We shall be masters: Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
2021
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| Beschreibung: | x, 361 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780674916449 0674916441 |
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CONTENTS Introduction: "Only a Short Distance Away” i Russia’s Arrival on the Pacific Coast 1 Lord of Alaska Tsar Alexander ľs Transpacific Empire 2 “Russian Control Will Be Guaranteed Forever” Nikolai Muravev and the Conquest of the Pacific Coast 3 4 5 "We Can Still Repeat the Exploits of Cortez” Expansion and Retreat in China ’s Central Asian Borderlands 17 52 84 "Tightening the Bonds between Us” Sergei Witte and the Trans-Siberian Railway 108 ‘A New Mecca for the East” The Bolshevik Revolution in China 145 6 “We Must Have Our Hands Free” Stalin’s Drivefor Hegemony in East Asia 180 7 “The Great Hope of Humankind” Soft-Power Socialism in Asia 8 Perestroika and the Pacific Mikhail Gorbachev’s Opening to Asia 217 246
CONTENTS Conclusion: "Heir to the Empire of Genghis Khan" Vladimir Putin’s Pivot to Asia 273 ABBREVIATIONS 293 NOTES 295 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 349 INDEX 351 X
INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps. 104,106, in; reforms of, 75, 80, hi; on Yili Valley administration, 92 Alexander III (Russia): death of, 123; foreign policy of, 104-105,109; pardons from, 114; reform and, in; on Trans-Siberian Railway, 117,120-121 Amur Valley, 52-83; economic opportunities in, 56-57,63,76-77; exploration of, 53,55-56, 65-66; forcible resettlement in, 81, 82; geographic features of, 52, 53; Gilyak peoples of, 64, 66-67; gold deposits in, 63-64; infrastructure in, 81-83; loss of interest in, 79-84, 288; Muravev agenda in, 59, 62-68, 76-83, 86, по-ш, 156; Nikolaevsk outpost in, 66, 68, 73, 74; Qing claims to, 53-54, 64-68, 76-79; Russian claims to, 66-69, 75-83; strategic importance of 52, 53, 61-62 Andropov, Yuri, 239-240, 243, 252 Anti-imperialism: alliances based on, 219, 235; Bolsheviks on, 150-152,157,172; decolonization as, 227; expansion of 173, 217; ideological disputes over, 232; Nationalist Party on, 167,171. See also Imperialism Arbatov, Georgy, 249, 269 Adamishin, Anatoly, 261 Adams, John Quincy, 47, 49 Afghanistan: Bolshevik targeting of, 150; British invasion of, 87; Khrushchev's visit to, 218; Soviet invasion and withdrawal from, 239-240, 245, 247-248, 257-259 Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 77-78 Alaska: Bostonian merchants in, 23-28, 32, 38, 46-48; Cook's voyage to, 21-22, 24-25, 62; fur trade in, 18-26, 30-32, 46; mission aries in, 31; as Russian colony, 288; supply challenges for, 23-26, 28-29, 32,37; ukaz (order) from Alexander I on, 48-50; US acquisition of, 51, 80, 84. See aho NovoArkhangelsk settlement Aleksandrov-Agentov,
Andrei, 257 Alekseyev, Yevgeny, 138 Alexander I (Russia): death of, 57, 58; expansionism of, 10,17-18, 26-28,199; foreign policy of, 7, 43,199; on Hawaii’s strategic importance, 40; Napoleon defeated by, 6, 41,198-199; reforms of, 27; ukaz (order) on Alaska issued by, 48-50 Alexander II (Russia): on Amur Valley settlement, 77, 78, 83; assassination of, 351
INDEX Argüello, Conchita, 35-37, 43 Arguello, Louis, 34, 36 Asia: balance of power in, 67, 69,128,194, 205-206, 220; collective security in, Russian diplomacy, 13. See abo Commu nism; Soviet Union Borodin, Mikhail, 152-153,159,161,164-165, 169, 209 Borodino, Batde of (1812), 41 Bovin, Aleksandr, 265 Boxer Rebellion (China), 132-134 Brezhnev, Leonid: collective security and, 237-238, 248, 260; criticisms of Khrush chev, 233; foreign policy of, 236, 240-241, 245-246, 259, 285; Tashkent speech by, 242-244 Brutents, Karen, 222-223, 254, 265 Burton, Richard, 84 237-240, 245, 248, 260; decolonization in, 198, 217, 223-224; economic growth in, 14-15, 273; energy diversification in, 280-281; exploration of, 1-3, 5, 7; geographic definitions of, 9-10; trade expansion with, no, 112-113,121,124, 290. See abo specific countries and regions Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 283 Atlasov, Vladimir, 1-4, 7, 8,15-17 Atomic bombs, 203-206, 222, 224 Authoritarianism, 262, 263, 284 California: Chinese workers in, 36; gold rush, 50; Russians in, 33-39, 45, 50, 69, 288; Spanish colonies in, 21, 29,33-39, 45 Canadian transcontinental railroad, 81, in, 290 Baikal-Amur Mainline railway, 236, 290, 291 Bakunin, Mikhail, 59, 82 Balance of power, 9, 67, 69,128,194, 205-206, 220 Balasoglo, Aleksandr, 61-62, 64, 289 Baranov, Aleksandr: challenges faced by, 23-26, 28, 29; death of, 46; expansionism promoted by, 17, 50; journey to Alaska, 22-23; missionaries, dispute with, 31; personality of, 18-19; Schaffer on assign ment for, 41-44; trading partners for, 24-26, 36-41 Beijing, Treaty of (i860),
78-80, 83, 85, 88 Belt and Road Initiative (China), 283 Bely, Andrei, 138 Bering, Vitus, 17,19 Bezobrazov, Aleksandr, 136-137,139,142, 205 Bohlen, Charles "Chip,” 221 Bolsheviks: anti-capitalism of, 149,150; on China Eastern Railway, 151,157-158; on Japanese threat, 155-157; journal for study of Eastern countries, 164; JudeoBolshevism, 176,185,191; Marx and, 6, 146,151; Mongolia as target of, 172; revolutionary uprisings and, 147-148; on Russo-Japanese War, 155; in shift of Canton uprising (1927), 170-171 Capitalism: coexistence with socialism, 214, 215, 237; colonialism in relation to, 149-150; industrial, 145; Marx on, 145,176, 178; persistence of, 250; stabilization of, 162; in world economy, 251, 252 Caravan trade, 2-3,5,10, 55, 85, 89 Catherine the Great (Russia), 21, 22, 26, 27, 53-54 CCP. See Chinese Communist Party Central Asia, 84-107; British influence in, 87-88; crises in borderlands of, 86-88; exploration of, 84-86, 88, 92-94,105-106; Kashgaria region, 85, 89-90, 93-98,105; lack of knowledge regarding, 84-85; Qing Empire and, 54, 85, 88-89, 95-98; Russian conquest of, 86, 91-92, 99; Sino-Soviet disputes and, 235. See abo Yili Valley; specific countries Chamberlain, Neville, 186,192 Chekhov, Anton, 82, 93,106,114 Chen Duxiu, 161 Chernenko, Konstantin, 243-244, 252 352
INDEX ism within, 225, 229; Russian / Soviet relations with, 210, 276; as socialist ally, 220; threats to open existence of, 169 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 174 Churchill, Winston, 149,190,198, 201-203 Clark, William, 34 Cold War: containment strategies during, 209; economic growth during, 247, 251; international relations during, 11, 212, 236-237, 264; Khrushchev's visit to India and, 219; military spending during, 253; in Pacific Ocean region, 246, 269 Collective security, 237-240, 245, 248, 260 Communism: denunciations of, 149; moral, 198; political-economic, 198; in reshaping of Russian politics, 79; spread of, 14, 147-151,154, 209-210; US skepticism toward, 185. See abo Chinese Communist Party; Soviet Communist Party Cook, James, 21-22, 24-25, 29, 39, 62 Cossacks, 61, 67, 82 Crimea, annexation by Russia (2014), 274, 284 Crimean War (1853-1856), 6, 72-75, 80, 96, Chiang Kai-shek: in Canton uprising, 170-171; on China Eastern Railway, 151; on communism, 164-166,178; defeat of, 208-210, 212, 217, 286; foreign support for, 194,196; legitimacy of government of, 206-208; Northern Expedition of, 166; Shanghai massacre and, 168-169; Soviets and, 167,175 Chicherin, Georgy, 152-153,156,158-159, 162-163,165,172-173 China: Belt and Road Initiative, 283; border with Russia, 5,10, 67, 83, 99, 276; Boxer Rebellion, 132-134; British influence in, 62-63, 87-88; bureaucratic divisions within, 112; in caravan trade, 2,3, 5,10, 55; Cultural Revolution, 232, 234, 235, 242; economic aid for, 224; economic growth in, 278, 282, 283, 290; energy investments by, 281-283; frontier lands
(1850S-1890S), 56, 87; in fur trade, 26,39, 40, 46; Great Leap Forward, 225, 229, 232; industrializa tion in, 158-159,166, 224; in Korean War, 212-213, 215; Manchuria unified with, 52; as market for Russian goods, 112-113,120, 289, 290; Marxism in, 151; May 4th Move ment, 148,151,157; military strength of, 101-102, hi; modernization of, in, 116, 161, 242; nationalism in, 151,157,177; nuclear weapons of, 232-233, 247, 285; Soviet influence in, 151-155,158-171, 206-211; spheres of influence in, 182; Taiping Rebellion, 68-69, 75, 86,100; 101, m Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 221, 232, 233 Cultural Revolution (China), 232, 234, 235, 242 Dashkov, Andrei, 47 Decolonization, 198, 217,219, 222-224,227,231 Dembei (Japanese castaway), 1-5, 7, 8,15, 70, 291 Democratic People's Republic of Korea. See North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 242, 262-263 Diplomacy, 4, 6,11-13,15, 72, 259-263, 285 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 6, 9,11-12, 60, 98,107 Tiananmen Square massacre, 262-263; trade disputes involving, 54; in triangle diplomacy, 259-263; US foreign relations with, 237, 240-241, 243. See aho Chinese Communist Party; Qing Empire; specific leaders and wars China Eastern Railway, 126,139,151,157-158, 174,178, 201 Chinese Communist Party (CCP): alliance with Nationalist Party, 164,165; founding of, 161; membership of, 165, 207; radical East Asia: border changes in, 285; commu nism in, 210; development goals in, 268; drivers of policy toward, 10,11, 256, 290; economic growth in, 251-252, 278, 290; Russian expansion into, 75,109. See also specific countries 353
INDEX Eastern Europe: Bolsheviks in, 146; as buffer zone, 192; geopolitical contests over, 6-7; Hitler’s objectives for, 185; NATO membership for, 277; people’s democra cies in, 209; Soviet subjugation of, 184, 192,195-196 Giers, Nikolai, 103 Gilyak peoples, 64, 66-67 Gold, 15, 50, 63-64,72,132, 227 Economic diplomacy, 285 Eisenhower, Dwight, 219, 224, 230 Energy diversification, 280-283 Engels, Friedrich, 79, 88, 261 Eurasian Economic Union, 281-282 Europe: balance of power in, 9; economic blocs within, 209; industrialization in, in, 120; nationalism in, 58, 60,147; Peter the Great's trip to, 2-3,7; revolutions of 1848,57-58,60,147; Russia as Eurocentric power, 5-7,10,14,104-105,143-144. See aho spedfic countries and regions 253-257. 263-266, 285; ideology of 252-253; on laws of interdependence, 266-268, 285; perestroika policy, 255, 266, 268-272; on Tiananmen Square massacre, 263; triangle diplomacy of, 259-263 Gorchakov, Alexander, 75, 91, 92 Gordon, Charles, 100 Great Britain: Bolshevism as threat to, 149, 150; China and, 62-63; decolonization by, 198, 222; empire-building efforts, 131; on German expansionism, 186,192; Hong Kong as colony of, 54, 62, 88,162,232,251; India and, 62, 86-88,151; industrialization in, in, 120; in Pacific region, 21, 24-25, 29, 39-40, 62; Russian relations with, 62-64,67, 69,73, 87-88; shipbuilding technology of, 2; social discontent in, 147; social revolutions in, 154; trade disputes with, 27,54; Yakub Beg and, 93,94. See also Opium Wars Great Depression, 176,185 Great Leap Forward (China), 225, 229, 232 Great Northern War (1700-1721), 3-4,
6 Gromyko, Andrey, 230, 257, 264 Guomindang. See Nationalist Party Fascism, 155,183,186 First Opium War (1839-1842), 62, in, 158 Five Year Plan (Soviet Union, 1928), 173 France: decolonization by, 222-224; on German expansionism, 192; industrializa tion in, in, 120; Mutual Assistance Treaty with Soviets, 186; Popular Front govern ments in, 186; social uprisings in, 147,154; as threat to Russian interests, 62; trade disputes with, 27 Fur trade: competition in, 24-26,32, 40, 46; expansion of, 18-23,30, 31, 44; exploration by traders, i, 8,17, 54; shipping routes for, 39 Gaitskell, Hugh, 220-221 Gandhi, Rajiv, 260, 263, 269 Genghis Khan, 14,172, 282 Germany: communist uprisings in, 154; empire-building efforts, 131; foreign policy toward Asia, 127-129; industrializa tion in, hi, 120; socialist movements in, 147; Versailles Treaty on rearmament of, 185-186. See aho Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Party 354 Golovnin, Vasily, 70 Gorbachev, Mikhail: on Afghanistan withdrawal, 257-259; foreign policy of, Hawaii: Cook’s voyage to, 39; missionaries in, 40; Russian presence in, 30-31,39-44, 288; strategic importance of, 40 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of (1945), 203-205 Hitler, Adolf: expansionism of, 186,192,195; geopolitical objectives of 185; on JudeoBolshevism, 185,191; neutrality pact with Stalin, 192,195; repudiation of Versailles Treaty, 186; Stalin on defeat of, 198-199; as threat to Russia, 6, 7,14. See aho Nazi Party Hong Kong, 54, 62, 88,162, 232, 251
INDEX Ignatiev, Nikolai, 78, 79, 88,104 Imperialism: Bolsheviks on threat of, 148-149; capitalism in relation to, 149; in expansionist policies, 107,113; legacy of, 227, 232; in Qing Empire partitioning, 148; railroad, 156,178; red, 227-228; socialism vs., 160,171,178. See abo Anti-imperialism India: Bolshevik targeting of, 150; as British colony, 62, 86-88,151; economic aid for, 223, 224, 260; energy investments by, 281; independence of, 198, 210, 220, 223, 238; Khrushchev's visit to, 218-219; Nicholas II's visit to, 108,109,123, 218; on pere stroika policy, 269; in triangle diplomacy, 260-263 of influence, 127-128,130,140,142,182; as threat to Russians / Soviets, 122-123,135, 155-157.182-183; US military alliance with, 258. See also Russo-Japanese War Jiang Zemin, 276, 277 Judeo-Bolshevism, 176,185,191 Kaganovich, Lazar, 182,183 Kamehameha (Hawaii), 39-42 Kankrin, Yegor, 55 Kapitsa, Mikhail, 242 Karaganov, Sergei, 282, 289 Karakhan, Lev, 158,160,165,175 Karmal, Babrak, 259 Kashgaria, 85, 89-90, 93-98,105 Katkov, Mikhail, 104,105 Kaufman, Konstanm, 97 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 183,185 Kerensky, Alexander, 219 Khrushchev, Nikita: consolidation of power by, 214, 218, 220; criticisms of, 233, 245; Cuban Missile Crisis and, 221, 232, 233; on decolonization, 217, 222, 223, 227; foreign policy of, 217-222; Korean War and, 214; personality of, 220-221; resignation of, 233; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230, Industrial capitalism, 145 Industrialization: in China, 158-159,166, 224; in Europe, in, 120; in Japan, 120; railroads in, 75, in, 117; in Russia / Soviet Union, 75,
120-121,144,146,176,188; in United States, in, 120 Interdependence, laws of, 266-268, 285 International Monetary Fund, 278 Ishaev, Viktor, 279 Italy: Bolshevik agenda in, 148; fascism in, 155; unification of, 57 Ivan the Terrible (Russia), 7 Izvolsky, Alexander, 144 231; on soft-power socialism, 219-224, 235, 241, 245; Stalin and, 219, 221, 226 Kim II Sung, 205, 211-214, 263-264 Kissinger, Henry, 237 Korea: independence of, 115,122; as market for Russian goods, 120; partitioning of, 204; spheres of influence in, 127-128,130, 140. See abo North Korea; South Korea Korean War (1950-1953), 14, 212-215, 238 Kosygin, Alexey, 233-234 Kozyrev, Andrei, 275-277 Kuomintang. See Nationalist Party Kuropatkin, Alexei, 115,133,135-139,143 Japan: atomic bombing of, 203-205; economic growth in, 14,156, 247, 250-251; empirebuilding efforts, 131; energy investments by, 281, 283; European trade with, 3, 5,31, 70; industrialization in, 120; Manchuria claimed by, 122,143,156,176,180-185; as market for Russian goods, 112-113,120, 289,290; modernization of, in, 116; Mukden Incident, 180,182-184; nonaggression pact with Soviet Union, 182,186,190,195-198, 203; opening of, 69-72, 74; Pearl Harbor attack by, 197,199; shipbuilding technology of, 135; in Sino-Japanese War, 122,123,127; Soviet relations with, 248,269-270; spheres Lamzdorf, Vladimir, 117,132,133,137 Laws of interdependence, 266-268, 285 League of Nations, 183-185 355
INDEX Lend-Lease aid, 197 Lenin, Vladimir: alliances envisioned by, 219, 223; on capitalism-colonial link, 149; on imperialist-socialist conflict, 171; on Japanese threat, 155; Marx and, 146; on social revolution, 148,154,161; Sun Yatsen and, 152-153. See aho MarxismLeninism Lewis, Meriweather, 34 Li Hongzhang, in, 125-126,134 Liquified natural gas, 281, 283 List, Friedrich, 120 Litvinov, Maxim, 190 Livadia, Treaty of (1879), 97-99 Livingstone, David, 84,103 Lloyd George, David, 147 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei, 13,124, 291 Locarno Treaties (1925), 162 Pacific Ocean in World War II, 191; population density of Soviet Union, 271; Russia-China frontier (1850S-1890S), 76, 87 Marshall Plan, 209 Marx, Karl, and Marxism: Bolshevik adoption of, 6,146,151; on capitalism, 145,176,178; class struggle in, 171; criticisms of, 160; on social revolution, 147,154. See abo Marxism-Leninism Marxism-Leninism: class struggle in, 275; decline of, 253; in international politics, 236; interpretations of, 249, 261; spread of, 206; Stalin and, 226 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 198 May 4th Movement (China), 148,151,157 Medvedev, Vadim, 261 Meiji (Japanese emperor), in Menshikov, Alexander, 65, 67 Meshchersky, Vladimir, 104,105 Middendorf, Alexander, 55-57 Middleton, Henry, 49 Mikoyan, Anastas, 219, 220, 223, 236 Military-industrial complex, 244, 247, 248, Macmillan, Harold, 220 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, и Maisky, Ivan, 190, 200 Malenkov, Georgy, 214, 221-222 Manchuria: Chinese unification with, 52; Japanese in, 122,143,156,176,180-185; Mukden Incident, 180,182-184; railroads in, 116-117,122,123,126,130; Russian
settlements and, 81; Russian / Soviet strategies in, 131-134,143,172-179,188, 205-207, 287; Russo-Japanese War in, 139; South Manchurian Railway, 180,181, 202; spheres of influence in, 130,142,185. See abo Port Arthur Manchus. See Qing Empire Mao Zedong: communist movement of, 206-211, 217; death of, 242; in Korean War, 212-213; Marxism and, 151; on nuclear weapons, 228-229, 233; radicalism of, 225, 229, 232, 234, 261; on red imperialism, 227-228; Sino-Soviet relations and, 224-235; Stalin and, 226-227 Maps: Northeast Asia (1904-1905), 110; Pacific empire of Russia (early 1800s), 20; 253, 256 Miliutin, Dmitry, 91, 93, 94, 96,103,106 Missionaries, 31, 40,128,131 Modernization: of China, in, 116,161, 242; of Japan, in, 116; of Russia, 4, 60, 80, in Molotov, Vyacheslav, 175-176,180-186, 206-207, 214 Mongols and Mongolia: in Amur Valley, 52-54; caravan trade across, 10, 85; radical socialism in, 173-174; sovereignty of, 143, 172-173; Soviet withdrawal from, 260, 266; spheres of influence in, 142; as threat to Russia, 14; in Yili Valley conflict, 100 Monroe, James, and Monroe Doctrine, 49 Moral communism, 198 Mukden Incident (1931), 180,182-184 Multipolar strategy, 254, 277, 278 Muravev, Nikolai: Amur agenda of, 59, 62-68, 76-83, 86, no-in, 156; in Crimean War, 73-75; diplomatic negotiations and, 356
INDEX 71,193; expansionism of, 50-51, 61, 288; railroad route studies by, 117; on Taiping Rebellion, 68-69; on threats to Russian Nikolaevsk outpost, 66, 68, 73, 74 Nixon, Richard, 237 North Atlantic Treaty Organization interests, 62-64, 67, 69,73 Mussolini, Benito, 155 Mutual Assistance Treaty (1935), 186 (NATO), 277 Northeast Asia: conflicts within, 122; impe rialist legacy in, 232; map of (1904-1905), no; spheres of influence in, 142,185. See aho specific countries North Korea: communism in, 210; economic aid for, 238-239; Marxism-Leninism in, 206; nuclear program in, 278, 285; Soviet relations with, 263-265; unification ob jectives of, 211,212. See also Korean War Novo-Arkhangelsk settlement, 23-25,32, 36, Nagasaki, atomic bombing of (1945), 204-205 Napoleon Bonaparte, 6,14, 41,198-199 Napoleonic Wars, 18, 27,33-34,38, 43 Nationalism, 58, 60-61, 80,147,150-151,157 Nationalist Party (China), 153-154,159-171, 177-178,196, 207-208 NATO (North Adantic Treaty Organization), 40-41, 49 Nuclear weapons: atomic bombs, 203-206, 222, 224; Cuban Missile Crisis, 221, 232, 233; geopolitical impact of, 285; Mao Zedong on, 228-229, 233; Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230; threats of war involving, 247, 278 277 Natural gas, 6, 266, 278, 280-283 Nazdratenko, Yevgeny, 279 Nazi Party: invasion of Soviet Union, 196-197; on Judeo-Bolshevism, 176; military strength of, 191-192; neutrality pact with Soviet Union, 192,195; Red Army defeat of, 199, 215-216; seizure of power by, 185; Soviet weapon sales to, 186, 207. See aho Hider, Adolf Nehru, Jawaharlal, 224, 231, 238 Nerchinsk, Treaty of
(1689), 53, 66 Nesselrode, Karl, 43,45, 55, 57-60,64,71-72,75 Nevelskoy, Gennady, 65-70, 82-83, Ո4,187, 247, 288 Nicholas I (Russia): on Amur Valley, 55-56, 68; on Crimean War, 6; death of, 74-75; foreign policy of, 57-60; rebellion against, 57 Nicholas II (Russia): assassination attempt against, 113-114,123, 272; coronation ceremony of, 125-127; death of, 146; expansionism of, 134-135,286-287; foreign policy of, 128-130,136-138,141,143-145; Grand Tour of, 108-109,113-114, 218-219; on occupation of Manchuria, 133, 287; personality of, 123-124; on Russian rule in Asia, 109,123,129,136, 235; on RussoJapanese War, 138-140,155; Trans-Siberian Railway overseen by, 120,134, 255 Obruchev, Nikolai, 101,124-125 Oil, 6, 200, 274, 278, 281-283 Opium Wars: First (1839-1842), 62, in, 158; lessons learned from, 100; rearmament following, 106; Second (1856-1860), 75, 77, in; trading rights following, 62, 88 Ottoman Empire: dismantling of, 147,149; in European politics, 10; Russian wars against, 2,5, 6, 22, 73, 95-96; Yakub Beg and, 93-94 Pacific Ocean region: British naval power in, 62; in Cold War, 246, 269; in Crimean War, 73, 74; drivers of policy in, 10, 252, 256; perestroika policy in, 266, 268-271; Russian empire in (early 1800s), 20; trade routes across, 18, 25; in World War II, 191, 204. See abo specific locations Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 197,199 People’s Liberation Army, 209, 212, 215, 233 People’s Republic of China. See China Perestroika, 255, 266, 268-272 357
INDEX Perry, Matthew, 69-72, 74, in Peter the Great (Russia): European travel, 2-3, 7; expansionism of, 1-3; exploration of Asia, 1-3,5, 7; foreign policy of, 7,16; geographic studies by, 8-9; Great Northern War, 3, 4, 6; Putin's admiration for, 291; Westernization efforts of, 4,5, 7 Petrashevsky Circle, 60, 61, 80 Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 139 Poietica, Pierre de, 45, 48 Political-economic communism, 198 Ponomarev, Boris, 257 Popular Front governments, 186 Port Arthur: imperialist legacy in, 232; Japanese control of, 122,125,139,140,155; railways running to, 180, 202; Russian occupation of, 128-131,134, 287 Portola, Gaspar de, 33 Portsmouth Treaty (1905), 201 Primakov, Yevgeny, 252, 254, 276-278 Przhevalsky Nikolai: on Central Asia, 84-86, 88, 92-95,103-105; expansionism of, 93-95, 98-99,104-107; scientific contributions of, 106; in Ussuri Valley, 81-82, 84; on Yili Valley conflict, 100-102,104, 287 Putiatin, Evfimy, 55, 71-74, 76, m Putin, Vladimir: Asian policy 280, 282-285, 289; on collapse of Soviet Union, 285; development strategies, 273-274, 290; on Peter the Great, 291; Xi Jinping and, 281,291 Qing Empire: in Amur Valley, 53-54, 64-68, 76-79; decline of, 54, 86-88, 93,127,172; establishment of, 52; Japan and, 122; overthrow of, 142,148,166; partitioning of, 122,130,148; Taiping Rebellion, 68-69, 75, 86,100; trade disputes with, 54; in Yili Valley 85, 89, 95-98,107 Radical socialism, 152,173-174, 225-226 Railroads: Baikal-Amur Mainline, 236, 290, 291; China Eastern, 126,139,151,157-158, 174,178; immigration and, 116-117; ht 358 industrialization, 75, in, 117;
management skills for, 118; railroad imperialism, 156, 178; South Manchurian, 180,181, 202; transcontinental, 36,76, 81, in, 290. See also Trans-Siberian Railway Rakhmanin, Oleg, 242, 244-245 Reagan, Ronald, 241, 249, 253, 254 Red Army: in Eastern Europe, 195,196; Japan’s conflicts with, 193-195, 204, 208; Nazis defeated by, 199, 215-216; in Sino-Soviet War, 175,177; strengthening of, 187,190 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Revolutions of 1848,57-58, 60,147 Rezanov, Nikolai: California initiatives, 33-37, 288; courtship of Conchita Argiiello, 35-37, 43; death of, 37; geopoliti cal strategies of, 27-30,50; in Hawaii, 30-31,39, 40; Japan and, 31, 70; mission aries dispute with, 31; personality of, 28, 288; on supply challenges, 28-29,32 Rhodes, Cecil, 131 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 192 Röh Tae Woo, 266 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 198, 201-203 Roosevelt, Theodore, 140 Roy M. N., 149-150 Rumyantsev, Nikolai, 27-28, 30,39,40 Rusakov, Konstantin, 257 Russia (pre-Soviet): border with China, 5, 10, 67, 83, 99; British threats to, 62-64, 67, 69, 73, 87-88; bureaucratic divisions within, 112; in caravan trade, 2-3, 5,10, 55, 85; diplomacy utilized by 4, 6,11-13,15, 72; empire-building efforts, 30,35,112; as Eurocentric power, 5-7,10,14,104-105, 143-144; exploration of Asia by 1-3, 5, 7; frontier lands of (1850S-1890S), 56, 87; industrialization in, 75,120,121,144,146; Japan as threat to, 122-123,135; modern ization of, 4, 60, 80, in; Napoleon’s invasion of, 41; nationalism in, 60, 61, 80; in opening ofJapan, 71-72, 74; Ottoman wars against, 2,5, 6, 22, 73, 95-96; Pacific
INDEX empire of (early i8oos), 20; serfdom in, 2,7, 59, 61, 75, 80, in; spheres of influence, 127-128,130,142; trade expansion with Asia, no, 112-113,121,124. See aho Soviet Union; specific locations and leaders Russia (post-Soviet): annexation of Crimea, 274, 284; border with China, 276; energy diversification in, 280-283; trade expan sion with Asia, 291; US foreign relations with, 275-276 Russian America, 17-51; California as part of, 33-39, 45, 50, 69, 288; expansion of, 26-28; fur trade in, 18-26, 30-32, 46; Ha waii as part of, 30-31, 39-44, 288; mis sionaries in, 31; origins of, 18-21; supply challenges for, 23-26, 28-29, 32,37; terri torial security of, 29; trade disputes with the United States, 46-49. See also Alaska Russian-American Company: California initiatives, 35-39, 45,50, 69; functions of, 28; Hawaii initiatives, 41-44; headquarters of, 29; profitability of, 30; trade disputes with the United States, 46-49 Russian Geographical Society, 63, 93 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): beginnings of, 138,188; motivations for, 14; peace negotiations, 139-140,201; Stalin on, 155, 205, 285-286; Trans-Siberian Railway in, 138-139 Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), 96 Sakharov, Andrey, 263 Sandwich Islands. See Hawaii Sazonov, Sergei, 142 Schaffer, Georg Anton, 41-44, 50, 288 Second Opium War (1856-1860), 75,77, in Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958), 228-231 Serfdom, 27, 59, 61, 75, 80, in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 282 Shanghai massacre (1927), 168-169 Shaw, R. B., 90 Shelikhov, Grigory, 18-23, 27,33, 43 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 248 Shipbuilding technology, 2, 3,135
Siberia: caravan trade in, 2, 5; economic opportunities in, 56-57, 63,76-77; fur trade in, 18,19; infrastructure in, 13,24, 81,107, 290; oil and gas production in, 281; settlements in, 7, 53,116,132; transport across, 82,114. See abo Amur Valley; Trans-Siberian Railway; Ussuri Valley Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), 122,123,127 Sino-Soviet War (1929), 174-175,177 Skobelev, Mikhail, 101,104-105 Smith, Adam, 120 Socialism: coexistence with capitalism, 214, 215, 237; imperialism vs., 160,171,178; opposition to, 149, 201; radical, 152,173-174, 225-226; reformed, 261-262; skepticism of, 249-250; soft-power, 219-224, 235, 241, 245; spread of, 147,148,154,155,172 Soft-power socialism, 219-224, 235, 241, 245 Southeast Asia: British influence in, 87; decolonization in, 217, 223-224; Soviet Union and, 240. See abo specific countries South Korea: economic growth in, 251; Russian / Soviet relations with, 248, 264-266, 268, 271, 277; US military backing of, 264, 278, 285. See abo Korean War South Manchurian Railway, 180,181, 202 Soviet Communist Party: CCP subordina tion to, 210; congresses of, 170, 234; defense strategies, 186; Japanese suppression of, 188; military operations sanctioned by, 247-248; post-Soviet collapse, 275; on refocusing of foreign policy, 249; on Sino-Soviet relations, 244; staffing needs, 220; violence of, 221 Soviet Pacific Fleet, 236, 246-247, 255 Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion and withdrawal, 239-240, 245, 247-248, 257-259; China policy, 151-155,158-171, 206-211; collapse of, 275, 276, 279, 285; collectivization in, 173,176,178,185, 252; defense strategies,
156-159,186-190; eco nomic aid from, 223, 224, 238-239, 260; Five Year Plan (1928), 173; forced settlement 359
INDEX Soviet Union (continued) policies, 82; industrialization, 176,188; Japan as threat to, 155-157,182-183; Ko rean War and, 212-215, 238; Lend-Lease aid for, 197; Manchuria strategy, 172-179, 188, 205-207; military-industrial complex of, 244, 247, 248, 253, 256; Nazis and, 192, 195,196-197; nonaggression pact with Japan, 182,186,190,195-198,203; perestroika policy in, 255, 266, 268-272; population density of, 271; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230, 231; in Sino-Soviet War, 174-175, 177; spheres of influence, 184,185; triangle diplomacy of, 259-263. See also Bolsheviks; Cold War; Red Army; Soviet Communist Party; World War II; specific kaders Spain: Pacific colonies of, 21, 29,33-38, 45; Popular Front governments in, 186 Stalin, Joseph: on Canton uprising, 170-171; on China Eastern Railway, 158; collectiv ization policy, 173,176,178,185, 252; on communist movement, 148,150; consoli dation of power by, 163; criticisms of, 219, 221, 226,233; cult of personality, 234; death of, 214, 218; Five Year Plan launched by, 173; foreign policy of, 7,172-179,187,194, 197, 214-215; Genghis Khan compared to, 172; Hitler and, 192,195,198-199; on Japanese threat, 156,182-183; on Korean War, 212-213, 215; on Manchuria, 175,177, 188; Marx and, 146; on Mukden Incident, 182; on Nationalist Party, 159-161,166-170; on Russo-Japanese War, 155, 205, 285-286; spheres of influence for, 184, 215; "two camp” theory of, 160,171; at Yalta Confer ence, 201-203, 216. See ako Soviet Union Sun Yat-sen, 148,151-153,157,159-162,187, 196, 220 Taiping Rebellion (China), 68-69, 75, 86, too Taiwan:
economic growth, 251; Japanese control of, 122,149, 200; Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958), 228-231 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 262-263 Tito, Josip Broz, 209 Tlingit, 23, 25, 28, 46, 49 Tolstoy, Leo, 6, 41 Trade: caravan, 2-3,5,10,55, 85, 89; disputes over, 27, 46-49, 54; expansion of, 92, no, 120.124.132, 291; special economic zones for, 267; transatlantic, 27; transpacific, 37, 42. See also Fur trade Transcontinental railroads, 36, 76, 81, in, 290 Trans-Siberian Railway: construction time for, 81; financing for, 107,112,117; geopo litical influence of, 122,132,156,164, 291; Japan as threat to, 183,188; route for, 121-123,126-130,134, 255; in Russo-Japanese War, 138-139; trade expansion through, 120.121.132, 290 Treaties. See specific names of treaties Triangle diplomacy, 259-263 Trotsky, Leon, 146,150,154,161-162,166 Tseng, Marquis, 102 Ukhtomsky, Esper, 108-115,125,164, 254, 289 Ungern-Sternberg, Roman von, 172 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Nations, 216, 218, 238 United States: Alaska acquired by, 51, 80, 84; China and, 237, 240-241, 243; colonies of, 131; communism and, 185; fur trade and, 25, 26, 40; global network of military facilities, 198; industrialization, in, 120; Japanese military alliance with, 258; Japanese trade with, 69-72,74', Lend-Lease aid from, 197; nuclear weapons of, 203-206, 285; Russia and, 275-276; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 228; trade disputes with, 27, 46-49; on ukaz (order) from Alexander I, 48-50. See abo Cold War USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union 360
INDEX Ussuri Valley, 78-82, 84, 86, 234-235, 276 Ustinov, Dmitry, 244, 257 Vannovsky, Pyotr, 124 Veniukov, Mikhail, 101 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 185-186 Victoria (British queen), 98 Vietnam: communism in, 210, 239, 249; decolonization of, 223-224; economic aid for, 239; invasion of Cambodia, 243, 247, 259; Soviet relations with, 248-249, 266 Voroshilov, Kliment, 183,187,189,190, 222 Wallace, Henry, 197 War of 1812, 47 Whampoa Military Academy, 153,165 Wilhelm II (Germany), Г28,129,135,147 Wilson, Woodrow, 148,151 Witsen, Nicolaes, 3, 7-9 Witte, Sergei: on assassination attempt against Nicholas II, 113-114,123; on Boxer Rebellion, 133; criticisms of, 124,131,136, 137,141, 286; on expansionism, 135; on industrial capitalism, 145; ministerial roles of, 109-no, 113,119,121,140; negotiations with foreign officials, 125-128,134,179; on occupation of Manchuria, 133-134; personality of, 118-119; on Port Arthur occupation, 128-129,131; on RussoJapanese War, 139-140,155; on trade expansion, no, 120,121,124,132; on Trans-Siberian Railway, 117,120-123, 126-127,156,164 World War I, 7,145,147-149,156 World War II: atomic bombs, 203-205; geopolitics following, 198-201, 205-206, 217; Pacific front, 191, 204; Russian iden tity and, 6; Yalta Conference, 201-203, 216 Xi Jinping, 281, 284, 291 Yakovlev, Alexander, 249, 250, 254, 265 Yakub Beg, 89-91, 93-96 Yalta Conference, 201-203, 216 Yamagata Aritomo, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 270, 272, 274-277 Yili Valley: administration of, 92; conflicts in, 89-91, 99-104,107, 287; infrastructure in, 85, 92; Qing claims to, 85, 89, 95-98, 107; Russian
seizure of, 91-93, 95; Treaty of Livadia, 97-99 Yudin, Pavel, 224-228 Zhang Xueliang, 174,181 Zhang Zuolin, 156-158,168,174 Zhao Ziyang, 262 Zhou Enlai, 207-208, 213,232 Zhukov, Georgy, 193, 222 Zinoviev Grigory, 150,162 Zuo Zongtang, 96-100,107 Beywtech· ^ Staatabibltothek , Mönchen J |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Introduction: "Only a Short Distance Away” i Russia’s Arrival on the Pacific Coast 1 Lord of Alaska Tsar Alexander ľs Transpacific Empire 2 “Russian Control Will Be Guaranteed Forever” Nikolai Muravev and the Conquest of the Pacific Coast 3 4 5 "We Can Still Repeat the Exploits of Cortez” Expansion and Retreat in China ’s Central Asian Borderlands 17 52 84 "Tightening the Bonds between Us” Sergei Witte and the Trans-Siberian Railway 108 ‘A New Mecca for the East” The Bolshevik Revolution in China 145 6 “We Must Have Our Hands Free” Stalin’s Drivefor Hegemony in East Asia 180 7 “The Great Hope of Humankind” Soft-Power Socialism in Asia 8 Perestroika and the Pacific Mikhail Gorbachev’s Opening to Asia 217 246
CONTENTS Conclusion: "Heir to the Empire of Genghis Khan" Vladimir Putin’s Pivot to Asia 273 ABBREVIATIONS 293 NOTES 295 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 349 INDEX 351 X
INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps. 104,106, in; reforms of, 75, 80, hi; on Yili Valley administration, 92 Alexander III (Russia): death of, 123; foreign policy of, 104-105,109; pardons from, 114; reform and, in; on Trans-Siberian Railway, 117,120-121 Amur Valley, 52-83; economic opportunities in, 56-57,63,76-77; exploration of, 53,55-56, 65-66; forcible resettlement in, 81, 82; geographic features of, 52, 53; Gilyak peoples of, 64, 66-67; gold deposits in, 63-64; infrastructure in, 81-83; loss of interest in, 79-84, 288; Muravev agenda in, 59, 62-68, 76-83, 86, по-ш, 156; Nikolaevsk outpost in, 66, 68, 73, 74; Qing claims to, 53-54, 64-68, 76-79; Russian claims to, 66-69, 75-83; strategic importance of 52, 53, 61-62 Andropov, Yuri, 239-240, 243, 252 Anti-imperialism: alliances based on, 219, 235; Bolsheviks on, 150-152,157,172; decolonization as, 227; expansion of 173, 217; ideological disputes over, 232; Nationalist Party on, 167,171. See also Imperialism Arbatov, Georgy, 249, 269 Adamishin, Anatoly, 261 Adams, John Quincy, 47, 49 Afghanistan: Bolshevik targeting of, 150; British invasion of, 87; Khrushchev's visit to, 218; Soviet invasion and withdrawal from, 239-240, 245, 247-248, 257-259 Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 77-78 Alaska: Bostonian merchants in, 23-28, 32, 38, 46-48; Cook's voyage to, 21-22, 24-25, 62; fur trade in, 18-26, 30-32, 46; mission aries in, 31; as Russian colony, 288; supply challenges for, 23-26, 28-29, 32,37; ukaz (order) from Alexander I on, 48-50; US acquisition of, 51, 80, 84. See aho NovoArkhangelsk settlement Aleksandrov-Agentov,
Andrei, 257 Alekseyev, Yevgeny, 138 Alexander I (Russia): death of, 57, 58; expansionism of, 10,17-18, 26-28,199; foreign policy of, 7, 43,199; on Hawaii’s strategic importance, 40; Napoleon defeated by, 6, 41,198-199; reforms of, 27; ukaz (order) on Alaska issued by, 48-50 Alexander II (Russia): on Amur Valley settlement, 77, 78, 83; assassination of, 351
INDEX Argüello, Conchita, 35-37, 43 Arguello, Louis, 34, 36 Asia: balance of power in, 67, 69,128,194, 205-206, 220; collective security in, Russian diplomacy, 13. See abo Commu nism; Soviet Union Borodin, Mikhail, 152-153,159,161,164-165, 169, 209 Borodino, Batde of (1812), 41 Bovin, Aleksandr, 265 Boxer Rebellion (China), 132-134 Brezhnev, Leonid: collective security and, 237-238, 248, 260; criticisms of Khrush chev, 233; foreign policy of, 236, 240-241, 245-246, 259, 285; Tashkent speech by, 242-244 Brutents, Karen, 222-223, 254, 265 Burton, Richard, 84 237-240, 245, 248, 260; decolonization in, 198, 217, 223-224; economic growth in, 14-15, 273; energy diversification in, 280-281; exploration of, 1-3, 5, 7; geographic definitions of, 9-10; trade expansion with, no, 112-113,121,124, 290. See abo specific countries and regions Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 283 Atlasov, Vladimir, 1-4, 7, 8,15-17 Atomic bombs, 203-206, 222, 224 Authoritarianism, 262, 263, 284 California: Chinese workers in, 36; gold rush, 50; Russians in, 33-39, 45, 50, 69, 288; Spanish colonies in, 21, 29,33-39, 45 Canadian transcontinental railroad, 81, in, 290 Baikal-Amur Mainline railway, 236, 290, 291 Bakunin, Mikhail, 59, 82 Balance of power, 9, 67, 69,128,194, 205-206, 220 Balasoglo, Aleksandr, 61-62, 64, 289 Baranov, Aleksandr: challenges faced by, 23-26, 28, 29; death of, 46; expansionism promoted by, 17, 50; journey to Alaska, 22-23; missionaries, dispute with, 31; personality of, 18-19; Schaffer on assign ment for, 41-44; trading partners for, 24-26, 36-41 Beijing, Treaty of (i860),
78-80, 83, 85, 88 Belt and Road Initiative (China), 283 Bely, Andrei, 138 Bering, Vitus, 17,19 Bezobrazov, Aleksandr, 136-137,139,142, 205 Bohlen, Charles "Chip,” 221 Bolsheviks: anti-capitalism of, 149,150; on China Eastern Railway, 151,157-158; on Japanese threat, 155-157; journal for study of Eastern countries, 164; JudeoBolshevism, 176,185,191; Marx and, 6, 146,151; Mongolia as target of, 172; revolutionary uprisings and, 147-148; on Russo-Japanese War, 155; in shift of Canton uprising (1927), 170-171 Capitalism: coexistence with socialism, 214, 215, 237; colonialism in relation to, 149-150; industrial, 145; Marx on, 145,176, 178; persistence of, 250; stabilization of, 162; in world economy, 251, 252 Caravan trade, 2-3,5,10, 55, 85, 89 Catherine the Great (Russia), 21, 22, 26, 27, 53-54 CCP. See Chinese Communist Party Central Asia, 84-107; British influence in, 87-88; crises in borderlands of, 86-88; exploration of, 84-86, 88, 92-94,105-106; Kashgaria region, 85, 89-90, 93-98,105; lack of knowledge regarding, 84-85; Qing Empire and, 54, 85, 88-89, 95-98; Russian conquest of, 86, 91-92, 99; Sino-Soviet disputes and, 235. See abo Yili Valley; specific countries Chamberlain, Neville, 186,192 Chekhov, Anton, 82, 93,106,114 Chen Duxiu, 161 Chernenko, Konstantin, 243-244, 252 352
INDEX ism within, 225, 229; Russian / Soviet relations with, 210, 276; as socialist ally, 220; threats to open existence of, 169 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 174 Churchill, Winston, 149,190,198, 201-203 Clark, William, 34 Cold War: containment strategies during, 209; economic growth during, 247, 251; international relations during, 11, 212, 236-237, 264; Khrushchev's visit to India and, 219; military spending during, 253; in Pacific Ocean region, 246, 269 Collective security, 237-240, 245, 248, 260 Communism: denunciations of, 149; moral, 198; political-economic, 198; in reshaping of Russian politics, 79; spread of, 14, 147-151,154, 209-210; US skepticism toward, 185. See abo Chinese Communist Party; Soviet Communist Party Cook, James, 21-22, 24-25, 29, 39, 62 Cossacks, 61, 67, 82 Crimea, annexation by Russia (2014), 274, 284 Crimean War (1853-1856), 6, 72-75, 80, 96, Chiang Kai-shek: in Canton uprising, 170-171; on China Eastern Railway, 151; on communism, 164-166,178; defeat of, 208-210, 212, 217, 286; foreign support for, 194,196; legitimacy of government of, 206-208; Northern Expedition of, 166; Shanghai massacre and, 168-169; Soviets and, 167,175 Chicherin, Georgy, 152-153,156,158-159, 162-163,165,172-173 China: Belt and Road Initiative, 283; border with Russia, 5,10, 67, 83, 99, 276; Boxer Rebellion, 132-134; British influence in, 62-63, 87-88; bureaucratic divisions within, 112; in caravan trade, 2,3, 5,10, 55; Cultural Revolution, 232, 234, 235, 242; economic aid for, 224; economic growth in, 278, 282, 283, 290; energy investments by, 281-283; frontier lands
(1850S-1890S), 56, 87; in fur trade, 26,39, 40, 46; Great Leap Forward, 225, 229, 232; industrializa tion in, 158-159,166, 224; in Korean War, 212-213, 215; Manchuria unified with, 52; as market for Russian goods, 112-113,120, 289, 290; Marxism in, 151; May 4th Move ment, 148,151,157; military strength of, 101-102, hi; modernization of, in, 116, 161, 242; nationalism in, 151,157,177; nuclear weapons of, 232-233, 247, 285; Soviet influence in, 151-155,158-171, 206-211; spheres of influence in, 182; Taiping Rebellion, 68-69, 75, 86,100; 101, m Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 221, 232, 233 Cultural Revolution (China), 232, 234, 235, 242 Dashkov, Andrei, 47 Decolonization, 198, 217,219, 222-224,227,231 Dembei (Japanese castaway), 1-5, 7, 8,15, 70, 291 Democratic People's Republic of Korea. See North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 242, 262-263 Diplomacy, 4, 6,11-13,15, 72, 259-263, 285 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 6, 9,11-12, 60, 98,107 Tiananmen Square massacre, 262-263; trade disputes involving, 54; in triangle diplomacy, 259-263; US foreign relations with, 237, 240-241, 243. See aho Chinese Communist Party; Qing Empire; specific leaders and wars China Eastern Railway, 126,139,151,157-158, 174,178, 201 Chinese Communist Party (CCP): alliance with Nationalist Party, 164,165; founding of, 161; membership of, 165, 207; radical East Asia: border changes in, 285; commu nism in, 210; development goals in, 268; drivers of policy toward, 10,11, 256, 290; economic growth in, 251-252, 278, 290; Russian expansion into, 75,109. See also specific countries 353
INDEX Eastern Europe: Bolsheviks in, 146; as buffer zone, 192; geopolitical contests over, 6-7; Hitler’s objectives for, 185; NATO membership for, 277; people’s democra cies in, 209; Soviet subjugation of, 184, 192,195-196 Giers, Nikolai, 103 Gilyak peoples, 64, 66-67 Gold, 15, 50, 63-64,72,132, 227 Economic diplomacy, 285 Eisenhower, Dwight, 219, 224, 230 Energy diversification, 280-283 Engels, Friedrich, 79, 88, 261 Eurasian Economic Union, 281-282 Europe: balance of power in, 9; economic blocs within, 209; industrialization in, in, 120; nationalism in, 58, 60,147; Peter the Great's trip to, 2-3,7; revolutions of 1848,57-58,60,147; Russia as Eurocentric power, 5-7,10,14,104-105,143-144. See aho spedfic countries and regions 253-257. 263-266, 285; ideology of 252-253; on laws of interdependence, 266-268, 285; perestroika policy, 255, 266, 268-272; on Tiananmen Square massacre, 263; triangle diplomacy of, 259-263 Gorchakov, Alexander, 75, 91, 92 Gordon, Charles, 100 Great Britain: Bolshevism as threat to, 149, 150; China and, 62-63; decolonization by, 198, 222; empire-building efforts, 131; on German expansionism, 186,192; Hong Kong as colony of, 54, 62, 88,162,232,251; India and, 62, 86-88,151; industrialization in, in, 120; in Pacific region, 21, 24-25, 29, 39-40, 62; Russian relations with, 62-64,67, 69,73, 87-88; shipbuilding technology of, 2; social discontent in, 147; social revolutions in, 154; trade disputes with, 27,54; Yakub Beg and, 93,94. See also Opium Wars Great Depression, 176,185 Great Leap Forward (China), 225, 229, 232 Great Northern War (1700-1721), 3-4,
6 Gromyko, Andrey, 230, 257, 264 Guomindang. See Nationalist Party Fascism, 155,183,186 First Opium War (1839-1842), 62, in, 158 Five Year Plan (Soviet Union, 1928), 173 France: decolonization by, 222-224; on German expansionism, 192; industrializa tion in, in, 120; Mutual Assistance Treaty with Soviets, 186; Popular Front govern ments in, 186; social uprisings in, 147,154; as threat to Russian interests, 62; trade disputes with, 27 Fur trade: competition in, 24-26,32, 40, 46; expansion of, 18-23,30, 31, 44; exploration by traders, i, 8,17, 54; shipping routes for, 39 Gaitskell, Hugh, 220-221 Gandhi, Rajiv, 260, 263, 269 Genghis Khan, 14,172, 282 Germany: communist uprisings in, 154; empire-building efforts, 131; foreign policy toward Asia, 127-129; industrializa tion in, hi, 120; socialist movements in, 147; Versailles Treaty on rearmament of, 185-186. See aho Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Party 354 Golovnin, Vasily, 70 Gorbachev, Mikhail: on Afghanistan withdrawal, 257-259; foreign policy of, Hawaii: Cook’s voyage to, 39; missionaries in, 40; Russian presence in, 30-31,39-44, 288; strategic importance of, 40 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of (1945), 203-205 Hitler, Adolf: expansionism of, 186,192,195; geopolitical objectives of 185; on JudeoBolshevism, 185,191; neutrality pact with Stalin, 192,195; repudiation of Versailles Treaty, 186; Stalin on defeat of, 198-199; as threat to Russia, 6, 7,14. See aho Nazi Party Hong Kong, 54, 62, 88,162, 232, 251
INDEX Ignatiev, Nikolai, 78, 79, 88,104 Imperialism: Bolsheviks on threat of, 148-149; capitalism in relation to, 149; in expansionist policies, 107,113; legacy of, 227, 232; in Qing Empire partitioning, 148; railroad, 156,178; red, 227-228; socialism vs., 160,171,178. See abo Anti-imperialism India: Bolshevik targeting of, 150; as British colony, 62, 86-88,151; economic aid for, 223, 224, 260; energy investments by, 281; independence of, 198, 210, 220, 223, 238; Khrushchev's visit to, 218-219; Nicholas II's visit to, 108,109,123, 218; on pere stroika policy, 269; in triangle diplomacy, 260-263 of influence, 127-128,130,140,142,182; as threat to Russians / Soviets, 122-123,135, 155-157.182-183; US military alliance with, 258. See also Russo-Japanese War Jiang Zemin, 276, 277 Judeo-Bolshevism, 176,185,191 Kaganovich, Lazar, 182,183 Kamehameha (Hawaii), 39-42 Kankrin, Yegor, 55 Kapitsa, Mikhail, 242 Karaganov, Sergei, 282, 289 Karakhan, Lev, 158,160,165,175 Karmal, Babrak, 259 Kashgaria, 85, 89-90, 93-98,105 Katkov, Mikhail, 104,105 Kaufman, Konstanm, 97 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 183,185 Kerensky, Alexander, 219 Khrushchev, Nikita: consolidation of power by, 214, 218, 220; criticisms of, 233, 245; Cuban Missile Crisis and, 221, 232, 233; on decolonization, 217, 222, 223, 227; foreign policy of, 217-222; Korean War and, 214; personality of, 220-221; resignation of, 233; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230, Industrial capitalism, 145 Industrialization: in China, 158-159,166, 224; in Europe, in, 120; in Japan, 120; railroads in, 75, in, 117; in Russia / Soviet Union, 75,
120-121,144,146,176,188; in United States, in, 120 Interdependence, laws of, 266-268, 285 International Monetary Fund, 278 Ishaev, Viktor, 279 Italy: Bolshevik agenda in, 148; fascism in, 155; unification of, 57 Ivan the Terrible (Russia), 7 Izvolsky, Alexander, 144 231; on soft-power socialism, 219-224, 235, 241, 245; Stalin and, 219, 221, 226 Kim II Sung, 205, 211-214, 263-264 Kissinger, Henry, 237 Korea: independence of, 115,122; as market for Russian goods, 120; partitioning of, 204; spheres of influence in, 127-128,130, 140. See abo North Korea; South Korea Korean War (1950-1953), 14, 212-215, 238 Kosygin, Alexey, 233-234 Kozyrev, Andrei, 275-277 Kuomintang. See Nationalist Party Kuropatkin, Alexei, 115,133,135-139,143 Japan: atomic bombing of, 203-205; economic growth in, 14,156, 247, 250-251; empirebuilding efforts, 131; energy investments by, 281, 283; European trade with, 3, 5,31, 70; industrialization in, 120; Manchuria claimed by, 122,143,156,176,180-185; as market for Russian goods, 112-113,120, 289,290; modernization of, in, 116; Mukden Incident, 180,182-184; nonaggression pact with Soviet Union, 182,186,190,195-198, 203; opening of, 69-72, 74; Pearl Harbor attack by, 197,199; shipbuilding technology of, 135; in Sino-Japanese War, 122,123,127; Soviet relations with, 248,269-270; spheres Lamzdorf, Vladimir, 117,132,133,137 Laws of interdependence, 266-268, 285 League of Nations, 183-185 355
INDEX Lend-Lease aid, 197 Lenin, Vladimir: alliances envisioned by, 219, 223; on capitalism-colonial link, 149; on imperialist-socialist conflict, 171; on Japanese threat, 155; Marx and, 146; on social revolution, 148,154,161; Sun Yatsen and, 152-153. See aho MarxismLeninism Lewis, Meriweather, 34 Li Hongzhang, in, 125-126,134 Liquified natural gas, 281, 283 List, Friedrich, 120 Litvinov, Maxim, 190 Livadia, Treaty of (1879), 97-99 Livingstone, David, 84,103 Lloyd George, David, 147 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei, 13,124, 291 Locarno Treaties (1925), 162 Pacific Ocean in World War II, 191; population density of Soviet Union, 271; Russia-China frontier (1850S-1890S), 76, 87 Marshall Plan, 209 Marx, Karl, and Marxism: Bolshevik adoption of, 6,146,151; on capitalism, 145,176,178; class struggle in, 171; criticisms of, 160; on social revolution, 147,154. See abo Marxism-Leninism Marxism-Leninism: class struggle in, 275; decline of, 253; in international politics, 236; interpretations of, 249, 261; spread of, 206; Stalin and, 226 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 198 May 4th Movement (China), 148,151,157 Medvedev, Vadim, 261 Meiji (Japanese emperor), in Menshikov, Alexander, 65, 67 Meshchersky, Vladimir, 104,105 Middendorf, Alexander, 55-57 Middleton, Henry, 49 Mikoyan, Anastas, 219, 220, 223, 236 Military-industrial complex, 244, 247, 248, Macmillan, Harold, 220 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, и Maisky, Ivan, 190, 200 Malenkov, Georgy, 214, 221-222 Manchuria: Chinese unification with, 52; Japanese in, 122,143,156,176,180-185; Mukden Incident, 180,182-184; railroads in, 116-117,122,123,126,130; Russian
settlements and, 81; Russian / Soviet strategies in, 131-134,143,172-179,188, 205-207, 287; Russo-Japanese War in, 139; South Manchurian Railway, 180,181, 202; spheres of influence in, 130,142,185. See abo Port Arthur Manchus. See Qing Empire Mao Zedong: communist movement of, 206-211, 217; death of, 242; in Korean War, 212-213; Marxism and, 151; on nuclear weapons, 228-229, 233; radicalism of, 225, 229, 232, 234, 261; on red imperialism, 227-228; Sino-Soviet relations and, 224-235; Stalin and, 226-227 Maps: Northeast Asia (1904-1905), 110; Pacific empire of Russia (early 1800s), 20; 253, 256 Miliutin, Dmitry, 91, 93, 94, 96,103,106 Missionaries, 31, 40,128,131 Modernization: of China, in, 116,161, 242; of Japan, in, 116; of Russia, 4, 60, 80, in Molotov, Vyacheslav, 175-176,180-186, 206-207, 214 Mongols and Mongolia: in Amur Valley, 52-54; caravan trade across, 10, 85; radical socialism in, 173-174; sovereignty of, 143, 172-173; Soviet withdrawal from, 260, 266; spheres of influence in, 142; as threat to Russia, 14; in Yili Valley conflict, 100 Monroe, James, and Monroe Doctrine, 49 Moral communism, 198 Mukden Incident (1931), 180,182-184 Multipolar strategy, 254, 277, 278 Muravev, Nikolai: Amur agenda of, 59, 62-68, 76-83, 86, no-in, 156; in Crimean War, 73-75; diplomatic negotiations and, 356
INDEX 71,193; expansionism of, 50-51, 61, 288; railroad route studies by, 117; on Taiping Rebellion, 68-69; on threats to Russian Nikolaevsk outpost, 66, 68, 73, 74 Nixon, Richard, 237 North Atlantic Treaty Organization interests, 62-64, 67, 69,73 Mussolini, Benito, 155 Mutual Assistance Treaty (1935), 186 (NATO), 277 Northeast Asia: conflicts within, 122; impe rialist legacy in, 232; map of (1904-1905), no; spheres of influence in, 142,185. See aho specific countries North Korea: communism in, 210; economic aid for, 238-239; Marxism-Leninism in, 206; nuclear program in, 278, 285; Soviet relations with, 263-265; unification ob jectives of, 211,212. See also Korean War Novo-Arkhangelsk settlement, 23-25,32, 36, Nagasaki, atomic bombing of (1945), 204-205 Napoleon Bonaparte, 6,14, 41,198-199 Napoleonic Wars, 18, 27,33-34,38, 43 Nationalism, 58, 60-61, 80,147,150-151,157 Nationalist Party (China), 153-154,159-171, 177-178,196, 207-208 NATO (North Adantic Treaty Organization), 40-41, 49 Nuclear weapons: atomic bombs, 203-206, 222, 224; Cuban Missile Crisis, 221, 232, 233; geopolitical impact of, 285; Mao Zedong on, 228-229, 233; Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230; threats of war involving, 247, 278 277 Natural gas, 6, 266, 278, 280-283 Nazdratenko, Yevgeny, 279 Nazi Party: invasion of Soviet Union, 196-197; on Judeo-Bolshevism, 176; military strength of, 191-192; neutrality pact with Soviet Union, 192,195; Red Army defeat of, 199, 215-216; seizure of power by, 185; Soviet weapon sales to, 186, 207. See aho Hider, Adolf Nehru, Jawaharlal, 224, 231, 238 Nerchinsk, Treaty of
(1689), 53, 66 Nesselrode, Karl, 43,45, 55, 57-60,64,71-72,75 Nevelskoy, Gennady, 65-70, 82-83, Ո4,187, 247, 288 Nicholas I (Russia): on Amur Valley, 55-56, 68; on Crimean War, 6; death of, 74-75; foreign policy of, 57-60; rebellion against, 57 Nicholas II (Russia): assassination attempt against, 113-114,123, 272; coronation ceremony of, 125-127; death of, 146; expansionism of, 134-135,286-287; foreign policy of, 128-130,136-138,141,143-145; Grand Tour of, 108-109,113-114, 218-219; on occupation of Manchuria, 133, 287; personality of, 123-124; on Russian rule in Asia, 109,123,129,136, 235; on RussoJapanese War, 138-140,155; Trans-Siberian Railway overseen by, 120,134, 255 Obruchev, Nikolai, 101,124-125 Oil, 6, 200, 274, 278, 281-283 Opium Wars: First (1839-1842), 62, in, 158; lessons learned from, 100; rearmament following, 106; Second (1856-1860), 75, 77, in; trading rights following, 62, 88 Ottoman Empire: dismantling of, 147,149; in European politics, 10; Russian wars against, 2,5, 6, 22, 73, 95-96; Yakub Beg and, 93-94 Pacific Ocean region: British naval power in, 62; in Cold War, 246, 269; in Crimean War, 73, 74; drivers of policy in, 10, 252, 256; perestroika policy in, 266, 268-271; Russian empire in (early 1800s), 20; trade routes across, 18, 25; in World War II, 191, 204. See abo specific locations Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 197,199 People’s Liberation Army, 209, 212, 215, 233 People’s Republic of China. See China Perestroika, 255, 266, 268-272 357
INDEX Perry, Matthew, 69-72, 74, in Peter the Great (Russia): European travel, 2-3, 7; expansionism of, 1-3; exploration of Asia, 1-3,5, 7; foreign policy of, 7,16; geographic studies by, 8-9; Great Northern War, 3, 4, 6; Putin's admiration for, 291; Westernization efforts of, 4,5, 7 Petrashevsky Circle, 60, 61, 80 Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 139 Poietica, Pierre de, 45, 48 Political-economic communism, 198 Ponomarev, Boris, 257 Popular Front governments, 186 Port Arthur: imperialist legacy in, 232; Japanese control of, 122,125,139,140,155; railways running to, 180, 202; Russian occupation of, 128-131,134, 287 Portola, Gaspar de, 33 Portsmouth Treaty (1905), 201 Primakov, Yevgeny, 252, 254, 276-278 Przhevalsky Nikolai: on Central Asia, 84-86, 88, 92-95,103-105; expansionism of, 93-95, 98-99,104-107; scientific contributions of, 106; in Ussuri Valley, 81-82, 84; on Yili Valley conflict, 100-102,104, 287 Putiatin, Evfimy, 55, 71-74, 76, m Putin, Vladimir: Asian policy 280, 282-285, 289; on collapse of Soviet Union, 285; development strategies, 273-274, 290; on Peter the Great, 291; Xi Jinping and, 281,291 Qing Empire: in Amur Valley, 53-54, 64-68, 76-79; decline of, 54, 86-88, 93,127,172; establishment of, 52; Japan and, 122; overthrow of, 142,148,166; partitioning of, 122,130,148; Taiping Rebellion, 68-69, 75, 86,100; trade disputes with, 54; in Yili Valley 85, 89, 95-98,107 Radical socialism, 152,173-174, 225-226 Railroads: Baikal-Amur Mainline, 236, 290, 291; China Eastern, 126,139,151,157-158, 174,178; immigration and, 116-117; ht 358 industrialization, 75, in, 117;
management skills for, 118; railroad imperialism, 156, 178; South Manchurian, 180,181, 202; transcontinental, 36,76, 81, in, 290. See also Trans-Siberian Railway Rakhmanin, Oleg, 242, 244-245 Reagan, Ronald, 241, 249, 253, 254 Red Army: in Eastern Europe, 195,196; Japan’s conflicts with, 193-195, 204, 208; Nazis defeated by, 199, 215-216; in Sino-Soviet War, 175,177; strengthening of, 187,190 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Revolutions of 1848,57-58, 60,147 Rezanov, Nikolai: California initiatives, 33-37, 288; courtship of Conchita Argiiello, 35-37, 43; death of, 37; geopoliti cal strategies of, 27-30,50; in Hawaii, 30-31,39, 40; Japan and, 31, 70; mission aries dispute with, 31; personality of, 28, 288; on supply challenges, 28-29,32 Rhodes, Cecil, 131 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 192 Röh Tae Woo, 266 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 198, 201-203 Roosevelt, Theodore, 140 Roy M. N., 149-150 Rumyantsev, Nikolai, 27-28, 30,39,40 Rusakov, Konstantin, 257 Russia (pre-Soviet): border with China, 5, 10, 67, 83, 99; British threats to, 62-64, 67, 69, 73, 87-88; bureaucratic divisions within, 112; in caravan trade, 2-3, 5,10, 55, 85; diplomacy utilized by 4, 6,11-13,15, 72; empire-building efforts, 30,35,112; as Eurocentric power, 5-7,10,14,104-105, 143-144; exploration of Asia by 1-3, 5, 7; frontier lands of (1850S-1890S), 56, 87; industrialization in, 75,120,121,144,146; Japan as threat to, 122-123,135; modern ization of, 4, 60, 80, in; Napoleon’s invasion of, 41; nationalism in, 60, 61, 80; in opening ofJapan, 71-72, 74; Ottoman wars against, 2,5, 6, 22, 73, 95-96; Pacific
INDEX empire of (early i8oos), 20; serfdom in, 2,7, 59, 61, 75, 80, in; spheres of influence, 127-128,130,142; trade expansion with Asia, no, 112-113,121,124. See aho Soviet Union; specific locations and leaders Russia (post-Soviet): annexation of Crimea, 274, 284; border with China, 276; energy diversification in, 280-283; trade expan sion with Asia, 291; US foreign relations with, 275-276 Russian America, 17-51; California as part of, 33-39, 45, 50, 69, 288; expansion of, 26-28; fur trade in, 18-26, 30-32, 46; Ha waii as part of, 30-31, 39-44, 288; mis sionaries in, 31; origins of, 18-21; supply challenges for, 23-26, 28-29, 32,37; terri torial security of, 29; trade disputes with the United States, 46-49. See also Alaska Russian-American Company: California initiatives, 35-39, 45,50, 69; functions of, 28; Hawaii initiatives, 41-44; headquarters of, 29; profitability of, 30; trade disputes with the United States, 46-49 Russian Geographical Society, 63, 93 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): beginnings of, 138,188; motivations for, 14; peace negotiations, 139-140,201; Stalin on, 155, 205, 285-286; Trans-Siberian Railway in, 138-139 Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), 96 Sakharov, Andrey, 263 Sandwich Islands. See Hawaii Sazonov, Sergei, 142 Schaffer, Georg Anton, 41-44, 50, 288 Second Opium War (1856-1860), 75,77, in Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958), 228-231 Serfdom, 27, 59, 61, 75, 80, in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 282 Shanghai massacre (1927), 168-169 Shaw, R. B., 90 Shelikhov, Grigory, 18-23, 27,33, 43 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 248 Shipbuilding technology, 2, 3,135
Siberia: caravan trade in, 2, 5; economic opportunities in, 56-57, 63,76-77; fur trade in, 18,19; infrastructure in, 13,24, 81,107, 290; oil and gas production in, 281; settlements in, 7, 53,116,132; transport across, 82,114. See abo Amur Valley; Trans-Siberian Railway; Ussuri Valley Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), 122,123,127 Sino-Soviet War (1929), 174-175,177 Skobelev, Mikhail, 101,104-105 Smith, Adam, 120 Socialism: coexistence with capitalism, 214, 215, 237; imperialism vs., 160,171,178; opposition to, 149, 201; radical, 152,173-174, 225-226; reformed, 261-262; skepticism of, 249-250; soft-power, 219-224, 235, 241, 245; spread of, 147,148,154,155,172 Soft-power socialism, 219-224, 235, 241, 245 Southeast Asia: British influence in, 87; decolonization in, 217, 223-224; Soviet Union and, 240. See abo specific countries South Korea: economic growth in, 251; Russian / Soviet relations with, 248, 264-266, 268, 271, 277; US military backing of, 264, 278, 285. See abo Korean War South Manchurian Railway, 180,181, 202 Soviet Communist Party: CCP subordina tion to, 210; congresses of, 170, 234; defense strategies, 186; Japanese suppression of, 188; military operations sanctioned by, 247-248; post-Soviet collapse, 275; on refocusing of foreign policy, 249; on Sino-Soviet relations, 244; staffing needs, 220; violence of, 221 Soviet Pacific Fleet, 236, 246-247, 255 Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion and withdrawal, 239-240, 245, 247-248, 257-259; China policy, 151-155,158-171, 206-211; collapse of, 275, 276, 279, 285; collectivization in, 173,176,178,185, 252; defense strategies,
156-159,186-190; eco nomic aid from, 223, 224, 238-239, 260; Five Year Plan (1928), 173; forced settlement 359
INDEX Soviet Union (continued) policies, 82; industrialization, 176,188; Japan as threat to, 155-157,182-183; Ko rean War and, 212-215, 238; Lend-Lease aid for, 197; Manchuria strategy, 172-179, 188, 205-207; military-industrial complex of, 244, 247, 248, 253, 256; Nazis and, 192, 195,196-197; nonaggression pact with Japan, 182,186,190,195-198,203; perestroika policy in, 255, 266, 268-272; population density of, 271; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 230, 231; in Sino-Soviet War, 174-175, 177; spheres of influence, 184,185; triangle diplomacy of, 259-263. See also Bolsheviks; Cold War; Red Army; Soviet Communist Party; World War II; specific kaders Spain: Pacific colonies of, 21, 29,33-38, 45; Popular Front governments in, 186 Stalin, Joseph: on Canton uprising, 170-171; on China Eastern Railway, 158; collectiv ization policy, 173,176,178,185, 252; on communist movement, 148,150; consoli dation of power by, 163; criticisms of, 219, 221, 226,233; cult of personality, 234; death of, 214, 218; Five Year Plan launched by, 173; foreign policy of, 7,172-179,187,194, 197, 214-215; Genghis Khan compared to, 172; Hitler and, 192,195,198-199; on Japanese threat, 156,182-183; on Korean War, 212-213, 215; on Manchuria, 175,177, 188; Marx and, 146; on Mukden Incident, 182; on Nationalist Party, 159-161,166-170; on Russo-Japanese War, 155, 205, 285-286; spheres of influence for, 184, 215; "two camp” theory of, 160,171; at Yalta Confer ence, 201-203, 216. See ako Soviet Union Sun Yat-sen, 148,151-153,157,159-162,187, 196, 220 Taiping Rebellion (China), 68-69, 75, 86, too Taiwan:
economic growth, 251; Japanese control of, 122,149, 200; Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958), 228-231 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 262-263 Tito, Josip Broz, 209 Tlingit, 23, 25, 28, 46, 49 Tolstoy, Leo, 6, 41 Trade: caravan, 2-3,5,10,55, 85, 89; disputes over, 27, 46-49, 54; expansion of, 92, no, 120.124.132, 291; special economic zones for, 267; transatlantic, 27; transpacific, 37, 42. See also Fur trade Transcontinental railroads, 36, 76, 81, in, 290 Trans-Siberian Railway: construction time for, 81; financing for, 107,112,117; geopo litical influence of, 122,132,156,164, 291; Japan as threat to, 183,188; route for, 121-123,126-130,134, 255; in Russo-Japanese War, 138-139; trade expansion through, 120.121.132, 290 Treaties. See specific names of treaties Triangle diplomacy, 259-263 Trotsky, Leon, 146,150,154,161-162,166 Tseng, Marquis, 102 Ukhtomsky, Esper, 108-115,125,164, 254, 289 Ungern-Sternberg, Roman von, 172 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union United Nations, 216, 218, 238 United States: Alaska acquired by, 51, 80, 84; China and, 237, 240-241, 243; colonies of, 131; communism and, 185; fur trade and, 25, 26, 40; global network of military facilities, 198; industrialization, in, 120; Japanese military alliance with, 258; Japanese trade with, 69-72,74', Lend-Lease aid from, 197; nuclear weapons of, 203-206, 285; Russia and, 275-276; on Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 228; trade disputes with, 27, 46-49; on ukaz (order) from Alexander I, 48-50. See abo Cold War USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union 360
INDEX Ussuri Valley, 78-82, 84, 86, 234-235, 276 Ustinov, Dmitry, 244, 257 Vannovsky, Pyotr, 124 Veniukov, Mikhail, 101 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 185-186 Victoria (British queen), 98 Vietnam: communism in, 210, 239, 249; decolonization of, 223-224; economic aid for, 239; invasion of Cambodia, 243, 247, 259; Soviet relations with, 248-249, 266 Voroshilov, Kliment, 183,187,189,190, 222 Wallace, Henry, 197 War of 1812, 47 Whampoa Military Academy, 153,165 Wilhelm II (Germany), Г28,129,135,147 Wilson, Woodrow, 148,151 Witsen, Nicolaes, 3, 7-9 Witte, Sergei: on assassination attempt against Nicholas II, 113-114,123; on Boxer Rebellion, 133; criticisms of, 124,131,136, 137,141, 286; on expansionism, 135; on industrial capitalism, 145; ministerial roles of, 109-no, 113,119,121,140; negotiations with foreign officials, 125-128,134,179; on occupation of Manchuria, 133-134; personality of, 118-119; on Port Arthur occupation, 128-129,131; on RussoJapanese War, 139-140,155; on trade expansion, no, 120,121,124,132; on Trans-Siberian Railway, 117,120-123, 126-127,156,164 World War I, 7,145,147-149,156 World War II: atomic bombs, 203-205; geopolitics following, 198-201, 205-206, 217; Pacific front, 191, 204; Russian iden tity and, 6; Yalta Conference, 201-203, 216 Xi Jinping, 281, 284, 291 Yakovlev, Alexander, 249, 250, 254, 265 Yakub Beg, 89-91, 93-96 Yalta Conference, 201-203, 216 Yamagata Aritomo, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 270, 272, 274-277 Yili Valley: administration of, 92; conflicts in, 89-91, 99-104,107, 287; infrastructure in, 85, 92; Qing claims to, 85, 89, 95-98, 107; Russian
seizure of, 91-93, 95; Treaty of Livadia, 97-99 Yudin, Pavel, 224-228 Zhang Xueliang, 174,181 Zhang Zuolin, 156-158,168,174 Zhao Ziyang, 262 Zhou Enlai, 207-208, 213,232 Zhukov, Georgy, 193, 222 Zinoviev Grigory, 150,162 Zuo Zongtang, 96-100,107 Beywtech· ^ Staatabibltothek , Mönchen J |
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| author | Miller, Chris |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1082441635 |
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| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Miller, Chris |
| author_variant | c m cm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047060516 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1260146388 (DE-599)BVBBV047060516 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1700- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700- |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:11:27Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-20T07:12:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674916449 0674916441 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Miller, Chris We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Expansionspolitik (DE-588)4015995-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4015995-4 (DE-588)4075727-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin |
| title_auth | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin |
| title_exact_search | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin |
| title_exact_search_txtP | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin |
| title_full | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin Chris Miller |
| title_fullStr | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin Chris Miller |
| title_full_unstemmed | We shall be masters Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin Chris Miller |
| title_short | We shall be masters |
| title_sort | we shall be masters russian pivots to east asia from peter the great to putin |
| title_sub | Russian pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Expansionspolitik (DE-588)4015995-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Expansionspolitik Ostasien Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032467691&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032467691&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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