Holdings: Russia on the Danube

Russia on the Danube: empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Taki, Viktor 1979- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Budapest ; Vienna ; New York Central European University Press 2021
Series:	Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia volume 6
Subjects:	Geschichte 1812-1834 Geopolitik Außenpolitik Elite Reformpolitik Imperialismus Moldau > Fürstentum Walachei Russland
Online Access:	Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Physical Description:	ix, 376 Seiten Illustrationen
ISBN:	9789633863824

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Contents Acknowledgments. vii Introduction. i Chapter I Early Encounters. 17 Russian-Ottoman Confrontation and the Establishment of the Phanariot Regime. The Peace of Kuchuk-Kainarji and the Russian Protectorate. Russian Occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1806-1812. Church Policies under Russian Occupation. 20 29 39 51 Chapter II Challenges of Empire-Building in a Revolutionary Age. 63 The “Greek Project” of Ioannis Kapodistrias. The Bessarabian Experiment of Alexander 1. Russia’s Eastern Policy and Stroganov’s Mission. Kapodistrias, Alexander I, and the Greek Rebellion. 66 71 79 99 Chapter III The Uprisings of i8zi and Their Impact. 105 1821 and Anti-Greek Sentiment in Moldavia and Wallachia. Tensions among the Boyars and Their Projects of Reform. Moldavian Boyar Radicals and Conservatives. The C onvention of Akkerman. Chapter IV From Akkerman (1826) 109 119 125 136 то Adrianople (1829). 147 The Russian Empire and the Elites ofMoldavia and Wallachia in 1826-28. The War of 1828-29 and the Russian Occupation of the Principalities. The Genesis of the Reform Agenda. Ministerial Instructions and the Formation of the Committee of Reform. The Peace of Adrianople. 152 162 170 177 184 Chapter V The Organic Statutes and Russia’s Eastern Policy. 191 Boyar Opposition to the Organic Statutes. The Affair of Sion and Its Consequences. The Adoption of the Organic Statutes by the Assemblies of Revision. Kiselev’s Vision of the Principalities and Russia’s Eastern Policy. 196 2.01 zio 2.19 Chapter VI A Well-Ordered Police State on the Danube. 231 Plague Epidemics and the Creation of the Danubian Quarantine. The Creation of Militia and Police Reform. Fiscal Reform and Peasant Obligations. Administrative and Judiciary Reform. Foreign Subjects, Dedicated Monasteries, and Censorship. 234 245 253 260 265 Chapter VII Russian Policies in Moldavia and Wallachia After 1834.277 Russia and the Problem of Unification of the Principalities. Political Tensions in Moldavia and Wallachia in the Late 1830s. A Cordon Sanitaire for the Empire?. The Limits of Hegemony. 281 292 300 311 Conclusion. з-з Appendix i. 333 Appendix 2. 334 Glossary. 339 Bibliography. 341 Index. 365 Bibliography Unpublished Primary Sources Arhiva Naţională a Republicii Moldova [National Archive of the Rebublic of Moldova] (ANRM) ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 45 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 590 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 1418 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 1456 Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiskoi Imperii [Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire] (AVPRI) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 468, d. 1309 AVPRI, fond 133, op. 468, d. 13377 AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 114 (1830) AVPRI, fond 133,0p. 469, d. 138 (1831) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 115 (183г) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 141 (1833) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 859 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/1, d. 7 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/ï, d. 10 AVPRI, fond 331, op 716/1, d. 12 AVPRI, fond 331, op 7i6/i,d. 17 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 7i6/i,d. 18 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/1, d. 42 AVPRI, fond 321, op. 530/3, d. 105. AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/1, d. 3 Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv [Russian State Historical Archive] (RGIA) RGIA, fond 673, op. i, d. 230 RGIA, fond 673, op. i d. 231 RGIA, fond 673, op. i, d. 329 341 Bibliography RGIA, fond 673, op. i, d. 40г RGIA, fond 958, op i, d. 623 RGIA, fond 958, op. i, d. 614 RGIA, fond 958, op. i, d. 625 RGIA, fond 1286, op. 2, d. 70 RGIA, fond Ї286, op. 2, d. 284 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 113 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 114 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 117 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 118 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 173 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 183 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 211 RGIA, fond 1Ğ30, op. i, d. 218 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 222 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 228 RGIA, fond 1630, op. i, d. 245 Rossiiskii Voenno-istoricheskiiarkhiv [Russian State Military History Archive] (RGVIA) RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 69 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 71 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 73 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 78 RGVIA, fond 438, op. 1, d. 79 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 85 RGVIA, fond 438, op. 1, d. 88 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 92 RGVIA, fond438, op. i, d. in RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 139 RGVIA, fond 438, op. i, d. 155 Published Primary Sources Alabin, P.V. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 363 Index Abdur-Rezak, 33 Adrianople, Peace treaty of, negotiation and elaboration of 184-89 impact of 191,198, zzo-22, zz6, 22.8, 241, 250, 269, 283-85, 289,299, 308, 311 Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Congress of 87 Ahmed Pasha, Laz Aziz, 41 Akkerman, Convention of 138-47, 162, 175, 187, 283, 299,327 impact of 152-56,178, 183, 246, 271 Alabin, P.V., 321 AlekseevT.S., 255 Aleksei I, Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 21-23 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia Bessarabian “experiment,” 72,73,76, 148, 192, 201, 235 boyar appeals to, 38, 90,92, 107,115-17, 120-22,124,125, 135 confrontation with Napoleon, 71,73,74,247 constitutional projects, 11, 76-79, 99, 101 Eastern policy of, 3,40, 67,79, 80, 84, 85, 87, 104, 136,164, 204 Holy Alliance and legitimism, 95, 101, 102, 129,131, 135 policy with respect of the principalities, 43, 50,55,58,71, 88, 96, 283 policy in Poland, 74-79, too, 101, 151,202 Alexis of Russia, see Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia Alopeus, D.M., 100 Amvrosii (Serebriannikov), Archbishop, 52,54 Ancillion, Friedrich, 194 Anna Ioannovna, Empress of Russia, 28 Archipelago, 64, 65,69,163, 224 Arghiropoulo, Alexandru, 335 Aristarchis, Nikolaos, 280 arnãufi, 105, 273 disarmament of, 248-49 Arsenije III Crnojevic, Serbian Patriarch, 21 Asachi, Gheorghe, 157,182, 202, 273 assemblies assemblies of the divans, 179,183, 184, 188, 2-51» 2-55 projected legislative assemblies in the Rus sian Empire, 78 projects oflegislative assemblies in the principalities, 68,139-41,175,177,188, 328: in Moldavia, 91, 92,131-33, 201, 204, 313; in Wallachia 106, 158, 301, 314 See also Assemblies Ad Hoc; Assembly of the Land; Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision of Organic Statutes; Ordinary General Assemblies; Kiselev, and boyar opposition Assemblies Ad Hoc 1857, 322 Assembly of the Land, 18,91,180 Austrian Empire, 3, 29, 69,71,95, 109, 207, 221,283 and the boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, 35,60, 117,122,160, 161, 182, 2Ć6, 278, 288, 302, 326 and the post-Napoleonic order, 11,99, 101, 302 and the Russian policies in Moldavia and Wallachia, 31, 220, 222, 223, 243, 270 police and anti-epidemic measures, 81,232, 243.2-76 policy in the Eastern Question, 64, 93, 94, 121, 136,137, 224, 283, 303, 321, 326 policy of protection of the peasantry, 26, 195,257,328 subjects in Moldavia and Wallachia, 235, 236, 265-68, 305 Russian cooperation with, 84, 227, 228 See also Habsburg Monarchy Aynalikavak, Convention of, 36, 38, 97 Index Azov, гі-zi Baden, Grand Duchy of, 99 Bagration, P.I., 41,47-48, 50-51,60,196, zćo, 315 Balkan confederation, projects of, 82., 163, 185, i86, 30Z See also Danubian confederation Bakhmetiev, A.N., 73,75, 76, 90, 147, zoi Balashev, A.D., 78 Bălăceanu, Constantin, 89, rz3, zn, Z55,334, Bogdan III, Hospodar of Moldavia, 36 Bois-le-Comte, Charles, zu, z66, Z8Z-84, z86, Z87, Z89, Z90 Bourbons, dynasty, 11, iz boyar memoranda and petitions to Austrian Empire, 64,107 to Great Britain, 171; to France 155, z86 to Ottoman Empire, 116,118, izz, 1Z7, 13z, z88 to Russia 3Z, 50, 90, 91,107,116-ZI, IZ4, IZ5, 130-35. 139. 144-46, 153.157-59. 17z, 173, 176, 177,183, 184,198, zoo, Z04, Z45, Z46, Z71, Z9Z, 3z6, 3Z7 335 Bălăceanu, Ştefan, 157, 160, i8z, 335 Bălcescu, Nicolae, 305,308 Băleanu, Grigore, 115, 160, 334 Băleanu, EmanoiI, 160, 334 Balş, Grigore, Z49, Z54, Z55, z66 Balş, Lupul, 89, 95, izo, izi Balş, Smaranda, Z79 Balş, Theodor (Todorache), 134, zo6 Basarab, Laiota, Hospodar ofWallachia, 31 Batin, Battle of, 41 Bavaria, Kingdom of, 99 Bayezidll, 17z Beccaria, Cesare, Z63 Begidov, D.G., zoć Bellu, Alexandru, 160 Bellu, Constantin, 335 Bellu, Ştefan, 334 Benaki, L.P., 103 Bentham, Jeremy, 194 Berkendorf, A. Kh., Z9Z Bernadotte, J.-В. J. (KarlXIVJuhan), z8z Bessarabia, 59,68, 71, 79, 81-83, 98,103,141, 144, i8z, 19z, 195, z66, 317, 3z8 Alexander I’s visit to, 87,90, 9z boyar emigration to, 108, 3Z7 curtailment of Bessarabian autonomy, boyars delegations to Catherine II, Z9, 30, 36, 39 delegations to the Porte, 117,1Z4,139 differences between Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, 46, 1Z3, z86 interim boyar government in Wallachia, early i8zi, 105-107, 117,1Ć0 relations with Philiki Etaireia, 103 See also tensions; boyar memoranda and petitions, Ordinary General Assemblies, their conflict with hospodars; Kiselev, and boyar opposition; Brăila, 34,41, izi, 164, 173, Z38, Z41, Z50, Z51, Z5Z, Z70, 307 Brâncoveanu, Gheorghe, 107, no, 113, 1Z4, 160, 177, Z77, 378, 334 Brâncoveanu, Constantin, Hospodar of Wallachia, z, zz, Z4, Z5 Braşov (Kronstadt), ioć, 115,116, 118, izi, izz, IZ4,131,158, Z45 Brătianu brothers, 314 Brunnov, F.I., 143 Bucharest Congress of, 31-36 Peace Treaty of, 37, 38, 61, 71, 7z, izj, 145, 148, Z71, 3Z4: Ottoman violation of, 80, 147-51 “Rules for the Temporary Administration ofBessarabia,” 7Z-74, 163 Russian annexation of, 167, Z38 “Statute of the Formation of Bessarabian Province,” 75, 76, 86, iz8, IZ9, zoi Bezak, K.P., Z94, 31z Bezborodko, A.A., 40 Bibescu, Gheorghe, Hospodar ofWallachia, 81, 83-87, 89, 93,97, 130, 141 revolutionary events of, 1848, 314-16 urban development in, Z34-38, Z45, Z50-5Z Bulgari, M.N., 189 Bulgaria, i, 4, 8z, 163,170,189, 307, 317, 3Z4 Burgheli, Constantin, zoo Butenev, A.P., 197, ZZ3, ZZ5, zz6, Z7Z, Z78, z88, Z9Z, Z95, Z97 Byzantium, 17, 18, 68 Byzantine tradition, 64,65 Byzantine law, 9z, 148 160, Z78, 308-iz, 314, 318, 319 Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich von, Z3Z Billecocq, Adolphe, 309 Bludov, D.M., 149, 196 Blutte, E.L., Z69, Z70, z8z, Z87 Bocca di Cattaro, 70 366 Index Callimachi, family, 95, 112 Callimachi, Grigore, Hospodar of Moldavia, 235 Callimachi, Scarlat, Hospodar of Moldavia and the boyar opposition, 89, 90, 95 appointment as the hospodar of Wallachia in 1821,106,113 legal code of 92,133, 273 negotiations with Russia, 90, 92-96 proposal to reform taxation, 93 sale of boyar titles, 89,172,173, taxation policies and reform proposals, 95,96 tensions with Russia, 87, 88 violations of the Bucharest Peace treaty, 80, 83, 86 cameralism, 9, 232-34, 257 Canning, George, 137 Canning, Stratford, 171 Câmpineanu, Ion, 298, 301,302,304, 307 Câmpineanu, Constantin, 255 Cantacuzino, Grigore, 310 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe, 134,176 Cantacuzino, Constantin, 250, 335 Cantacuzino, Matei, 335 Cantacuzino, Mihai, 31, 34, 36, 112 Cantacuzino, Toma, 25 Cantacuzino, Şerhan, Hospodar of Wallachia, 21 Cantacuzino-Paşcanu, Constantin, 182 Cantemir, Antioch, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Cantemir, Dimitrie, Hospodar of Moldavia, 2, 22-25,46,171 Cantemir, Constantin, Hospodar of Molda via, 21, 24 Cantemir dynasty, 24 Caragea, loan, Hospodar of Wallachia anti-epidemic measures, 235, 236 and the boyar opposition, 89 legal code of, 92,10Ć, 265 proposal to reform taxation, 93 relations with Russia, 90,92-94 taxation policies and reform proposaU, 93.96 violations of the Bucharest Peace treaty, 80, 83, 86 Caracas, Dumitru, 235 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 24 Carp, Constantin, 200 Carp, Petru, 129 Katakazi, G.A., 202 Catargi, Iordache, 58,134,155,157, 158, 170, 183, 199,206,282,287 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 3, 21,52, 71, 204, 331 administrative reform under, 232, 328 and the boyar ofMoldavia and Wallachia, 2-9 30, 33. 34,36, no, 324 and the nobility, 77, 78,129, 151 Greek project of, 64, 82, 283 policy towards the Ottoman Empire, 31,63 Cereneţ, 241 Chateaubriand François-René de, 194 Chateaugiron, Charles Hippolyte Le Prestre, 304 Chernyshev, A.I., 189, 251, 252 Chernyshev, Z.G., 34 cholera, epidemic of, 212, 244, 245 Chrystoma, Dimitrie, 255 Chichagov, P.V., 71-73, 249 censuses, 54, 141,155, 157, 180, 234, 254, 256, 259, 262, 295 Cocorescu, loan, 117, 335 Colquhoun, Robert, 304 Colson, Felix, 301, 304, 313 Conachi, Costache, 132,133,176,177,183,199 Constant, Benjamin, 194, 231 Constantin Şerban, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Constantinople, Patriarchate of, 53, 280 constitutions Constitution of “Carbonari,” 125-29,131· 155. 315 Constitutional Charter of France, 14, 99 Constitutional Charter of Poland, 11, 79 Constitutional Charter of the Russian Empire, л, 78, 79,151 constitutionalism, 11, 76, 330 ofAlexander I, 99, 100,101, 326 consuls ofEuropean powers, 265-70, 294, 298, 304, 320,326: Austria, 81,266-68; France, 289,294, 326; Great Britain, 294 of Russia, 37, 81, 86-87, 96,97,141, 144, 159-61, 307, 311, 324: as political arbi ters in the principalities 4, 217, 269, 292, 302,306; and Russian “representations” to the Porte, 37, 88; their presidency in the Committees of Reform of 1827, 155; and Russian subjects in the principali ties, 174,175, 265 Corfu, 66,67, 70 Cornescu, Constantin, 335 Cornescu, Mihai, 160, 334 Cossacks, i, 20, 22, 77, 150,171, 206, 212 Costescu, Pana, 334 Costin, boyar family, 18 Index Ottoman demands to extradite Greek followers, 121 massacres of the Muslims, 98 uprisingof, 109-11, 125,155, 245, 271,32Ճ, 327: Ottoman repression of 109, 288; Russian disavowal of 98, 99, 103, 326 Extraordinary Assemblies for Election of Hospodars, 199, 213, 21è, 258, 277, 328 principles of their formation, 126,153-55, 172, 179; in Moldavia 116,198; in WaJlachia 308 Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision of Organic Statutes, 229, 244, 285 principles of their formation, 178, 208-10: in Moldavia, 212,214, 215, 244; in Wal lachia, 210, 211, 248, 253, 25Ć, 258, 286, 288, 297, 298 Craiova, 263, 285 Creţulescu, Alexandru, 335 Creţulescu, Constantin, 49, 211, 334 Crimean Khanate, 3,32 Crimean campaign of 1689, 21 Crimean war, 15, 270, 285, 320, 330 Cuza, Alexandru loan, Hospodar of Moldavia and Wallachia, 284, 285, 322 Czartoryski, Adam, 11, 82, 302, 303 Czernowitz, 116,125,129, 131,132, 134,135 Danubian Confederation, projects of, 137, 291, 29è See also Balkan Confederation Dashkov, D.V. and the idea of unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, 283 and the Organic Statutes, 202, 209 and Russian policy in the principalities, 138-43,164, 167, 1Ğ8, 173, 213 instructions of, 175-81, 242, 246, 285, 297 role in the definition of Russia’s Eastern policy, 138,185-89, 284 service in Russia’s Constantinople mis sion, 129 Dashkov, Ia.A., 305-ю, 312 Dibich, 1.1., 165,184, 189, 191, 192, 197, 198, 226, 247 Dionysius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 21 Dionisie (Lupu), Metropolitan of Wallachia, 107, 120 Donici, Andronache, 125 Dosifei (Dosoftei), Metropolitan of Moldavia, 20, 21, 29, 55 Doukas,Neophitos, in Draghici, Manolache, 157,176 Duca, Constantin, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Duca, lancu, 200 Dudescu, Constantin, 334 Fălcoianu, loan, 334 Fereos, Rigas, 65, 69, ni, 112, 114 Fethi Ahmet Pasha, 277, 279 Fath-Ali, Shah, 137 Ficquelmont, Karl Ludwig von, 267 Filipescu family, 42, 313 Filipescu, Alexandru, no, 160, 250, 334 Filipescu, Dimitrie, 304, 305, 307, 308, 313,314 Filipescu, Grigore, 334 Filipescu, Iordache, 160,182, 277, 278, 305, 334 Filipescu, Constantin, 49, 50, 55, 89 Filipescu, Mihai, 117, 146, 335 Filipescu, Nicolae, 255, 335 Filitti, loan C„ 128 Finland, Grand Duchy of, 58,75,76,79,147, Florescu, Gheorghe, 335 Florescu, Emanoil, 255, 335 Florescu, Radu, 7 Focşani, Congress of, 31, 32, 36 Fonton, A.A, 59 Fonton, F.P., 1-3,15 Foucault, Michel, 233, 234 France Bourbon restoration, 194 Napoleonic France, n, 40,42,65,71,74,193 policy in the Eastern Question, 31, 66, 84, 224, 287-90, 303, 326 relations with the elites of Moldavia and Wallachia, 60, 291,302,304,315 Revolution of 1830, 220, 328 Russian occupation of, 194 Second Empire, 196 fortresses. See Ottoman Empire: Danubian fortresses Eastern Question, 7, 8,104, 137,138, 289,303, 324 Eliade, Pompiliu, 194 Enlightenment, 64, 67, 81,194 Greek Enlightenment, 111 Erbiceanu, Constantin, 52 Etaireia (Philiki Etaireia), 13, 98, 102, 104 boyar association with, 105, no, 113, 115-17,119,160, 288 Bulgarian Etaireia of 1842, 307, 308 Etaireia of Rigas Velestinlis, 112 Greek followers of, 105, in, 113, 287 368 Index Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 107,117, 122, 229 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 233 frontiers contested frontier zones, 9, 12, 66, 233 Danubian frontier zone, 5, 13, 27, 329 Ottoman, 10 steppe, 3 Galaţi, 98, 270 Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, Exarkh of Molda via and Wallachia, 51,52, 54-59, 89, 90, 95, 197,237,271,325 Gedeon, Metropolitan of Moldavia, 21, 23, 33 Gentz, Friedrich von, 123 Georgescu, Vlad, 60,131 Gheorgbe Ştefan, Hospodar ofMoldavia 21, 23 Ghervas, Stella, 175 Ghica, family, 112, 313 Ghica, Alexandru, Wallachian boyar (17961861), 160, 255, 334 as hospodar ofWallachia, Alexandru II Ghica, 279, 280, 297, 298, 301, 306-308, 318,319 Ghica, Alexandru (Moldavian boyar), 277, 278, 294 Ghica, Constantin, Wallachian boyar 49, 335 Ghica, Constantin, Moldavian boyar 89, 95 Ghica, Dumitru, Wallachian boyar, 112, 335 Ghica, Dumitru, Moldavian boyar, 205 Ghica, Grigore II, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar ofWallachia, in, 234 Ghica, Grigore III, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar of Wallachia, 37, 112, 215 Ghica, Grigore as hospodar ofWallachia, Grigore IV, 122-24,139, 152, 159, 238, 264, 273, 327 as leader of anti-Phanriote boyars, 89, 107 as leader of the boyar delegation to the Porte in 1822, 288 as member of interim boyar government in 1821, 113, 117, after deposition, 278, 279, 286 Ghica, lancu, 335 Ghica, Ion, 314, 316 Ghica, Mihai 279, 334 Ghica, Nicolae, 117, 335 Gibbon, Edward, 194 Giurgiu, 106,109, 121,173, 235, 241, 250, 251 Girs, A. A., 129 Girs.N.K., 292 Giurescu, Constantin, 36 Golden Horde, 76 Golescu family, 313, 314 Golescu, Alexandru, in, 314, 316 Golescu, Gheorghe (Iordache), 334 Golescu, Constantin (Dinicu), in, 160, 334 Golescu, Nicolae, 117, 334 Golescu, Ştefan, 111 Golitsyn, A.N., 56, 104,132, 189 Gorchakov, M.D., 320 Grădişteanu, Barbu, 334 Grădişteanu, Şerhan, 56 Great Britain, 66, 84, 93, 121, 136,137, 224, 269, 270, 287, 302, 303, 326 Greece, Kingdom of, 1, 287, 299 Greeks, 17,63, 69, 81,98, 102,103,114,137, 280, 325 anti-Greek sentiment in the principalities, 88, 90,106, 109, 116-18,127, 273 See also Phanariots Grigore, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 197, 211, 288 Grosul, Via., 256 Guizot, François, 194 Habsburg dynasty, 5,12, 25,27,302 Habsburg Monarchy, 10, 29, 69,195 .See also Austrian Empire Habsburg policies, 13, 26, 232, 257, 276 Halet Effendi, 94 Hangerli family, 9 5 hatt-i sherifs, of 1802, 38-40, 86-88,92,94,97, 134, I39 144, 172, 200, 257 of 1827,154, 155, 200 of 1834,277 See also Ottoman Empire Heliade-Rădulescu, Ion, 273, 317 Hermeziu, Gheorghe, 200 Holy Alliance, 15, 16, 84, 85, 95, 99, 100, 101, 163, 220, 326 Holy Synod of the Russian Empire, 15, 52-57, 104,120, 132, 189 hospodars appointment by the Porte 19, 25, 37,64, 171, 223, 227, 317, 327 appointment in 1834, 277-79, 306, 329 boyar demand for native hospodars, 123, 124, 314 constitutional limitations on the power of, 122, 140,143, 174, 297, 299: according to the Organic Statutes 2Г7, 328 elections of: 1842 Wallachian hospodar elections, 308; in early history of Mol- Index and Russia’s Eastern policy, 83-85, 87,137, davia and Wallachia 19, 31, 31, 53; boyar demand for election of native hospodars 117, 114,116, 133, 153, i7i; Russia and the question ofhospodar elections, 139-41, 154, 157. 1Ć4, 173· 177, 179, 188, 108, in, 113,119,110; according to the Organic Statutes 116; seven-year term of 38, 39, 87, 91-94,139, 138.163.173, 176,189, 219, as Alexander ľs foreign minister, 76, 79, 99-ior, 104 as governor of Greece, 163 early career, 66-68 his plan of diversion against French Em pire’s Illyrian provinces, 69-71 Russian criticism of, 77,78 Kara Mustafa, Grand Vizier, 25 Karadjordje (Djordje Petrovič), 71 Karazin, V.N., 77, 78 Karneev, K.A., 255 Khanov, S.F., 138 Khitrovo, N.Z., 43 Khmelnytsky, Bogdan, 20 Kiev, 21,49, 5°. 5i 81, 16Ć, 192, 195 Kiselev, P.D., 7, 1Ć0, 214, 280, 318, 329 and the Assemblies of Revision, 208-12 and the boyar opposition, 196-206, 211 and foreign subjects, 166-70 and the choice of hospodars, 213, 277-79 and the peasant obligations, 194, 197,215, 143,319 See ako boyars; Phanariots Hrisoscoleo, Dimitrie, 334 Hume, David, 194 Iakovenko I.P., 310 Iaşi Peace of, 37,52, 145 Revolutionary events of 1848, in, 313-14 urban development in, 131,236-37,141, 150-52 Ibrahim-Pasha, Kavalali, 225,226 Ignace, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 55,56,80, 81, 83,103,176 Illyrian Provinces of the French Empire, 66, 258-60 72, 73, 247 and the question of unification of Molda via and Wallachia, 181,285 and Russia’s Eastern policy, 219, 211, plan of expedition against, 69-71 Inzov, I.N., 108 Ioachim, Patriarch, 10 Ioasaf, monk, 203 Iorga, Nicolae, 188 Isaev, I., 43 Isaiah, archimandrite, 21 ispravniks, 16,40, 51, 151, 205,141,149, 258, 162 abuses of, 43,45, 90, 169, 170,154-56: measures taken to curb abuses, 47,48,91, 157, 158, 175, 261 Italiniskii, A.Ia., 80, 247 Italy, 80,156 Russian policy in, 11,99-101 Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, 21 224-26, 229 and Wallachian and Moldavian militia, 247.150 anti-revolutionary attitudes and policies, 271.173, 27, 297-300 desire to annex the principalities, 121, 216 education and early career, 191-93 measures against plague and cholera, 238, 240,242,243-45 public welfare measures, 250-52 reform of local administration and taxati on, 253, 255-57 relations with hospodars and boyars after 1834, 293, 310-12, 318 relations with Nicholas, 192, 195,196 tensions with Nesselrode, 227, 228 Kishinev (Chisinau), 75,89,90, ri6,119,129,135 Joseph II, 64,195, 233 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 232 Justinian 1,148 kocabasi, 64 Kamenskii, N.F., 41,59 Kankrin, E.F., 169 Kapodistrias, Ioannis and Bessarabia, 71, 73, 148, 149 and the Danubian principalities, 68, 69, 84, 88, 90, 92-94,96, 283 and Philiki Etaireia, 98, 102-104 Kochubei, V.P. 52,189 Kogălniceanu, Mihai, 317 Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 70, 202 Kotsebu, Karl fon, 294, 295, 306, 312 Krasno-Miloshevich, V.I., 50, 51,237 Kreuchely, Karl Ludwig von, 235 Krinitskii, N.A., 75 370 Index Kucuk-Kainarji, Peace of, 29, 33-38,63, 64, 81, 86,97,143,145,265 Kulevca, Battle of, 184 Kuropatkin, A.N., 331 Kutuzov, M.I., 41, 59,69, 71, 80 Kushnikov, S.S., 44-46,48-51, 236, 237, 325 Lagan, Charles, 145, 155,203,206,211,212, 244, 260, 268, 288, 289 Laibach, Congress of 103, 163, Lampedusa, Giuseppe, 314 Langeron, A.F., 43, 50, 103 Lashkarev, S.L., 37,40 Lazarev, M.P., 225 Lazar, Gheorghe, 111 Ledoulx, Charles, 46, 57 legitimism, n, 99-101, 103,129, 135, 228 Lelli, K.F., 155, 1Ć0,161, Lenş, Filip, 117, 335 Leon (Gheucă), Metropolitan of Moldavia, 52 Lippa, baron von, 160, 182 Liprandi, LP., ićo, 161, 199, 203, 266, 320, 321 Liven, Kh. A., 202 Locke, John, 194 London, Convention of, ¡87 Louis-Philippe I, King of France, 289 Lupu, Vasile, Hospodar of Moldavia, 21 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 101 Lutsk Treaty, 22, 24 Macedoński, Dimitrie, 114 Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan, 94,162, 223, 225, 266, 280, 282 Malinovskii, V.F., 283 Manega, P.V., 148 Mano, Mihai, 334 Manuk-bei (Manuk Mirzoian), 50, 82, 83,85 Margotti, Johann, 206 Mariia Fedorovna, Empress, 49 Martens, Karl von, 279 Marx, Karl, 257, 327 Matsuzato, Kimitaka, 148 Mavrogheni, Nicolae, 112, 235 Marvrocordat, Alexandra, Moldavian boyar, 205 Mavrocordat, Constantin, Hospodar ofWallachia, Hospodar of Moldavia, 26, 27,47, 119,183, 215 Mavrocordat, Nicolae, Hospodar ofWallachia, 30 Mavrocordat (Firaris), Alexandru, Hospodar ofMoldavia, 28,113 Mavromihalis, Petro-bei, 103 Mavros, Gheorghe, 280 Mavros, Nicolae, 243, 280 Maximillianll, King of Bavaria, 102 Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38,172 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha, Grand Vizier, 127 Meiendorf B.F. fon, 43 Menshikov, A.S., 165,195 Metternich, Klemens von, 11,94,99-101, 103, 108,123, 137, 212, 228 Michael of Russia, see Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov Mihăescu, Scarlat 117 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar ofRussia, 22 Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, A.I., 248, 274 Mikhelson, I.N., 40 Miloradovich, M.A., 42,49,50 Miloš Obrenović, 108, 299 Mimaut, Alfred, 289 Minchaki, M.Ia., 131, 136, 152,165,175-77, 183, 202, 208, 211, 266, 281, 282, 298 and the boyars ofMoldavia and Wallachia, 157· 159-62, 182, 246, 278, 279, 288 as president of the Committee of Reform, 155-59. 177.178. 196, 199 Mirkovich, F.Ia., 182, 183, 200, 249, 266, 277, 278, 280, 296 his reports on the abuses in Moldavian administration, 168-70 and the Affair of Sion, 203-205 Mircha the Old, Hospodar of Wallachia, 31 Moisiodax, Iosipos, 111 Moldovalachian Commission, 58 Moltke, Helmuth von, 243 monasteries, dedicated, 56,57,106,118, 127, 271, 272 nationalization of, 314 See also Organic Statutes; stipulations on dedicated monasteries Montesquieu, Charles Louis, 6,194 Morea, 63,64, 69, 156, 224 Moruzi family, 95 Moruzi, Alexandru, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar of Wallachia, 39,40, 96, 259 Moruzi, Constantin, Hospodar ofMoldavia, 81,112 Mosco, lancu, 335 Movilă, boyar family, 18 Muhammad Ali, Governor of Egypt, 224, 225, 228, 266, 282, 303 Muller, Johannes von, 194 Munnich, Burkhard Christoph von, 28 Index Ninţulescu, Alexandru, 335 North, Frederick, 102 Novosil’tsev, N.N., 78 Murat, Ioachim, 99 Muraviev, N.N., 2.2.5 Murgu, Ştefan, 30è Mustafa Pasha Bayraktar, 82 Obreskov, A.M., 33-36 Odessa, 63, 87, 102,103,164, 270, 274 Oldenburg, P.G. Prince, 284 Olimpiotul, lordache, 105,113 Orbinskii, R.V., 248 Ordinary General Assemblies, 4, 179-81,197, 200, 216-18, 261, 264,269,282, 299, 328 principles of their formation, 166, 168,172, 174, 207,208: in Moldavia, 223, 259, 260, 287, 296; in Wallachia, 195, 223, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 262,264, 265, 272, 284 their conflict with the hospodars, 279, 292, 297, 298, 300, 306-10, 317 See also Extraordinary Assemblies of Revi sion of Organic Statutes Organic Statutes, 4, 6,7,14, 134, 219, 221, 231, 293, 296, 305, 308, 309,313, 322, 324, 330 adoption by the Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision, 208, 211, 212,215,229,263 and well-ordered police state, 233, 234 approval by the Porte, 198, 214, 222, 228 constitutional aspects, 216, 217 elaboration of 157,159,197, 285, 327, 328 instructions for 175 opposition to, 197, 203, 224, 278, 281, 287, Naples, Kingdom of, 99-101 Napoleon Bonaparte, 59,66,68-75, z8z, г86, 290 Moldavian appeals to, 42, 155, 286, 315 Napoleon’s policy in Poland, 74-75 318 Napoleonic wars, 68,70, 79, 80, 147, 192 War of 1812,59, 71-74, 247 Post-Napoleonic settlement 79,85,101, 325 Napoleonic code, influence of, 147-49, 318 nationalism, 13 in the Balkans, 13, 323 Romanian nationalism, 4,14,17,292,301,315 Neamţ, 248 Nečul, logorai, 23 Neculce, Ion, 24 Negel, Şerhan, 128 Negri, Constantin, 122 Neofit, bishop, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 197, 252,311,315 Nesselrode, K.V., 79,87,119,137,138,143,153, 156, 163,166,167,174,185,198, 205,206, 207, 277,285,295, 304, 312, 318,328 and the question of election of hospodars, 212, 213, 278, and the question of unification of Molda via and Wallachia, 286 and Russia’s Eastern policy, 131,135, 189, 270 attitude towards the boyars, 132,136,170 cooperation with the Austrian Empire, 220, 227, 229, 267, 270 role in the elaboration of the Organic Statutes, 199, 202, 210 Nestor, Ştefan, 334 New Russia, 64,87,103,148,194,195,245 colonization of 63, 147, 233, Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 233, 247, 248, 252, 312, 328, 330 and the Holy Alliance, i6, 323 boyar appeals to, 170,292 during the Russian-Ottoman War of 1828-1829, 1, 3, 162,165, 167,177 Eastern policy of, 136-38, 189, 220, 225, 229, 270, 327 internal policies of, 151 response to the Wallachian revolution of 1848, 316 2-97. 315, 316 purpose of, 275, 276, 299, 329 stipulations: on boyar ranks, 217,218; on dedicated monasteries, 272; on foreign subjects, 269-71; on militia, 245, 248; ju diciary, 267,268; on peasant obligations 257,258; on quarantine and sanitary mea sures 241, 242; violations of 270,295 Orlov, A.G., 63 Orlov, A.F., 187,195, 225, 227, 228 Orlov, G.G., ļi, 32 Ostrowski, Antoni Jan, 274 Ottoman dynasty, 13, 27, 302 Ottoman Empire capitulations to European nations, 118, 265-68, 270, 290, 320, 329 capitulations to Moldavian and Walla chian hospodars, 36, 90, 122-25,140, 142,172, 314-17 capitulations of, forged texts of, 31 commercial monopoly in the principali ties, 18, 32,141, 144, 156,173, 175.169: 372 Index Philipsborn, A.G., von 309 Pizani, A.N., 86, 88, 90, 95, 108, 155 PizaniP.N., 238, 255 Pini, A.A., 80, 86,94,95,107,117,124,131,156 plagues, 186, 237 1814 epidemic, 136, 1818-1830 epidemic, 138, 239, 242 1837 epidemic, 243 early anti-epidemic measures, 134-35 See also cholera, quarantine Platon, Gheorgbe, 298 Podolia, 73-75, 108, 147 Pogor, Vasile, 199, 200, 205 Poland Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 12,13, 20, lí, 27, 232: partitions ОЃ74; Russian policy in, 10, n, 331 Kingdom of Poland (after 1815), 74-79, 99, 147,151, 221; Sejm of 1818, 76,77; Sejm of 1820 100, 101,131,151; Uprising of November 1830 202, 207 police, 58, 74,128, 149, 156, 158, 207, 233, 237, 155,261, 264 medical police, 234,136,140, political police ,276, 292, 303, reform of, 145,146, 249-52, 328 well-ordered police state, 9, 231-34, 252, 253,270,275, 330 Ponsonby, John, 270 Potemkin, G.A., 34,40, 51, 233 Pototskaia, S.S., 192 Prozorovskii, A.A., 30,41,44, 50,53 Prussia, Kingdom, of 17, 35,100, 193,176, 302 Pruth Campaign, 1,1, 22-15,18, 30,49, 171 Boyar demands to limit or abolish 90, in, 130,133 governors of the Danubian fortresses, 34, 38, 70, 81 tribute paid to, 17, 19, і6, 31,91, 131,141, 144, 164,171,118,187: temporary exemptions from, 33, 38, 40, 83,97,124, 134; violations of exemptions from, 38, 80, 83, 86, 89,144; Russia’s offer to increase, 141,144, 1Ć4, 172, 173, 175, 187,188, 257 Paisios, Patriarch ofjerusalem, 21,12 Palen, F.P., 1Ć6,167,168, 169, 178, 192, 197 Palmerston, Henry Temple, 303 Panaite, Viorel, 18 Pandurs, 105, 106, 109, 114, 160, 305 Panin,N.I., ii, 36 Pan-Slavism, 15,70,126 Paris 1856 Peace Treaty of, 321 1858 Convention of, 285, 312 Paskevich, K.F., 106 Pasvan-Oglu, 38,146 Paul I, 3 peasants obligations to the landlords, 27, 119, 121, 204, 295,314: boyar attempts to increase 6, 119, 114, 152,158,196; Russian ef forts to regulate 181,195,109, 214, 215, 257-60, 278 resistance to military draft, 205, 206, 208, 212,113, 248 Perovskii, V.A., 195 Persia, 137 Pestei, P.I., 191 Peter I, the Great, Emperor of Russia, 1,2,11-25, 39,49,110,232,133 reforms of 9,44 PeterlH, Emperor of Russia, 193 Petru Rareş, Hospodar of Moldavia, 171 Petrovič, Djordje, see Karadjordje Phanariots, 14, 53,60, 109, 326, 327 boyar criticism of, 19, 30, 31, 90,91,106, 107, no, 115,117-19,125, 117, 134,180 intermarriage with the boyars, 111,111 relations with Etaireia, 112-14, 116 Russia’s attitude to 38, 39, 64, 68, 69,95, 96,139, 145 policies of, 25, 26, 91,195, 200, 234 See also boyars; hospodars Pharmakis, Ioannis, 105 quarantines early temporary quarantines, 235, 23Ć, 138,139 Danubian quarantine, 241, 242, 245, 246, 250, 252, 280: proposals to establish 81, 97,172, 187,188, 233; political uses of 142, 243 See also plague Racoviţă family, 111 Racoviţă, Dumitru, 494 Racoviţă, Mihai, Hospodar of Moldavia, 21 Racoviţă, Mihai, Wallachian, boyar, 334 Radoviči, Emanoil, 200 Radu, Leontie, 296 raiale, 38, 93, 250, 288 demands for the return of the lands il- 373 Index legally alienated into, 33, 34, 38, 86, 93, 94, 97; demands for the reintegration of, 13, 115, 121, 12.5, 141,143,164,172, 175, 187; reintegration of, in Wallachia, 188, 250, 288 reforms 1827, Committees of, 156,158, 24è, 327 1829-1830, Committee of, 206, 215, 218, 223, 282, 284, 287, 297, 318: formation of 177, 178,182; instructions to, 179-81, 188, 214, 262, 269, 285, 293, 328; smallboyar criticism of, 183,184, 199, 200 boyar resistance to, 194, 196-98, 209, 222, 223, 288 during Russian occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1806-12,44,45,47, 48, 54. 55. 57 of the Phanariotes, 26, 27 politics of, 4, 9-12, 60, 67, 149, 162,164 Russian sponsorship of, 3, 7, 14, 191,196, 240, 267, 290, 311, 324, 326 See also boyar memoranda and petitions; Peter I, the Great, reforms of; Catherine II, administrative reform of 1775; Alex ander I, constitutional projects revolutions French Revolution of 1789, 11,65, I0°. 275, 314: its influence in Southeastern Europe 64, 127, 128 Revolution of 1830, 202, 220, 275, 289, 328 Revolution of 1848: in Moldavia 313, 314; in Wallachia: 111,281,314-17 Russia’s reaction to, 9, 11, 12, i6, 67, 74, 84, 85, 100, 136, 163, 209, 212, 274, 275, 281, 298-300,323,329 Ragusa, Republic of, 35 Rallet, Dimitrie,994 Rallet, Constantin, 33s Rallet, Grigore,954 Rassevat, Battle of, 41 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Francois, 194 Repnin, N.V., 36 Ribop’er, A.I., 132,139,143 Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, too, 233 Rigny, Henri de, 266 Roman, 205, 206, 248 Romanita, Grigore, 334 Romanov, dynasty, 13, 284, 302 Rosetti family, 313 Rosetti, Alexandru, 296 Rosetti, Constantin A., 314 Rosetti, Radu, 58 Rosetti-Roznovanu, Iordache, 90-93,113,120, 129-31,135,153,158,160,178,182,198 Rosetti-Roznovanu, Nicolae, 135, 153,155, 158, 1Ć0, 198, 294 Rot, L.O., 164, 165 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 194 Rikman, Petr fon, 292, 298, 301, 304 Ruckman, see Rikman Rudzevich, A.Ia., 164 Rumiantsev, N.P., 67,68 Rumiantsev, P.A., 30, 33-35, 36, 39,40 Rushchuk, Russian victory at, 69 Russian-Ottoman Wars of 1768-1774, 3, 29,44,63, no, 112,145, 184,236 of 1787-1792, 29,40, 113 of 1806-1812, 28,40, 79, 82,105,155,164, 165,184, 246, 251, 286, 324, 325 of 1828-1829, ։ 3.5.162,164, 165, 167, 177, 192, 195, 247, 286, 312, 326, 327 See also Crimean Campaign of 1689; Pruth Campaign Sagadino, Ştefan, 273 Sakellario, Constantin, 279 Saint-Petersburg 1826 Protocol of, 137 1834 Convention of, 277 Savitskii, V.Ia., 45,49 Saxony, Kingdom of, 99 Sebastiani de la Porta, Horace François Bastien, O. F. В., 40 Selim III, 41 Selunskii, I.V. 40 Semenova, L.E., 36,51 Septinsular Republic, 55, 67, 80,156, Serbia, i, 4,41, 70, 71, 82, 84,85,137,163, 188, 189, 296 Serbian Uprising of, 1804-1813, 80 Serbian autonomy, 84 serfdom (in the principalities) abolition of, 26,119,124, 195, 215 boyar attempt to restore, 152,158 Severin, 1.1., 37 Shumla, 41,165,175 Silistria, 41, 165, 184, 205, 235, 280 Sion, Antioch, 202-20Ć, 208, 212, 277 scutelnki abolition of, 141, 143, 172,175, 180, 196, 197, 204, 209, 210,215, 267, 293, 328 abuses with, 45, IĆ6,256 374 Index Suleiman I the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan, 171 Suleiman Pasha, 316 Suţu family, 9 5 Sutu, Alexandru, Hospodar of Wallachia, Ho spodar of Moldavia 96,105,106,113, z8o Suţu, Mihai (1730-1803), Hospodar ofWallachia, Hospodar of Moldavia, 135 Suţu, Mihai II (1784-1864), Hospodar of Moldavia, 96,103,108,113,116, izi, 115, 136,187 Suţu, Nicolae, 113,149,154, 155.i66, 174, z8o Sweden, 10, i z boyar right to, z6, in, 116, 144,151 proposals to limit the number of, 91,93, 94, 106, 133,155,157, 173 Slobozia, Truce of, 40 Smith, Adam, 194 Sobieski, Jan, King of Poland, zo, 15 Sof’ia, Tsarevna, regent of Russia, zi soft power, 11,65 Spain, 99, 100,101 Speranskii, M.M., 59, 138,196 Starov, S.N., Z47 Ştirbei, Barbu, Z90,191, 308,334 and censorship, 174 as a candidate to Wallachian throne in Tatars, 3, z6 Tatishchev, S.S., 174 Tăutu, Ionică, 115, 117, iz8,133, 171 taxation assemblies’control over, 140,174,117 Bessarabia’s exemption from, 71; boyar exemption from, z6,13z, 133,151,359 boyar proposals to reform taxation, 90-91, in, iz6, 130, 134, 158,176, Z53, 314 clergy’s exemption from, 55 collection of taxes, 46,47,175,145, ići direct tax, 86, 93, in, 114,134, 17z, 176, 150,156-58 extraordinary taxes, 51,60,90,95,96 foreign subjects’ exemption from, 157,165, 167; indirect taxes, 86, 96, in, 134, i66, 17Z, 176,180, 181, 196 land tax, 180: boyar resistance to, 196,108 municipal taxes, 151 Phanariot policies of, 30, 31, 38,55,88 Russian efforts to control and reform, 39, 48, 58, 81, 87,9Z, 96,97, 144,155, 164, 1834,178 as a collaborator of Kiselev, ićo, 150,153 as hospodar of Wallachia in 1849-1853, 17z, 318-Z0 as a member of the Reform Committee, 1819-1830, i8z reform proposals, 158, 176,177,146, 153-55 Stroganov, G.A., 80, 84-88, 90, 95-98,108, 136, 138,139, 145,176,183 Sturdza family, 135 Sturdza, Alecu, Z03,105 Sturdza, A.S., 71, 73, 84, ioz, 163, 164-68, 173-77, J79 181. 188,183-85 Sturdza, Gheorghe, 115 Sturdza, Grigore, 177,179 Sturdza, Dimitrie, 315 Sturdza, Dumitru, in Sturdza, loan Alexandru, Hospodar of Mol davia, 1Z7, 130,131,135, 139, 155, 159, Z05 as the leader of the boyar delegation to the Porte, 117 attempt to reduce the numbet of foreign subjects in Moldavia, 165 relations with the boyar radicals, izz, 115, 174, 175.177.160 tax burden of the peasantry, 117, 318 tax farming, 167, 180,103,193 tax units (ludori and cisie), 16,141,154: abuses with, 51,159,154, ići; abolition of, 181 See also scutelnici: Ottoman Empire, tribute to Tell, Christian, 314 tensions between “native” boyars and Phanariotes, 13,17, z8,56, 65, 88-93, no-18, IZ7: Russian attitude to 88, 94-96, 135 tensions between first- and second-class boyars in Moldavia, 119-11, 113,11534,171, 17z, 183, 184, 199-zoz: Russian 173. 317 sale of the boyar titles, 113, 134, 151,161, zoo taxation of great boyar estates, izz, 131, 15z Sturdza, Constantin, Z94 Sturdza, Mihai, in, 131,133, 135, 153, 154, 157, 160, 161, 17z, 173, 177,178, 181, i8z, 183, 198,199, zoz, Z13, Z71,179, z8o; as Hospodar of Moldavia z8i, 191-97, 301, 306, 307, 311, 313 Sturdza, Petrache, 115 Sturdza, S.D., 68, 71, 71, iiz 375 Index attitude to tensions, 136, 144, 154,155, 157,181, 216-18 Theotokis, Nikephoros, 111 Thiers, Adolphe, 194, 303, 304 Tilsit, Peace Treaty of, 40,55,67 Titov, V.P., 304 Tolstoi, P.A., 189 Tomara, V.S., 38, 88 Trandafilov, Aleksandr, 308, 309, 310 Transylvania, 83,94,106,108,115,117,120,161, 166,267, 278,283, 302, 303, 314,317,327 “Transylvanian School,” 14, in, 321 Troppau, Congress of, ioo Turgenev, S.I., 109 Turnu, 121,173, 241 Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, 42, 54, 281, 285, 314, 322 boyar attitude to, 286-89 French diplomats’ interest in, 290, 291 Russian attitude to, 141, 173, 176, 188,189, 283-85 Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of, 228, 288, 299 Ureche, boyar family, 18 Urechia, V.A., 288 Urusova, P.P., 191 Uvarov, S.S., 196 Văcărescu family, 153, 348, 349 288, 313, Văcărescu, Barbu, 113,117, 124,152, 160, 221, 288,334 Văcărescu, Tudor, 334 Văcărescu, Şerban, 49 Văcărescu, loan (lancu), 211, 257, 288,334 Vaillant, Jean Alexandre, 306, 307, 313 Vardalakhos K., 103 Varlaam, Constantin, 49, 50, 56 Varna, 165 Veniamin (Costache), Metropolitan of Molda via, 52, 53,128,132, 198, 295 VeniaminofLesbos, пі Venice, Republic of, 66, Viazemskii, A.A., 30 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 376 Vidin, 38,43,109, 246 Vienna, Congress of, 67,73,80, 83, 85,102, 193,224 Vigeľ F.F., 148, 149 Viliara, Alexandru, 121,124,157,160, 176, 178, 182, 202, 245. 335 Viollier, Jean, 156,183 Vitgenshtein, Р.КҺ., 108,120,164,165,192,238 Vitt, Kh., Ia., 238-40 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 105-109, 115-17,119, 120,145,158, 1Ć0, 204, 253, 288 anti-boyar and anti-Phanariot tendencies, ioć relations with Etaireia, 108,113 contacts with Ottoman authorities, 109 Vogoride, Ştefan, 106,112, 122, 125, 280 Voinov, A.L., 164 Volney, Constantin-François, 194 Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet, 194 Vorontsov, M.S., 130,139,143,147-50,194, 202, 233, 245 Vorontsov, S.R., 147 Warsaw 77,78,100,223 Grand Duchy of, 74, 99, 202 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 137 Westernization: of Moldavia and Wallachia, 4. 6 Wittgenstein, Р.КҺ., see Vitgenshtein, P. Kh. Xenopoi, Alexandru D„ 6, 127,129, 310 Ypsilanti, Alexandru, Hospodar ofWallachia, 27, 37, 64, 65 Ypsilanti, A.K. major-general, 98,103,105109, 113-16,119, 120,145, 158 Ypsilanti, Constantin, Hospodar ofWal lachia, 28, 39, 40, 42,44,49,57, 81, 82,83, 85, 96, 247, 286 Zass, A.P.,43 Zefeari, Constantin, 335 Zheltukhin, P.F., 166,177,182, 183, 191-94, 198,273
adam_txt	Contents Acknowledgments. vii Introduction. i Chapter I Early Encounters. 17 Russian-Ottoman Confrontation and the Establishment of the Phanariot Regime. The Peace of Kuchuk-Kainarji and the Russian Protectorate. Russian Occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1806-1812. Church Policies under Russian Occupation. 20 29 39 51 Chapter II Challenges of Empire-Building in a Revolutionary Age. 63 The “Greek Project” of Ioannis Kapodistrias. The Bessarabian Experiment of Alexander 1. Russia’s Eastern Policy and Stroganov’s Mission. Kapodistrias, Alexander I, and the Greek Rebellion. 66 71 79 99 Chapter III The Uprisings of i8zi and Their Impact. 105 1821 and Anti-Greek Sentiment in Moldavia and Wallachia. Tensions among the Boyars and Their Projects of Reform. Moldavian Boyar Radicals and Conservatives. The C onvention of Akkerman. Chapter IV From Akkerman (1826) 109 119 125 136 то Adrianople (1829). 147 The Russian Empire and the Elites ofMoldavia and Wallachia in 1826-28. The War of 1828-29 and the Russian Occupation of the Principalities. The Genesis of the Reform Agenda. Ministerial Instructions and the Formation of the Committee of Reform. The Peace of Adrianople. 152 162 170 177 184 Chapter V The Organic Statutes and Russia’s Eastern Policy. 191 Boyar Opposition to the Organic Statutes. The Affair of Sion and Its Consequences. The Adoption of the Organic Statutes by the Assemblies of Revision. Kiselev’s Vision of the Principalities and Russia’s Eastern Policy. 196 2.01 zio 2.19 Chapter VI A Well-Ordered Police State on the Danube. 231 Plague Epidemics and the Creation of the Danubian Quarantine. The Creation of Militia and Police Reform. Fiscal Reform and Peasant Obligations. Administrative and Judiciary Reform. Foreign Subjects, Dedicated Monasteries, and Censorship. 234 245 253 260 265 Chapter VII Russian Policies in Moldavia and Wallachia After 1834.277 Russia and the Problem of Unification of the Principalities. Political Tensions in Moldavia and Wallachia in the Late 1830s. A Cordon Sanitaire for the Empire?. The Limits of Hegemony. 281 292 300 311 Conclusion. з-з Appendix i. 333 Appendix 2. 334 Glossary. 339 Bibliography. 341 Index. 365 Bibliography Unpublished Primary Sources Arhiva Naţională a Republicii Moldova [National Archive of the Rebublic of Moldova] (ANRM) ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 45 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 590 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 1418 ANRM, fond i, op. 40, d. 1456 Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiskoi Imperii [Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire] (AVPRI) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 468, d. 1309 AVPRI, fond 133, op. 468, d. 13377 AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 114 (1830) AVPRI, fond 133,0p. 469, d. 138 (1831) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 115 (183г) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 141 (1833) AVPRI, fond 133, op. 469, d. 859 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/1, d. 7 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/ï, d. 10 AVPRI, fond 331, op 716/1, d. 12 AVPRI, fond 331, op 7i6/i,d. 17 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 7i6/i,d. 18 AVPRI, fond 331, op. 716/1, d. 42 AVPRI, fond 321, op. 530/3, d. 105. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 363 Index Abdur-Rezak, 33 Adrianople, Peace treaty of, negotiation and elaboration of 184-89 impact of 191,198, zzo-22, zz6, 22.8, 241, 250, 269, 283-85, 289,299, 308, 311 Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Congress of 87 Ahmed Pasha, Laz Aziz, 41 Akkerman, Convention of 138-47, 162, 175, 187, 283, 299,327 impact of 152-56,178, 183, 246, 271 Alabin, P.V., 321 AlekseevT.S., 255 Aleksei I, Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 21-23 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia Bessarabian “experiment,” 72,73,76, 148, 192, 201, 235 boyar appeals to, 38, 90,92, 107,115-17, 120-22,124,125, 135 confrontation with Napoleon, 71,73,74,247 constitutional projects, 11, 76-79, 99, 101 Eastern policy of, 3,40, 67,79, 80, 84, 85, 87, 104, 136,164, 204 Holy Alliance and legitimism, 95, 101, 102, 129,131, 135 policy with respect of the principalities, 43, 50,55,58,71, 88, 96, 283 policy in Poland, 74-79, too, 101, 151,202 Alexis of Russia, see Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia Alopeus, D.M., 100 Amvrosii (Serebriannikov), Archbishop, 52,54 Ancillion, Friedrich, 194 Anna Ioannovna, Empress of Russia, 28 Archipelago, 64, 65,69,163, 224 Arghiropoulo, Alexandru, 335 Aristarchis, Nikolaos, 280 arnãufi, 105, 273 disarmament of, 248-49 Arsenije III Crnojevic, Serbian Patriarch, 21 Asachi, Gheorghe, 157,182, 202, 273 assemblies assemblies of the divans, 179,183, 184, 188, 2-51» 2-55 projected legislative assemblies in the Rus sian Empire, 78 projects oflegislative assemblies in the principalities, 68,139-41,175,177,188, 328: in Moldavia, 91, 92,131-33, 201, 204, 313; in Wallachia 106, 158, 301, 314 See also Assemblies Ad Hoc; Assembly of the Land; Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision of Organic Statutes; Ordinary General Assemblies; Kiselev, and boyar opposition Assemblies Ad Hoc 1857, 322 Assembly of the Land, 18,91,180 Austrian Empire, 3, 29, 69,71,95, 109, 207, 221,283 and the boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, 35,60, 117,122,160, 161, 182, 2Ć6, 278, 288, 302, 326 and the post-Napoleonic order, 11,99, 101, 302 and the Russian policies in Moldavia and Wallachia, 31, 220, 222, 223, 243, 270 police and anti-epidemic measures, 81,232, 243.2-76 policy in the Eastern Question, 64, 93, 94, 121, 136,137, 224, 283, 303, 321, 326 policy of protection of the peasantry, 26, 195,257,328 subjects in Moldavia and Wallachia, 235, 236, 265-68, 305 Russian cooperation with, 84, 227, 228 See also Habsburg Monarchy Aynalikavak, Convention of, 36, 38, 97 Index Azov, гі-zi Baden, Grand Duchy of, 99 Bagration, P.I., 41,47-48, 50-51,60,196, zćo, 315 Balkan confederation, projects of, 82., 163, 185, i86, 30Z See also Danubian confederation Bakhmetiev, A.N., 73,75, 76, 90, 147, zoi Balashev, A.D., 78 Bălăceanu, Constantin, 89, rz3, zn, Z55,334, Bogdan III, Hospodar of Moldavia, 36 Bois-le-Comte, Charles, zu, z66, Z8Z-84, z86, Z87, Z89, Z90 Bourbons, dynasty, 11, iz boyar memoranda and petitions to Austrian Empire, 64,107 to Great Britain, 171; to France 155, z86 to Ottoman Empire, 116,118, izz, 1Z7, 13z, z88 to Russia 3Z, 50, 90, 91,107,116-ZI, IZ4, IZ5, 130-35. 139. 144-46, 153.157-59. 17z, 173, 176, 177,183, 184,198, zoo, Z04, Z45, Z46, Z71, Z9Z, 3z6, 3Z7 335 Bălăceanu, Ştefan, 157, 160, i8z, 335 Bălcescu, Nicolae, 305,308 Băleanu, Grigore, 115, 160, 334 Băleanu, EmanoiI, 160, 334 Balş, Grigore, Z49, Z54, Z55, z66 Balş, Lupul, 89, 95, izo, izi Balş, Smaranda, Z79 Balş, Theodor (Todorache), 134, zo6 Basarab, Laiota, Hospodar ofWallachia, 31 Batin, Battle of, 41 Bavaria, Kingdom of, 99 Bayezidll, 17z Beccaria, Cesare, Z63 Begidov, D.G., zoć Bellu, Alexandru, 160 Bellu, Constantin, 335 Bellu, Ştefan, 334 Benaki, L.P., 103 Bentham, Jeremy, 194 Berkendorf, A. Kh., Z9Z Bernadotte, J.-В. J. (KarlXIVJuhan), z8z Bessarabia, 59,68, 71, 79, 81-83, 98,103,141, 144, i8z, 19z, 195, z66, 317, 3z8 Alexander I’s visit to, 87,90, 9z boyar emigration to, 108, 3Z7 curtailment of Bessarabian autonomy, boyars delegations to Catherine II, Z9, 30, 36, 39 delegations to the Porte, 117,1Z4,139 differences between Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, 46, 1Z3, z86 interim boyar government in Wallachia, early i8zi, 105-107, 117,1Ć0 relations with Philiki Etaireia, 103 See also tensions; boyar memoranda and petitions, Ordinary General Assemblies, their conflict with hospodars; Kiselev, and boyar opposition; Brăila, 34,41, izi, 164, 173, Z38, Z41, Z50, Z51, Z5Z, Z70, 307 Brâncoveanu, Gheorghe, 107, no, 113, 1Z4, 160, 177, Z77, 378, 334 Brâncoveanu, Constantin, Hospodar of Wallachia, z, zz, Z4, Z5 Braşov (Kronstadt), ioć, 115,116, 118, izi, izz, IZ4,131,158, Z45 Brătianu brothers, 314 Brunnov, F.I., 143 Bucharest Congress of, 31-36 Peace Treaty of, 37, 38, 61, 71, 7z, izj, 145, 148, Z71, 3Z4: Ottoman violation of, 80, 147-51 “Rules for the Temporary Administration ofBessarabia,” 7Z-74, 163 Russian annexation of, 167, Z38 “Statute of the Formation of Bessarabian Province,” 75, 76, 86, iz8, IZ9, zoi Bezak, K.P., Z94, 31z Bezborodko, A.A., 40 Bibescu, Gheorghe, Hospodar ofWallachia, 81, 83-87, 89, 93,97, 130, 141 revolutionary events of, 1848, 314-16 urban development in, Z34-38, Z45, Z50-5Z Bulgari, M.N., 189 Bulgaria, i, 4, 8z, 163,170,189, 307, 317, 3Z4 Burgheli, Constantin, zoo Butenev, A.P., 197, ZZ3, ZZ5, zz6, Z7Z, Z78, z88, Z9Z, Z95, Z97 Byzantium, 17, 18, 68 Byzantine tradition, 64,65 Byzantine law, 9z, 148 160, Z78, 308-iz, 314, 318, 319 Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich von, Z3Z Billecocq, Adolphe, 309 Bludov, D.M., 149, 196 Blutte, E.L., Z69, Z70, z8z, Z87 Bocca di Cattaro, 70 366 Index Callimachi, family, 95, 112 Callimachi, Grigore, Hospodar of Moldavia, 235 Callimachi, Scarlat, Hospodar of Moldavia and the boyar opposition, 89, 90, 95 appointment as the hospodar of Wallachia in 1821,106,113 legal code of 92,133, 273 negotiations with Russia, 90, 92-96 proposal to reform taxation, 93 sale of boyar titles, 89,172,173, taxation policies and reform proposals, 95,96 tensions with Russia, 87, 88 violations of the Bucharest Peace treaty, 80, 83, 86 cameralism, 9, 232-34, 257 Canning, George, 137 Canning, Stratford, 171 Câmpineanu, Ion, 298, 301,302,304, 307 Câmpineanu, Constantin, 255 Cantacuzino, Grigore, 310 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe, 134,176 Cantacuzino, Constantin, 250, 335 Cantacuzino, Matei, 335 Cantacuzino, Mihai, 31, 34, 36, 112 Cantacuzino, Toma, 25 Cantacuzino, Şerhan, Hospodar of Wallachia, 21 Cantacuzino-Paşcanu, Constantin, 182 Cantemir, Antioch, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Cantemir, Dimitrie, Hospodar of Moldavia, 2, 22-25,46,171 Cantemir, Constantin, Hospodar of Molda via, 21, 24 Cantemir dynasty, 24 Caragea, loan, Hospodar of Wallachia anti-epidemic measures, 235, 236 and the boyar opposition, 89 legal code of, 92,10Ć, 265 proposal to reform taxation, 93 relations with Russia, 90,92-94 taxation policies and reform proposaU, 93.96 violations of the Bucharest Peace treaty, 80, 83, 86 Caracas, Dumitru, 235 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 24 Carp, Constantin, 200 Carp, Petru, 129 Katakazi, G.A., 202 Catargi, Iordache, 58,134,155,157, 158, 170, 183, 199,206,282,287 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 3, 21,52, 71, 204, 331 administrative reform under, 232, 328 and the boyar ofMoldavia and Wallachia, 2-9 30, 33. 34,36, no, 324 and the nobility, 77, 78,129, 151 Greek project of, 64, 82, 283 policy towards the Ottoman Empire, 31,63 Cereneţ, 241 Chateaubriand François-René de, 194 Chateaugiron, Charles Hippolyte Le Prestre, 304 Chernyshev, A.I., 189, 251, 252 Chernyshev, Z.G., 34 cholera, epidemic of, 212, 244, 245 Chrystoma, Dimitrie, 255 Chichagov, P.V., 71-73, 249 censuses, 54, 141,155, 157, 180, 234, 254, 256, 259, 262, 295 Cocorescu, loan, 117, 335 Colquhoun, Robert, 304 Colson, Felix, 301, 304, 313 Conachi, Costache, 132,133,176,177,183,199 Constant, Benjamin, 194, 231 Constantin Şerban, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Constantinople, Patriarchate of, 53, 280 constitutions Constitution of “Carbonari,” 125-29,131· 155. 315 Constitutional Charter of France, 14, 99 Constitutional Charter of Poland, 11, 79 Constitutional Charter of the Russian Empire, л, 78, 79,151 constitutionalism, 11, 76, 330 ofAlexander I, 99, 100,101, 326 consuls ofEuropean powers, 265-70, 294, 298, 304, 320,326: Austria, 81,266-68; France, 289,294, 326; Great Britain, 294 of Russia, 37, 81, 86-87, 96,97,141, 144, 159-61, 307, 311, 324: as political arbi ters in the principalities 4, 217, 269, 292, 302,306; and Russian “representations” to the Porte, 37, 88; their presidency in the Committees of Reform of 1827, 155; and Russian subjects in the principali ties, 174,175, 265 Corfu, 66,67, 70 Cornescu, Constantin, 335 Cornescu, Mihai, 160, 334 Cossacks, i, 20, 22, 77, 150,171, 206, 212 Costescu, Pana, 334 Costin, boyar family, 18 Index Ottoman demands to extradite Greek followers, 121 massacres of the Muslims, 98 uprisingof, 109-11, 125,155, 245, 271,32Ճ, 327: Ottoman repression of 109, 288; Russian disavowal of 98, 99, 103, 326 Extraordinary Assemblies for Election of Hospodars, 199, 213, 21è, 258, 277, 328 principles of their formation, 126,153-55, 172, 179; in Moldavia 116,198; in WaJlachia 308 Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision of Organic Statutes, 229, 244, 285 principles of their formation, 178, 208-10: in Moldavia, 212,214, 215, 244; in Wal lachia, 210, 211, 248, 253, 25Ć, 258, 286, 288, 297, 298 Craiova, 263, 285 Creţulescu, Alexandru, 335 Creţulescu, Constantin, 49, 211, 334 Crimean Khanate, 3,32 Crimean campaign of 1689, 21 Crimean war, 15, 270, 285, 320, 330 Cuza, Alexandru loan, Hospodar of Moldavia and Wallachia, 284, 285, 322 Czartoryski, Adam, 11, 82, 302, 303 Czernowitz, 116,125,129, 131,132, 134,135 Danubian Confederation, projects of, 137, 291, 29è See also Balkan Confederation Dashkov, D.V. and the idea of unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, 283 and the Organic Statutes, 202, 209 and Russian policy in the principalities, 138-43,164, 167, 1Ğ8, 173, 213 instructions of, 175-81, 242, 246, 285, 297 role in the definition of Russia’s Eastern policy, 138,185-89, 284 service in Russia’s Constantinople mis sion, 129 Dashkov, Ia.A., 305-ю, 312 Dibich, 1.1., 165,184, 189, 191, 192, 197, 198, 226, 247 Dionysius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 21 Dionisie (Lupu), Metropolitan of Wallachia, 107, 120 Donici, Andronache, 125 Dosifei (Dosoftei), Metropolitan of Moldavia, 20, 21, 29, 55 Doukas,Neophitos, in Draghici, Manolache, 157,176 Duca, Constantin, Hospodar of Moldavia, 22 Duca, lancu, 200 Dudescu, Constantin, 334 Fălcoianu, loan, 334 Fereos, Rigas, 65, 69, ni, 112, 114 Fethi Ahmet Pasha, 277, 279 Fath-Ali, Shah, 137 Ficquelmont, Karl Ludwig von, 267 Filipescu family, 42, 313 Filipescu, Alexandru, no, 160, 250, 334 Filipescu, Dimitrie, 304, 305, 307, 308, 313,314 Filipescu, Grigore, 334 Filipescu, Iordache, 160,182, 277, 278, 305, 334 Filipescu, Constantin, 49, 50, 55, 89 Filipescu, Mihai, 117, 146, 335 Filipescu, Nicolae, 255, 335 Filitti, loan C„ 128 Finland, Grand Duchy of, 58,75,76,79,147, Florescu, Gheorghe, 335 Florescu, Emanoil, 255, 335 Florescu, Radu, 7 Focşani, Congress of, 31, 32, 36 Fonton, A.A, 59 Fonton, F.P., 1-3,15 Foucault, Michel, 233, 234 France Bourbon restoration, 194 Napoleonic France, n, 40,42,65,71,74,193 policy in the Eastern Question, 31, 66, 84, 224, 287-90, 303, 326 relations with the elites of Moldavia and Wallachia, 60, 291,302,304,315 Revolution of 1830, 220, 328 Russian occupation of, 194 Second Empire, 196 fortresses. See Ottoman Empire: Danubian fortresses Eastern Question, 7, 8,104, 137,138, 289,303, 324 Eliade, Pompiliu, 194 Enlightenment, 64, 67, 81,194 Greek Enlightenment, 111 Erbiceanu, Constantin, 52 Etaireia (Philiki Etaireia), 13, 98, 102, 104 boyar association with, 105, no, 113, 115-17,119,160, 288 Bulgarian Etaireia of 1842, 307, 308 Etaireia of Rigas Velestinlis, 112 Greek followers of, 105, in, 113, 287 368 Index Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 107,117, 122, 229 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 233 frontiers contested frontier zones, 9, 12, 66, 233 Danubian frontier zone, 5, 13, 27, 329 Ottoman, 10 steppe, 3 Galaţi, 98, 270 Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni, Exarkh of Molda via and Wallachia, 51,52, 54-59, 89, 90, 95, 197,237,271,325 Gedeon, Metropolitan of Moldavia, 21, 23, 33 Gentz, Friedrich von, 123 Georgescu, Vlad, 60,131 Gheorgbe Ştefan, Hospodar ofMoldavia 21, 23 Ghervas, Stella, 175 Ghica, family, 112, 313 Ghica, Alexandru, Wallachian boyar (17961861), 160, 255, 334 as hospodar ofWallachia, Alexandru II Ghica, 279, 280, 297, 298, 301, 306-308, 318,319 Ghica, Alexandru (Moldavian boyar), 277, 278, 294 Ghica, Constantin, Wallachian boyar 49, 335 Ghica, Constantin, Moldavian boyar 89, 95 Ghica, Dumitru, Wallachian boyar, 112, 335 Ghica, Dumitru, Moldavian boyar, 205 Ghica, Grigore II, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar ofWallachia, in, 234 Ghica, Grigore III, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar of Wallachia, 37, 112, 215 Ghica, Grigore as hospodar ofWallachia, Grigore IV, 122-24,139, 152, 159, 238, 264, 273, 327 as leader of anti-Phanriote boyars, 89, 107 as leader of the boyar delegation to the Porte in 1822, 288 as member of interim boyar government in 1821, 113, 117, after deposition, 278, 279, 286 Ghica, lancu, 335 Ghica, Ion, 314, 316 Ghica, Mihai 279, 334 Ghica, Nicolae, 117, 335 Gibbon, Edward, 194 Giurgiu, 106,109, 121,173, 235, 241, 250, 251 Girs, A. A., 129 Girs.N.K., 292 Giurescu, Constantin, 36 Golden Horde, 76 Golescu family, 313, 314 Golescu, Alexandru, in, 314, 316 Golescu, Gheorghe (Iordache), 334 Golescu, Constantin (Dinicu), in, 160, 334 Golescu, Nicolae, 117, 334 Golescu, Ştefan, 111 Golitsyn, A.N., 56, 104,132, 189 Gorchakov, M.D., 320 Grădişteanu, Barbu, 334 Grădişteanu, Şerhan, 56 Great Britain, 66, 84, 93, 121, 136,137, 224, 269, 270, 287, 302, 303, 326 Greece, Kingdom of, 1, 287, 299 Greeks, 17,63, 69, 81,98, 102,103,114,137, 280, 325 anti-Greek sentiment in the principalities, 88, 90,106, 109, 116-18,127, 273 See also Phanariots Grigore, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 197, 211, 288 Grosul, Via., 256 Guizot, François, 194 Habsburg dynasty, 5,12, 25,27,302 Habsburg Monarchy, 10, 29, 69,195 .See also Austrian Empire Habsburg policies, 13, 26, 232, 257, 276 Halet Effendi, 94 Hangerli family, 9 5 hatt-i sherifs, of 1802, 38-40, 86-88,92,94,97, 134, I39 144, 172, 200, 257 of 1827,154, 155, 200 of 1834,277 See also Ottoman Empire Heliade-Rădulescu, Ion, 273, 317 Hermeziu, Gheorghe, 200 Holy Alliance, 15, 16, 84, 85, 95, 99, 100, 101, 163, 220, 326 Holy Synod of the Russian Empire, 15, 52-57, 104,120, 132, 189 hospodars appointment by the Porte 19, 25, 37,64, 171, 223, 227, 317, 327 appointment in 1834, 277-79, 306, 329 boyar demand for native hospodars, 123, 124, 314 constitutional limitations on the power of, 122, 140,143, 174, 297, 299: according to the Organic Statutes 2Г7, 328 elections of: 1842 Wallachian hospodar elections, 308; in early history of Mol- Index and Russia’s Eastern policy, 83-85, 87,137, davia and Wallachia 19, 31, 31, 53; boyar demand for election of native hospodars 117, 114,116, 133, 153, i7i; Russia and the question ofhospodar elections, 139-41, 154, 157. 1Ć4, 173· 177, 179, 188, 108, in, 113,119,110; according to the Organic Statutes 116; seven-year term of 38, 39, 87, 91-94,139, 138.163.173, 176,189, 219, as Alexander ľs foreign minister, 76, 79, 99-ior, 104 as governor of Greece, 163 early career, 66-68 his plan of diversion against French Em pire’s Illyrian provinces, 69-71 Russian criticism of, 77,78 Kara Mustafa, Grand Vizier, 25 Karadjordje (Djordje Petrovič), 71 Karazin, V.N., 77, 78 Karneev, K.A., 255 Khanov, S.F., 138 Khitrovo, N.Z., 43 Khmelnytsky, Bogdan, 20 Kiev, 21,49, 5°. 5i 81, 16Ć, 192, 195 Kiselev, P.D., 7, 1Ć0, 214, 280, 318, 329 and the Assemblies of Revision, 208-12 and the boyar opposition, 196-206, 211 and foreign subjects, 166-70 and the choice of hospodars, 213, 277-79 and the peasant obligations, 194, 197,215, 143,319 See ako boyars; Phanariots Hrisoscoleo, Dimitrie, 334 Hume, David, 194 Iakovenko I.P., 310 Iaşi Peace of, 37,52, 145 Revolutionary events of 1848, in, 313-14 urban development in, 131,236-37,141, 150-52 Ibrahim-Pasha, Kavalali, 225,226 Ignace, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 55,56,80, 81, 83,103,176 Illyrian Provinces of the French Empire, 66, 258-60 72, 73, 247 and the question of unification of Molda via and Wallachia, 181,285 and Russia’s Eastern policy, 219, 211, plan of expedition against, 69-71 Inzov, I.N., 108 Ioachim, Patriarch, 10 Ioasaf, monk, 203 Iorga, Nicolae, 188 Isaev, I., 43 Isaiah, archimandrite, 21 ispravniks, 16,40, 51, 151, 205,141,149, 258, 162 abuses of, 43,45, 90, 169, 170,154-56: measures taken to curb abuses, 47,48,91, 157, 158, 175, 261 Italiniskii, A.Ia., 80, 247 Italy, 80,156 Russian policy in, 11,99-101 Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, 21 224-26, 229 and Wallachian and Moldavian militia, 247.150 anti-revolutionary attitudes and policies, 271.173, 27, 297-300 desire to annex the principalities, 121, 216 education and early career, 191-93 measures against plague and cholera, 238, 240,242,243-45 public welfare measures, 250-52 reform of local administration and taxati on, 253, 255-57 relations with hospodars and boyars after 1834, 293, 310-12, 318 relations with Nicholas, 192, 195,196 tensions with Nesselrode, 227, 228 Kishinev (Chisinau), 75,89,90, ri6,119,129,135 Joseph II, 64,195, 233 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 232 Justinian 1,148 kocabasi, 64 Kamenskii, N.F., 41,59 Kankrin, E.F., 169 Kapodistrias, Ioannis and Bessarabia, 71, 73, 148, 149 and the Danubian principalities, 68, 69, 84, 88, 90, 92-94,96, 283 and Philiki Etaireia, 98, 102-104 Kochubei, V.P. 52,189 Kogălniceanu, Mihai, 317 Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 70, 202 Kotsebu, Karl fon, 294, 295, 306, 312 Krasno-Miloshevich, V.I., 50, 51,237 Kreuchely, Karl Ludwig von, 235 Krinitskii, N.A., 75 370 Index Kucuk-Kainarji, Peace of, 29, 33-38,63, 64, 81, 86,97,143,145,265 Kulevca, Battle of, 184 Kuropatkin, A.N., 331 Kutuzov, M.I., 41, 59,69, 71, 80 Kushnikov, S.S., 44-46,48-51, 236, 237, 325 Lagan, Charles, 145, 155,203,206,211,212, 244, 260, 268, 288, 289 Laibach, Congress of 103, 163, Lampedusa, Giuseppe, 314 Langeron, A.F., 43, 50, 103 Lashkarev, S.L., 37,40 Lazarev, M.P., 225 Lazar, Gheorghe, 111 Ledoulx, Charles, 46, 57 legitimism, n, 99-101, 103,129, 135, 228 Lelli, K.F., 155, 1Ć0,161, Lenş, Filip, 117, 335 Leon (Gheucă), Metropolitan of Moldavia, 52 Lippa, baron von, 160, 182 Liprandi, LP., ićo, 161, 199, 203, 266, 320, 321 Liven, Kh. A., 202 Locke, John, 194 London, Convention of, ¡87 Louis-Philippe I, King of France, 289 Lupu, Vasile, Hospodar of Moldavia, 21 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 101 Lutsk Treaty, 22, 24 Macedoński, Dimitrie, 114 Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan, 94,162, 223, 225, 266, 280, 282 Malinovskii, V.F., 283 Manega, P.V., 148 Mano, Mihai, 334 Manuk-bei (Manuk Mirzoian), 50, 82, 83,85 Margotti, Johann, 206 Mariia Fedorovna, Empress, 49 Martens, Karl von, 279 Marx, Karl, 257, 327 Matsuzato, Kimitaka, 148 Mavrogheni, Nicolae, 112, 235 Marvrocordat, Alexandra, Moldavian boyar, 205 Mavrocordat, Constantin, Hospodar ofWallachia, Hospodar of Moldavia, 26, 27,47, 119,183, 215 Mavrocordat, Nicolae, Hospodar ofWallachia, 30 Mavrocordat (Firaris), Alexandru, Hospodar ofMoldavia, 28,113 Mavromihalis, Petro-bei, 103 Mavros, Gheorghe, 280 Mavros, Nicolae, 243, 280 Maximillianll, King of Bavaria, 102 Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38,172 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha, Grand Vizier, 127 Meiendorf B.F. fon, 43 Menshikov, A.S., 165,195 Metternich, Klemens von, 11,94,99-101, 103, 108,123, 137, 212, 228 Michael of Russia, see Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov Mihăescu, Scarlat 117 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar ofRussia, 22 Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, A.I., 248, 274 Mikhelson, I.N., 40 Miloradovich, M.A., 42,49,50 Miloš Obrenović, 108, 299 Mimaut, Alfred, 289 Minchaki, M.Ia., 131, 136, 152,165,175-77, 183, 202, 208, 211, 266, 281, 282, 298 and the boyars ofMoldavia and Wallachia, 157· 159-62, 182, 246, 278, 279, 288 as president of the Committee of Reform, 155-59. 177.178. 196, 199 Mirkovich, F.Ia., 182, 183, 200, 249, 266, 277, 278, 280, 296 his reports on the abuses in Moldavian administration, 168-70 and the Affair of Sion, 203-205 Mircha the Old, Hospodar of Wallachia, 31 Moisiodax, Iosipos, 111 Moldovalachian Commission, 58 Moltke, Helmuth von, 243 monasteries, dedicated, 56,57,106,118, 127, 271, 272 nationalization of, 314 See also Organic Statutes; stipulations on dedicated monasteries Montesquieu, Charles Louis, 6,194 Morea, 63,64, 69, 156, 224 Moruzi family, 95 Moruzi, Alexandru, Hospodar ofMoldavia, Hospodar of Wallachia, 39,40, 96, 259 Moruzi, Constantin, Hospodar ofMoldavia, 81,112 Mosco, lancu, 335 Movilă, boyar family, 18 Muhammad Ali, Governor of Egypt, 224, 225, 228, 266, 282, 303 Muller, Johannes von, 194 Munnich, Burkhard Christoph von, 28 Index Ninţulescu, Alexandru, 335 North, Frederick, 102 Novosil’tsev, N.N., 78 Murat, Ioachim, 99 Muraviev, N.N., 2.2.5 Murgu, Ştefan, 30è Mustafa Pasha Bayraktar, 82 Obreskov, A.M., 33-36 Odessa, 63, 87, 102,103,164, 270, 274 Oldenburg, P.G. Prince, 284 Olimpiotul, lordache, 105,113 Orbinskii, R.V., 248 Ordinary General Assemblies, 4, 179-81,197, 200, 216-18, 261, 264,269,282, 299, 328 principles of their formation, 166, 168,172, 174, 207,208: in Moldavia, 223, 259, 260, 287, 296; in Wallachia, 195, 223, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 262,264, 265, 272, 284 their conflict with the hospodars, 279, 292, 297, 298, 300, 306-10, 317 See also Extraordinary Assemblies of Revi sion of Organic Statutes Organic Statutes, 4, 6,7,14, 134, 219, 221, 231, 293, 296, 305, 308, 309,313, 322, 324, 330 adoption by the Extraordinary Assemblies of Revision, 208, 211, 212,215,229,263 and well-ordered police state, 233, 234 approval by the Porte, 198, 214, 222, 228 constitutional aspects, 216, 217 elaboration of 157,159,197, 285, 327, 328 instructions for 175 opposition to, 197, 203, 224, 278, 281, 287, Naples, Kingdom of, 99-101 Napoleon Bonaparte, 59,66,68-75, z8z, г86, 290 Moldavian appeals to, 42, 155, 286, 315 Napoleon’s policy in Poland, 74-75 318 Napoleonic wars, 68,70, 79, 80, 147, 192 War of 1812,59, 71-74, 247 Post-Napoleonic settlement 79,85,101, 325 Napoleonic code, influence of, 147-49, 318 nationalism, 13 in the Balkans, 13, 323 Romanian nationalism, 4,14,17,292,301,315 Neamţ, 248 Nečul, logorai, 23 Neculce, Ion, 24 Negel, Şerhan, 128 Negri, Constantin, 122 Neofit, bishop, Metropolitan ofWallachia, 197, 252,311,315 Nesselrode, K.V., 79,87,119,137,138,143,153, 156, 163,166,167,174,185,198, 205,206, 207, 277,285,295, 304, 312, 318,328 and the question of election of hospodars, 212, 213, 278, and the question of unification of Molda via and Wallachia, 286 and Russia’s Eastern policy, 131,135, 189, 270 attitude towards the boyars, 132,136,170 cooperation with the Austrian Empire, 220, 227, 229, 267, 270 role in the elaboration of the Organic Statutes, 199, 202, 210 Nestor, Ştefan, 334 New Russia, 64,87,103,148,194,195,245 colonization of 63, 147, 233, Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 233, 247, 248, 252, 312, 328, 330 and the Holy Alliance, i6, 323 boyar appeals to, 170,292 during the Russian-Ottoman War of 1828-1829, 1, 3, 162,165, 167,177 Eastern policy of, 136-38, 189, 220, 225, 229, 270, 327 internal policies of, 151 response to the Wallachian revolution of 1848, 316 2-97. 315, 316 purpose of, 275, 276, 299, 329 stipulations: on boyar ranks, 217,218; on dedicated monasteries, 272; on foreign subjects, 269-71; on militia, 245, 248; ju diciary, 267,268; on peasant obligations 257,258; on quarantine and sanitary mea sures 241, 242; violations of 270,295 Orlov, A.G., 63 Orlov, A.F., 187,195, 225, 227, 228 Orlov, G.G., ļi, 32 Ostrowski, Antoni Jan, 274 Ottoman dynasty, 13, 27, 302 Ottoman Empire capitulations to European nations, 118, 265-68, 270, 290, 320, 329 capitulations to Moldavian and Walla chian hospodars, 36, 90, 122-25,140, 142,172, 314-17 capitulations of, forged texts of, 31 commercial monopoly in the principali ties, 18, 32,141, 144, 156,173, 175.169: 372 Index Philipsborn, A.G., von 309 Pizani, A.N., 86, 88, 90, 95, 108, 155 PizaniP.N., 238, 255 Pini, A.A., 80, 86,94,95,107,117,124,131,156 plagues, 186, 237 1814 epidemic, 136, 1818-1830 epidemic, 138, 239, 242 1837 epidemic, 243 early anti-epidemic measures, 134-35 See also cholera, quarantine Platon, Gheorgbe, 298 Podolia, 73-75, 108, 147 Pogor, Vasile, 199, 200, 205 Poland Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 12,13, 20, lí, 27, 232: partitions ОЃ74; Russian policy in, 10, n, 331 Kingdom of Poland (after 1815), 74-79, 99, 147,151, 221; Sejm of 1818, 76,77; Sejm of 1820 100, 101,131,151; Uprising of November 1830 202, 207 police, 58, 74,128, 149, 156, 158, 207, 233, 237, 155,261, 264 medical police, 234,136,140, political police ,276, 292, 303, reform of, 145,146, 249-52, 328 well-ordered police state, 9, 231-34, 252, 253,270,275, 330 Ponsonby, John, 270 Potemkin, G.A., 34,40, 51, 233 Pototskaia, S.S., 192 Prozorovskii, A.A., 30,41,44, 50,53 Prussia, Kingdom, of 17, 35,100, 193,176, 302 Pruth Campaign, 1,1, 22-15,18, 30,49, 171 Boyar demands to limit or abolish 90, in, 130,133 governors of the Danubian fortresses, 34, 38, 70, 81 tribute paid to, 17, 19, і6, 31,91, 131,141, 144, 164,171,118,187: temporary exemptions from, 33, 38, 40, 83,97,124, 134; violations of exemptions from, 38, 80, 83, 86, 89,144; Russia’s offer to increase, 141,144, 1Ć4, 172, 173, 175, 187,188, 257 Paisios, Patriarch ofjerusalem, 21,12 Palen, F.P., 1Ć6,167,168, 169, 178, 192, 197 Palmerston, Henry Temple, 303 Panaite, Viorel, 18 Pandurs, 105, 106, 109, 114, 160, 305 Panin,N.I., ii, 36 Pan-Slavism, 15,70,126 Paris 1856 Peace Treaty of, 321 1858 Convention of, 285, 312 Paskevich, K.F., 106 Pasvan-Oglu, 38,146 Paul I, 3 peasants obligations to the landlords, 27, 119, 121, 204, 295,314: boyar attempts to increase 6, 119, 114, 152,158,196; Russian ef forts to regulate 181,195,109, 214, 215, 257-60, 278 resistance to military draft, 205, 206, 208, 212,113, 248 Perovskii, V.A., 195 Persia, 137 Pestei, P.I., 191 Peter I, the Great, Emperor of Russia, 1,2,11-25, 39,49,110,232,133 reforms of 9,44 PeterlH, Emperor of Russia, 193 Petru Rareş, Hospodar of Moldavia, 171 Petrovič, Djordje, see Karadjordje Phanariots, 14, 53,60, 109, 326, 327 boyar criticism of, 19, 30, 31, 90,91,106, 107, no, 115,117-19,125, 117, 134,180 intermarriage with the boyars, 111,111 relations with Etaireia, 112-14, 116 Russia’s attitude to 38, 39, 64, 68, 69,95, 96,139, 145 policies of, 25, 26, 91,195, 200, 234 See also boyars; hospodars Pharmakis, Ioannis, 105 quarantines early temporary quarantines, 235, 23Ć, 138,139 Danubian quarantine, 241, 242, 245, 246, 250, 252, 280: proposals to establish 81, 97,172, 187,188, 233; political uses of 142, 243 See also plague Racoviţă family, 111 Racoviţă, Dumitru, 494 Racoviţă, Mihai, Hospodar of Moldavia, 21 Racoviţă, Mihai, Wallachian, boyar, 334 Radoviči, Emanoil, 200 Radu, Leontie, 296 raiale, 38, 93, 250, 288 demands for the return of the lands il- 373 Index legally alienated into, 33, 34, 38, 86, 93, 94, 97; demands for the reintegration of, 13, 115, 121, 12.5, 141,143,164,172, 175, 187; reintegration of, in Wallachia, 188, 250, 288 reforms 1827, Committees of, 156,158, 24è, 327 1829-1830, Committee of, 206, 215, 218, 223, 282, 284, 287, 297, 318: formation of 177, 178,182; instructions to, 179-81, 188, 214, 262, 269, 285, 293, 328; smallboyar criticism of, 183,184, 199, 200 boyar resistance to, 194, 196-98, 209, 222, 223, 288 during Russian occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1806-12,44,45,47, 48, 54. 55. 57 of the Phanariotes, 26, 27 politics of, 4, 9-12, 60, 67, 149, 162,164 Russian sponsorship of, 3, 7, 14, 191,196, 240, 267, 290, 311, 324, 326 See also boyar memoranda and petitions; Peter I, the Great, reforms of; Catherine II, administrative reform of 1775; Alex ander I, constitutional projects revolutions French Revolution of 1789, 11,65, I0°. 275, 314: its influence in Southeastern Europe 64, 127, 128 Revolution of 1830, 202, 220, 275, 289, 328 Revolution of 1848: in Moldavia 313, 314; in Wallachia: 111,281,314-17 Russia’s reaction to, 9, 11, 12, i6, 67, 74, 84, 85, 100, 136, 163, 209, 212, 274, 275, 281, 298-300,323,329 Ragusa, Republic of, 35 Rallet, Dimitrie,994 Rallet, Constantin, 33s Rallet, Grigore,954 Rassevat, Battle of, 41 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Francois, 194 Repnin, N.V., 36 Ribop’er, A.I., 132,139,143 Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, too, 233 Rigny, Henri de, 266 Roman, 205, 206, 248 Romanita, Grigore, 334 Romanov, dynasty, 13, 284, 302 Rosetti family, 313 Rosetti, Alexandru, 296 Rosetti, Constantin A., 314 Rosetti, Radu, 58 Rosetti-Roznovanu, Iordache, 90-93,113,120, 129-31,135,153,158,160,178,182,198 Rosetti-Roznovanu, Nicolae, 135, 153,155, 158, 1Ć0, 198, 294 Rot, L.O., 164, 165 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 194 Rikman, Petr fon, 292, 298, 301, 304 Ruckman, see Rikman Rudzevich, A.Ia., 164 Rumiantsev, N.P., 67,68 Rumiantsev, P.A., 30, 33-35, 36, 39,40 Rushchuk, Russian victory at, 69 Russian-Ottoman Wars of 1768-1774, 3, 29,44,63, no, 112,145, 184,236 of 1787-1792, 29,40, 113 of 1806-1812, 28,40, 79, 82,105,155,164, 165,184, 246, 251, 286, 324, 325 of 1828-1829, ։ 3.5.162,164, 165, 167, 177, 192, 195, 247, 286, 312, 326, 327 See also Crimean Campaign of 1689; Pruth Campaign Sagadino, Ştefan, 273 Sakellario, Constantin, 279 Saint-Petersburg 1826 Protocol of, 137 1834 Convention of, 277 Savitskii, V.Ia., 45,49 Saxony, Kingdom of, 99 Sebastiani de la Porta, Horace François Bastien, O. F. В., 40 Selim III, 41 Selunskii, I.V. 40 Semenova, L.E., 36,51 Septinsular Republic, 55, 67, 80,156, Serbia, i, 4,41, 70, 71, 82, 84,85,137,163, 188, 189, 296 Serbian Uprising of, 1804-1813, 80 Serbian autonomy, 84 serfdom (in the principalities) abolition of, 26,119,124, 195, 215 boyar attempt to restore, 152,158 Severin, 1.1., 37 Shumla, 41,165,175 Silistria, 41, 165, 184, 205, 235, 280 Sion, Antioch, 202-20Ć, 208, 212, 277 scutelnki abolition of, 141, 143, 172,175, 180, 196, 197, 204, 209, 210,215, 267, 293, 328 abuses with, 45, IĆ6,256 374 Index Suleiman I the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan, 171 Suleiman Pasha, 316 Suţu family, 9 5 Sutu, Alexandru, Hospodar of Wallachia, Ho spodar of Moldavia 96,105,106,113, z8o Suţu, Mihai (1730-1803), Hospodar ofWallachia, Hospodar of Moldavia, 135 Suţu, Mihai II (1784-1864), Hospodar of Moldavia, 96,103,108,113,116, izi, 115, 136,187 Suţu, Nicolae, 113,149,154, 155.i66, 174, z8o Sweden, 10, i z boyar right to, z6, in, 116, 144,151 proposals to limit the number of, 91,93, 94, 106, 133,155,157, 173 Slobozia, Truce of, 40 Smith, Adam, 194 Sobieski, Jan, King of Poland, zo, 15 Sof’ia, Tsarevna, regent of Russia, zi soft power, 11,65 Spain, 99, 100,101 Speranskii, M.M., 59, 138,196 Starov, S.N., Z47 Ştirbei, Barbu, Z90,191, 308,334 and censorship, 174 as a candidate to Wallachian throne in Tatars, 3, z6 Tatishchev, S.S., 174 Tăutu, Ionică, 115, 117, iz8,133, 171 taxation assemblies’control over, 140,174,117 Bessarabia’s exemption from, 71; boyar exemption from, z6,13z, 133,151,359 boyar proposals to reform taxation, 90-91, in, iz6, 130, 134, 158,176, Z53, 314 clergy’s exemption from, 55 collection of taxes, 46,47,175,145, ići direct tax, 86, 93, in, 114,134, 17z, 176, 150,156-58 extraordinary taxes, 51,60,90,95,96 foreign subjects’ exemption from, 157,165, 167; indirect taxes, 86, 96, in, 134, i66, 17Z, 176,180, 181, 196 land tax, 180: boyar resistance to, 196,108 municipal taxes, 151 Phanariot policies of, 30, 31, 38,55,88 Russian efforts to control and reform, 39, 48, 58, 81, 87,9Z, 96,97, 144,155, 164, 1834,178 as a collaborator of Kiselev, ićo, 150,153 as hospodar of Wallachia in 1849-1853, 17z, 318-Z0 as a member of the Reform Committee, 1819-1830, i8z reform proposals, 158, 176,177,146, 153-55 Stroganov, G.A., 80, 84-88, 90, 95-98,108, 136, 138,139, 145,176,183 Sturdza family, 135 Sturdza, Alecu, Z03,105 Sturdza, A.S., 71, 73, 84, ioz, 163, 164-68, 173-77, J79 181. 188,183-85 Sturdza, Gheorghe, 115 Sturdza, Grigore, 177,179 Sturdza, Dimitrie, 315 Sturdza, Dumitru, in Sturdza, loan Alexandru, Hospodar of Mol davia, 1Z7, 130,131,135, 139, 155, 159, Z05 as the leader of the boyar delegation to the Porte, 117 attempt to reduce the numbet of foreign subjects in Moldavia, 165 relations with the boyar radicals, izz, 115, 174, 175.177.160 tax burden of the peasantry, 117, 318 tax farming, 167, 180,103,193 tax units (ludori and cisie), 16,141,154: abuses with, 51,159,154, ići; abolition of, 181 See also scutelnici: Ottoman Empire, tribute to Tell, Christian, 314 tensions between “native” boyars and Phanariotes, 13,17, z8,56, 65, 88-93, no-18, IZ7: Russian attitude to 88, 94-96, 135 tensions between first- and second-class boyars in Moldavia, 119-11, 113,11534,171, 17z, 183, 184, 199-zoz: Russian 173. 317 sale of the boyar titles, 113, 134, 151,161, zoo taxation of great boyar estates, izz, 131, 15z Sturdza, Constantin, Z94 Sturdza, Mihai, in, 131,133, 135, 153, 154, 157, 160, 161, 17z, 173, 177,178, 181, i8z, 183, 198,199, zoz, Z13, Z71,179, z8o; as Hospodar of Moldavia z8i, 191-97, 301, 306, 307, 311, 313 Sturdza, Petrache, 115 Sturdza, S.D., 68, 71, 71, iiz 375 Index attitude to tensions, 136, 144, 154,155, 157,181, 216-18 Theotokis, Nikephoros, 111 Thiers, Adolphe, 194, 303, 304 Tilsit, Peace Treaty of, 40,55,67 Titov, V.P., 304 Tolstoi, P.A., 189 Tomara, V.S., 38, 88 Trandafilov, Aleksandr, 308, 309, 310 Transylvania, 83,94,106,108,115,117,120,161, 166,267, 278,283, 302, 303, 314,317,327 “Transylvanian School,” 14, in, 321 Troppau, Congress of, ioo Turgenev, S.I., 109 Turnu, 121,173, 241 Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, 42, 54, 281, 285, 314, 322 boyar attitude to, 286-89 French diplomats’ interest in, 290, 291 Russian attitude to, 141, 173, 176, 188,189, 283-85 Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of, 228, 288, 299 Ureche, boyar family, 18 Urechia, V.A., 288 Urusova, P.P., 191 Uvarov, S.S., 196 Văcărescu family, 153, 348, 349 288, 313, Văcărescu, Barbu, 113,117, 124,152, 160, 221, 288,334 Văcărescu, Tudor, 334 Văcărescu, Şerban, 49 Văcărescu, loan (lancu), 211, 257, 288,334 Vaillant, Jean Alexandre, 306, 307, 313 Vardalakhos K., 103 Varlaam, Constantin, 49, 50, 56 Varna, 165 Veniamin (Costache), Metropolitan of Molda via, 52, 53,128,132, 198, 295 VeniaminofLesbos, пі Venice, Republic of, 66, Viazemskii, A.A., 30 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 376 Vidin, 38,43,109, 246 Vienna, Congress of, 67,73,80, 83, 85,102, 193,224 Vigeľ F.F., 148, 149 Viliara, Alexandru, 121,124,157,160, 176, 178, 182, 202, 245. 335 Viollier, Jean, 156,183 Vitgenshtein, Р.КҺ., 108,120,164,165,192,238 Vitt, Kh., Ia., 238-40 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 105-109, 115-17,119, 120,145,158, 1Ć0, 204, 253, 288 anti-boyar and anti-Phanariot tendencies, ioć relations with Etaireia, 108,113 contacts with Ottoman authorities, 109 Vogoride, Ştefan, 106,112, 122, 125, 280 Voinov, A.L., 164 Volney, Constantin-François, 194 Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet, 194 Vorontsov, M.S., 130,139,143,147-50,194, 202, 233, 245 Vorontsov, S.R., 147 Warsaw 77,78,100,223 Grand Duchy of, 74, 99, 202 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 137 Westernization: of Moldavia and Wallachia, 4. 6 Wittgenstein, Р.КҺ., see Vitgenshtein, P. Kh. Xenopoi, Alexandru D„ 6, 127,129, 310 Ypsilanti, Alexandru, Hospodar ofWallachia, 27, 37, 64, 65 Ypsilanti, A.K. major-general, 98,103,105109, 113-16,119, 120,145, 158 Ypsilanti, Constantin, Hospodar ofWal lachia, 28, 39, 40, 42,44,49,57, 81, 82,83, 85, 96, 247, 286 Zass, A.P.,43 Zefeari, Constantin, 335 Zheltukhin, P.F., 166,177,182, 183, 191-94, 198,273
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geographic	Moldau Fürstentum (DE-588)4039965-5 gnd Walachei (DE-588)4118956-5 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd
geographic_facet	Moldau Fürstentum Walachei Russland
id	DE-604.BV047078606
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T16:15:34Z
indexdate	2025-03-18T09:02:27Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789633863824
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032485472
oclc_num	1286876664
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12
owner_facet	DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12
physical	ix, 376 Seiten Illustrationen
psigel	BSB_NED_20220309
publishDate	2021
publishDateSearch	2021
publishDateSort	2021
publisher	Central European University Press
record_format	marc
series	Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
series2	Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
spelling	Taki, Viktor 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1026456673 aut Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Victor Taki Empire, elites and the politics of reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Budapest ; Vienna ; New York Central European University Press 2021 ix, 376 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia volume 6 Geschichte 1812-1834 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Elite (DE-588)4014457-4 gnd rswk-swf Reformpolitik (DE-588)4048960-7 gnd rswk-swf Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd rswk-swf Moldau Fürstentum (DE-588)4039965-5 gnd rswk-swf Walachei (DE-588)4118956-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Reformpolitik (DE-588)4048960-7 s Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 s Moldau Fürstentum (DE-588)4039965-5 g Walachei (DE-588)4118956-5 g Elite (DE-588)4014457-4 s Geschichte 1812-1834 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-963-386-383-1 Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia volume 6 (DE-604)BV040893147 6 http://www.sehepunkte.de/2022/09/36801.html rezensiert in: sehepunkte 22 (2022), Nr. 9 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Taki, Viktor 1979- Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Historical studies in Eastern Europe and Eurasia Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Elite (DE-588)4014457-4 gnd Reformpolitik (DE-588)4048960-7 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4014457-4 (DE-588)4048960-7 (DE-588)4026651-5 (DE-588)4039965-5 (DE-588)4118956-5 (DE-588)4076899-5
title	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
title_alt	Empire, elites and the politics of reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
title_auth	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
title_exact_search	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
title_exact_search_txtP	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
title_full	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Victor Taki
title_fullStr	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Victor Taki
title_full_unstemmed	Russia on the Danube empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834 Victor Taki
title_short	Russia on the Danube
title_sort	russia on the danube empire elites and reform in moldavia and wallachia 1812 1834
title_sub	empire, elites, and reform in Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812-1834
topic	Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Elite (DE-588)4014457-4 gnd Reformpolitik (DE-588)4048960-7 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd
topic_facet	Geopolitik Außenpolitik Elite Reformpolitik Imperialismus Moldau Fürstentum Walachei Russland
url	http://www.sehepunkte.de/2022/09/36801.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032485472&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV040893147
work_keys_str_mv	AT takiviktor russiaonthedanubeempireelitesandreforminmoldaviaandwallachia18121834 AT takiviktor empireelitesandthepoliticsofreforminmoldaviaandwallachia18121834

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