 okrugs, autonomous, 33 Omsk, Siberia, 5 ongons, reconnecting to, 104 online communities, 193. See also digital media “On the Languages of the Peoples of
the Republic of Buryatia” (1992), 68 259 “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation” (1991), 68 Pacific coast of Siberia, 5 Papua New Guinea, 94 pastoral nomadism, 89,101, 122, 213, 227n7 peaceful living, priority placed on, 48,50 People’s Khural, 44,221n3 perestroika (restructuring), 46 performance anxiety of Buryat speakers: and array of language abilities, 177-78,186; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 174; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 169-71,173,174,175-76,176,178, 186-89, 192; and gender/racial dynamics, 174-77, 176,191; and linguistic insecurity, 172-73; and media interviews, 178-86,180-8U, 182-831, 184f, 188-91; and mixed language, 187-89,186f, and public/private domains, 174; purism ideology’s impact on, 173; and shame/reticence of speakers, 22,80,171-77, 185,220 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 133 Poland, 55 political participation via media, 12,197, 198-99,200-201 Poppe, Nicholas, 132 Potapov, Leonid Vasil’evich, 56 Pravda Buriatii (news publication), 154, 222nl5,227nl6 preferential hiring practices, 50 print capitalism, emergence of, 63 prostitution, 37 public/private domains, 174 publics: about, 61-63; and counterpublics, 77,194,199; as forms of political legitimation, 62,67,76; and “groupness” generated by mass media, 62-63; and processes of textual circulations, 62,63, 76; and self-awareness of participation, 63, 70-71, 76; transitory/ephemeral nature of, 63, 73-76. See also minority language publics purges (Stalinist), 132,133,226n2 purism ideology, 160-64,173,188,202-3, 213 Putin, Vladimir, 43,56,99 race issues: and expectations of
native language, 174-77,176,191; racially motivated violence, 50-52,93, 175 radio station, all-Buryat-language, 45,76, 157
260 INDEX Radio Zambia, 63,70-71,213 raspad (Soviet collapse), 82,83-84 Rausing, Sigrid, 96 razgovornyi (deviation from written standard in Buryat): about, 119,121-22; discursive functions of, 128; and failure of SLB to emerge as lingua franca, 140; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 136; in media interviews, 186,188; and mixed language, 119,126,128,187-89,186í; and public/ private domains, 174; and variations in language comprehension, 139. See ako dialects of Buryat language reclamation of Buryat language and identity, 81-82,100,103-10 Regional Union of Young Scholars, 18 religious practices and beliefs, 89,103-5,106 Republic of Buryatia, 6,7; districts in, 119,120, 122-23; economic dependence of, 45-46; as “ethnic” republic, 33; field research in, 15; Ministry of Education, 72; perceived as safer, 53; political future of, 99-100, 210-11; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; presidents of, 56-58; and propaganda for Russian-Buryat friendship, 40-42,41,42; scope of media coverage in, 90; and spatial/ cultural rifts, 88 Rinchino, Ėlbek-Dorzhi, 130,131,132 Romani language, 117,228nl6 rossiianin (citizen of Russia), 2,3 Roudakova, Natalia, 157 Rupen, Robert, 132 rupture and loss, sense of: spatiocultural rifts, 88-90; temporal disjunctures, 82-88. See also language shift from Buryat to Russian Russia: bread and potatoes in, 38,224nl2; class stratification in, 59; colonialism of, 30-31; demographic crisis in, 46,155, 225n20; and dissolution of okrugs, 8, 43; and economic development of “Far East,” 36; economic struggles of, 46-47, 225n21; ethnic nationalism in,
40,50-54, 53; first contact with Buryats, 29,224n3; and military conquest of Buryatia, 40; and perestroika (restructuring), 46; and propaganda for Russian-Buryat friendship, 40-42,41,42; racially motivated hate crimes in, 50-53; reaffirmation of incorporation of semiautonomous border republics, 40-41; and “regathering of the lands,” 54,99; and Russian-Buryat “friendship,” 48-50,49, 54-55,57,58; Year of the Family in, 46. See ako Soviet state Russian Academy of Sciences (SO RAN), 72 Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), 33-34,36 Russian language: borrowings from, 38,101, 118,125-27,161,182,183,185-86,203; in Buryat-language newspapers, 85-86, 213; considered “harsh” by Westerners, 10; diglossie split between local languages and, 117; as educational medium, 137; as indexical of progress, 94; influence on Buryat language, 101,103,118,124-25; and journalists of Buryatia, 159-60,163-64, 231n7; as language of media, 96-97; as language of power, 98; and language preservation, 107; as lingua franca, 32, 61,66,90,94,108-9,132; literary form of, 129; news topics presented in, 96; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; as primary language of Buryatia, 92; and Russification, 21,59; and Soviet nation building, 9,11-12. See also language shift from Buryat to Russian Russian Orthodox church, 89,130,132 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 43 russkii (ethnic Russian), 2,199,221n2 Sagaalgan (Buryat Buddhist New Year), 103-4, 123,178 Sakha (Yakuts) and Sakha (Yakut) language, 9, 33-34, 35-36,94,129,221n6,224n6 Sakha Republic
(Yakutia), 34,36, 94 Schiffman, Harold, 135-36 Scottish Gaelic, 100 script standards, 12,130-32,134 Secret History of the Mongols, 106 Semeiskie, 39,48 semispeakers of Buryat language: about, 177-78; and census of 2010,221n5; and diversification of language practices, 202; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 178-86, 188-89,191; and journalists, 142,216, 220; limitations of term, 177; and media interviews, 12,178-86,180-8U, 182-83t, 184f, 189-91; and minority language publics, 173; and mixed language, 127,213; and native speakers’ comprehension of SLB, 116; shame/reticence of, 22,80,165,171-77, 185,191-92,220 (see also performance anxiety of Buryat speakers) sex trade, 37 Shagdarov, L. D., 134
INDEX shamanism: authority of, 144,212; as Buryat ethnic practice, 80, 82, 85,90; and clan, 122; and language, 104,141; and tourism, 36; and western Buryats, 89 shame/reticence of semispeakers, 22,80, 165,171-77,185,191-92, 220. See also performance anxiety of Buryat speakers Shénébaidai (news publication), 75 Shevchenko, Olga, 47 shou symbol, 27,28,29 Siberia and Siberians: considered “backward,” 11,22,33; double-bind of, 59; geography of, 5,6,7,8; modernization projects in, 11-13; and nation-state ideals of Lenin, 32; Russian/Soviet attitudes toward, 11,33; scholarship on, 5,8, 30-31; Soviet nation building in, 9; term, 39-40,225n25 Sibiriaks, 49,55 signage, Buryat language on, 68-69 Silverstein, Michael, 101 Smoliak, Irina, 45 socialism and the “public sphere,” 62 social media networks, 197,199 sociocultural evolution, Marxist-Leninist ideas of, 32-33, 79,84-85 Soviet state: and Buryat language education, 138; era of, considered “abnormal time,” 85; and Friendship of the Peoples, 48, 49,59; and indigenous Siberians, 11, 32; journalism in, 147; and “language of the people” in media, 63-64; and languages of nations, 9; modernization projects of, 5,64; nationalities policy of, 31-33; nation building of, 9; and raspaci (Soviet collapse), 82,83-84; and skipped stages in sociocultural development of Buryatia, 84-85; and standardization of Buryat language, 5,11-12,13,64, 117,130,134, 140. See also Russia; Russian language Soyots and Soyot language, 34,55,224n7, 228nl2 Spanish-Aymara on the radio, 71-72 spatiocultural rifts, 88-90 spirituality and language, 87 Spitulnik, Debra,
63,70,213 spying, author suspected of, ix-x Square of the Soviets, 27-28,28 “SSSR,” 83,84 standard-bearers, cultural and linguistic, 107, 144-45,189-90,212 standardization of language: coordinated efforts required for, 128-29; and dialectal variation, 135-36; in digital media, 202-4; 261 hierarchies created by, 117-18; media’s role in, 12-13,136,141; and Soviet modernization projects, 5,11-12,13,64, 117,134,140; as symbolic, 117; truncated, 21,115-42. See also Standard Literary Buryat (SLB) Standard Literary Buryat (SLB), 128-34; beginnings of, 116,134; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 170; borrowings from Russian language in, 127; as code of Buryat minority public, 117; coordinated efforts required for, 129; deviation from, 119; and dialectal variation in Buryat, 119,132-34,135, 139,142,151,205; dialect basis of (Khori dialect), 119,132-34,142, 151,205; in digital media, 202-4; diglossie split between colloquial Buryat and, 117,118,165; earliest efforts at creating, 129-30; failure to emerge as lingua franca, 135,140; gaps between colloquial/vernacular Buryat and, 116; and goals of Soviet state, 140; journalists’ advanced knowledge of, 150, 151,152; journalists as standard-bearers of, 144-45, 189-90,212; journalists’ reinforcement of, 136,139,143,157; and literacy campaigns, 130-31,136-37; media’s mediation of, 128, 136,141-42,212; and mixed forms, 127; as moral necessity, 130; native Buryat speakers’ comprehension of, 116,137-40,141-42; pride in, 138,140; and purism ideology, 202-3; and razgovomyi (deviation from written standard), 119,121-22, 124-28,136, 139,140,142; and
“real Buryat,” 137; and script standards, 130-32,134; term, 229nl; training in, 136-39; truncated repertoires of, 134-35; veneration of, 118 State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (GTRK), 74 subpublics, 194 Tatar language, 116,117 “telebridge” (felemost) program on BGTRK, 105 temporal disjunctures, 82-88 Tibet, 37,224nl 1 Tibetans and Tibetan language, 118,131, 230n21,230n23 Tivikom, 70 Tolon (news publication), 75, 105, 163,213 Tomsk, Siberia, 5 toonto niutag (birthplace), 98,122 tourism, 36-37 tribal affiliations, 122-23
262 ÍNDEX Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 211 Tsybikov, Arkadii, 44 Tuvan language, 132,230n25 Udinskaia nov’ (news publication), 96,97 Udmurt language, 116 Ukraine and Ukrainian language, 35,55,90, 94,95,117 Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 6,7; Buryat language use in, 91,92,94,108; economy of, 15,46; field research in, 15; and historical tribal affiliations in context of urbanization, 122-23; history of, 110; housing in, 16, 17; isolation of, during Soviet era, 46; national boarding school (internat) in, 72-73; population of, 15; regional television affiliates in, 74; renovations to government buildings in, 27-28; and separate markets of territories, 89-90; sex trade in, 37; and signage in Buryat language, 68,68,69; and spatial/cultural rifts, 88-89; Square of the Soviets, 27,28; and standardization of Buryat language, 130; and zemliachestvo gatherings, 98 “unified information field,” 90 urbanization, 82-83, 90,122-23 Urciuoli, Bonnie, 174 Usť-Orda, Buryat territory, 7; Buryat language use in, 91; dissolution of okrug, 8,43-44, 99-100; as “ethnic” territory, 33; field research in, 15; language shift in, 158; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; scope of media coverage in, 90; and spatial/cultural rifts, 88-89 Usť-Ordynskii, Usť-Orda territory, 43,89-90, 224nl6 Usť-Ordvn ünén (news publication), 158, 163 VESTI (television program), 73 VESTI-Buriatiia (television program), 74, 75 VESTI-Sibir’ (television program), 74, 227nl5 Vremia (television program), 73 Warner, Michael, 70,71,194 women’s role in language preservation, 107 Woolard, Kathryn, 173 World War II, 82 xenophobia, 51-53
Yakuts (Sakha) and Yakut (Sakha) language, 9, 33-34, 35-36,94,129,221n6,224n6 Year of the Family, 46,50,52 Yiddish, 131 YouTube, 107 Yukon,100 zemliachestvo, 98,122-23 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 210-11 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen V,
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Contents Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations Note on Transliteration and Transcription Introduction Part I Part II ix xiii xviii xix 1 Siberian Moderns 1. Native Autonomy in a Multinational State 27 2. Media and the Making of a Buryat Public 60 3. Rupture and Reclamation 80 Mediated Standards 4. A Literary Standard and Its Discontents 115 5. Anchors of Authority 143 Part III Participation and Performance 6. Performance Anxiety 169 7. Emergent Minority Publics 193 Conclusion 210 Notes Works Cited Index 221 235 253
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Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. The letter t following a page number denotes a table. Absoliut stores, 50,97 activists, modernization led by, 13-14 adult language learners, 107-8 affirmative action, 15,65,199. See also korenizatsiia Aga, Buryat territory, 7; as “ark” of Buryat language, 89; Buddhist monastic centers in, 89; Buryat language use in, 91; dialect of, 124; dissolution of okrug, 8,43-44, 48,99-100; as “ethnic” territory, 33; field research in, 15; linguistic and cultural preservation in, 43,59; local media in, 74; and pastoral nomadism, 89,227n7; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; and spatialVcultural rifts, 88-89 Aginskoe, Aga territory of Buryatia, 18,43,74, 89-90,91,154,163,224nl6 Agynskii Buryat-Mongolian National Okrug (now the Aga Administrative Okrug within Zabaikaľskii Krai), 43 Aikhenvald, Alexandra, 173,188 Aiusheev, Damba, 157 All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture, 44-45 Altai, Siberia, 5 Amagaev, Nikolai, 130,131,132 Amgalanta, eastern Buryatia, 17 Amur Oblast, 36 Anderson, Benedict, 63,140-41 Angarkhaev, Ardan, 108 archival records, 18 Arctic Council, intergovernmental, 34, 36 Arel, Dominique, 31 Arig Us, 70,74,106 Arizona Tewa, 101 Armenians and Armenian language, 35, 55, 81, 94,95,131 Asian identification of Buryats, 40, 88 assimilation of Buryats, 31, 38,50,77-79,94, 97 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and oblasts, 33 autonomy, native, 27-59; and Buryatia’s relationship with Russia, 40-48,41,42; Buryats’ reluctance to support greater, 45-48; double-bind of, 35, 58-59; and ethnonational belonging, 30,
37; and European-Asian identity of Buryats, 36-40; and indigeneity discourse, 30-36; and multiculturalism of Buryatia, 48-58, 49,51,52-, and native-language media, 75; and pride in Buryats’ conqueror history, 28-30, 34 Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis, 35,55, 94,130 Badagarov, Jargal, 107-8 Badmaev, Petr, 65 Baikal, Siberia, 5 Bakhtin, M. M., 96,102 Baku, 130 Basque region and language, 172 Belarusian language, 117 Bell, Allan, 145 belonging: Buryat language tied to sense of, xi, 9,55-56; and civilizing/modernizing missions in Buryat, 11-12; language as means of negotiating, 4; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 92,98-103; and lingua franca, 32; media’s mediation of, 2-3, 4,12-13,23,164,211-12; media’s symbolic role in, 76, 77; multiple scales of, enacted by Buryats, 37,38-39; online mediation of, 208-9; and political autonomy, 30,37; reclamation of, 4,217; and Soviet attitudes toward Siberians, 11; and state-driven modernization, 5,11-12 Bilaniuk, Laada, 170 bilingualism in Buryatia: and blogosphere in Buryatia, 197; and Buryat-language media, 66, 77,96; and changes introduced to languages, 101; and diglossia, 117; of journalists, 149-50; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 59,91-92,96; and passive competence in Buryat, 170; prevalence of, among ethnic Buryats, 3; and public/private domains, 174 blogosphere in Buryatia, 196-99 Blommaert, Jan, 134 253
254 INDEX Bolshevik revolution/activists, 63-64,66,82 Bourdieu, Pierre, 126-27 Boym, Šveđana, ПО bread and potatoes in Russian diet, 38 brokers of minority languages, 71-72 Browne, Donald R., 214 Buddhism: authority of, 130-31,144; as Buryat ethnic practice, 35,43,80,85,90, 106; and Buryat nationalism, 45,88; and cultural sovereignty, 222nl 1; and eastern Buryats, 88-89; as family tradition, 35,106; and language, 64,130-31 (see also literacy); and pacifism, 50; temporality of, 85-86, 233n9; and tourism, 36 Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia, 45, 157 Buriaad FM, 45,76, 157 Buriaad iinén (news publication), 175; archival records of, 18; and Buryat-language media, 75; circulation rate of, 71; and dialectal forms, 157; history of, 75; household discussions about content in, 195; language lessons in, 107-8; literary standard employed at, 143; name changes, 222nl5; native Buryat speakers’ comprehension of, 115,138, 157; offsite contributors to, 154; and online presence, 198; and “real Buryat,” 102; and Russian influence on language, 163; Russian language material in, 85; and Russian-language skills of employees, 23 ln7; scope of coverage in, 77,90,23 ln6 Buriaad Ünén (publishing house), 71,75,78, 149,222nl5 buriat (ethnicity), 2,4-5. See also ethnic Buryats Buriatiia-7 (news publication), 154 Buriat-Mongoloi ünén (news publication). See Buriaad tinén Buriat-Mongol’skaia pravda, 18,75-76,222nl5. See also Buriaad Unen; Buriaad ünén Buriat-Mongol’skii komsomokts (news publication), 75 Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic’s Television and Radio Broadcasting Committee, 18
Buryatia, 210-11; Asian status of, 8; author’s outsider status in, ix-x; culture of (see culture of Buryats); districts in, 119, 120, 122-23; diversity in, x (see also multiculturalism); kinship networks in, 47; Mongolia’s cultural/linguistic connections with, 27; pastoral nomadism dismantled in, 59,227n7; people native to (see ethnic Buryats); term, 8-9; territorial sovereignty of, 14; territories of, 54-55,88-90,94 (see also Aga, Buryat territory; Republic of Buryatia; Ust’-Orda, Buryat territory); Buryatia (BGTRK), 18,71, 74,105,143,195, 198,227nl7 Buryat language: Aga as “ark” of, 89; author’s acquisition of, 18,55-56,101-2; changes and lexical loss in, 101-3; decline in number of speakers, 9,91,95,218 (see also language shift from Buryat to Russian; semispeakers of Buryat language); devaluation of, 94,97-98; dialects (see dialects of Buryat language); dictionaries of, 119,121; and English language, 109-10; ethical importance of, 110-11; functionally endangered status of, 3; as “kitchen language,” 116-17,229n4; legislation preserving, 12,67,68-69,226n7; literary standard for (see Standard Literary Buryat); marginalization of, 8,92-93; neologisms in, 127,161-62,186,203,214,217; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; partial speakers of (see semispeakers of Buryat language); and presidents of Republic of Buryatia, 56-58; “real Buryat,”21,101,102-3, 111, 125,137, 161; rurality/poverty indexed by, 97-98; and Russian accent, 116; social status of, 108; speakers of, 9,221nn5-6; urban/rural division with, 96,190; and zemliadlesivo gatherings, 98. See also
standardization of language Buryat minority public, 67,117,165,202-8, 209,212. See also minority language publics “Buryat-Mongolia,” 54-55,106,224nl4 Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (BMASSR), 43,54, 75, 132 Buryat national boarding school (internat) in Ulan-Ude, 72-73 Buryat Scientific Center (BNTs), 72,137 Buryat State University, 15,18, 35, 95,129,136, 146,148,150 Catalonia region and Catalan language, 172, 173 Cattelino, Jessica, 35-36 Caucasus, 90,99 CCTV, 106-7 census: language reporting on, 91,131,176, 221n5,228nll, 230n21; as tool, 14,128
INDEX Chakars, Melissa, 50 Chechens, 50 children: Buryat language programming for, 219; speaking Buryat with, 188 China: anti-Chinese sentiment in Buryatia, 106; and Chinese language/speakers, 95, 109; labor migrants from, 39,106; and media depictions of Mongolia, 106-7; shou symbol popular in, 27,29. See abo Inner Mongolia Chinggis Khan, 27,28,34,89,104,223n2 Chita (ChGTRK), 74 Chita, Republic of Buryatia, 6,7 chronotope, 96,103,216 Chukchi, 34,36,50 citizenship, Russian term for, 1-2 civil society, 62 clan connections in Buryatia, 122 class issues/stratification, 31, 32,59 codeswitching, 39, 125-27,159,185,186-87, 189,190,233n9 colloquial or vernacular language, 116,117, 118,165,170 Colorado River delta, semispeakers of Cucapá in, 100 Congress of the Buryat People (Kongress buriatskogo naroda, or KBN), 44-45 conquerors, Buryats’ historical status as, 28-30,34 Cossacks, 48,55 counterpublics, 77,194,199 Crimea, 99 crises, chronic, 47 cultural imperialism, 81 culture of Buryats: cultural resilience, 29-30; and cultural sovereignty, 14-15,222nll; and diet, 38; historical status as conquerors, 28-30, 34; intergenerational transmission of, 104-5; journalists as brokers of, 145, 146-47,164-65; and knowledge of ancestral dialect, 123; and language acquisition, 108; and lexical loss, 101; modernization’s impact on, 217; and native-language media, 79; and pastoral nomadism, 89,101,122, 213,227n7; peaceful living prioritized in, 48, 50; and pre-Soviet era, 217; pride in, 108; and “real Buryats,” 165; and reclamation of Buryat identity, 103-5; relationship of practices to language,
87,90; scalar distinctions/hierarchies in, 98; and spatial/ cultural rifts, 88-89 Curran, James, 62 Cyrillic script, 132 255 dialectisms, 119,142,157,215 dialects of Buryat language: argument against writing, 159,215; in Buryat-language media, 157-60; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 123; as indexical of familial/ territorial belonging, 119,121-22,123-24; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 135; and razgovornyi, 119,121; Russian influence on, 124-25; and Standard Literary Buryat, 119,132-34, 139,142,151,205 dictionaries, 119,121 diet as indicator of culture, 38 digital media, 193-209; anonymity of strangers in, 201-2; and blogosphere in Buryatia, 196-99,200-201; and ethnicization, 199-201; and language revitalization movements, 214; and learning Buryat language, 200; mediating belonging in, 208-9; political participation in, 197, 198-99,200-201; and politics in domestic contexts, 195-96,196; renegotiation of Standard Literary Buryat, 202-4; reterritorializing a Buryat minority public, 202-8,204-56, and revitalization efforts, 199 districts in Buryatia, 119,120, 122-23 Dorian, Nancy, 100,177 Dorzhiev, Agvan, 131,132 Dorzhiev, D, D„ 134 dublirovannye (duplicated) publications, 75, 77-78 Dyrkheeva, Galina, 90,135 education and schools: capitalization on opportunities for, 50; and efforts to reclaim Buryat, 14; and illiteracy, 138-39; and language revitalization, 107-8; and literacy campaigns, 130-31,136-37; and online opportunities for language learning, 200; and standardization of language, 128, 130-31,136-37 Egypt, 70 emotional stakes of language competence.
See performance anxiety of Buryat speakers employment, 50 Engels, Friedrich, 32,227n4 English language, 95,109-10,134-35 Enlightenment era, 30 “ethnic Buryatia,” 99 ethnic Buryats: buriat (term), 2,4-5; and census of 2010,9,221n6; and digital media, 199-201; expectations for language
256 INDEX ethnic Buryats: buriat (term) (continued) competency of, 169-71, 173,174,175-76, 176,178,186-89,191; historical status as conquerors, 28-30,34; as separate “nationality,” 37 (see also autonomy, native); and varying degrees of language comprehension, 169-71; Zhirinovsky on, 210-11. See also indigeneity and indigenous rights ethnic minorities: and ethnonational belonging, 99; and ethno-tourism, 36-37; incorporation of, into multinational states, 9; and national self-determination, 59; and territorial autonomy, 33. See also ethnic Buryats ethnic nationalism, 40,59,225n23 ethnic particularism, 65. See also korenizatsiia ethnic Russian (russkii), 2,199,211,221n2 European-Asian identity of Buryats, 36-40 Ewenk Autonomous Okrug, 35 Ewenks and Ewenki language, 34-35,48,55, 157,224n9,228nl2 Far East, economic development of, 36 Far East Broadcasting Company, 70 Ferguson, Jenanne, 94 field research, 15,18-20,221n9,222nnl2-13 financial crisis of 2008-9,46-47,231n28 Florida Seminole in the United States, 35-36 French language, 10, 118,126-27,140-41, 229n22 Friendship of the Peoples: Buryats’ advocacy of, 49,54-55,57; and ethnic nationalism, 59; and multicultural ethos of Buryats, 58; and Nagovitsyn’s presidency, 57; and native-language media, 67-68,78; and racism, 93; Soviet promotion of, 48-50,49 gender dynamics, 47,174 genealogies, 122 generation gaps, 82-84,218 Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan Georgian language, 131 German-American communities’ shift to English, 135-36 German language, 10,229n22,229n5 Goffman, Erving, 173 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 147 government websites in
Buryat language, 69 grandparents in Buryatia, 107, 119, 123, 159 Grant, Bruce, 96 Great Russian chauvinism, 132 Habermas, Jürgen, 61-62,70,199 hate crimes, racially motivated, 50-52, 175 Hebrew language, 81,131,173 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 32 Hill, Jane, 102 Hill, Kenneth, 102 Hirsch, Francine, 77-78 holidays, 103 Humphrey, Caroline, 82,85,106,121,224nl3 identity, Buryatia’s regional: as “bridge” between Europe and Asia, 58; and Buryat language usage, 4; double-bind of, 58-59; feelings of losing touch with, 80; and interethnic peace, 49,55; and multicultural ideals, 49,53-54; reclamation of, 81-82,100, 103-10; and Russian-Buryat “friendship,” 50. See ako reclamation of Buryat language and identity immigrants, 94-95,106 “Index of Linguistic Insecurity,” 172 indigeneity and indigenous rights, 30-36; benefits of status, 34; claimed by post-Soviet Siberian nationalities, 33-36; disinterest of Buryats in, 29,30, 33, 34; and language reform, 11-12; and modernization projects, 11-12, 31-32; and pride in Buryats’ conqueror history, 29-30,34; and Russian self-conceptions, 8; Russian/Soviet attitudes toward, 11; societal expectations of neediness/dependence of, 35-36; young Buryats who claim, 35 “indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East,” 34 industrialization, 82-83,90 Inform polis (news publication), 148,154, 178 Inner Mongolia: Buryat speakers in, 9; Buryats’ roles in revolution of, 224nl0; news/cultural programming broadcasted from, 73, 106-7; and pan-Mongolism, 230n23; and reclamation efforts of Buryats, 110 interethnic conflict, 31 interethnic
peace, 48,51,55 intergenerational communication/language sharing, 18,119,203 internet access, 197 Irish language, 81 Irkutsk (IGTRK), 74 Irkutsk, Republic of Buryatia, 6, 7,130 Irkutsk State University, 136,150 Irkutsk Translation Society, 129
INDEX Jaffe, Alexandra, 72 Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Far East, 33 Jewish people and Hebrew language, 81,131, 173 journalists, 143-65; authoritative role of, 145; career pros and cons of, 152-54; as cultural brokers, 145,146-47,164-65; education and training of, 136,146,150-51,232nl0; and ethnonational belonging, 164; and ethnonational elite, 149-52,164-65; and financial crisis of 2008-9,47,231n28; income levels of, 154-55; and intelligentsia, 18; interviewed for fieldwork, 19,222nl6; and interviews, 95,117, 146,160,213; language mediation by, 136,141-42,160, 179-80; language skills of, 143-44,146, 149-52,153,159,160,163,181,231n7; as language workers, 143-44; as literary writers, 153-54,156; middle-class status of, 18; and mixed language, 213; and nepotism, 152; preservational imperative of, 156-60; professionalism of, 146; purism ideology of, 160-64,213; and “real Buryat,” 165; recruitment of, 151-52; and Russian language, 159-60,163-64,231n7; and semispeakers of Buryat, 142,216,220; in Soviet Union, 147; as standard-bearers of Buryat, 144-45,146,153,189-90,212; viewers’ expectations of, 143-44; and Western ideals, 148. See also media, Buryat; minority-/native-language media Kalmykia, 44,202,230n25 Kalmyks and Kalmyk language, 132,205, 230n23,230n25 Kaska-speaking community in Yukon, 100 Kazakhstan, 70 Khalkhs and Khalkh Mongolian language, 88, 106,124,132-33,158, 205,215,230n23, 233n3 Khaltanova, Larisa, 187-88 Khamutaev, Vladimir, 31 Khilkhanova, Erzhen, 91 Khori dialect of Buryat, 119,133,142,151,205 Khorinsk (town), 96-97 “kitchen languages,” 116-17,159,174,229n4
Kittler, Friedrich, 63 korenizatsiia (“indigenization”), 65-66 Kroskrity, Paul, 101 Kulick, Don, 94 Kunreuther, Laura, 67 Kuzar, Ron, 173 257 labor migrants, 2 Labov, William, 171-72 Lake Baikal, 8,36 language ideologies, 9-11 language shift from Buryat to Russian, 90-98; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 59, 91-92, 96; and changes in languages, 101-3; and devaluation of Buryat, 94-95,97-98; and dialectal variation in Buryat, 135; digital commentary on, 207-8,207t; and emotional attachments, 100-101; and ethnonational belonging, 98-103; experienced as imposition, 81; and generation gaps, 218; and membership in minority publics, 172; as moral concern, 110-11; and nativelanguage media, 66; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; periods of, 90-91; political coercion in, 92; and “real Buryat,” 111; reasons for, 98, 218; and reclamation of Buryat identity, 81-82; and sense of rupture/loss, 21; and temporal disjunctures, 94; term for, in Buryat, 161-62,214; urban/rural division with, 96; in Ust’-Orda, 158 Larkin, Brian, 67 Latin script, 132,230n24 Lena River basin, Siberia, 5 Lenin, V. I., 27,28, 32, 62,83,199, 217 letters to the editor, 198 linguistic insecurity, 172 literacy, 64,130-31,136-40,230n21 literary standards, 117-18,130, 188. See also standardization of language; Standard Literary Buryat (SLB) literature, minority-language, 154 Martin, Terry, 199 Marx, Karl, 32,62,225nl, 227n4 maternity leave, 47 matrix language, 68,102 Mayan, 71 media, Buryat, 60-79; and assimilation, 77-79; belonging mediated by, 2-3,4, 12-13,23,164,211-12; bilingual audience of,
66, 77,96; circulation of, 63-67,226nl2; and contributors, 155-56; culturally symbolic role of, 95-96; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 174,175; and domestic contexts, 195-96,196; duplicated (dublirovannye) publications of, 75-76, 77-78; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 178-86,191; goals of, 67; and language
258 INDEX media, Buryat (continued) attrition among audience, 95,218; language mediation by, 3,12-13,128,136,141-42, 212; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 66; and legislation on minority languages, 12,67,69; linguistic authority of, 103; and modernization projects, 5,12; and native speakers’ comprehension of SLB, 116,139, 141-42; and neologisms in Buryat, 127; and nepotism, 152; nonprofessional participants in, 198; overlapping scales of circulation, 60,73-74; and performance anxiety, 178-86,180-81Ѓ, 182-83Ѓ, 184f, 188-91; and personal reclamations, 105; and political participation, 12, 198; in prerevolutionary era, 65; and professionalizing journalists, 65-66; and race of speaker, 176,177; and reclamation of Mongolianness, 106; at regional level, 61, 73-75; reviewed for fieldwork, 19-20; role of, in minority politics, 76 (see abo publics); Russian language material in, 77-78, 85-86,213; and Russian speakers, 191; and script standards, 131; semiindependent status of, 75; and semispeakers, 12,178-86,180-81Í, 182~83f, 184p separate markets of territories, 89-90; and shift from Buryat to Russian language, 66,96-97; and standardization of language, 12-13, 128,136,139,140,141; Standard Literary Buryat used in, 157-59; state support of, 68, 148,226n7; technologies of, 63,67; topics covered by Buryat/Russian, 96; urban/ rural division with, 190-91; and viewers’ expectations, 143-44,186-89; as visible symbol of state support, 69-70; and Western ideals, 148; work environments of, 153-54. See abo journalists; minority-/nativelanguage media Medvedev, Dmitrii, 99 MegaTitan
stores, 50,97 metalanguage, 11 Milroy, James, 129 minority language publics: about, 4; demonstration of commitment to, 174,175; and digital media, 202; evoked by Buryat media, 61 ; and four key points of publics, 62-63, 76; and journalists’ mediation of language, 141-42; and media interviews, 174; and minority-/native-language media, 61,66, 76-79,165,212,215,216,219; and personal reclamations, 105; and speaking a minority language, 22,81,172-73. See abo publics minority-/native-language media: about, 61; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 77,96; and counter/parallel publics, 77; culturally symbolic role of, 95-96; and cultural revitalization, 79,213; and dialectal forms, 157-60; and duplicated (dublirovannye) publications, 75, 77-78; and Friendship of the Peoples, 67-68, 78; goals of, 157,213; and language attrition among audience, 95,218; literary standard reinforced by, 136,157; and metapragmatic work, 70-73; and minority-language literature, 154; and minority language publics, 61, 66, 76-79,165,212,215,216,219; mixed messages produced/circulated by, 212; and multiculturalism at regional scale, 78; overlapping scales of circulation, 60,73-76; in prerevolutionary era, 65; professionalism of, 65-66,146; and regional market, 61, 73-74; and revitalization efforts, 218-19; as site of social action, 66-67; state’s goals in producing, 66; state support of, 64-65,148; symbolic role played by, in belonging, 76, 77; viewers’ expectations of, 143-44. See abo journalists; media, Buryat missionaries, 13, 37,129-30 mixed language (Buryat-Russia), 124-28,171, 174,187-89,186f, 213 mixed
messages produced and circulated in Buryatia, 22,211,212,218 modernization: advantages/benefits of, 50; and Buryats’ cultural resilience, 30; and cultural practices of Buryat, 87; and cultural ruptures, 217; and ethnonational belonging, 5; and language shift, 94; led by local activists, 13-14; led by Orthodox missionaries, 13; and limitations of Buryat language, 87-88; and literacy, 64,64; as purpose of identifying indigenous people, 31-32; as radical break (perelom), 82; sense of loss following, 3-4; and skipped stages in sociocultural development, 84-85; and standardization of language, 5,11-12, 64 “Mongol-Buryat” language, 130 Mongolia, 229nl2; and “Buryat-Mongolia,” 54-55; Buryats’ ambivalence toward, 37-38; Buryats’ role as diplomatic bridge to, 37; Buryats’ roles in revolution of, 224nl0; cultural/linguistic connections of Buryatia with, 27,88; as depicted in Chinese media, 106-7; and dialects of Buryatia, 124; economic boom of, 38; Khalkh language of, 88,106,124,132-33,158,205,215,233n3;
INDEX and pan-Mongolism, 38, 131,132-33, 201-2,206,226ո2,230ո23,230ո25; and reclamation of Mongolianness by Buryats, 106-7; and script standards, 131,132; shou symbol popular in, 27,28,29; and Zhirinovsky's anti-Buryatia stance, 210 Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR), 37,132 monolingualism, ideology of, 176 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 32 Moscow, Russia, 6,130 Movement for National Unity, 44 Muehlmann, Shaylih, 100 multiculturalism: and Buryats' self understanding, 53-54; and ethnonational belonging, 30; and Friendship of the Peoples, 48-50,49, 54-55,58; and interracial harmony, 51,52; and native-language media, 78; and presidents of Republic of Buryatia, 56-58; pride in, 48-58 Müngén sėrgė (television program), 70 mutual intelligibility; of Buryat, Kalmyk, and Khalkh Mongolian, 88,106,133,134,158, 205-6,215-16; of Buryat dialects, 118,135 Nagovitsyn, Viacheslav Vladimirovich, 44, 56-58 Nahuatl language of Mexico, 102 National Humanities Institute (NGI), 18,72, 136-38,141,146,150,152 nationalism in Buryatia, 44-45, 53 National Library of the Republic of Buryatia, 72-73 national self-determination, 59 nation building, Soviet, 11-12 nation-state ideals of Lenin, 32 native language, 10-11,81,91,117,176, 22i-22n9,228nl 1 Nenets, 36 neologisms, 127,161-62,186,203,214,217 Nepal, 67 New Yorkers’ linguistic insecurity, 172 Nikolaevskii, 50 normality, importance placed on, 47-48 nostalgia, 110 Novosibirsk, Siberia, 5 Ochirov, Mikhail, 44 okrugs, autonomous, 33 Omsk, Siberia, 5 ongons, reconnecting to, 104 online communities, 193. See also digital media “On the Languages of the Peoples of
the Republic of Buryatia” (1992), 68 259 “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation” (1991), 68 Pacific coast of Siberia, 5 Papua New Guinea, 94 pastoral nomadism, 89,101, 122, 213, 227n7 peaceful living, priority placed on, 48,50 People’s Khural, 44,221n3 perestroika (restructuring), 46 performance anxiety of Buryat speakers: and array of language abilities, 177-78,186; and demonstrating commitment to Buryatia, 174; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 169-71,173,174,175-76,176,178, 186-89, 192; and gender/racial dynamics, 174-77, 176,191; and linguistic insecurity, 172-73; and media interviews, 178-86,180-8U, 182-831, 184f, 188-91; and mixed language, 187-89,186f, and public/private domains, 174; purism ideology’s impact on, 173; and shame/reticence of speakers, 22,80,171-77, 185,220 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 133 Poland, 55 political participation via media, 12,197, 198-99,200-201 Poppe, Nicholas, 132 Potapov, Leonid Vasil’evich, 56 Pravda Buriatii (news publication), 154, 222nl5,227nl6 preferential hiring practices, 50 print capitalism, emergence of, 63 prostitution, 37 public/private domains, 174 publics: about, 61-63; and counterpublics, 77,194,199; as forms of political legitimation, 62,67,76; and “groupness” generated by mass media, 62-63; and processes of textual circulations, 62,63, 76; and self-awareness of participation, 63, 70-71, 76; transitory/ephemeral nature of, 63, 73-76. See also minority language publics purges (Stalinist), 132,133,226n2 purism ideology, 160-64,173,188,202-3, 213 Putin, Vladimir, 43,56,99 race issues: and expectations of
native language, 174-77,176,191; racially motivated violence, 50-52,93, 175 radio station, all-Buryat-language, 45,76, 157
260 INDEX Radio Zambia, 63,70-71,213 raspad (Soviet collapse), 82,83-84 Rausing, Sigrid, 96 razgovornyi (deviation from written standard in Buryat): about, 119,121-22; discursive functions of, 128; and failure of SLB to emerge as lingua franca, 140; and language shift from Buryat to Russian, 136; in media interviews, 186,188; and mixed language, 119,126,128,187-89,186í; and public/ private domains, 174; and variations in language comprehension, 139. See ako dialects of Buryat language reclamation of Buryat language and identity, 81-82,100,103-10 Regional Union of Young Scholars, 18 religious practices and beliefs, 89,103-5,106 Republic of Buryatia, 6,7; districts in, 119,120, 122-23; economic dependence of, 45-46; as “ethnic” republic, 33; field research in, 15; Ministry of Education, 72; perceived as safer, 53; political future of, 99-100, 210-11; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; presidents of, 56-58; and propaganda for Russian-Buryat friendship, 40-42,41,42; scope of media coverage in, 90; and spatial/ cultural rifts, 88 Rinchino, Ėlbek-Dorzhi, 130,131,132 Romani language, 117,228nl6 rossiianin (citizen of Russia), 2,3 Roudakova, Natalia, 157 Rupen, Robert, 132 rupture and loss, sense of: spatiocultural rifts, 88-90; temporal disjunctures, 82-88. See also language shift from Buryat to Russian Russia: bread and potatoes in, 38,224nl2; class stratification in, 59; colonialism of, 30-31; demographic crisis in, 46,155, 225n20; and dissolution of okrugs, 8, 43; and economic development of “Far East,” 36; economic struggles of, 46-47, 225n21; ethnic nationalism in,
40,50-54, 53; first contact with Buryats, 29,224n3; and military conquest of Buryatia, 40; and perestroika (restructuring), 46; and propaganda for Russian-Buryat friendship, 40-42,41,42; racially motivated hate crimes in, 50-53; reaffirmation of incorporation of semiautonomous border republics, 40-41; and “regathering of the lands,” 54,99; and Russian-Buryat “friendship,” 48-50,49, 54-55,57,58; Year of the Family in, 46. See ako Soviet state Russian Academy of Sciences (SO RAN), 72 Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), 33-34,36 Russian language: borrowings from, 38,101, 118,125-27,161,182,183,185-86,203; in Buryat-language newspapers, 85-86, 213; considered “harsh” by Westerners, 10; diglossie split between local languages and, 117; as educational medium, 137; as indexical of progress, 94; influence on Buryat language, 101,103,118,124-25; and journalists of Buryatia, 159-60,163-64, 231n7; as language of media, 96-97; as language of power, 98; and language preservation, 107; as lingua franca, 32, 61,66,90,94,108-9,132; literary form of, 129; news topics presented in, 96; and oral/written language comprehension discrepancies, 116; as primary language of Buryatia, 92; and Russification, 21,59; and Soviet nation building, 9,11-12. See also language shift from Buryat to Russian Russian Orthodox church, 89,130,132 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 43 russkii (ethnic Russian), 2,199,221n2 Sagaalgan (Buryat Buddhist New Year), 103-4, 123,178 Sakha (Yakuts) and Sakha (Yakut) language, 9, 33-34, 35-36,94,129,221n6,224n6 Sakha Republic
(Yakutia), 34,36, 94 Schiffman, Harold, 135-36 Scottish Gaelic, 100 script standards, 12,130-32,134 Secret History of the Mongols, 106 Semeiskie, 39,48 semispeakers of Buryat language: about, 177-78; and census of 2010,221n5; and diversification of language practices, 202; and expectations of ethnic Buryats, 178-86, 188-89,191; and journalists, 142,216, 220; limitations of term, 177; and media interviews, 12,178-86,180-8U, 182-83t, 184f, 189-91; and minority language publics, 173; and mixed language, 127,213; and native speakers’ comprehension of SLB, 116; shame/reticence of, 22,80,165,171-77, 185,191-92,220 (see also performance anxiety of Buryat speakers) sex trade, 37 Shagdarov, L. D., 134
INDEX shamanism: authority of, 144,212; as Buryat ethnic practice, 80, 82, 85,90; and clan, 122; and language, 104,141; and tourism, 36; and western Buryats, 89 shame/reticence of semispeakers, 22,80, 165,171-77,185,191-92, 220. See also performance anxiety of Buryat speakers Shénébaidai (news publication), 75 Shevchenko, Olga, 47 shou symbol, 27,28,29 Siberia and Siberians: considered “backward,” 11,22,33; double-bind of, 59; geography of, 5,6,7,8; modernization projects in, 11-13; and nation-state ideals of Lenin, 32; Russian/Soviet attitudes toward, 11,33; scholarship on, 5,8, 30-31; Soviet nation building in, 9; term, 39-40,225n25 Sibiriaks, 49,55 signage, Buryat language on, 68-69 Silverstein, Michael, 101 Smoliak, Irina, 45 socialism and the “public sphere,” 62 social media networks, 197,199 sociocultural evolution, Marxist-Leninist ideas of, 32-33, 79,84-85 Soviet state: and Buryat language education, 138; era of, considered “abnormal time,” 85; and Friendship of the Peoples, 48, 49,59; and indigenous Siberians, 11, 32; journalism in, 147; and “language of the people” in media, 63-64; and languages of nations, 9; modernization projects of, 5,64; nationalities policy of, 31-33; nation building of, 9; and raspaci (Soviet collapse), 82,83-84; and skipped stages in sociocultural development of Buryatia, 84-85; and standardization of Buryat language, 5,11-12,13,64, 117,130,134, 140. See also Russia; Russian language Soyots and Soyot language, 34,55,224n7, 228nl2 Spanish-Aymara on the radio, 71-72 spatiocultural rifts, 88-90 spirituality and language, 87 Spitulnik, Debra,
63,70,213 spying, author suspected of, ix-x Square of the Soviets, 27-28,28 “SSSR,” 83,84 standard-bearers, cultural and linguistic, 107, 144-45,189-90,212 standardization of language: coordinated efforts required for, 128-29; and dialectal variation, 135-36; in digital media, 202-4; 261 hierarchies created by, 117-18; media’s role in, 12-13,136,141; and Soviet modernization projects, 5,11-12,13,64, 117,134,140; as symbolic, 117; truncated, 21,115-42. See also Standard Literary Buryat (SLB) Standard Literary Buryat (SLB), 128-34; beginnings of, 116,134; and bilingualism in Buryatia, 170; borrowings from Russian language in, 127; as code of Buryat minority public, 117; coordinated efforts required for, 129; deviation from, 119; and dialectal variation in Buryat, 119,132-34,135, 139,142,151,205; dialect basis of (Khori dialect), 119,132-34,142, 151,205; in digital media, 202-4; diglossie split between colloquial Buryat and, 117,118,165; earliest efforts at creating, 129-30; failure to emerge as lingua franca, 135,140; gaps between colloquial/vernacular Buryat and, 116; and goals of Soviet state, 140; journalists’ advanced knowledge of, 150, 151,152; journalists as standard-bearers of, 144-45, 189-90,212; journalists’ reinforcement of, 136,139,143,157; and literacy campaigns, 130-31,136-37; media’s mediation of, 128, 136,141-42,212; and mixed forms, 127; as moral necessity, 130; native Buryat speakers’ comprehension of, 116,137-40,141-42; pride in, 138,140; and purism ideology, 202-3; and razgovomyi (deviation from written standard), 119,121-22, 124-28,136, 139,140,142; and
“real Buryat,” 137; and script standards, 130-32,134; term, 229nl; training in, 136-39; truncated repertoires of, 134-35; veneration of, 118 State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (GTRK), 74 subpublics, 194 Tatar language, 116,117 “telebridge” (felemost) program on BGTRK, 105 temporal disjunctures, 82-88 Tibet, 37,224nl 1 Tibetans and Tibetan language, 118,131, 230n21,230n23 Tivikom, 70 Tolon (news publication), 75, 105, 163,213 Tomsk, Siberia, 5 toonto niutag (birthplace), 98,122 tourism, 36-37 tribal affiliations, 122-23
262 ÍNDEX Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 211 Tsybikov, Arkadii, 44 Tuvan language, 132,230n25 Udinskaia nov’ (news publication), 96,97 Udmurt language, 116 Ukraine and Ukrainian language, 35,55,90, 94,95,117 Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, 6,7; Buryat language use in, 91,92,94,108; economy of, 15,46; field research in, 15; and historical tribal affiliations in context of urbanization, 122-23; history of, 110; housing in, 16, 17; isolation of, during Soviet era, 46; national boarding school (internat) in, 72-73; population of, 15; regional television affiliates in, 74; renovations to government buildings in, 27-28; and separate markets of territories, 89-90; sex trade in, 37; and signage in Buryat language, 68,68,69; and spatial/cultural rifts, 88-89; Square of the Soviets, 27,28; and standardization of Buryat language, 130; and zemliachestvo gatherings, 98 “unified information field,” 90 urbanization, 82-83, 90,122-23 Urciuoli, Bonnie, 174 Usť-Orda, Buryat territory, 7; Buryat language use in, 91; dissolution of okrug, 8,43-44, 99-100; as “ethnic” territory, 33; field research in, 15; language shift in, 158; population of ethnic Buryats in, 92; scope of media coverage in, 90; and spatial/cultural rifts, 88-89 Usť-Ordynskii, Usť-Orda territory, 43,89-90, 224nl6 Usť-Ordvn ünén (news publication), 158, 163 VESTI (television program), 73 VESTI-Buriatiia (television program), 74, 75 VESTI-Sibir’ (television program), 74, 227nl5 Vremia (television program), 73 Warner, Michael, 70,71,194 women’s role in language preservation, 107 Woolard, Kathryn, 173 World War II, 82 xenophobia, 51-53
Yakuts (Sakha) and Yakut (Sakha) language, 9, 33-34, 35-36,94,129,221n6,224n6 Year of the Family, 46,50,52 Yiddish, 131 YouTube, 107 Yukon,100 zemliachestvo, 98,122-23 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 210-11 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen V, |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Graber, Kathryn Elizabeth |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1192142926 |
| author_facet | Graber, Kathryn Elizabeth |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Graber, Kathryn Elizabeth |
| author_variant | k e g ke keg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047094512 |
| contents | Native autonomy in a multinational state -- Media and the making of a Buryat public -- Rupture and reclamation -- A literary standard and its discontents -- Anchors of authority -- Performance anxiety -- Emergent minority publics |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1240407369 (DE-599)BVBBV047094512 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Burjatien (DE-588)4009150-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Burjatien |
| id | DE-604.BV047094512 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:20:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:02:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501750519 9781501750502 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032501023 |
| oclc_num | 1240407369 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xix, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portrait [der Verfasserin auf dem Cover] |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210317 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Graber, Kathryn Elizabeth Verfasser (DE-588)1192142926 aut Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia Kathryn E. Graber Ithaca, New York ; London Cornell University Press 2020 xix, 262 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portrait [der Verfasserin auf dem Cover] txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Native autonomy in a multinational state -- Media and the making of a Buryat public -- Rupture and reclamation -- A literary standard and its discontents -- Anchors of authority -- Performance anxiety -- Emergent minority publics "Mixed Messages shows how media in the Russian Federation's Buryat territories create a minority language public that plays an outsized role in ethnonational politics, but that nonetheless is rapidly shrinking and struggling to redefine itself in a new global era"-- Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd rswk-swf Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitensprache (DE-588)4132313-0 gnd rswk-swf Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd rswk-swf Burjatien (DE-588)4009150-8 gnd rswk-swf Ethnic mass media / Russia (Federation) / Buri͡atii͡a Mass media and ethnic relations / Russia (Federation) / Buri͡atii͡a Language policy / Russia (Federation) / Buri͡atii͡a Buriat language / Political aspects Buriats / Ethnic identity Ethnology / Russia (Federation) / Buri͡atii͡a Buri͡atii͡a (Russia) / Ethnic relations Ethnic mass media Ethnic relations Ethnology Language policy Mass media and ethnic relations Russia (Federation) / Buri͡atii͡a Bouriates (peuple de Sibérie) / Identité collective Bouriate (langue) / Russie / Sibérie (Russie) Médias / Aspect politique / Russie / Sibérie (Russie) Burjatien (DE-588)4009150-8 g Minderheitensprache (DE-588)4132313-0 s Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 s Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s DE-604 Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 s Online version Graber, Kathryn E. (Kathryn Elizabeth) Mixed messages Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2020 9781501750533 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Graber, Kathryn Elizabeth Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia Native autonomy in a multinational state -- Media and the making of a Buryat public -- Rupture and reclamation -- A literary standard and its discontents -- Anchors of authority -- Performance anxiety -- Emergent minority publics Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Minderheitensprache (DE-588)4132313-0 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4169187-8 (DE-588)4056449-6 (DE-588)4132313-0 (DE-588)4077732-7 (DE-588)4009150-8 |
| title | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia |
| title_auth | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia |
| title_exact_search | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia |
| title_full | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia Kathryn E. Graber |
| title_fullStr | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia Kathryn E. Graber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixed messages mediating native belonging in Asian Russia Kathryn E. Graber |
| title_short | Mixed messages |
| title_sort | mixed messages mediating native belonging in asian russia |
| title_sub | mediating native belonging in Asian Russia |
| topic | Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd Sprache (DE-588)4056449-6 gnd Minderheitensprache (DE-588)4132313-0 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnische Identität Medien Sprache Minderheitensprache Sprachpolitik Burjatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032501023&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT graberkathrynelizabeth mixedmessagesmediatingnativebelonginginasianrussia |