We remember, we love, we grieve: mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia
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| Beschreibung: | XV, 288 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| adam_text | Contents vii List of Illustrations Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Archive References and Abbreviations Note on Transliteration and Translation Introduction: People, Places, and Approaches xiii xv 3 1 Beliefs about the Soul, the Living Dead, and the Afterlife in Contemporary Rural North Russia 27 2 Ritual Feeding and the Cult of Ancestors 61 3 The Lament: A Language for Communicating with the Dead 98 4 The Cross, the Birch, and the Kawasaki Motorbike: The Visual Rhetoric ofRussian Rural Cemeteries in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 131 5 The Russian Semik-Troitsa (Trinity) Ritual Complex: A Deconstruction of the Public and Private Faces ofRitual, or A Festival of Life and Death” 174 6 The Story of the Eternal Flame: Ritual Memorial Sites of the Soviet Era 219 Conclusion 245 Notes 253 References 259 Index 275 V
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Index Above Eternal Rest (Levitan), 133 “Above the weir the rushes began to rustle” (Esenin), 205 Abraham, 175 accordions, 34, 49,190-92,196, 210 Adonyeva, Svetlana, 19,192 Aelfric of Eynsham (abbot), 247 afterlife, 128,130,136,151,155, 245-46. See also the dead; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; souls Agapkina, T. A., 183, 201, 215 agriculture, 5,10,13, 53-54,164, 208-9, 217. See also collective farms; state farms alcohol, 64, 78-79, 81, 89,189-90,196. See also feasts; festivals; food; Troitsa; vodka Aleksandrov, A., 226 Aleksandrovna, Valentina, 128 Alekseevich, Petr (Tsar), 176 Alexander Column (Leningrad), 222, 88,137,140,170-71,184,193,196, 218, 249-50; honoring of, 23,79,112,115, 221, 245-46, 251; lamentations for, 112, 115; provisions for, 101,153,186, 244, 247. See also bathhouse; cemeteries; the dead; families; heaven; icon corners; Troitsa ancestor Saturdays, 74,112,177 Andreev, Mikhail Vasilevich, 207 angels, 47,161-62,166-67,172.176 “Are Ancestors Dead?” (Astuti and Bloch), 254Ո7 Ascension Day, 214 Astuti, Rita, 254Ո7 At the Cemetery (Sovrasov), 133 Balzer, Marjorie, 19 baptism, 83 Barsov, E. V, 16,39, 63,120 Bateson, Gregory, 243 bathhouse, 4, 48-49, 51-52, 56,101,104, 115, 200, 203, 246, 253Ո5 256Ո3 Bazanov, V. R, 118,125 beggars, 87-90,182,186,188, 205. See also alcohol; almsgiving; orphans; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Troitsa Belliustin, I. S., 58-59 bells, 79,80, 84 Benua, A. N., 256Ո4 “Bereza” (Shvedov), 206-7 Aliger, Margarita, 224 All Saints ( Vsekh svyatykh) festival, 183, 189 almsgiving, 87-90,112,152,182,186-88, 205, 255П10. See also beggars;
orphans; prayers; Russian Orthodox Christian ity; Troitsa ancestors: contact with, 91,115, 205, 244, 251; cult of, 61-97,162, 243; graves of, 275
276 “Bereza” (Vyazemskii), 204 Bernshtam, Taťyana, 20-21 bezsmertíe, 223 Bilibin, Ivan, 205 “The Birch Tree” (Shvedov), 206-7 “The Birch Tree” (Vyazemskii), 204 birch trees: adornment of, 199-200, 20910; destruction of, 199, 215; femininity of, 168-73,198-99, 203-5, 208; grave stones and, 24,147,162,169; patriotism of, 168-73, 203, 206, 209-11, 214; preva lence of, 7, 25,168, 203, 211-12, 214; reverence for, 169, .200, 202, 206, 208; as sorrow, 168-73; spirituality and, 209, 213, 215; symbolism of, 168-73, 197-218, 250 “Birch Trees” (Andreev), 207 birds: feeding of, 82,129,152,188; as souls, 48, 91-93,166,188. See also bread; graves; heaven; souls bliny, 66 Bloch, Maurice, 254Ո7 bol’shak, 164 bol’shaki, 125 Braudel, Fernand, 247 bread, 63, 68-69,70,71,78,85,152. See also birds; the dead; food; graves; salt; vodka Brezhnev, Leonid, 141 brides, 114,198, 205, 240, 255mi. See also orphans; weddings “Brother of Christ,” 89 Bulgakov, S. V., 67-68,79, 212,247 Bulot, André François, 146 Bunin, Ivan, 222 burials: Christianity and, 11, 54, 57,151, 171,177-81, 256Ո5; clothing for, 30, 85, 94,115; denial of, 64, 95,180, 228, 24344, 249, 256Ո5; importance of, 16, 24-25; permanence of, 230, 232, 234; preparation for, 36-37, 51, 245; sacred ness of, 222, 224-25, 229; sites for, 41, 53, 65-66, 79,133-37.153-70,182,184, 193, 222, 250. See also ancestors; ceme teries; families; funerals; graves; hell; Index priests; sins; soldiers; Soviet Russia; suicide; Troitsa; villages Byzantium, 176 calendars, ix, xii, 14,17-18, 42,72, 74,178, 194, 207-8, 229, 248. See also festivals; Russia;
specific festivals cars, 159,161,172,193 Catherine II (Empress), 158 Cattin, Joseph Marguerite, 146 cemeteries: aesthetics of, 24,131-73; bon fires and, 221, 227; business and, 14849,154,167; destruction of, 133,136-38, 151,182,188; families and, 23,164-65, 250; feasting and, 42-43, 61,188-90, 237; fences and, 41,144-45,164. 22829; gatherings in, 79, 80,132,172,194, 250; as homes of the dead, 24,38, 53-54. 77. 84,132,135,171.184.190, 246; management of, 41,145,156,164,171; memories and, 131-73; offerings and, 77. 87,153,184,187; overcrowding of, 163,165,171; permanence of, 132,149, 183; privacy of, 25,131-73; structure of, 41, 86,133,147,171-72; symbolism of, 133.137.141.152.163; vegetation in, 134, 136,142,144-45,148; visits to, 23,30, 40, 46,129,156,171,183,188,190,237֊ 38, 255Ш1. See also churches; families; graves; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik; Troitsa; specific cemeteries censing, 44-46, 60-61,183. See also ancestors; cemeteries; graves; lamenta tions; Russian Orthodox Christianity Central Committee of the Russian Com munist Party (Bolsheviks), 190, 230 chapels. See churches charity, 88,112,188. See also almsgiving; beggars; Russian Orthodox Christianity chastushki, 127,191-92,196,241, 255Ո15. See also lamentations Chechen Wars, 158 A Child’s Funeral (Makovskii), 133
Index Christ (Jesus), 57, 59, 89,138,166-67, 174-75.177,179- See also Christianity; Russian Orthodox Christianity Christian, David, 71 Christianity: actions of, 21-22, 26, 45, 88; reformations of, 13, 20, 22, 43,190; teachings of, 28, 48, 56, 59, 95,175; unity of, 21,176. See abo Christ (Jesus); churches; the fortieth day (after death); God; priests; Russian Orthodox Chris tianity; souls Christmas, 105, 221 churches: destruction of, 11, 57,133-38, 140,192,194,197; funerals and, 16, 41, 43, 81,187; greenery and, 212, 215-16; restoration of, 13,138,140. See also cemeteries; Christianity; Russian Orthodox Christianity; villages Church of the Holy Trinity (TroitsaSergiev Monastery), 175, 209 Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God (Belaya), 185 Church of the Transfiguration (Novgorod), 175 Civil War (Russia), 68, 220 Civil War (US), 131 clergy. See priests clothing: absence of, 83, 85, 88-89; bless ings of, 138,140; for the dead, 31-36, 51-57,101,104,156-59; preparation of, 90, 94, 99,101; weddings and, 114 coffins: construction of, 4,17,39, 200, 221, 232; food and, 63; as houses, 38-39, 41, 84; interaction with, 62, 83, 92, 233-34; provisions for, 32-37, 58, 60, 64; rituals of, 44,181, 221; symbolism of, 27,30,36, 63-64,129 collective farms, 5,108,127,132,159,197. See also farms; Stalin, Joseph; state farms collectivization (Soviet), 5,107,125,164, 193, 206 Collins, Samuel, 26,179-80 communion (Eucharist), 21, 58,124,151 communism, 140, 200, 229, 244. See also collective farms; collectivization 277 (Soviet); Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Russia; Soviet Russia;
Stalin, Joseph; state farms confession (Christian), 21, 58-60,179, 256Ո5. See also burials; death; priests corpses. See the dead Council of One Hundred Chapters, 176 cremation, 151,171, 233, 255Ո2. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity Crimea, 203, 238 Cross, Anthony, 26 crosses (grave markers): Christianity and, 137,140,151,173,182; construction of, 147,165,169; secularity of, 146,173; stars and, 142,143,158; symbolism of, 133-35.137-38.139.140,142,146,165- 66,168; as votives, 138,139,173,199. See also cemeteries; graves Cross of St. George (military ribbon), 158 Dal’, Vladimir, 69, 223, 226 Danilovna, Angelina, 128 Dashkov, V. A., 96 Day of the Holy Spirit, 183 Days of the Village (festival), 208-9 the dead: afterlife of, 3, 42, 54, 73, 84,115, 144, 244, 246; alcohol for, 69,78, 81, 106; bodies of, 54-57, 62, 78,180-81; burials for, 178-81, 222; care for, 86, 121-22,165,187, 221, 239, 245-46; cloth ing for, 111,156; comfort of, 36, 46, 96, 187, 249; commemoration of, 42-43, 56, 62,149,171, 246-47, 249; communica tion with, 33, 38, 54-55, 64, 73,115-16, 125-30,151-52,165, 218, 244 (see also lamentations); community of, 190-91; connection to, 155-56,186, 245; demands of, 85, 95; depictions of, 152֊ 53,157,163; fear of, 94,178,180; graves of, 45; homes of, 38, 53,132,135,145, 160,171,190; memory and, 69,146,152; needs of, 75, 79, 86,90, 94-95,145; nourishment of, 44, 48, 53, 61-97,137, 152,186-88; possessions of, 35, 73, 95; prayers for, 177,181-82,186-88, 205;
278 the dead (continued) preparation of, 46, 51, 53, 58,73, 99-100, 202; presence of, 54,105-6, 156, 202, 249; relationships with, 4, 86, 122,130,147,151,155,190, 222; remem brance of, 42-43,151,183, 247; suffering of, 42,45, 56-57, 82-84,186, 246, 249; teaching and, 115-17,129. See also ancestors; bathhouse; cemeteries; clothing; coffins; families; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; graves; heaven; Troitsa death: causes of, 31,161,178, 209, 228-29; clothing for, 30-32,36; for the common good, 223, 226, 235, 237; communica tion after, 24, 29; cults of, 243, 245; cycle of, 96,123,149,174, 217, 250; as frontier, 86,118,123,130, 202, 235; impact of, 16,30, 212, 217; memories and, 77,91, 96, 209, 218, 244; prepara tion for, 24,31-32, 62,116-17; as selfsacrifice, 223, 225-26, 228-29, 237; social status and, 24,109-11,120-21, 124,132; suddenness of, 62,121-23,178. 180, 225, 228, 243; symbolism of, 149, 166. See also cemeteries; Christianity; the dead; funerals; graves; heaven; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik; souls; Troitsa dekulakization, 5,164. See also collectiv ization (Soviet); Stalin, Joseph Del’vig, A. A., 203 Den’ Pobedy, 74 Dictionary of the Contemporary Russian Literary Language, 223 Dmitrii Saturday, 68 Doctor Zhivago, 155 “Dp the Russians Want War?” (Evtush enko), 169 doves, 92,166. See also birds dreams: actions of, 34,39, 45,138; as com munication, 55, 60,79, 83-84,94,156; death and, 29, 35, 52, 55, 82, 84,186; families and, 30,33, 83 dukhovne stikhi, 81 Index dusha, 29. See also souls “Dva chuvstva divno blizki nam” (Pushkin), 257Ш1 Easter,
74,105,174,190,193, 201, 214 economics, 5, 7,10,17,71, 89,93,146,149, 164, 206-7, 251. See also collectivization (Soviet); Russia; Soviet Russia; Stalin, Joseph Efimenkova, B. B„ 18 the elderly (people), 10,14, 23-33, 46-63, 90-130,145,156-59,187-97. 238 Eliade, Mircea, 69 Elizabeth I (Queen), 176 Emelyanov, Nilokai (Father), 21 Engels, Fredrich, 17 Ephshtein, Mikhail, 204 epitaphs, 3,150,162,165,169. See also birch trees; graves Esenin, Sergei, 204-6 Eternal Flame, 219-21, 224-25, 227-29, 231-32, 236, 240,249 Eucharist, 21, 58,124,151,248-49 eulogies, 27, 72,144 Evtushenko, Evgenii, 169 families: ancestors and, 56, 60, 62; duties of, 164,251; importance of, 164,195-96, 217; reunions of, 188-89, i93-94 218. See also ancestors; burials; festivals; military (Russian); Russia; Soviet Rus sia; Troitsa; villages famine, 5, 7,10, 96,127, 206, 225, 253Ո3 Farewell to Winter (festival), 208 farms, 7,10-11,13,17. See also collective farms; economics; Soviet Russia; state farms; villages Fathers and Children (Turgenev), 133 Feast of the Protecting Veil of the Virgin, 179 feasts: festivals and, 68,174,179.188,194, 212; as imperative, 168; importance of, 249; regulation of, 195; scorn of, 18890; traditions of, 71-72, 87; weddings and, 124. See also alcohol; almsgiving;
Index beggars; cemeteries; the dead; festivals; food; graves; Troitsa February Revolution (1917), 222, 226. See also Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Russia; Soviet Russia; starvation; St. Petersburg Fedorovna, Irina, 176 Fedosova, I. A., 120 Fedulova, Anisya Mikhailovna, 126-27 Ferapontov monastery, 9 Festival of All Saints, 183,189 the Festival of the Birch, 197, 208-10, 218. See also birch trees; festivals; Soviet Russia; Troitsa Festival Park (Moscow), 182-83 festivals, 68,194-97, 207, 210, 212, 214, 217. See also calendars; specific festivals Field of Mars (Leningrad), 141, 219, 222, 224-25, 227, 230 Fire from the Field of Mars (Kandybko), 227 fishing, 10,13, 62, 85,160,162,165,197. See also the dead; graves; Russia; villages Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 20-21 Fletcher, Giles, 176,181 Florenskii, Pavel, 116,176 flowers, 78, 87,144,153-55,173, 201, 216, 237. See also ancestors; cemeteries; the dead;graves Fomin, I. A., 224, 256Ո4 Fomina nedelya. See St. Thomas’s week food: bread as, 63, 68-71, 78, 85,152; as commemoration, 51, 85,100,104,112, 186; funerals and, 24, 61-97; as offering, 42, 71, 82, 85, 96,184; pancakes as, 66, 68; porridge as, 66, 68; salt as, 63, 68; symbolism of, 67, 71, 73, 94; tea as, 3,11, 22, 26,48, 51, 63-69,75-79,100,144; vodka as, 64-70, 75-78, 81, 88,96,100, 106,129,152. See also feasts; festivals; specific foods Forever Alive (Postupal’skii), 227 “For that Young Lad” (Rozhdestvenskii), 240 the fortieth day (after death), 30, 42, 47-55, 72-83,92,100,112,152,157. See 2/9 also afterlife; cemeteries; the dead; funerals; God; graves; heaven; the ninth day (after
death); sins; souls Fradkin, M., 240 Freeze, Gregory, 21, 58 funerals: commercialization of, 35,154, 167,172; denial of, 64, 95,178-79, 249; feasts and, 43, 61, 65-67,71-72, 96,112, 190; as initiation, 117,119,121; lamenta tions and, 16, 98-133; management of, 58, 88,187; photographs of, 37-38, 63, 94,150; preparation for, 3, 23,30-31, 83; priests and, 16,100,136; publicity of, 61, 72, 74,117; structure of, 16, 20, 29-30, 112,121; traditions of, 27, 45, 57, 75, 83, 93,144,181; variations of, 57-58, 98, 221. See also ancestors; churches; the dead; graves; priests Galev, Yurii Alekseevich, 137 gardens, 81,113,144,162,182, 200, 215 garlands. See flowers; wreaths genealogy, 150,164, 247, 250. See also ancestors; cemeteries; families Gennis, A., 226, 241 George Cross, 163 George Ribbon, 158-59,173 Georgievskaya lenta, 158 Germany, 126,136,158, 224, 226, 253Ո4 gift-giving, 22, 86,90-91, 93,138,155,18487, 201, 213, 247. See also almsgiving; the dead; flowers; graves God, 3,12-13, 22-26, 36, 46-56,77, 83-89, 116,138-50,167-88, 212, 242. See also Christ (Jesus); Christianity; churches; Russian Orthodox Christianity Gods Law, 47 Golikov, Lenya, 238 Gorbachev campaign, 190 gore, 117-19 Goritsy nunnery, 9 Gor’kii, Maksim, 224, 256Ո4 grave-markers: automobiles and, 166-68, 172; birches and, 147,165-70,172; changing fashions of, 147-49,162-65;
280 grave-markers (continued) crosses as, 133-35.137-43.146-47.151. 165-68,173; military symbols and, 15759,163; motorcycles and, 161-62,172; nationalism and, 147,162-65,169,173; nature and, 159-60,165-66,169-70; photographs and, 145-47,149-53,15557; photo-plagues and, 145-47,149-52. 155-57; religious imagery and, 166-68, 170,173 Grave of the Unknown Soldier (Mos cow), 225 graves: birch trees and, 162,168-69, 203; birds and, 78, 92-93; care for, 87,129, 165,193, 205, 215; censing of, 46,167; as communal, 86, 220, 222, 228, 237; con struction of, 39, 45, 63,148,178,182; decoration of, 78,149,153,155-56,159֊ 60,163,169-70, 201, 237, 239; families and, 33,132,142,145,147,152,162,16667,232; feasting and, 42-43,97,188, 249; as homes of the dead, 135,145; importance of, 54, 236, 244; longevity of, 39, 41,147-49,169,172,178; mark ing of, 132-42,146-47,149,151,161-62, 169,172,183; as memorials, 42,146-47, 149, 225; photographs on, 41, 63,145֊ 47.149-5Յ, 155-57,172; pits as, 179-81; secularization of, 146-47,159; sites of, 41,157, 225; standardization of, 27-28, 147.149-50,162,170; symbolism of, 44,146,151,155,157,159-62,167-68, 228; visits to, 41, 55; wealth and, 149, 161-62,172. See also ancestors; cem eteries; the dead; families; funerals; military (Russian); soldiers; Soviet Russia; villages Great Fast, 74 Great Feast (Troitsa), 168 Great October Socialist Revolution, 219, 222, 224-25, 227-29, 241 the Great Patriotic War, 5, 6, 7, 86, 92,126, 136,141,158, 209, 226, 234-35. See also Germany; Russia; soldiers; Soviet Rus sia; World War II Index Grek, Feofan, 175 gret’
pokoinikov, 221 grief, 7,104,117-19,124,128,130,192. See also ancestors; cemeteries; the dead; funerals; lamentations; orphans; widows GTO, 257Ո15 guards of honor, 220,237 guitars, 34,161 gulags, 244, 249, 253Ո3. See also Soviet Russia; Stalin, Joseph; starvation Hall of Military Fame (Volgograd), 221, 232-33 Handbook for Village Priests, 59 Hapgood, Isabel Florence, 216 headscarves, 12, 27, 31-32, 91,144,146,191, 194,199· See also clothing heaven, 29, 64, 75, 81-83, 87, 89, 93,136, 151,155,162,166. See also afterlife; ancestors; Christianity; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); God; hell; Russian Orthodox Christianity; souls hell, 81-84. See also afterlife; Christianity; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; Russian Orthodox Christianity; sins; souls Herz, Robert, 23 Highgate Cemetery (London), 141 Himka, John-Paul, 21 Holy Cross Cemetery (California), 146 Holy Trinity, 24,46,174-76,209, 216 honey, 66-67, 82, 85,109,180 Horne, Ronald William, 146 hunger, 42, 49, 69, 79, 82, 84, 86, 91, 94-96,186,195, 206,225. See also the dead; famine; feasts; starvation Huntington, Richard, 23,190 icon corners, 14,15, 75,100,136,147,166, 175, 248. See also ancestors; the dead; families; photographs immortality, 223-24, 230-31,233-35, 243 incense. See censing infants, 180, 231
Index Iscariot, Judas, 179 Ivanenko, N„ 191 Ivanovich, Dmitrii (Grand Prince of Moscow), 176 Ivanovich, Fedor (Tsar), 176 Iverskii monastery (Tver province), 166 Jerusalem, 181 Judaism, 212-13 Kabakova, Galina, 68 kaliki, 205 Kandybko, V. A., 227 Karamzin, Nikolai, 181 Kazanskaya Church, 215 “Khotyat li russkie voiny?” (Evtushenko), 169 “Khristovel Bratets,” 89 Khrushchev, Nikita, 136,142,192 Kirillo-Belozersk monastery complex, 9 kisel’, 53, 66-67,106. 215· See also feasts; food Klyuev, Nikolai, 168, 205 kneeling prayers, 178, 205, 213, 215,216. See also St. Basil the Great kolkhozy, 5,108,127,132,159,197 Kollman, Nancy, 256Ո5 Kolpakova, N. R, 138,198 Komarov, D. A., 62 Komissarova, Tatyana, 209 Komsomol, 11, 238, 241-42, 257Ո15, 257Ո17 Kononenko, Natalie, 57 Kononov, Anatolii, 231 Korb, Johann Georg, 179-80 Korogodina, M. V, 60 Korzukhin, Aleksei, 133 Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya, 239 Kostik, Nikolai (Father), 59 Kremleva, I. A., 63, 68 Kremlin, 193 Kremlin Wall (Moscow), 230 Krinichnaya, N. A., 91 Krylova, Ekaterina Vasil’evna, 125 Kuleva, S. R., 192 Kulyabko, P. I., 225 281 kumlenie, 199 kutya, 66-67,180,18Ć Lake Beloe, 10 lamentations (lamenting): chastushki and, 126-27; as communication, 24, 55, 60, 98-133, 246; examples of, 99-100,10619,121-23,126-27, 217; functional types of, 55, 99,102,106,111,115,120-21,127, 192; at funerals, 98-133; as gift and obli gation, 116-22; grief (woe) and, 98-133; as initiation and transformation of social status, 99,119,121,124; and memory, 55,104-6,119,130; orphan hood and, 109-15; other situations for, 55-56, 84, 94; practice of, 98-133;
private nature of, 4,101,113,120,125; public settings of, 104,107,109,125; recordings of, 103,105,125-26,128-29; relationships of, 101,120,124,127-28; as ritual folklore, 98-133; skills of, 11416,119,128; suffering and, 103,117-19, 123,183-84; training in, 18,100-101, 106-7,118,124-25; weddings and, 1067,119-20; women and, 98-133. See also ancestors; bathhouse; cemeteries; the dead; families; funerals; grief “Lament for My Daughter” (Fedulova), 126 “Lament for My Husband Setting off for the War” (Fedulova), 126 “Lament for the Clerk” (Fedosova), 120 “Lament for the Village Elder” (Fedosova), 120 Lane, Christel, 207 language, 29, 226-27 Last Judgment, 47-53,72-79, 82-83, 92, 112,152,157. See also Christianity; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; hell; . Russian Orthodox Christianity Lebedev-Kumach, V. L, 226 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 223, 229-35 Leningrad, 219, 224-27, 237 Leningradskaya pravda, 225 Lermontov, Mikhail, 204
282 Levada Centre, 21 Levitan, Isaak, 133 Levkievskaya, E„ 83 Liebknecht, Karl, 253Ո4 litiya, 183. See also censing Little Octobrists, 257Ո17 Lobkova, L., 202 Loginov, К. К., 32 Lunacharskií, А. V., 223-24, 230 Lure, M. L., 82 Luxemburg, Rosa, 253Ո4 Madrigai, Alexis, 150 Maiofis, Gregori, 225 Makovskii, Konstantin, 133 Mamaev Kurgan, 220, 232-34, 256Ո2 Mamardashvili, Merab, 119 Margeret, Jacques (Captain), 88 Markovna, Evgeniya, 16 marriage. See weddings Marshak, S. Ya, 257Ո15 Martynov, Leonid, 136 martyrdom, 95,151-52,175, 222, 236-38, 240-42, 244. See also propaganda; Soviet Russia; suicide Marx, Karl, 17 Maslenitsa, 208 Mat (Gor’kii), 224 Matich, Oľga, 132,172 Matrosov, Aleksandr, 239, 257П16 Mauss, Marcel, 185 May Day, 197 Meatfare week, 74 Meatfast Saturday, 177 Medvedeva, Marim’yana Ivanova, 114 Memoir of a Nineteenth-Century Parish Priest (Belliustin), 58 Memorial (human rights movement), 244 memorials (political sites), 219-42. See also graves; military (Russian); sol-. diers; Soviet Russia Merridale, Catherine, 253Ո3 Metcalf, Peter, 22-23,190 Michelangelo, 234 Mikhailov, M. M., 126 Index Mikhailovich, Aleksei (Tsar), 26 military (Russian), 58, 86,99,141,157-59, 162,164,173,176,183, 207, 219-44. See also memorials (political sites); Russia; soldiers monasteries, 9, 34,166,175-76,180-82. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity Mongols, 5 Mongol-Tartar regime, 176 Moscow, 10, 64,132,136,141,154-55,17583, 213-14, 219-44, 246 The Mother (Gor’kii), 224 motorbikes, 161-62 Mozhaisk Military-Space Institute (St. Petersburg), 158 Musketeers, 180 myasopustnaya, 74 mysticism,
33, 73, 86, 90-91,115 mytarstva, 74 Nagirnyak, Elizaveta, 58, 208-9 naitsane, 119 Napoleon, 141 Nazis, 192, 224 Nestorov, Mikhail, 205 Nevskaya, L. G„ 123 New Festivals and Rituals (Nagirnyak, Petrova, and Rauzen), 208 Night of Stone (Merridale), 253Ո3 Nikon (Patriarch), 13 the ninth day (after death), 47,72. See also afterlife; cemeteries; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; God; graves; heaven; hell; sins; souls Nosova, A. K., 117 Novgorod, 179 Novikov, Nikolai, 213 Novye prazdniki і obryady (Nagirnyak, Petrova, and Rauzen), 208 oaks of Mamre, 175 obelisks, 141,147,173,220, 236. See also graves; memorials (political sites); Soviet Russia obetnye, 138
283 Index Oexle, O. G., 218 oktobryata, 2571117 Old Believers, 13,46 Old Parents at the Grave of Their Son (Perov), 133 Olear, 246 Olearius, Adam, 67,183-84 Oliinyk, Vladimir, 169 Olson, Laura J., 19 One Hundred Chapters (Stoglav), 88,191 Order of Glory, 158 Ornatskaya, T. I., 119 orphans, 24,104-6,109-17,121-28,180, 255ПП10-11. See also almsgiving; death; families; lamentations; Russian Ortho dox Christianity; widows Orthodox Christianity. See Russian Orthodox Christianity otchizna, 226 other world of the dead ( tot svet), 24, 34-39,54֊55 62-64,79-87,90-94,117, 155,185, 215, 246 otpevanie. See funerals Otrep’ev, Dmitrii, 180-81 paganism, 101,152,190, 208, 247. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity; villages Palace Square (Leningrad), 219,222 pamyať, 77 pancakes, 66, 68. See also food paradise. See heaven Parks of Rest and Culture, 220 Pasternak, Boris, 155 Patriarch Aleksii, 255Ո2 patriarchy, 13,127,164,182, 213, 255Ո2. See also families; Russia; Russian Ortho dox Christianity “Paul’s Letter to the Philippians” (New Testament), 116 Paxson, Margaret, 19 peasants, 10, 20-21, 23-24, 26,124. See also almsgiving; economics; farms; fishing; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Soviet Russia; villages Pentecost, 174-77,189,202, 212-13, 217. See also Troitsa Perov, Vasilii, 133 Peter the Great, 98,179-80 Petrova, V. Ya, 59, 208-9 Petrov den’, 195 Petrovna, Elizaveta (Empress), 182 Petrs day, 195 photographs, 37,145-46,150. See also families; funerals Pigin, A. V., 81 Pioneer organization, 236-38, 242, 257Ո6 Pioneer’s Palace, 236 Pionerskaya pravda, 229, 231 Piskarevskoe
cemetery (Leningrad), 225, 237 plachei, 98 Ploshchaď skorbi, 234 Plutser-Sarno, A., 232 pod draku, 196 Pokrov monastery (Moscow), 179-82,196 Polish-Lithuanian Intervention, 176,180 pominal’yni stol, 186 pomíňať, 77 porridge, 66, 68. See also food Postupal’skii, M., 227 potters’ field, 179,181 Povesť vremennykhlet, 246 Pozdnyakova, Anna Andreevna, 125 prayers; absence of, 27,181,188; longevity of, 74, 89,106; priests and, 16, 36, 59, i77 183, 213, 248; privacy of, 137-38; purpose of, 22,45, 58, 89,140,152,17778,186-87, 205, 251; sins and, 53, 58; types of, 77, 88, 229. See also ancestors; cemeteries; churches; the dead; funer als; graves; icon corners; lamentations; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity prichetnitsy, 98 prichitaniya, 98 priests: care for, 43, 58,191, 212; plights of, 58-60,136-37,193, 251; removal of, 16, 27, 57,184,189. See also cemeteries; funerals; monasteries; Russian Ortho dox Christianity; Soviet Russia
284 Primiano, Leonard, 22 propaganda, 21, 57, 208, 235-36, 239, 242. See also Soviet Russia Propp, Vladimir, 17-18,198 Propp Centre (St. Petersburg), ix, xiv Proust, Marcel, 150 Provody zimy, 208 Psalter, 45 Public Opinion Foundation, 21 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 133-34,142, 203, 224, 250, 257mi Radunitsa, 18,74 Raphael, 166 Rauzen, M. V., 58, 208-9 Rázová, 1.1., 31 Razumova, A. R, 125 Red Army, 5 Red Square (Moscow), 230, 232 remembrance and memorial ritual: alcohol and, 67-69, 71; ancestor days, 254m; bathhouse and, 4,49, 51-52; bliny (pancakes) and, 66; books of remembrance (pomyanniki) and, 248; bread and, 69-71; cemeteries and, 25-26.33. 61, 65, 65,75. 77-78.97,190; censing and, 44, 44-46; dreams and, 79, 81-85, 87; effect on the dead of, 78-79, 81,174,177,190; family com memorations (see Troitsa); food and, 30, 42, 61-97,70,106, 248; fortieth day after death as, 11, 42-43, 51, 53, 72-75, 85, 88,100,112, 248; funeral meals and, 42-43, 66-74; graves and, 25-26,33, 61, 65, 65,75,77-78,97,190; honey and, 66-67; house-blessing and, 248; impor tance of, 42,94; kisel’ and, 53, 66-67, 106; kut’ya and, 66-67; ninth day after death and, 42-43,72, 74,85,100,248; Orthodox days of, 42, 68, 74,148,167, 177, 254; Orthodoxy and, 248-49; pominiki, 42-44, 74, 77-78; prayers and, 43, 57; table of (pominal’nyi stol), 185,186; visions and, 79, 81-85, 87; vodka and, 67-69, 71. See also All Index Saints festival; Day of the Holy Spirit; Radunitsa; St. Thomas’s week; Troitsa; Victory Day Remembrance Day in a Village Cemetery (Korzukhin), 133 resurrection, 27,36, 53, 57,133,135,151,172, 174, 203,
212, 214, 230-31. See also the dead; Easter; Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Troitsa ritual memorial sites: experience of initi ated, 232-44; first ritual arena of Soviet Era and, 222; holy war and, 225-26; immortality and, 223-24; memorial square as, 224-27; memory and, 223֊ 24; mystical body of Soviet people and, 236-37; Soviet initiation rituals on, 228-32 Road of Life, 236 Road to Calvary, 137 “Rodina” (Lermontov), 204 roditeli, 61 the Roma (people), 161,187 rose, 136,167-69, 213. See also flowers; graves Roth, Klaus, 211 Rozhdestvenskii, Robert, 240 Rublev, Andrei, 175-76 Ruby, Jay, 151 Rudnev, L., 224 Rukovodstvo dlya sel’skikh påstyret, 59 Rumyantsev, Pyotr, 141 Rus’. See Russia Russia: art of, 203-4, 206, 220-21 (see also specific artists); birch trees and, 197218; common good of, 223, 226, 243; countryside of, 159-60,171, 203-6, 214-15, 250; culture of, 3-5,16-17, 23, 29, 89,184-85, 208, 250; economy of, 7,10; as Fatherland, 160,233, 241-42, 245, 250; folklore of, 89-93, 206, 211, 214, 225-42; gender in, 207, 239, 241; geography of, 2, 4-5, 8-9,193; harsh ness of, 14, 62,171,176,190,221, 249, 253Ո3; history of, 16-18, 28,176,179, 192, 204, 211, 246-47; as homeland, 160,
Index 233, 241-42, 245, 250; identity of, 174, 176, 211, 217, 250; literature of, 81, 2034, 206, 209, 224, 234, 238 (see also spe cific authors)·, military tradition of, 219-44; as Motherland, 160, 233, 24142, 245, 250; nationalism of, 20,159, 169-70,176, 211, 236; patriotism and, 160, 233, 241-42, 245, 250; poetry of, 205-6, 209; population of, 4-5, 23; reli gion in, 21, 24,174-97, 206-7, 212-16; symbolism of, 141,158,170,193, 209, 217; traditions of, 174,184,189,192, 209, 211-12, 246; Troitsa in, 174-218; tsars of, 213-14, 256Ո5. See also Soviet Russia “Russian Everyday Life” (archive), ix, xiv Russian Orthodox Christianity: alms giving and, 112,186; baptism and, 11, 21, 180; changes of, 57,135-36,151,193-94, 208; demonstrations of, 64,187, 205, 211, 214, 216, 218; doctrines of, 174-97, 212-16; festivals and, 194, 213-14,221; food and, 60, 66, 68-69, 248; funerals, 45, 221-22, 255Ո2; history of, 9-ю, 20-21, 60; observance of, 21-22,178, 247; prayers of, 77,177,181,186; resur gence of, 20, 28,190, 212; sins and, 36, 45» 53» 180; spirituality of, 162,170,178, 248; symbolism of, 134,167, 212-13; teachings of, 46-47, 57-60, 81, 88,125, 133,138,150-51,165, 221; traditions of, 67, 83, 248; Troitsa and, 24,174-218, See also ancestors; Christ (Jesus); Christi anity; churches; the dead; Scripture (Christian); Soviet Russia; villages Russkaya povsednevnosti (archive), xiv Russo-Japanese War, 217 Russo-Turkish War, 141 Rybinsk Reservoir, 7 Rybníkov, R B„ 98 sadistskie stishki, 240 salt, 63, 68. See also bread A Scene at the Grave (Perov), 133 Scollon, Ron, 131 Scollon, Suzie
Wong, 131,173 285 Scripture (Christian), 27,150,166, 212. See also graves; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity secularization, 141,147,172. See also Christianity; churches; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Soviet Russia Sedakova, O. A., 18, 86 Semik, 174,177-83, 217. See also families; festivals; Russian Orthodox Christian ity; soldiers; Troitsa Serafimovskoe cemetery (Leningrad), 225 serfdom, 5 Severnorusskaya pricheť (Efimenkova), 18 sezzhie, 194 shan’ga, 78 Shangina, I., 68,71 Shaulich, N., 119-20 Shavuot, 212 shchi, 68 Shchusev, A. V., 230 Sheksna River, 7 Shmelev, Ivan, 215 Shrove, 208 Shvedov, Yakov Zakharovich, 206-7 sins, 53, 68,82-83, 89,91,102,186. See also the fortieth day (after death); heaven; hell; priests; Russian Orthodox Chris tianity; suicide sirota, 109 “Şistine Madonna” (Raphael), 167 skudel’nitsa, 179 “Slavonic Mythological Concepts of the Soul” (Svetlana), 28 Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka, 223 Smirnov, Dmitrii, 209 Smirnov, V. N., 225 Smith, R. E. E, 71 Snegirev, 181-82 Sofiiskii vremennik, 179 “Softly Weeps the Birch over the Soldier’s Grave” (Romanchenko), 169 Sokolov, B. M., 113 Sokolov, Yu. M., 113 Sokolova, V. K., 208
286 “Soldat i bereza” (Oliinyk), 169 “The Soldier and the Birch” (Oliinyk), 169 soldiers: absence of, 25,126,193; com memoration of, 141,146,157, 219-44; deaths of, 92,108,129, 209, 220, 240, 243-44; heroism of, 7, 227, 233, 240; immortality of, 233, 243-44, 249; lam entations for, 113,120,126. See also death; graves; lamentations; Russia; Soviet Russia Solovyovo (Paxson), 19 souls: beliefs regarding, 27-60, 64, 94; birch trees and, 204, 215; birds as, 48, 83, 92-93,152,166; culture and, 29,36; emotions of, 49, 51, 75; forms of, 29,46, 48, 60; prayers for, 72, 77, 88,180; pres ence of, 52, 56, 69, 92, 215; provisions for, 43, 71-72, 74; suffering of, 47, 84, 86,186; travel of, 43, 45, 48, 53, 74-75, 91, 93,162,166, 203. See also birds; cemeteries; Christianity; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); icon corners; lamentations; Russian Orthodox Christianity Soviet-Afghan War, 158 Soviet Russia: aesthetics of, 142, 238-41; architecture of, 219-44; austerity of, 57-58,159,164,190,195, 228; changes in, 146,194, 212; churches in, 133, 209; duty to, 221, 233, 238-40, 242; educa tion of, 250; end of, 190, 217; families in, 42,149,164; festivals and, 195,197, 207-8,210,229; graves and, 143,21944; guilt and, 233,236-37,240-42,244; ideologies of, 197, 208,210,232-35; imagery of, 219-44; monuments of, 159, 219-44; mysticism of, 234, 236, 239, 241-42; persecution in, 134,136,140, 192-94; poverty and, 89,125,164; pro paganda of, 25,127-28, 208, 219-44; protests and, 125, 218, 242; religious suppression of, 11, 57-58,125,127,189, 192,197, 207-8; rituals of, 111, 234, 236, 242-43;
spirituality of, 89,132, 228-29, Index 232; symbolism of, 135,141,149,158-59, 173, 219-44; violence of, 25,42, 206, 235; war memorials of, 219-44, See also February Revolution (1917); Germany; the Great Patriotic War; Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Moscow; propaganda; Russia; soldiers; Stalin, Joseph sovkhozy. See state farms Sovrasov, Aleksei, 133 Spaso-Andronikov monastery, 182 Square of Fallen Warriors (Volgograd), 220,233 Square of Sorrow (Moscow), 234 Stalin, Joseph, 5,16,138,197, 229-30, 244 Stalingrad, 219-20 Stalin Prize, 224 starvation, 5,10,96,127,206,225-26, 253Ո3 state farms, 5,7,127, 238. See also collec tive farms; farms The Stationmaster (Pushkin), 133 Statue of Liberty (New York), 228 St, Basil the Great, 178, 205, 213, 215,216. See also kneeling prayers St. Dmitriis Day, 74 Stoglav, 88,191,246 “The Story of an Unknown Hero” (Marshak), 257Ո15 St. Petersburg, 120,141,158, 231 St. Petersburg State University, ix Streľsky, 180 St. Sergii of Radonezh, 175-76, 211 St. Sophia cathedral, 179 St. Thomas’s week, 18, 248 suicide, 32, 34, 62, 81, 83-84,93,95,17780, 243. See also death; families; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; graves; hell; Russian Orthodox Christianity; sins Sukhona River, 7 “S ulybkoi na ustakh” (Martynov), 136 svyashchennaya voina, 226 Svyato-Danilov monastery, 182 svyatoi, 226 Swann’s Way (Proust), 150
Index Tale of Bygone Years, 246 Tarabukina, A. V, 82 tea, 3,11, 22, 26, 48, 51, 63-69, 75-79,100, 144. See also ancestors; feasts; food; vodka Tekanova, Evstoliya Konstantinovna, 101-6 Tereshchenko, A. V., 67 “Tikho plachet hereza nad mogiloi soldata” (Romanchenko), 169 Tikhvin, 12 tobacco, 34, 67 Tolstaya, S. M., 18, 28, 71, 82, 92 Tolstoi, N. I., 82 Tomsk, 243 tot svet (other world of the dead), 24, 34-39. 54-55. 62-64, 79֊87. 9°֊94. W, 155,185, 215,246 towels, 4,14, 35, 49,50, 78, 91,101,108, 184. See also bathhouse “Trinity morning, the morning canon” (Esenin), 205 Trinity Saturday, 88,177,181, 217 Trinity Sunday, 74,183, 213-14 Trisagion prayer, 3 trizna, 190 Troitsa: birches and, 197-211, 215; calendar customs of, 174-79,207. 209.211; cele brations of, 182,188,191,196, 202, 212, 216; families and, 177-78,188-89,193֊ 94.196, 212, 218; as gathering, 42,186, 193-94,199, 218; greenery and, 205, 210, 212-17; history of, 24,174-76,197֊ 98, 208, 211, 214, 217-18, 250; impor tance of, 25,193; preparation for, 189, 196,198-99, 201, 208, 214-15; rituals of, 136,177, 203,205, 214; Saturday of, 170,185 (see also St. Thomas’s week); Sunday of, 170,216; traditions of, 74, 192.196, 209, 246; as village festival, 174,185,187-91,193-97. See also ancestors; birch trees; cemeteries; the Festival of the Birch; funerals; graves; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik 287 Troitse-Sergiev monastery, 175-76,180 “Troitsino utro, utrennii kanon” (Esenin), 205 Tsygane, 161 Tul’steva, L. A., 205 Tumarkin, Nina, 221 Turgenev, I. S., 133-34,142,144-45 Turner, Victor, 253Ո5 tuzhenie, 119
“Two feelings are wonderfully dear to us” (Pushkin), 257Ш1 ubogii dom, 179-82 Upenskii cathedral (Moscow), 213 urbanization, 7, 23,132,193-94, 206-7. See also villages Ushakov, D. N., 226 Vaiľ, R, 226, 241 van Gennep, Arnold, 38, 253Ո5 Vasiľevna, Nina, 129 Vasnetsov, Viktor, 205 Vechno zhivoi (Postupalskii), 227 Velikii post, 74 Verdery, Katherine, 250 veruiushchie, 20 Victory Day, 74, 92,141,157-59,169,197, 229, 237, 243 A Village Cemetery on a Moonlit Night (Sovrasov), 133 villages: communities within, 58-59,197; decline of, 7,14,197; festivals in, 174֊ 218; lamentations and, 98-133; poverty of, 5, 7,10-13,18-19; traditions of, 14, 72,195. See also ancestors; beggars; churches; Russia; Soviet Russia; Troitsa Vinogradov, G. S., 16 vodka, 64-70, 75-78, 81, 85, 96,100,106, 129,152,189. See also bread; cemeteries; feasts; food; funerals; graves; sins; Troitsa Volgograd, 219, 232 voplenitsy, 98 Vostryakovskoe cemetery (Moscow), 136 votive crosses, 138,139,173,199
Index 288 Worobec, Christine, 59 wreaths, 50,58,144,198,205, 210 Wright, Elizabeth, 132,171 Vsekh svyatykh, 183,189 vstali v boľshinu, 125 Vyazemskii, Petr, 204 Vysoko-Petrovskii monastery, 182 Washington Cemetery (New York), 150 weddings, 107,113-14,124-25,128,196, 198, 239-40, 255mi. See also families; lamentations; Soviet Russia; Troitsa widows, 24,109,112, 217. See also families; orphans; soldiers Williams, Albert Rio, 228 Winter Palace (Leningrad), 222 witchcraft, 256Ո5 “With a Smile on My Lips” (Martynov), 136 The Worlds of Russian Village Women (Olson and Adonyeva), 19 World War 1,120,126,141, 241. See also military (Russian); soldiers World War II, 99,131-32,140,157,193,195, 206, 220, 223. See also Germany; the Great Patriotic War; military (Rus sian); Russia; soldiers; Soviet Russia Yu. A. Galev Photo Archive, xiv Yugoslavia, 146 Zabelin, Ivan, 213-14 Zagoskin, Anatolil, 5 zaochnoe otpevanie, 57 zaplachki, 98 “Zashumeli nad zatonom trostniki” (Esenin), 205 zastole, 72,193 zavetne, 138 Zayarnyuk, Andriy, 21 Zelenin, Dmitrii, 16,46,142, 221,225 zemskii príkaz, 179 zhaleť, 179 zhaľnik, 179 Zhirnova, G. V., 239-40 zhivotvoryashchie, 25о “Zoya” (Aliger), 224 Bayerische Мл_ _ _ _Ճ-L·IL. il_ İL
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Contents vii List of Illustrations Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Archive References and Abbreviations Note on Transliteration and Translation Introduction: People, Places, and Approaches xiii xv 3 1 Beliefs about the Soul, the Living Dead, and the Afterlife in Contemporary Rural North Russia 27 2 Ritual Feeding and the Cult of Ancestors 61 3 The Lament: A Language for Communicating with the Dead 98 4 The Cross, the Birch, and the Kawasaki Motorbike: The Visual Rhetoric ofRussian Rural Cemeteries in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 131 5 The Russian Semik-Troitsa (Trinity) Ritual Complex: A Deconstruction of the Public and Private Faces ofRitual, or "A Festival of Life and Death” 174 6 The Story of the Eternal Flame: Ritual Memorial Sites of the Soviet Era 219 Conclusion 245 Notes 253 References 259 Index 275 V
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Index Above Eternal Rest (Levitan), 133 “Above the weir the rushes began to rustle” (Esenin), 205 Abraham, 175 accordions, 34, 49,190-92,196, 210 Adonyeva, Svetlana, 19,192 Aelfric of Eynsham (abbot), 247 afterlife, 128,130,136,151,155, 245-46. See also the dead; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; souls Agapkina, T. A., 183, 201, 215 agriculture, 5,10,13, 53-54,164, 208-9, 217. See also collective farms; state farms alcohol, 64, 78-79, 81, 89,189-90,196. See also feasts; festivals; food; Troitsa; vodka Aleksandrov, A., 226 Aleksandrovna, Valentina, 128 Alekseevich, Petr (Tsar), 176 Alexander Column (Leningrad), 222, 88,137,140,170-71,184,193,196, 218, 249-50; honoring of, 23,79,112,115, 221, 245-46, 251; lamentations for, 112, 115; provisions for, 101,153,186, 244, 247. See also bathhouse; cemeteries; the dead; families; heaven; icon corners; Troitsa ancestor Saturdays, 74,112,177 Andreev, Mikhail Vasilevich, 207 angels, 47,161-62,166-67,172.176 “Are Ancestors Dead?” (Astuti and Bloch), 254Ո7 Ascension Day, 214 Astuti, Rita, 254Ո7 At the Cemetery (Sovrasov), 133 Balzer, Marjorie, 19 baptism, 83 Barsov, E. V, 16,39, 63,120 Bateson, Gregory, 243 bathhouse, 4, 48-49, 51-52, 56,101,104, 115, 200, 203, 246, 253Ո5 256Ո3 Bazanov, V. R, 118,125 beggars, 87-90,182,186,188, 205. See also alcohol; almsgiving; orphans; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Troitsa Belliustin, I. S., 58-59 bells, 79,80, 84 Benua, A. N., 256Ո4 “Bereza” (Shvedov), 206-7 Aliger, Margarita, 224 All Saints ( Vsekh svyatykh) festival, 183, 189 almsgiving, 87-90,112,152,182,186-88, 205, 255П10. See also beggars;
orphans; prayers; Russian Orthodox Christian ity; Troitsa ancestors: contact with, 91,115, 205, 244, 251; cult of, 61-97,162, 243; graves of, 275
276 “Bereza” (Vyazemskii), 204 Bernshtam, Taťyana, 20-21 bezsmertíe, 223 Bilibin, Ivan, 205 “The Birch Tree” (Shvedov), 206-7 “The Birch Tree” (Vyazemskii), 204 birch trees: adornment of, 199-200, 20910; destruction of, 199, 215; femininity of, 168-73,198-99, 203-5, 208; grave stones and, 24,147,162,169; patriotism of, 168-73, 203, 206, 209-11, 214; preva lence of, 7, 25,168, 203, 211-12, 214; reverence for, 169, .200, 202, 206, 208; as sorrow, 168-73; spirituality and, 209, 213, 215; symbolism of, 168-73, 197-218, 250 “Birch Trees” (Andreev), 207 birds: feeding of, 82,129,152,188; as souls, 48, 91-93,166,188. See also bread; graves; heaven; souls bliny, 66 Bloch, Maurice, 254Ո7 bol’shak, 164 bol’shaki, 125 Braudel, Fernand, 247 bread, 63, 68-69,70,71,78,85,152. See also birds; the dead; food; graves; salt; vodka Brezhnev, Leonid, 141 brides, 114,198, 205, 240, 255mi. See also orphans; weddings “Brother of Christ,” 89 Bulgakov, S. V., 67-68,79, 212,247 Bulot, André François, 146 Bunin, Ivan, 222 burials: Christianity and, 11, 54, 57,151, 171,177-81, 256Ո5; clothing for, 30, 85, 94,115; denial of, 64, 95,180, 228, 24344, 249, 256Ո5; importance of, 16, 24-25; permanence of, 230, 232, 234; preparation for, 36-37, 51, 245; sacred ness of, 222, 224-25, 229; sites for, 41, 53, 65-66, 79,133-37.153-70,182,184, 193, 222, 250. See also ancestors; ceme teries; families; funerals; graves; hell; Index priests; sins; soldiers; Soviet Russia; suicide; Troitsa; villages Byzantium, 176 calendars, ix, xii, 14,17-18, 42,72, 74,178, 194, 207-8, 229, 248. See also festivals; Russia;
specific festivals cars, 159,161,172,193 Catherine II (Empress), 158 Cattin, Joseph Marguerite, 146 cemeteries: aesthetics of, 24,131-73; bon fires and, 221, 227; business and, 14849,154,167; destruction of, 133,136-38, 151,182,188; families and, 23,164-65, 250; feasting and, 42-43, 61,188-90, 237; fences and, 41,144-45,164. 22829; gatherings in, 79, 80,132,172,194, 250; as homes of the dead, 24,38, 53-54. 77. 84,132,135,171.184.190, 246; management of, 41,145,156,164,171; memories and, 131-73; offerings and, 77. 87,153,184,187; overcrowding of, 163,165,171; permanence of, 132,149, 183; privacy of, 25,131-73; structure of, 41, 86,133,147,171-72; symbolism of, 133.137.141.152.163; vegetation in, 134, 136,142,144-45,148; visits to, 23,30, 40, 46,129,156,171,183,188,190,237֊ 38, 255Ш1. See also churches; families; graves; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik; Troitsa; specific cemeteries censing, 44-46, 60-61,183. See also ancestors; cemeteries; graves; lamenta tions; Russian Orthodox Christianity Central Committee of the Russian Com munist Party (Bolsheviks), 190, 230 chapels. See churches charity, 88,112,188. See also almsgiving; beggars; Russian Orthodox Christianity chastushki, 127,191-92,196,241, 255Ո15. See also lamentations Chechen Wars, 158 A Child’s Funeral (Makovskii), 133
Index Christ (Jesus), 57, 59, 89,138,166-67, 174-75.177,179- See also Christianity; Russian Orthodox Christianity Christian, David, 71 Christianity: actions of, 21-22, 26, 45, 88; reformations of, 13, 20, 22, 43,190; teachings of, 28, 48, 56, 59, 95,175; unity of, 21,176. See abo Christ (Jesus); churches; the fortieth day (after death); God; priests; Russian Orthodox Chris tianity; souls Christmas, 105, 221 churches: destruction of, 11, 57,133-38, 140,192,194,197; funerals and, 16, 41, 43, 81,187; greenery and, 212, 215-16; restoration of, 13,138,140. See also cemeteries; Christianity; Russian Orthodox Christianity; villages Church of the Holy Trinity (TroitsaSergiev Monastery), 175, 209 Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God (Belaya), 185 Church of the Transfiguration (Novgorod), 175 Civil War (Russia), 68, 220 Civil War (US), 131 clergy. See priests clothing: absence of, 83, 85, 88-89; bless ings of, 138,140; for the dead, 31-36, 51-57,101,104,156-59; preparation of, 90, 94, 99,101; weddings and, 114 coffins: construction of, 4,17,39, 200, 221, 232; food and, 63; as houses, 38-39, 41, 84; interaction with, 62, 83, 92, 233-34; provisions for, 32-37, 58, 60, 64; rituals of, 44,181, 221; symbolism of, 27,30,36, 63-64,129 collective farms, 5,108,127,132,159,197. See also farms; Stalin, Joseph; state farms collectivization (Soviet), 5,107,125,164, 193, 206 Collins, Samuel, 26,179-80 communion (Eucharist), 21, 58,124,151 communism, 140, 200, 229, 244. See also collective farms; collectivization 277 (Soviet); Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Russia; Soviet Russia;
Stalin, Joseph; state farms confession (Christian), 21, 58-60,179, 256Ո5. See also burials; death; priests corpses. See the dead Council of One Hundred Chapters, 176 cremation, 151,171, 233, 255Ո2. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity Crimea, 203, 238 Cross, Anthony, 26 crosses (grave markers): Christianity and, 137,140,151,173,182; construction of, 147,165,169; secularity of, 146,173; stars and, 142,143,158; symbolism of, 133-35.137-38.139.140,142,146,165- 66,168; as votives, 138,139,173,199. See also cemeteries; graves Cross of St. George (military ribbon), 158 Dal’, Vladimir, 69, 223, 226 Danilovna, Angelina, 128 Dashkov, V. A., 96 Day of the Holy Spirit, 183 Days of the Village (festival), 208-9 the dead: afterlife of, 3, 42, 54, 73, 84,115, 144, 244, 246; alcohol for, 69,78, 81, 106; bodies of, 54-57, 62, 78,180-81; burials for, 178-81, 222; care for, 86, 121-22,165,187, 221, 239, 245-46; cloth ing for, 111,156; comfort of, 36, 46, 96, 187, 249; commemoration of, 42-43, 56, 62,149,171, 246-47, 249; communica tion with, 33, 38, 54-55, 64, 73,115-16, 125-30,151-52,165, 218, 244 (see also lamentations); community of, 190-91; connection to, 155-56,186, 245; demands of, 85, 95; depictions of, 152֊ 53,157,163; fear of, 94,178,180; graves of, 45; homes of, 38, 53,132,135,145, 160,171,190; memory and, 69,146,152; needs of, 75, 79, 86,90, 94-95,145; nourishment of, 44, 48, 53, 61-97,137, 152,186-88; possessions of, 35, 73, 95; prayers for, 177,181-82,186-88, 205;
278 the dead (continued) preparation of, 46, 51, 53, 58,73, 99-100, 202; presence of, 54,105-6, 156, 202, 249; relationships with, 4, 86, 122,130,147,151,155,190, 222; remem brance of, 42-43,151,183, 247; suffering of, 42,45, 56-57, 82-84,186, 246, 249; teaching and, 115-17,129. See also ancestors; bathhouse; cemeteries; clothing; coffins; families; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; graves; heaven; Troitsa death: causes of, 31,161,178, 209, 228-29; clothing for, 30-32,36; for the common good, 223, 226, 235, 237; communica tion after, 24, 29; cults of, 243, 245; cycle of, 96,123,149,174, 217, 250; as frontier, 86,118,123,130, 202, 235; impact of, 16,30, 212, 217; memories and, 77,91, 96, 209, 218, 244; prepara tion for, 24,31-32, 62,116-17; as selfsacrifice, 223, 225-26, 228-29, 237; social status and, 24,109-11,120-21, 124,132; suddenness of, 62,121-23,178. 180, 225, 228, 243; symbolism of, 149, 166. See also cemeteries; Christianity; the dead; funerals; graves; heaven; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik; souls; Troitsa dekulakization, 5,164. See also collectiv ization (Soviet); Stalin, Joseph Del’vig, A. A., 203 Den’ Pobedy, 74 Dictionary of the Contemporary Russian Literary Language, 223 Dmitrii Saturday, 68 Doctor Zhivago, 155 “Dp the Russians Want War?” (Evtush enko), 169 doves, 92,166. See also birds dreams: actions of, 34,39, 45,138; as com munication, 55, 60,79, 83-84,94,156; death and, 29, 35, 52, 55, 82, 84,186; families and, 30,33, 83 dukhovne stikhi, 81 Index dusha, 29. See also souls “Dva chuvstva divno blizki nam” (Pushkin), 257Ш1 Easter,
74,105,174,190,193, 201, 214 economics, 5, 7,10,17,71, 89,93,146,149, 164, 206-7, 251. See also collectivization (Soviet); Russia; Soviet Russia; Stalin, Joseph Efimenkova, B. B„ 18 the elderly (people), 10,14, 23-33, 46-63, 90-130,145,156-59,187-97. 238 Eliade, Mircea, 69 Elizabeth I (Queen), 176 Emelyanov, Nilokai (Father), 21 Engels, Fredrich, 17 Ephshtein, Mikhail, 204 epitaphs, 3,150,162,165,169. See also birch trees; graves Esenin, Sergei, 204-6 Eternal Flame, 219-21, 224-25, 227-29, 231-32, 236, 240,249 Eucharist, 21, 58,124,151,248-49 eulogies, 27, 72,144 Evtushenko, Evgenii, 169 families: ancestors and, 56, 60, 62; duties of, 164,251; importance of, 164,195-96, 217; reunions of, 188-89, i93-94 218. See also ancestors; burials; festivals; military (Russian); Russia; Soviet Rus sia; Troitsa; villages famine, 5, 7,10, 96,127, 206, 225, 253Ո3 Farewell to Winter (festival), 208 farms, 7,10-11,13,17. See also collective farms; economics; Soviet Russia; state farms; villages Fathers and Children (Turgenev), 133 Feast of the Protecting Veil of the Virgin, 179 feasts: festivals and, 68,174,179.188,194, 212; as imperative, 168; importance of, 249; regulation of, 195; scorn of, 18890; traditions of, 71-72, 87; weddings and, 124. See also alcohol; almsgiving;
Index beggars; cemeteries; the dead; festivals; food; graves; Troitsa February Revolution (1917), 222, 226. See also Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Russia; Soviet Russia; starvation; St. Petersburg Fedorovna, Irina, 176 Fedosova, I. A., 120 Fedulova, Anisya Mikhailovna, 126-27 Ferapontov monastery, 9 Festival of All Saints, 183,189 the Festival of the Birch, 197, 208-10, 218. See also birch trees; festivals; Soviet Russia; Troitsa Festival Park (Moscow), 182-83 festivals, 68,194-97, 207, 210, 212, 214, 217. See also calendars; specific festivals Field of Mars (Leningrad), 141, 219, 222, 224-25, 227, 230 Fire from the Field of Mars (Kandybko), 227 fishing, 10,13, 62, 85,160,162,165,197. See also the dead; graves; Russia; villages Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 20-21 Fletcher, Giles, 176,181 Florenskii, Pavel, 116,176 flowers, 78, 87,144,153-55,173, 201, 216, 237. See also ancestors; cemeteries; the dead;graves Fomin, I. A., 224, 256Ո4 Fomina nedelya. See St. Thomas’s week food: bread as, 63, 68-71, 78, 85,152; as commemoration, 51, 85,100,104,112, 186; funerals and, 24, 61-97; as offering, 42, 71, 82, 85, 96,184; pancakes as, 66, 68; porridge as, 66, 68; salt as, 63, 68; symbolism of, 67, 71, 73, 94; tea as, 3,11, 22, 26,48, 51, 63-69,75-79,100,144; vodka as, 64-70, 75-78, 81, 88,96,100, 106,129,152. See also feasts; festivals; specific foods Forever Alive (Postupal’skii), 227 “For that Young Lad” (Rozhdestvenskii), 240 the fortieth day (after death), 30, 42, 47-55, 72-83,92,100,112,152,157. See 2/9 also afterlife; cemeteries; the dead; funerals; God; graves; heaven; the ninth day (after
death); sins; souls Fradkin, M., 240 Freeze, Gregory, 21, 58 funerals: commercialization of, 35,154, 167,172; denial of, 64, 95,178-79, 249; feasts and, 43, 61, 65-67,71-72, 96,112, 190; as initiation, 117,119,121; lamenta tions and, 16, 98-133; management of, 58, 88,187; photographs of, 37-38, 63, 94,150; preparation for, 3, 23,30-31, 83; priests and, 16,100,136; publicity of, 61, 72, 74,117; structure of, 16, 20, 29-30, 112,121; traditions of, 27, 45, 57, 75, 83, 93,144,181; variations of, 57-58, 98, 221. See also ancestors; churches; the dead; graves; priests Galev, Yurii Alekseevich, 137 gardens, 81,113,144,162,182, 200, 215 garlands. See flowers; wreaths genealogy, 150,164, 247, 250. See also ancestors; cemeteries; families Gennis, A., 226, 241 George Cross, 163 George Ribbon, 158-59,173 Georgievskaya lenta, 158 Germany, 126,136,158, 224, 226, 253Ո4 gift-giving, 22, 86,90-91, 93,138,155,18487, 201, 213, 247. See also almsgiving; the dead; flowers; graves God, 3,12-13, 22-26, 36, 46-56,77, 83-89, 116,138-50,167-88, 212, 242. See also Christ (Jesus); Christianity; churches; Russian Orthodox Christianity Gods Law, 47 Golikov, Lenya, 238 Gorbachev campaign, 190 gore, 117-19 Goritsy nunnery, 9 Gor’kii, Maksim, 224, 256Ո4 grave-markers: automobiles and, 166-68, 172; birches and, 147,165-70,172; changing fashions of, 147-49,162-65;
280 grave-markers (continued) crosses as, 133-35.137-43.146-47.151. 165-68,173; military symbols and, 15759,163; motorcycles and, 161-62,172; nationalism and, 147,162-65,169,173; nature and, 159-60,165-66,169-70; photographs and, 145-47,149-53,15557; photo-plagues and, 145-47,149-52. 155-57; religious imagery and, 166-68, 170,173 Grave of the Unknown Soldier (Mos cow), 225 graves: birch trees and, 162,168-69, 203; birds and, 78, 92-93; care for, 87,129, 165,193, 205, 215; censing of, 46,167; as communal, 86, 220, 222, 228, 237; con struction of, 39, 45, 63,148,178,182; decoration of, 78,149,153,155-56,159֊ 60,163,169-70, 201, 237, 239; families and, 33,132,142,145,147,152,162,16667,232; feasting and, 42-43,97,188, 249; as homes of the dead, 135,145; importance of, 54, 236, 244; longevity of, 39, 41,147-49,169,172,178; mark ing of, 132-42,146-47,149,151,161-62, 169,172,183; as memorials, 42,146-47, 149, 225; photographs on, 41, 63,145֊ 47.149-5Յ, 155-57,172; pits as, 179-81; secularization of, 146-47,159; sites of, 41,157, 225; standardization of, 27-28, 147.149-50,162,170; symbolism of, 44,146,151,155,157,159-62,167-68, 228; visits to, 41, 55; wealth and, 149, 161-62,172. See also ancestors; cem eteries; the dead; families; funerals; military (Russian); soldiers; Soviet Russia; villages Great Fast, 74 Great Feast (Troitsa), 168 Great October Socialist Revolution, 219, 222, 224-25, 227-29, 241 the Great Patriotic War, 5, 6, 7, 86, 92,126, 136,141,158, 209, 226, 234-35. See also Germany; Russia; soldiers; Soviet Rus sia; World War II Index Grek, Feofan, 175 gret’
pokoinikov, 221 grief, 7,104,117-19,124,128,130,192. See also ancestors; cemeteries; the dead; funerals; lamentations; orphans; widows GTO, 257Ո15 guards of honor, 220,237 guitars, 34,161 gulags, 244, 249, 253Ո3. See also Soviet Russia; Stalin, Joseph; starvation Hall of Military Fame (Volgograd), 221, 232-33 Handbook for Village Priests, 59 Hapgood, Isabel Florence, 216 headscarves, 12, 27, 31-32, 91,144,146,191, 194,199· See also clothing heaven, 29, 64, 75, 81-83, 87, 89, 93,136, 151,155,162,166. See also afterlife; ancestors; Christianity; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); God; hell; Russian Orthodox Christianity; souls hell, 81-84. See also afterlife; Christianity; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; Russian Orthodox Christianity; sins; souls Herz, Robert, 23 Highgate Cemetery (London), 141 Himka, John-Paul, 21 Holy Cross Cemetery (California), 146 Holy Trinity, 24,46,174-76,209, 216 honey, 66-67, 82, 85,109,180 Horne, Ronald William, 146 hunger, 42, 49, 69, 79, 82, 84, 86, 91, 94-96,186,195, 206,225. See also the dead; famine; feasts; starvation Huntington, Richard, 23,190 icon corners, 14,15, 75,100,136,147,166, 175, 248. See also ancestors; the dead; families; photographs immortality, 223-24, 230-31,233-35, 243 incense. See censing infants, 180, 231
Index Iscariot, Judas, 179 Ivanenko, N„ 191 Ivanovich, Dmitrii (Grand Prince of Moscow), 176 Ivanovich, Fedor (Tsar), 176 Iverskii monastery (Tver province), 166 Jerusalem, 181 Judaism, 212-13 Kabakova, Galina, 68 kaliki, 205 Kandybko, V. A., 227 Karamzin, Nikolai, 181 Kazanskaya Church, 215 “Khotyat li russkie voiny?” (Evtushenko), 169 “Khristovel Bratets,” 89 Khrushchev, Nikita, 136,142,192 Kirillo-Belozersk monastery complex, 9 kisel’, 53, 66-67,106. 215· See also feasts; food Klyuev, Nikolai, 168, 205 kneeling prayers, 178, 205, 213, 215,216. See also St. Basil the Great kolkhozy, 5,108,127,132,159,197 Kollman, Nancy, 256Ո5 Kolpakova, N. R, 138,198 Komarov, D. A., 62 Komissarova, Tatyana, 209 Komsomol, 11, 238, 241-42, 257Ո15, 257Ո17 Kononenko, Natalie, 57 Kononov, Anatolii, 231 Korb, Johann Georg, 179-80 Korogodina, M. V, 60 Korzukhin, Aleksei, 133 Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya, 239 Kostik, Nikolai (Father), 59 Kremleva, I. A., 63, 68 Kremlin, 193 Kremlin Wall (Moscow), 230 Krinichnaya, N. A., 91 Krylova, Ekaterina Vasil’evna, 125 Kuleva, S. R., 192 Kulyabko, P. I., 225 281 kumlenie, 199 kutya, 66-67,180,18Ć Lake Beloe, 10 lamentations (lamenting): chastushki and, 126-27; as communication, 24, 55, 60, 98-133, 246; examples of, 99-100,10619,121-23,126-27, 217; functional types of, 55, 99,102,106,111,115,120-21,127, 192; at funerals, 98-133; as gift and obli gation, 116-22; grief (woe) and, 98-133; as initiation and transformation of social status, 99,119,121,124; and memory, 55,104-6,119,130; orphan hood and, 109-15; other situations for, 55-56, 84, 94; practice of, 98-133;
private nature of, 4,101,113,120,125; public settings of, 104,107,109,125; recordings of, 103,105,125-26,128-29; relationships of, 101,120,124,127-28; as ritual folklore, 98-133; skills of, 11416,119,128; suffering and, 103,117-19, 123,183-84; training in, 18,100-101, 106-7,118,124-25; weddings and, 1067,119-20; women and, 98-133. See also ancestors; bathhouse; cemeteries; the dead; families; funerals; grief “Lament for My Daughter” (Fedulova), 126 “Lament for My Husband Setting off for the War” (Fedulova), 126 “Lament for the Clerk” (Fedosova), 120 “Lament for the Village Elder” (Fedosova), 120 Lane, Christel, 207 language, 29, 226-27 Last Judgment, 47-53,72-79, 82-83, 92, 112,152,157. See also Christianity; the fortieth day (after death); heaven; hell; . Russian Orthodox Christianity Lebedev-Kumach, V. L, 226 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 223, 229-35 Leningrad, 219, 224-27, 237 Leningradskaya pravda, 225 Lermontov, Mikhail, 204
282 Levada Centre, 21 Levitan, Isaak, 133 Levkievskaya, E„ 83 Liebknecht, Karl, 253Ո4 litiya, 183. See also censing Little Octobrists, 257Ո17 Lobkova, L., 202 Loginov, К. К., 32 Lunacharskií, А. V., 223-24, 230 Lure, M. L., 82 Luxemburg, Rosa, 253Ո4 Madrigai, Alexis, 150 Maiofis, Gregori, 225 Makovskii, Konstantin, 133 Mamaev Kurgan, 220, 232-34, 256Ո2 Mamardashvili, Merab, 119 Margeret, Jacques (Captain), 88 Markovna, Evgeniya, 16 marriage. See weddings Marshak, S. Ya, 257Ո15 Martynov, Leonid, 136 martyrdom, 95,151-52,175, 222, 236-38, 240-42, 244. See also propaganda; Soviet Russia; suicide Marx, Karl, 17 Maslenitsa, 208 Mat (Gor’kii), 224 Matich, Oľga, 132,172 Matrosov, Aleksandr, 239, 257П16 Mauss, Marcel, 185 May Day, 197 Meatfare week, 74 Meatfast Saturday, 177 Medvedeva, Marim’yana Ivanova, 114 Memoir of a Nineteenth-Century Parish Priest (Belliustin), 58 Memorial (human rights movement), 244 memorials (political sites), 219-42. See also graves; military (Russian); sol-. diers; Soviet Russia Merridale, Catherine, 253Ո3 Metcalf, Peter, 22-23,190 Michelangelo, 234 Mikhailov, M. M., 126 Index Mikhailovich, Aleksei (Tsar), 26 military (Russian), 58, 86,99,141,157-59, 162,164,173,176,183, 207, 219-44. See also memorials (political sites); Russia; soldiers monasteries, 9, 34,166,175-76,180-82. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity Mongols, 5 Mongol-Tartar regime, 176 Moscow, 10, 64,132,136,141,154-55,17583, 213-14, 219-44, 246 The Mother (Gor’kii), 224 motorbikes, 161-62 Mozhaisk Military-Space Institute (St. Petersburg), 158 Musketeers, 180 myasopustnaya, 74 mysticism,
33, 73, 86, 90-91,115 mytarstva, 74 Nagirnyak, Elizaveta, 58, 208-9 naitsane, 119 Napoleon, 141 Nazis, 192, 224 Nestorov, Mikhail, 205 Nevskaya, L. G„ 123 New Festivals and Rituals (Nagirnyak, Petrova, and Rauzen), 208 Night of Stone (Merridale), 253Ո3 Nikon (Patriarch), 13 the ninth day (after death), 47,72. See also afterlife; cemeteries; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; God; graves; heaven; hell; sins; souls Nosova, A. K., 117 Novgorod, 179 Novikov, Nikolai, 213 Novye prazdniki і obryady (Nagirnyak, Petrova, and Rauzen), 208 oaks of Mamre, 175 obelisks, 141,147,173,220, 236. See also graves; memorials (political sites); Soviet Russia obetnye, 138
283 Index Oexle, O. G., 218 oktobryata, 2571117 Old Believers, 13,46 Old Parents at the Grave of Their Son (Perov), 133 Olear, 246 Olearius, Adam, 67,183-84 Oliinyk, Vladimir, 169 Olson, Laura J., 19 One Hundred Chapters (Stoglav), 88,191 Order of Glory, 158 Ornatskaya, T. I., 119 orphans, 24,104-6,109-17,121-28,180, 255ПП10-11. See also almsgiving; death; families; lamentations; Russian Ortho dox Christianity; widows Orthodox Christianity. See Russian Orthodox Christianity otchizna, 226 other world of the dead ( tot svet), 24, 34-39,54֊55 62-64,79-87,90-94,117, 155,185, 215, 246 otpevanie. See funerals Otrep’ev, Dmitrii, 180-81 paganism, 101,152,190, 208, 247. See also Russian Orthodox Christianity; villages Palace Square (Leningrad), 219,222 pamyať, 77 pancakes, 66, 68. See also food paradise. See heaven Parks of Rest and Culture, 220 Pasternak, Boris, 155 Patriarch Aleksii, 255Ո2 patriarchy, 13,127,164,182, 213, 255Ո2. See also families; Russia; Russian Ortho dox Christianity “Paul’s Letter to the Philippians” (New Testament), 116 Paxson, Margaret, 19 peasants, 10, 20-21, 23-24, 26,124. See also almsgiving; economics; farms; fishing; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Soviet Russia; villages Pentecost, 174-77,189,202, 212-13, 217. See also Troitsa Perov, Vasilii, 133 Peter the Great, 98,179-80 Petrova, V. Ya, 59, 208-9 Petrov den’, 195 Petrovna, Elizaveta (Empress), 182 Petrs day, 195 photographs, 37,145-46,150. See also families; funerals Pigin, A. V., 81 Pioneer organization, 236-38, 242, 257Ո6 Pioneer’s Palace, 236 Pionerskaya pravda, 229, 231 Piskarevskoe
cemetery (Leningrad), 225, 237 plachei, 98 Ploshchaď skorbi, 234 Plutser-Sarno, A., 232 pod draku, 196 Pokrov monastery (Moscow), 179-82,196 Polish-Lithuanian Intervention, 176,180 pominal’yni stol, 186 pomíňať, 77 porridge, 66, 68. See also food Postupal’skii, M., 227 potters’ field, 179,181 Povesť vremennykhlet, 246 Pozdnyakova, Anna Andreevna, 125 prayers; absence of, 27,181,188; longevity of, 74, 89,106; priests and, 16, 36, 59, i77 183, 213, 248; privacy of, 137-38; purpose of, 22,45, 58, 89,140,152,17778,186-87, 205, 251; sins and, 53, 58; types of, 77, 88, 229. See also ancestors; cemeteries; churches; the dead; funer als; graves; icon corners; lamentations; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity prichetnitsy, 98 prichitaniya, 98 priests: care for, 43, 58,191, 212; plights of, 58-60,136-37,193, 251; removal of, 16, 27, 57,184,189. See also cemeteries; funerals; monasteries; Russian Ortho dox Christianity; Soviet Russia
284 Primiano, Leonard, 22 propaganda, 21, 57, 208, 235-36, 239, 242. See also Soviet Russia Propp, Vladimir, 17-18,198 Propp Centre (St. Petersburg), ix, xiv Proust, Marcel, 150 Provody zimy, 208 Psalter, 45 Public Opinion Foundation, 21 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 133-34,142, 203, 224, 250, 257mi Radunitsa, 18,74 Raphael, 166 Rauzen, M. V., 58, 208-9 Rázová, 1.1., 31 Razumova, A. R, 125 Red Army, 5 Red Square (Moscow), 230, 232 remembrance and memorial ritual: alcohol and, 67-69, 71; ancestor days, 254m; bathhouse and, 4,49, 51-52; bliny (pancakes) and, 66; books of remembrance (pomyanniki) and, 248; bread and, 69-71; cemeteries and, 25-26.33. 61, 65, 65,75. 77-78.97,190; censing and, 44, 44-46; dreams and, 79, 81-85, 87; effect on the dead of, 78-79, 81,174,177,190; family com memorations (see Troitsa); food and, 30, 42, 61-97,70,106, 248; fortieth day after death as, 11, 42-43, 51, 53, 72-75, 85, 88,100,112, 248; funeral meals and, 42-43, 66-74; graves and, 25-26,33, 61, 65, 65,75,77-78,97,190; honey and, 66-67; house-blessing and, 248; impor tance of, 42,94; kisel’ and, 53, 66-67, 106; kut’ya and, 66-67; ninth day after death and, 42-43,72, 74,85,100,248; Orthodox days of, 42, 68, 74,148,167, 177, 254; Orthodoxy and, 248-49; pominiki, 42-44, 74, 77-78; prayers and, 43, 57; table of (pominal’nyi stol), 185,186; visions and, 79, 81-85, 87; vodka and, 67-69, 71. See also All Index Saints festival; Day of the Holy Spirit; Radunitsa; St. Thomas’s week; Troitsa; Victory Day Remembrance Day in a Village Cemetery (Korzukhin), 133 resurrection, 27,36, 53, 57,133,135,151,172, 174, 203,
212, 214, 230-31. See also the dead; Easter; Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Troitsa ritual memorial sites: experience of initi ated, 232-44; first ritual arena of Soviet Era and, 222; holy war and, 225-26; immortality and, 223-24; memorial square as, 224-27; memory and, 223֊ 24; mystical body of Soviet people and, 236-37; Soviet initiation rituals on, 228-32 Road of Life, 236 Road to Calvary, 137 “Rodina” (Lermontov), 204 roditeli, 61 the Roma (people), 161,187 rose, 136,167-69, 213. See also flowers; graves Roth, Klaus, 211 Rozhdestvenskii, Robert, 240 Rublev, Andrei, 175-76 Ruby, Jay, 151 Rudnev, L., 224 Rukovodstvo dlya sel’skikh påstyret, 59 Rumyantsev, Pyotr, 141 Rus’. See Russia Russia: art of, 203-4, 206, 220-21 (see also specific artists); birch trees and, 197218; common good of, 223, 226, 243; countryside of, 159-60,171, 203-6, 214-15, 250; culture of, 3-5,16-17, 23, 29, 89,184-85, 208, 250; economy of, 7,10; as Fatherland, 160,233, 241-42, 245, 250; folklore of, 89-93, 206, 211, 214, 225-42; gender in, 207, 239, 241; geography of, 2, 4-5, 8-9,193; harsh ness of, 14, 62,171,176,190,221, 249, 253Ո3; history of, 16-18, 28,176,179, 192, 204, 211, 246-47; as homeland, 160,
Index 233, 241-42, 245, 250; identity of, 174, 176, 211, 217, 250; literature of, 81, 2034, 206, 209, 224, 234, 238 (see also spe cific authors)·, military tradition of, 219-44; as Motherland, 160, 233, 24142, 245, 250; nationalism of, 20,159, 169-70,176, 211, 236; patriotism and, 160, 233, 241-42, 245, 250; poetry of, 205-6, 209; population of, 4-5, 23; reli gion in, 21, 24,174-97, 206-7, 212-16; symbolism of, 141,158,170,193, 209, 217; traditions of, 174,184,189,192, 209, 211-12, 246; Troitsa in, 174-218; tsars of, 213-14, 256Ո5. See also Soviet Russia “Russian Everyday Life” (archive), ix, xiv Russian Orthodox Christianity: alms giving and, 112,186; baptism and, 11, 21, 180; changes of, 57,135-36,151,193-94, 208; demonstrations of, 64,187, 205, 211, 214, 216, 218; doctrines of, 174-97, 212-16; festivals and, 194, 213-14,221; food and, 60, 66, 68-69, 248; funerals, 45, 221-22, 255Ո2; history of, 9-ю, 20-21, 60; observance of, 21-22,178, 247; prayers of, 77,177,181,186; resur gence of, 20, 28,190, 212; sins and, 36, 45» 53» 180; spirituality of, 162,170,178, 248; symbolism of, 134,167, 212-13; teachings of, 46-47, 57-60, 81, 88,125, 133,138,150-51,165, 221; traditions of, 67, 83, 248; Troitsa and, 24,174-218, See also ancestors; Christ (Jesus); Christi anity; churches; the dead; Scripture (Christian); Soviet Russia; villages Russkaya povsednevnosti (archive), xiv Russo-Japanese War, 217 Russo-Turkish War, 141 Rybinsk Reservoir, 7 Rybníkov, R B„ 98 sadistskie stishki, 240 salt, 63, 68. See also bread A Scene at the Grave (Perov), 133 Scollon, Ron, 131 Scollon, Suzie
Wong, 131,173 285 Scripture (Christian), 27,150,166, 212. See also graves; priests; Russian Orthodox Christianity secularization, 141,147,172. See also Christianity; churches; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Soviet Russia Sedakova, O. A., 18, 86 Semik, 174,177-83, 217. See also families; festivals; Russian Orthodox Christian ity; soldiers; Troitsa Serafimovskoe cemetery (Leningrad), 225 serfdom, 5 Severnorusskaya pricheť (Efimenkova), 18 sezzhie, 194 shan’ga, 78 Shangina, I., 68,71 Shaulich, N., 119-20 Shavuot, 212 shchi, 68 Shchusev, A. V., 230 Sheksna River, 7 Shmelev, Ivan, 215 Shrove, 208 Shvedov, Yakov Zakharovich, 206-7 sins, 53, 68,82-83, 89,91,102,186. See also the fortieth day (after death); heaven; hell; priests; Russian Orthodox Chris tianity; suicide sirota, 109 “Şistine Madonna” (Raphael), 167 skudel’nitsa, 179 “Slavonic Mythological Concepts of the Soul” (Svetlana), 28 Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka, 223 Smirnov, Dmitrii, 209 Smirnov, V. N., 225 Smith, R. E. E, 71 Snegirev, 181-82 Sofiiskii vremennik, 179 “Softly Weeps the Birch over the Soldier’s Grave” (Romanchenko), 169 Sokolov, B. M., 113 Sokolov, Yu. M., 113 Sokolova, V. K., 208
286 “Soldat i bereza” (Oliinyk), 169 “The Soldier and the Birch” (Oliinyk), 169 soldiers: absence of, 25,126,193; com memoration of, 141,146,157, 219-44; deaths of, 92,108,129, 209, 220, 240, 243-44; heroism of, 7, 227, 233, 240; immortality of, 233, 243-44, 249; lam entations for, 113,120,126. See also death; graves; lamentations; Russia; Soviet Russia Solovyovo (Paxson), 19 souls: beliefs regarding, 27-60, 64, 94; birch trees and, 204, 215; birds as, 48, 83, 92-93,152,166; culture and, 29,36; emotions of, 49, 51, 75; forms of, 29,46, 48, 60; prayers for, 72, 77, 88,180; pres ence of, 52, 56, 69, 92, 215; provisions for, 43, 71-72, 74; suffering of, 47, 84, 86,186; travel of, 43, 45, 48, 53, 74-75, 91, 93,162,166, 203. See also birds; cemeteries; Christianity; the dead; the fortieth day (after death); icon corners; lamentations; Russian Orthodox Christianity Soviet-Afghan War, 158 Soviet Russia: aesthetics of, 142, 238-41; architecture of, 219-44; austerity of, 57-58,159,164,190,195, 228; changes in, 146,194, 212; churches in, 133, 209; duty to, 221, 233, 238-40, 242; educa tion of, 250; end of, 190, 217; families in, 42,149,164; festivals and, 195,197, 207-8,210,229; graves and, 143,21944; guilt and, 233,236-37,240-42,244; ideologies of, 197, 208,210,232-35; imagery of, 219-44; monuments of, 159, 219-44; mysticism of, 234, 236, 239, 241-42; persecution in, 134,136,140, 192-94; poverty and, 89,125,164; pro paganda of, 25,127-28, 208, 219-44; protests and, 125, 218, 242; religious suppression of, 11, 57-58,125,127,189, 192,197, 207-8; rituals of, 111, 234, 236, 242-43;
spirituality of, 89,132, 228-29, Index 232; symbolism of, 135,141,149,158-59, 173, 219-44; violence of, 25,42, 206, 235; war memorials of, 219-44, See also February Revolution (1917); Germany; the Great Patriotic War; Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich; Moscow; propaganda; Russia; soldiers; Stalin, Joseph sovkhozy. See state farms Sovrasov, Aleksei, 133 Spaso-Andronikov monastery, 182 Square of Fallen Warriors (Volgograd), 220,233 Square of Sorrow (Moscow), 234 Stalin, Joseph, 5,16,138,197, 229-30, 244 Stalingrad, 219-20 Stalin Prize, 224 starvation, 5,10,96,127,206,225-26, 253Ո3 state farms, 5,7,127, 238. See also collec tive farms; farms The Stationmaster (Pushkin), 133 Statue of Liberty (New York), 228 St, Basil the Great, 178, 205, 213, 215,216. See also kneeling prayers St. Dmitriis Day, 74 Stoglav, 88,191,246 “The Story of an Unknown Hero” (Marshak), 257Ո15 St. Petersburg, 120,141,158, 231 St. Petersburg State University, ix Streľsky, 180 St. Sergii of Radonezh, 175-76, 211 St. Sophia cathedral, 179 St. Thomas’s week, 18, 248 suicide, 32, 34, 62, 81, 83-84,93,95,17780, 243. See also death; families; the fortieth day (after death); funerals; graves; hell; Russian Orthodox Christianity; sins Sukhona River, 7 “S ulybkoi na ustakh” (Martynov), 136 svyashchennaya voina, 226 Svyato-Danilov monastery, 182 svyatoi, 226 Swann’s Way (Proust), 150
Index Tale of Bygone Years, 246 Tarabukina, A. V, 82 tea, 3,11, 22, 26, 48, 51, 63-69, 75-79,100, 144. See also ancestors; feasts; food; vodka Tekanova, Evstoliya Konstantinovna, 101-6 Tereshchenko, A. V., 67 “Tikho plachet hereza nad mogiloi soldata” (Romanchenko), 169 Tikhvin, 12 tobacco, 34, 67 Tolstaya, S. M., 18, 28, 71, 82, 92 Tolstoi, N. I., 82 Tomsk, 243 tot svet (other world of the dead), 24, 34-39. 54-55. 62-64, 79֊87. 9°֊94. W, 155,185, 215,246 towels, 4,14, 35, 49,50, 78, 91,101,108, 184. See also bathhouse “Trinity morning, the morning canon” (Esenin), 205 Trinity Saturday, 88,177,181, 217 Trinity Sunday, 74,183, 213-14 Trisagion prayer, 3 trizna, 190 Troitsa: birches and, 197-211, 215; calendar customs of, 174-79,207. 209.211; cele brations of, 182,188,191,196, 202, 212, 216; families and, 177-78,188-89,193֊ 94.196, 212, 218; as gathering, 42,186, 193-94,199, 218; greenery and, 205, 210, 212-17; history of, 24,174-76,197֊ 98, 208, 211, 214, 217-18, 250; impor tance of, 25,193; preparation for, 189, 196,198-99, 201, 208, 214-15; rituals of, 136,177, 203,205, 214; Saturday of, 170,185 (see also St. Thomas’s week); Sunday of, 170,216; traditions of, 74, 192.196, 209, 246; as village festival, 174,185,187-91,193-97. See also ancestors; birch trees; cemeteries; the Festival of the Birch; funerals; graves; Russia; Russian Orthodox Christianity; Semik 287 Troitse-Sergiev monastery, 175-76,180 “Troitsino utro, utrennii kanon” (Esenin), 205 Tsygane, 161 Tul’steva, L. A., 205 Tumarkin, Nina, 221 Turgenev, I. S., 133-34,142,144-45 Turner, Victor, 253Ո5 tuzhenie, 119
“Two feelings are wonderfully dear to us” (Pushkin), 257Ш1 ubogii dom, 179-82 Upenskii cathedral (Moscow), 213 urbanization, 7, 23,132,193-94, 206-7. See also villages Ushakov, D. N., 226 Vaiľ, R, 226, 241 van Gennep, Arnold, 38, 253Ո5 Vasiľevna, Nina, 129 Vasnetsov, Viktor, 205 Vechno zhivoi (Postupalskii), 227 Velikii post, 74 Verdery, Katherine, 250 veruiushchie, 20 Victory Day, 74, 92,141,157-59,169,197, 229, 237, 243 A Village Cemetery on a Moonlit Night (Sovrasov), 133 villages: communities within, 58-59,197; decline of, 7,14,197; festivals in, 174֊ 218; lamentations and, 98-133; poverty of, 5, 7,10-13,18-19; traditions of, 14, 72,195. See also ancestors; beggars; churches; Russia; Soviet Russia; Troitsa Vinogradov, G. S., 16 vodka, 64-70, 75-78, 81, 85, 96,100,106, 129,152,189. See also bread; cemeteries; feasts; food; funerals; graves; sins; Troitsa Volgograd, 219, 232 voplenitsy, 98 Vostryakovskoe cemetery (Moscow), 136 votive crosses, 138,139,173,199
Index 288 Worobec, Christine, 59 wreaths, 50,58,144,198,205, 210 Wright, Elizabeth, 132,171 Vsekh svyatykh, 183,189 vstali v boľshinu, 125 Vyazemskii, Petr, 204 Vysoko-Petrovskii monastery, 182 Washington Cemetery (New York), 150 weddings, 107,113-14,124-25,128,196, 198, 239-40, 255mi. See also families; lamentations; Soviet Russia; Troitsa widows, 24,109,112, 217. See also families; orphans; soldiers Williams, Albert Rio, 228 Winter Palace (Leningrad), 222 witchcraft, 256Ո5 “With a Smile on My Lips” (Martynov), 136 The Worlds of Russian Village Women (Olson and Adonyeva), 19 World War 1,120,126,141, 241. See also military (Russian); soldiers World War II, 99,131-32,140,157,193,195, 206, 220, 223. See also Germany; the Great Patriotic War; military (Rus sian); Russia; soldiers; Soviet Russia Yu. A. Galev Photo Archive, xiv Yugoslavia, 146 Zabelin, Ivan, 213-14 Zagoskin, Anatolil, 5 zaochnoe otpevanie, 57 zaplachki, 98 “Zashumeli nad zatonom trostniki” (Esenin), 205 zastole, 72,193 zavetne, 138 Zayarnyuk, Andriy, 21 Zelenin, Dmitrii, 16,46,142, 221,225 zemskii príkaz, 179 zhaleť, 179 zhaľnik, 179 Zhirnova, G. V., 239-40 zhivotvoryashchie, 25о “Zoya” (Aliger), 224 Bayerische Мл_ _ _ _Ճ-L·IL. il_ İL |
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| geographic | Russland Nord (DE-588)4255335-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Nord |
| id | DE-604.BV047084352 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:17:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:02:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780299330705 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032491092 |
| oclc_num | 1249672804 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | XV, 288 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210427 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | University of Wisconsin Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Warner, Elizabeth 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1159194572 aut We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia Madison University of Wisconsin Press [2021] XV, 288 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd rswk-swf Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd rswk-swf Totengedächtnis (DE-588)4138973-6 gnd rswk-swf Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd rswk-swf Ritual (DE-588)4050164-4 gnd rswk-swf Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland Nord (DE-588)4255335-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland Nord (DE-588)4255335-0 g Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 s Totengedächtnis (DE-588)4138973-6 s Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 s Ritual (DE-588)4050164-4 s Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 s DE-604 Adonʹeva, Svetlana Borisovna 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)128870915 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-299-33073-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Warner, Elizabeth 1940- Adonʹeva, Svetlana Borisovna 1963- We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd Totengedächtnis (DE-588)4138973-6 gnd Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd Ritual (DE-588)4050164-4 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033535-5 (DE-588)4006054-8 (DE-588)4138973-6 (DE-588)4063849-2 (DE-588)4050164-4 (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4255335-0 |
| title | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_auth | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_exact_search | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_full | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_fullStr | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_full_unstemmed | We remember, we love, we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| title_short | We remember, we love, we grieve |
| title_sort | we remember we love we grieve mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary russia |
| title_sub | mortuary and memorial practice in contemporary Russia |
| topic | Kult (DE-588)4033535-5 gnd Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd Totengedächtnis (DE-588)4138973-6 gnd Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd Ritual (DE-588)4050164-4 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kult Bestattung Totengedächtnis Volkskultur Ritual Ländlicher Raum Russland Nord |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032491092&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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