Enterprising empires: Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia
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| Beschreibung: | xv, 291 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration, Spelling, and Dates List of Abbreviations Introduction Baltic Brokers Eurasian Exchanges 1 Opening Opportunities Ancient Privileges Romanov Restrictions English Encumbrances Atlantic Anxiety Conclusion 2 Managing Mercantilism Crisis Management Creating Ventures Disobedient Diplomats The Draft Commercial Treaty of 1716 Complicated Relations Conclusion 3 Asian Aspirations Textile Crisis The Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734 Russian Advances Persian Prospects Elton’s Aftermath Conclusion 4 Navigating Neutrality French Affairs The Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766 Russian Adjustments page ix x xi xiv xv 1 11 15 19 21 29 37 44 53 56 58 64 76 86 97 102 106 108 112 124 132 147 158 162 164 174 183 vii
Contents Shairp Merchants Exploring Options Conclusion 199՜ 19S 207« Continental Challenges 2ll; The Tariff Book of 1782 Asian Informants Wartime Commerce American Arrivais Restoring Relations Conclusion 213, 229« 230; 238 245« 253 Afterword 257 Bibliography Index 2641 282;
Enterprising Empires Commercial competition between Britain and Russia became entangled during the eighteenth century in Iran, the Middle East, and China, and disputes emerged over control of the North Pacific. Focusing on the British Russia Company, Matthew P. Romaniello charts the ways in which the company navigated these commercial and diplomatic fron tiers. He reveals how geopolitical developments affected trade far more than commercial regulations while also challenging depictions of this period as a straightforward era of Russian economic decline. By looking at merchants’ and diplomats’ correspondence and the actions and experiences of men working in Eurasia for Russia and Britain, he demonstrates the importance of restoring human experiences in global processes and provides individual perspective on this game of empire. This approach reveals that economic fears, more than commodities exchanged, motivated actions across the geopolitical landscape of Europe during the Seven Years’ War and the American and French Revolutions.
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Index Abbas Π, Shah of ban, 30-1 Academy of Sciences, 101, 220, 222-3, 226-7 Act of Union, 96. See also Great Britain Acts of Navigation, 13, 40-3, 45, 47, 49, 58, 60, 71, 82, 88, 93, 108, 120, 132-3, 135, 137, 175, 179, 197, 260. See also Navigation Act of 1651, 1660, and 1663; regulations Adams, John Quincy, 241 Admiralty (Britain), 237-8. See also navy Admiralty (Russia), 129, 225. See also navy Afinogenov, Gregory, 229 Agtyzhans, 151 alcohol, 87, 97-8, 215, 218, 244, 252. See also taverns, wine Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 29, 31, 38, 42-3, 46 Aleutian Islands, 188, 224-7, 255. See also Kodiak, Sitka, Unalaska islands Algarotti, Francesco, 158-9 Alta California, 9, 212-13, 236-7, 243-4, 250, 252 America. See United States of America American Revolution, 9, 12, 17-18, 162, 204-8, 213, 245. See ako Armed Neutrality Amsterdam, 97, 125, 141, 146, 187, 194, 214 Amur River, 63, 223-5, 227-8, 248, 255-6 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1716, 92-5, 117, 258 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734, 1, 95, 107, 117-22, 169, 197, 258 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766, 163, 180-3, 191, 220, 258 Anglo-Russian War of 1807-1812, 18, 238, 241, 245 Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, 112, 114, 117, 120, 125, 127, 144, 256 Anne, Queen of Britain, 76, 78-9, 85 282 Appelbaum, Richard, 8 Apraksin, Stepan Fedorovich, 161, 164 Arapov, Semen, 131, 150, 156 Arkhangelsk, 3, 7, 22, 25-7, 31, 33-4, 38-9, 41-2, 49, 58, 65, 72, 78, 80, 86-7, 90-1, 93, 95, 145, 178, 184-6, 191, 205, 219, 221, 232, 240-1, 249 Armed Neutrality, 12, 201-2, 204-5, 207-9, 230. See also American Revolution
Armenian Company, 62, 87, 131, 133. See ako Armenians Armenians, 62, 95, 98, 106, 119, 130, 133, 135-40, 144, 147, 149, 151, 173, 177, 183, 189, 232. See ako Armenian Company, Persian Company asbestos, 100 Aster, John Jacob, 252 Astrabad, 121 Astrakhan, 23, 30, 33-5, 63, 76, 82, 99, 119, 132, 136-7, 145, 152, 154, 158, 177, 183-4, 198, 200, 232, 257. See ako Caspian Sea, quarantine customs, 35, 62, 75, 107, 129-30, 148, 185-6, 189 officials, 24, 31, 36, 130-1, 140, 147, 157, 185, 189 Atlantic Ocean, 2, 17, 45, 109, 162, 193, 199-200, 205, 208, 213-14, 244-5, 252, 256. See ako tobacco crisis auctions. See braak Austria, 111, 160, 167-8 Avril, Philippe, 63 Aytoun, Andrew, 97 Aytoun, David, 96 Azeris, 130 backwardness, 3,10. See also modernization Baku, 121, 137 balance of trade, 3, 5, 22, 73, 115, 158-9, 169, 220-1, 259
Index Baltic Sea. See Danzig, Königsberg, Narva, Pemau, piracy, Reval, Riga, St. Petersburg, Sound Toll, Stockholm, Vyborg bankruptcy, 132, 212. See also credit bans, 103, 190. See ako prohibitions, embargoes Baranov, Aleksandr, 234-7, 250-2 Barratt, Glynn, 188, 203 Bashkirs, 200 Bechevin, Ivan, 188 beef, 177-8 Beerbūhl, Magrit Schulte, 8 Beijing, 57, 64, 100-1, 108, 124, 126, 128, 159, 223, 262 Bell, John, 11, 15, 56-7, 92, 98-102, 115, 159 Bentham, Jeremy, 223-5 Bentham, Samuel, 18, 222-5,227-30, 262 Bering, Vitus, 129, 188 Berkeley, William, 45 Bessarabia, 198 Bestuzhev, Aleksei Petrovich, 103-4, 147-8,154,161, 165-6,168-9,171-2, 174 Billings, Joseph, 11, 18, 203-4, 224-30, 262 Biron, Ernst Johann, 118 Black Sea, 189, 192, 198-200, 203, 208, 214, 232, 234, 239 Blathwayt, William, 67 Board of Trade and Plantations, 48-9, 51-3, 59-61, 64-71, 74, 77, 79, 89-91, 93-4, 109-12, 117, 119-20, 123, 135, 142-5, 174-5, 177, 180, 202, 216-19, 221, 230, 259. See ako Acts of Navigation, companies, Council of Trade, Council of Foreign Plantations Bologna, 214 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 238, 244-6, 253 Bordeaux, 94, 206 Boston traders, 236, 242, 245, 252 Boterbloem, Kees, 48 braak, 90, 93-4 Bradshaw, Richard, 39-40 Brand, Adam, 64 bribery, 31, 113, 123, 126, 160-1, 164, 168, 172, 183, 186. See ако corruption Bristol, 21 Britain. See Great Britain broadsheets, 70, 72-3, 109, 153, 260 Brown, James, 142, 149 Brown, Thomas, 35 283 Bukhara, 36, 137, 144, 257 Bukharans, 34, 75, 127, 139-40, 151, 200 Cabinet of Ministers, 117, 127 Cabot, John, 21 calicoes, 110, 133. See ако textiles Canada, 198
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 2 Canton, 102. See also Guangzhou capitalism, 13. See ако modernization cardamom, 86 Caribbean, 192, 196, 218, 231, 239 Carmichael, John, 161, 164 cartography, 1-2, 11, 106, 132, 134, 156 Caspian Sea, 13, 23, 30, 35, 62—3, 87, 98, 107, 129, 132, 137, 140, 147, 150, 152, 155, 157, 159, 184, 186, 203, 232, 234. See ако Astrakhan, Gilan Catherine, Empress of Russia, 17, 162-3, 168, 172, 176-7, 179, 183, 188-9, 192, 201, 204-5, 208, 219-20, 222, 262 Caucasus, 29, 121, 257 Cayley, John, 226 Central Asia, 2, 5, 32, 34,44, 62, 125, 137, 144, 154, 157, 178, 184, 215, 232, 260. See also Bukhara, Fergana Valley, Khiva Chancellor, Richard, 21 Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 216 Charles I, King of England, 28, 36-7, 66 Charles П, King of England, 37,39, 45,47, 50 Cherepanov, Stepan, 188 Cherkasov, Fedor Lvovich, 152 Cherkasskii, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 113 cherries, 86 China, 13, 16, 20, 23, 32,34,44, 56, 62-4, 75, 97-102, 104, 108, 125-9, 151, 159, 163, 175, 179, 186, 190, 197, 203, 211, 214-15, 222-5, 227-30, 232, 234, 237, 248, 251, 253, 262. See also embargoes, Kiakhta, rhubarb, tea chocolate, 179, 215, 241, 244, 247, 249 cinnamon, 86 circumnavigation, 213, 235, 250. See also Adam Johann Ritter Krusenstem cloves, 86 cochineal, 218, 241 cocoa. See chocolate coffee, 87, 231, 240-1, 254
284 Index College of Commerce, 117, 122-5, 127, Customs Decree of 1755, 184-8 131, 145, 154, 165, 168, 184-6, 190, Customs House of London, 51, 81, 107, 203, 225, 231-3. See also Commission 175, 180 on Commerce Customs House of St. Petersburg, 179, College of Foreign Affairs, 184-5, 232 189, 220-1 College of Foreigners, 128 College of Manufacturing, 151. See also damask, 26, 101. See ako silk, textiles manufacturing Danzig, 41, 125 Collins, Samuel, 43^4 Dawson, William, 70, 77 Commercial Code of 1653, 16, 33-5. Decembrist Revolt, 211 See ako regulations Delaney, Samuel, 96 commercial laws. See mercantilism, Denmark, 28, 41, 51, 60, 68, 81, 89, 201, regulations 214, 217,240. See also Norway, Sound Commission on Commerce, 190-1 Toll Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. Derbent, 35, 121, 137 See Poland-Lithuania Dickens, Melchior Guy, 153, 161, 164-6, companies. See Armenian, Eastland, East 183 India, Hamburg, Hudson Bay, Levant, divergence theory, 7, 261 Pennsylvania, Persia, Philippines, Dobell, Peter, 18, 211-13, 246-9, 251-2, Russia, Russian American 255, 258 Congress of Vienna, 249 doctors. See physicians Congress System, 253 drugs, 10, 100-1, 218, 231, 240-1. See ako Constantinople, 189, 198 sal ammoniac, medicine, spices Continental System, 18, 212, 238-40, 245, Drummond, John, 97 253-4 Dundas, Henry, 230 contraband, 86, 89, 93, 150, 153-4, 157, Dutch dollars, 45,48,51, 81. See ako specie 171, 201, 205-7, 218. See ako Dutch merchants, 23-6, 28-9, 33, 41-3, smuggling 48, 57, 62, 65-6, 73-4, 86-8, 96, Cook, Harold, 229 109-11, 119, 133, 139, 141, 144, 159, Cook, James, 11,
164, 203, 224, 234 173, 189, 191, 216, 219, 230, 260 Cooper, William, 70 corruption, 8, 57, 113, 147. See also bribery, East Asia, 129, 260. See also China, Japan contraband, smuggling East India Company, 7, 11-14, 17, 28, 42, cotton, 101, 196, 215, 218, 231, 235, 58, 87, 97, 100, 102, 108-10, 122, 239-40, 254 133, 138-9, 142, 157, 165, 203, Council of Foreign Plantations, 40, 45. 224-7, 234, 248-9, 261 See ako Board of Trade and Plantations Eastland Company, 3-5, 13, 16-17, 20, Council of Trade, 40. See ako Board of 40-2, 48, 51-2, 58, 60-2, 64, 66, 68, Trade and Plantations 70-2, 74, 80-1, 86, 88, 90-1, 96, 109, Courland, 114, 219 115, 177, 182, 191 credit, 10, 65, 135, 169, 192, 194-5. Edinburgh, 10, 187, 192, 196-7, 226 See ako bankruptcy Edward VI, King of England, 21 Crimea, 44, 131, 186, 192 Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress of Russia, 106, Cromwell, Oliver, 37-40 113, 115, 145, 147-8, 151, 160-1, currants, 86, 219 166, 168, 171-2, 185, 188 customs, 5, 86, 117-18, 191. See ako Elton, John, 106-8, 132-44, 146-58, 176, Customs Decree of 1755, Customs 180-1, 212, 258 embargoes, 17, 163, 190, 197, 200, 225, House, Main Customs Office, Sound 228, 238-9, 243. See also bans, Toll, Tariff Book of 1782, toll system Continental System, prohibitions duties, 27, 33, 37, 40-3, 47, 53, 57, 62, England. See Anne, Charles I, Charles П, 68, 74-5, 91, 93, 107, 118, 128, 130, Edward VI, foreign secretary, Great 179, 197, 254 Britain, James I, James П, Ohver inspections, 8, 35, 47, 157 Cromwell, Parliament, William III officials, 27-8, 34, 36, 51, 89, 130, 151, English Civil War, 37. See ako
Interregnum, 190, 206, 219, 240 Oliver Cromwell rates, 38, 46, 52, 66, 71, 82, 93, 182, 214
Index Erskine, Robert, 56, 96, 98 Estonia, 74, 184 expeditions. See Academy of Sciences, circumnavigation, Joseph Billings, Second Kamchatka Expedition Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar of Russia, 22 Felstiner, William I. F., 8 Fergana Valley, 62, 132 Finland, 184 Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 216-17 flax, 3, 8, 10, 15, 23, 41, 52, 80-2, 88-90, 93, 117, 119, 158, 167, 171, 173, 179, 218, 230, 239, 254, 259, 261 Florence, 214-15 Forbes, George (diplomat), 118-20, 133 Forbes, George (merchant), 195 Foreign Office (Britain), 216, 220, 226-7, 229-31, 233, 238, 262. See ako foreign secretary Foreign Office (Russia), 26, 30-1, 34-6 foreign secretary Britain, 83-6, 93, 97, 111, 113-15, 122, 126, 141-2, 144-5, 148, 150, 152-3, 161, 164, 169, 171, 174-8, 180-3, 198, 201, 204-5, 216, 224 England, 39, 41, 43, 49, 53, 67, 74, 76, 78-80 Forster, Edward, 199, 220, 237 Fort Ross, 250-2, 256 Fourth Coalition, 238 Foust, Clifford, 126 France, 2, 159-61, 165-71, 177-8, 181, 189, 195, 199-203, 221, 230-1, 233, 238. See ako Bordeaux, French Revolution, Marseilles, monopolies, Paris, Rouen, tobacco contract free trade, 19-22, 52, 66, 94. See ako mercantilism French Party, 176 French Revolution, 9, 211-13, 230. See ako Continental System, Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte, Second Coalition, Third Coalition furs, 126, 188, 193, 224, 227, 235, 242. See ako sable Geneva, 214 Genoa, 214 George I, King of Britain, 102-3. See also Hanover Georgians, 130, 189, 232 Germans, 33, 216. See ako Hamburg, Lubeck Gessner, Volkmar, 8 285 Gilan, 121-2, 132, 139, 141, 149, 164. See also Rasht ginger, 240 Glasgow, 195-6 Glen,
William, 207, 257. See also Scottish Missionary Society globalization, 13-14. See ako capitalism, modernization gold, 27, 29, 33, 128, 144, 151, 159. See ako specie Gold, Nathaniel, 69, 77, 80 Golovkin, Gavrila Ivanovich, 84-6, 91,113, 147 Golovnin, Vasilii Mikhailovich, 242-3 gosti, 32. See ako merchants Graeme, Mungo, 133-42, 144, 158 grain, 27, 45, 75, 93, 184-5, 209, 236-7, 262. See also rye, wheat Great Britain. See Admiralty, Anne, Board of Trade and Plantations, England, Foreign Office, foreign secretary, George I, Parliament, Scotland Greeks, 33-4 Greenall, Robert, 174 Grenada, 196 Grigor ev, Afonas’ii, 131 Grinev, Andrei, 255 Grodno, 246 Guangzhou, 128, 234, 236, 242, 248, 251, 253. See ako Canton Guernsey, 59-60 Gujarat, 149-50 Gunning, Robert, 198 Haistwell, Edward, 77, 80 Hamburg, 39, 54, 69, 86, 92, 125, 173, 214, 219, 231, 259 Hamburg Company, 61, 109 Hanover, 103, 160 Hanway, Jonas, 106, 149-50, 154-8 Harris, James, 12, 162-3, 199-202, 204-10 Harris, John Levett, 239-41, 244, 249 Harris, Katherine Gertrude, 12, 162-3, 208-10 Hazard, Samuel, 241 Heathcote, Gilbert, 70-1 Heathcote, Samuel, 70, 77, 80 Hebdon, John, 42-3 Hebdon, John (son), 47-53 Hebdon, Thomas, 51 hemp, 3, 7, 10, 15, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52, 61, 65,80-1,88-91, 93,96,117, 119, 134, 159, 165, 169, 173, 179, 194, 196-7, 207, 215, 218, 230, 239, 259, 261 Hervey, John, 158-9 Hester, John, 96-7
286 Index Hobart, John, 176-81, 183, 187, 189, 191-2 Holden, Samuel, 117 Holland. See Netherlands Hope, John, 193 Houston, Alexander, 195-6, 205 Howard, Charles, 19, 40-2 Hudson Bay Company, 224,227, 234,245, 255 Hull, 59, 171, 194 Hunter, Andrew, 196-8, 207 Iaguzhinskii, Pavel Ivanovich, 113, 126 Ides, Eberhard Isbrand, 64, 75 India, 20, 23, 29-31, 36, 44, 63, 76, 99, 131, 154, 157, 178, 248 Indians, 35, 75, 130, 137, 151, 186 indigo, 159, 174, 179, 218, 239-40 industrialization, 261 Ingna, 74 inspections. See customs Interregnum, 40 Iran, 1-3, 16, 20, 23-4, 26, 28-31, 33, 35-7, 43, 49, 56, 62, 66, 87-8, 95, 98-100, 104, 106-8, 117-22, 129-58, 164-5, 170, 174-84, 186, 189, 203, 214-15, 234, 258. See ако Шап, Isfahan, Nader Shah, Rasht, silk Iranian-Afghan War, 158 Irkutsk, 127, 188, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234, 248 iron, 10, 22, 41, 81, 90, 112, 134, 159, 162, 164-5, 167, 173, 179, 196-7, 199, 205, 217-19, 239, 244, 254, 261 Irtysh River, 63 Isfahan, 30, 57, 99, 107, 121, 131, 138, 157, 262 isingiass, 173, 215, 239 Iukht, A. I., 130 Ivan IV Vasil’evich, Tsar of Russia, 3 Ivan VI, Tsar of Russia, 144-5 Izmailov, Lev Vasil’evich, 56, 98, 100 Jacobites, 4, 96 Jamaica, 45-6, 192, 196 James I, King of England, 25 James П, King of England, 54-5 Japan, 18, 98, 101, 129, 203, 212-14, 224, 227-8, 235-7, 242-3, 248, 256 Jenkinson, Anthony, 3 Jersey, 59-60 Jesuits, 63, 188. See also Philippe Avril joint-stock company, 13, 19, 21, 40, 49, 234. See ako companies Jones, Robert, 184 Jones, Ryan, 15 Kama River, 63, 75 Kamchatka, 101, 129, 211, 227, 234-5, 246-9, 251. See ako Second Kamchatka
Expedition Kasimov, Muhammed-Iusuf, 35-6 Kazan’, 23, 31, 36, 75, 141-2, 152 Keith, Robert, 172-6, 180, 185-6 Khiva, 257 Kiakhta, 125-8, 199, 222-4, 228, 234, 242, 248, 253 Kirilov, Ivan, 106 Kizliar, 186,189 Kodiak Island, 164, 203 Königsberg, 125 Kotilaine, Jarmo, 37 Kotov, Fedot Afanasev syn, 26, 30-1 Kronstadt, 5, 92, 251 Krusenstem, Adam Johann Ritter, 235-6 Laing, Gilbert, 197 Lake Baikal, 63, 100 Lake Iamysh, 124 Laksman, Kyrill, 227-8 Lange, Laurence, 159 Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich, 242-3 leather, 89, 158, 173 Leith, 196, 207. See ako Edinburgh Leng, Thomas, 8 Leont’ev, Fedor Isakovich, 26 letters of marque, 171, 199, 205-7. See also piracy, privateering Levant Company, 43, 58, 108-11, 122, 133, 142-4, 148, 192, 231, 238 Lindsay, Lisa, 13 linen, 98, 173, 179, 199, 215, 227, 239. See also textiles Liston, Robert, 216 Lithuania. See Poland-Lithuania Livonia, 22, 74 Livorno, 214 London, 13, 40, 50, 53-4, 58-9, 77, 81, 83, 103, 122-3, 140, 144, 146, 152, 173, 187, 194, 196, 217, 221. See also Customs House of London Lübeck, 25, 64, 86, 173, 214, 259 Lux, David, 229 Macao, 249, 252 Macartney, George, 15, 180-3, 187, 225, 229 Madras, 249
Index Main Customs Office, 232. See also customs Maister, William, 195 Mamla, 211, 236, 247-51 manufacturing, 132, 162, 174, 219. See also College of Manufacturing, mines, silk production, tobacco workhouse, textile mills Marseilles, 214 Martin, Joseph, 77 Maryland, 45 masts. See timber Matveev, Andrei Artamonovich, 83, 85 medicine, 87, 100. See also drugs, quarantine, physicians, plague Mediterranean Sea, 109-10, 170, 198, 213-14, 216, 231, 254 mercantilism, 16,18, 20-2, 33,46,49, 104, 128, 190, 219, 262. See ako customs, free trade, modernization, monopolies, regulations merchant navy. See navy merchants. See Armenians, Boston traders, Bukharans, companies, Dutch merchants, Germans, gosti, Greeks, Indians, petitions, Tatars Meverall, Josiah, 96 Meverall, Mary, 51 Meverall, Samuel, 51 Mexico, 243, 250. See ako Alta California Miege, Guy, 19, 21 Mierop, Martin Kuychkan, 142, 178, 180 Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 23-6, 29 Milan, 214 mines, 100, 222-3. See ako manufacturing, Samuel Bentham silver, 22, 100, 104, 167, 222 Minikh, B. K„ 129 modernization, 49, 261. See ako backwardness, capitalism, globalization, mercantilism Monahan, Erika, 5, 16 Mongols, 63, 101, 124, 262 monopolies, 10-11, 35, 90-1, 102, 165, 183. See also flax, hemp, iron, mercantilism, regulations, rhubarb, salt, silk, tobacco British, 21, 46, 74, 76, 96, 114, 122-3, 127, 195, 249 Dutch, 42, 94 French, 167, 170, 179 Russian, 28, 32, 43, 91-2, 97, 104, 124, 126, 219 Swedish, 51-2 Monroe, James, 239 287 Moscow, 21-3, 26-7, 31, 34, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50, 53-4, 63, 68, 76-8, 80-1, 84, 87, 90, 108, 114, 117,
135, 148, 208, 246 Moskva River, 30 Muraviev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 257, 262 Muscovy. See Russia musketeers, 33, 50 Nader Shah, 2, 107, 121-2, 129, 132, 138-9, 149, 152-4, 156, 158, 161, 164, 212 Nagasaki, 228, 235 Napier, George, 134-5, 140, 142, 144 Naples, 214 Narva, 5, 41, 51, 54, 60, 65,71, 86, 88, 90, 125, 159, 184, 188, 196 national strength, 14, 64-5, 87, 102, 108, 146, 261, 263 Navigation Act in 1663. See ako Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1651, 40. See also Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1660, 40. See ako Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1663, 40 navy, 86, 148, 194. See also Admiralty, national strength, piracy British, 15, 61, 96, 166, 195, 205, 212, 230, 259, 263 merchant, 10, 92, 104, 107, 120, 123 Russian, 92, 117, 204, 226 Nerchinsk, 63-4, 75-6, 100, 128, 222 Netherlands, 28, 48, 54, 59, 81, 86-7, 97, 110, 146, 148, 170, 178, 189, 201-2, 214, 221, 231. See ako Amsterdam, Dutch merchants, Utrecht New Commercial Code of 1667, 34-7, 46, 57, 62, 67, 76, 108, 184. See also regulations New England, 45-6 Newjulfa, 130, 135. See ako Armenians Nizhnii Novgorod, 62, 135 North Carolina, 217 Norway, 60, 68, 81. See ako Denmark Novgorod, 34 nutmeg, 86 O’Brien, Patrick, 5 O’Hara, James, 150, 160 O’Rourke, Kevin H., 10 Oddy, J. Jepson, 238-9 Odessa, 213, 241 Odoevskii, Ivan Nikitich, 24 OÜs, 53, 93,215, 231,235,240-1, 251, 254
288 Index Okhotsk, 129, 203, 211, 224-6, 236, 248, 251, 253 Omsk, 63 Orenburg, 106, 183-4, 257 Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, 98, 114, 118, 123, 145, 147 Ottoman Empire, 18, 30-1, 43, 48, 81, 98, 108-11, 143—4, 148, 160, 167, 170, 186, 189, 192, 198-9, 203, 208, 214, 216, 219, 231,234, 239. See ako Black Sea, Constantinople, Kizliar Ottoman-Safavid War, 110, 121, 130-1 Pacific Ocean, 9, 11, 16, 129, 131, 188, 202-4, 208-9, 211-13, 224-8, 232, 234, 236-7, 242-5, 249, 252-3, 255, 260. See also Aleutian Islands, circumnavigation, Kamchatka, Okhotsk, Russian American Company Palermo, 214 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 179-81, 208 Paris, 94, 170, 214 Parliament, 4, 8, 40, 45, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 71, 82, 104, 109, 120, 133, 140, 144, 146, 153, 175, 194, 231 parmesan, 8, 215 Pennsylvania Company, 61 pepper, 240-1, 247 Perm, 246, 248 Pemau, 220 Perry, John, 98, 101 Persia. See Iran Persian Company, 184 Peter I Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 5, 11, 17, 54, 64,66,70, 72-3, 85, 87, 92, 95, 98, 103-4, 112, 124 Peter П Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 112, 114 Peter Ш Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 168, 175-6,186 petitions, 31, 36, 69, 90, 123, 130-1, 138, 142, 149, 152, 217, 220, 231 Philadelphia, 147, 212 Philippines, 9, 211, 236, 248-50, 253. See also Manila Philippines Company, 249 physicians, 39, 43, 56, 96, 98, 100-1. See also David Aytoun, John Bell, Samuel Collins, Robert Erskine, John Hope Pickney, William, 249, 253-5 piracy, 9-Ю, 17, 110, 171, 195, 199-201, 205, 207-8, 215, 259. See ako Armed Neutrality, contraband, letters of marque, privateering, smuggling pitch, 3, 7, 20, 23, 33, 41, 55, 61,
65, 69, 80, 90, 93, 159, 165 plague, 38-9, 157-8. See ako quarantine plantations, 45, 58, 66,81. See ako Board of Trade and Plantations, flax, grain, hemp, tobacco Poland-Iithuania, 3, 24, 26, 29, 41, 68, 88, 166, 185-6, 219, 232, 246 Pollexfen, John, 65, 67 Pomerania, 74 Portsmouth, 106, 206-7 Portugal, 81, 196, 214, 217, 241 Posnikov, Vasiffi Timofeevich, 53 Posol’skii Prikaz. See Foreign Office (Russia) potash, 10, 33, 81, 171, 254 Potemkin, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 204, 206, 208, 222 Potemkin, Petr Ivanovich, 53 Preobrazhenskii regiment, 113, 147 Prideaux, William, 38-40, 42 privateering, 205, 240. See also letters of marque, piracy prohibitions, 32, 34, 38-9, 42, 45, 58, 65, 95, 148, 154, 242, 260. See ako bans, contraband, embargoes Prussia, 59, 103, 115, 117, 146, 154, 160, 166-8, 175, 205, 218, 233 Pskov, 34 Putivi’, 34, 36 Qing China. See China quarantine, 140, 157-8 Raimbert, Joseph, 169-72, 185 Rasht, 99, 107, 121, 129, 131, 134-9, 142, 150, 152 Ravanskii family, 208-9 regulations, 10, 45, 61, 125-9, 232, 234. See also Acts of Navigation, Commercial Code of 1653, mercantilism, monopolies, New Commercial Code of 1667, Tariff Book of 1782 British, 8, 20, 40-1, 59, 108-9 Russian, 9, 13, 15, 22, 25, 27, 32-5, 46, 76, 111, 117, 130-1, 145, 183, 188-9, 199 Reval, 3, 5, 41, 51, 54, 58, 86, 88, 90-1, 95-7, 125, 184, 186, 221, 240 Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich, 235-7, 242-3, 250, 252 rhubarb, 13, 34, 101-2, 108, 114, 122-8, 133, 152, 159, 175, 186-8, 191, 215, 223, 262
Index Riga, 3-5, 40-1, 50, 54, 58, 79, 86, 88, 90-1, 95-7, 117, 125, 145, 159, 177, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191-2, 196, 200, 208, 219, 221, 232, 240, 246 robbery, 164, 207, 209 Rome, 214-15 Rondeau, Claudius, 11-12, 98, 111-23, 126, 133 Rondeau, Jane, 162 Rouen, 94 Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh, 193 Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, 223, 229 rum, 42, 179, 196, 239 rumors, 79, 85-6, 106, 121, 145, 149, 157, 168, 172 Russia. See Aleksei Mikhailovich, Anna Ivanovna, Cabinet of Ministers, Catherine, Elizaveta Petrovna, Fedor Alekseevich, Foreign Office, Ivan IV Vasil’evich, Ivan VI, Mikhail Fedorovich, Peter I Alekseevich, Peter II Alekseevich, Peter ΙΠ Fedorovich, Senate Russia Company. See John Elton, Edward Forster, Nathaniel Gold, Mungo Graeme, Gilbert Heathcote, Samuel Heathcote, Jonas Hanway, Gilbert Laing, William Maister, Samuel Meverall, Martin Mierop, George Napier, Matthew Shffiher, Walter Shairp, James Spilman, Thomas Ward, Jacob Wolff Russian American Company, 211, 234, 236-8, 242—4, 252-3, 256 Russian-Iranian War, 110 Russo-Spanish Commercial Treaty of 1728, 112 Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, 198, 214 rye, 27, 93, 230. See aho grain Ryukyu Islands, 190 sable, 44. See aho furs Safavid Iran. See Iran saffron, 86, 218 Sakhalin Island, 235 sal ammoniac, 215 salt, 31-2, 38, 63, 88-90, 93-5, 97, 103-4, 159, 185, 188, 215, 223, 241, 247 saltpeter, 93, 173, 178 Saratov, 135, 145 Sardinia, 214-16, 235 satin, 26. See abo textiles 289 Saumarez, James, 240 scandals, 2, 50-1, 53-4, 83-6, 107, 118, 122-4, 152-3, 179-80 Scotland, 4, 57, 101, 134, 196-7, 257. See aho Edinburgh,
Great Britain, Leith Scottish Missionary Society, 257 Sea of Azov, 170 Second Coalition, 233 Second Kamchatka Expedition, 129 Seleginsk, 63 senate, 114-15, 125-8, 147, 151-2, 158, 183, 185-92, 198-200, 204, 214, 227, 231, 234 Seven Years’ War, 17, 160, 166-73, 186, 188 Shahjahan, 31 Shairp, Stephen “Jock,” 195 Shairp, Thomas, 192, 195 Shairp, Thomas (grandson), 195 Shairp, Walter, 192-6, 198-9 Shchupkatov, Sergei, 206 Shemaka, 35 Shemiakin, Nikita, 185-8 Shiffner, Matthew, 122-4, 126 Shirvan, 30, 35 Shuvalov, Ivan, 168 Shuvalov, Pett Ivanovich, 172, 185-6, 189-90, 203 Siberia, 22, 34, 44, 62-4, 68, 73, 75, 97, 99-100, 125, 129, 184, 211, 222-30, 235, 243, 246-7, 251. See ako Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Kiakhta, mines, Nerchinsk, Okhotsk, Siberian Office, Tobol’sk officials, 56, 75, 127 Siberian Office, 57, 128 silk, 8, 10, 24, 26, 28, 33, 35, 43, 47, 87-8, 94, 106, 108-11, 119, 129, 131-47, 149, 154, 157-9, 164r-5, 175, 215, 218, 231, 235. See oho textiles production, 102, 107, 121, 132, 185, 246 silver, 29, 33, 100, 102, 115, 128, 151, 196. See oho mines, specie Sitka Island, 213, 234-7, 242, 250 slave trade, 48, 65 Smolensk, 29, 34 smuggling, 8, 25-6, 33, 35, 46-9, 59-60, 89-90, 118, 149, 179, 185, 189, 197, 207, 211, 242, 251, 262. See also contraband, customs inspections snuff-boxes, 159, 161 sodomy, 39 Solikamsk, 100
290 Index Sound Toll, 9, 41, 51, 88-90, 107, 125, 201, 240. See also customs, Denmark Spain, 111, 188, 206, 212, 214, 217, 244, 250. See also Russo-Spanish Commercial Treaty of 1728 specie, 10, 20, 22, 33-4, 68, 81, 100, 128, 132. See ako Dutch dollars, gold, mines, silver spices. See cardamon, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, pepper, saffron, salt Spilman, James, 77, 147 St. Petersburg, 4, 7, 56, 58, 88, 90, 92, 96, 100-1, 106, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, 133, 141, 158, 163, 169, 173, 177-8, 182, 184-5, 187, 191-2, 195-6, 199-200, 202, 206-7, 214-15, 219, 221, 231-2, 239-40, 244, 246, 261. See ako Customs House of St. Petersburg, Kronstadt Stem, Philip, 14 Stirling, Herny, 97 Stirling, Hugo, 134, 140 Stockholm, 51, 62, 125 sugar, 20, 46, 52, 87, 179, 188, 196, 235, 239 Sweden, 3, 20, 24-5, 28, 41, 45, 48-9, 51-2, 60-2, 74, 80-1, 86, 89-90, 95, 104, 112, 160, 164, 201, 214, 217, 245. See ako monopolies, Reval, Riga, Stockholm Sweet, John Wood, 13 Tallinn. See Reval tallow, 81, 173, 215, 239, 254 tar, 3, 7, 10, 23, 27, 33, 48, 54, 61, 65-6, 69, 80, 89-91, 165, 167, 196, 215, 217, 230, 254 Tariff Book of 1782, 214, 217, 219-20, 222, 232-3. See ako customs, regulations Tatars, 34-5, 54, 95, 126, 184 taverns, 32,43. See ako alcohol, monopolies tea, 20, 101-2, 159, 179, 197, 215, 235, 247, 251 Teplov, Grigorii Nikolaevich, 179-80, 183, 189-90 textiles, 45, 108-11, 117, 133, 235, 244. See also calicoes, cotton, damask, hemp, linen, satin, silk, wool mills, 131-2, 151, 162, 208-9 Third Coalition, 238-9, 243 Tiflis, 35 timber, 23, 65, 93, 159, 209, 238 Time of Troubles, 22, 29
Tíumen’, 75 tobacco, 17, 20,28, 64,75, 87,91,95, 100, 185, 200, 202, 206, 244 Circassian, 73-4, 79, 178, 189-90 contract, 67-75, 77-8 crisis, 14, 47-53, 58-62, 65-6, 74 French contract, 167, 169-73, 189-90 prohibition, 32-4, 38-9, 103 Virginian, 7, 45-6, 52, 74, 178,217, 240 workhouse, 78, 84, 125 Tobol’sk, 30, 34, 63, 75, 128 toll system, 9, 32, 34. See also customs, Sound Toll Treaty of Deulino, 24 Treaty of Ganja, 121, 130 Treaty of Kiakhta, 124-5 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, 198 Treaty of Nerchinsk, 62-4 Treaty of Paris of 1783, 213 Treaty of Rasht, 107, 121, 129 Treaty of Štolbovo, 24 Treaty of Tilsit, 238, 243 Tsaritsyn, 186 Tungus, 100, 246-7 Turin, 214-15 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Tyndal, Onesiphorous, 245-6 Ukraine, 7, 41, 45, 79, 170, 174, 178, 185-6, 189, 232 Ulozhenie of 1649, 32-3 Unalaska Island, 164, 203 United States of America, 212, 217, 236, 238-42, 244-5, 248-9, 252-5, 260. See also American Revolution, Boston merchants, War of 1812 Utrecht, 67, 103 Venice, 28, 81, 189, 214-15 Vienna, 214 Vinius, Andrei, 56, 73 Vinkovetsky, Ilya, 234 Virginia, 45, 52, 65, 217. See ciko tobacco Virginian Volga River, 7, 23-4, 30, 35-6, 62, 75, 82, 135, 141, 146, 148, 186 Vologda, 26, 80 Vorontsov, Mikhail, 174, 186, 203 Vyborg, 5, 86, 221 War of 1812, 244-5, 252 Ward, Thomas, 113-14 Warsaw, 246 Warwick, Philip, 52 Weber, Friedrich Christian, 103 wheat, 27, 93, 230. See ako grain
Index Whitworth, Charles, Baron Whitworth, 76-88, 90-2, 97-8 Whitworth, Charles, Earl of Whitworth, 220, 227 Wich, Cyril, 148 Wilberforce, William, 171 William III, King of England, 54, 57, 66-7, 72, 109 Wilhams, Charles Hanbury, 166-71, 185-6 Williamson, Jeffrey, 10 wine, 8,75,93-4,99, 159,215,219,240-1, 244. See also alcohol 291 Wolff, Jacob, 122-4, 126-7, 134-5, 142, 153, 164-5 wool, 8, 14, 65, 69-70, 87, 109-10, 112, 114, 119-20, 133, 141, 143-4, 159, 206, 209, 218, 231, 254. See abo textiles Wynne, William, 218 Xinjiang, 190 Zahedieh, Nuala, 71 Zunghars, 63, 124 /------------- !------------ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration, Spelling, and Dates List of Abbreviations Introduction Baltic Brokers Eurasian Exchanges 1 Opening Opportunities Ancient Privileges Romanov Restrictions English Encumbrances Atlantic Anxiety Conclusion 2 Managing Mercantilism Crisis Management Creating Ventures Disobedient Diplomats The Draft Commercial Treaty of 1716 Complicated Relations Conclusion 3 Asian Aspirations Textile Crisis The Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734 Russian Advances Persian Prospects Elton’s Aftermath Conclusion 4 Navigating Neutrality French Affairs The Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766 Russian Adjustments page ix x xi xiv xv 1 11 15 19 21 29 37 44 53 56 58 64 76 86 97 102 106 108 112 124 132 147 158 162 164 174 183 vii
Contents Shairp Merchants Exploring Options Conclusion 199՜ 19S 207« Continental Challenges 2ll; The Tariff Book of 1782 Asian Informants Wartime Commerce American Arrivais Restoring Relations Conclusion 213, 229« 230; 238 245« 253 Afterword 257 Bibliography Index 2641 282;
Enterprising Empires Commercial competition between Britain and Russia became entangled during the eighteenth century in Iran, the Middle East, and China, and disputes emerged over control of the North Pacific. Focusing on the British Russia Company, Matthew P. Romaniello charts the ways in which the company navigated these commercial and diplomatic fron tiers. He reveals how geopolitical developments affected trade far more than commercial regulations while also challenging depictions of this period as a straightforward era of Russian economic decline. By looking at merchants’ and diplomats’ correspondence and the actions and experiences of men working in Eurasia for Russia and Britain, he demonstrates the importance of restoring human experiences in global processes and provides individual perspective on this game of empire. This approach reveals that economic fears, more than commodities exchanged, motivated actions across the geopolitical landscape of Europe during the Seven Years’ War and the American and French Revolutions.
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Index Abbas Π, Shah of ban, 30-1 Academy of Sciences, 101, 220, 222-3, 226-7 Act of Union, 96. See also Great Britain Acts of Navigation, 13, 40-3, 45, 47, 49, 58, 60, 71, 82, 88, 93, 108, 120, 132-3, 135, 137, 175, 179, 197, 260. See also Navigation Act of 1651, 1660, and 1663; regulations Adams, John Quincy, 241 Admiralty (Britain), 237-8. See also navy Admiralty (Russia), 129, 225. See also navy Afinogenov, Gregory, 229 Agtyzhans, 151 alcohol, 87, 97-8, 215, 218, 244, 252. See also taverns, wine Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia, 29, 31, 38, 42-3, 46 Aleutian Islands, 188, 224-7, 255. See also Kodiak, Sitka, Unalaska islands Algarotti, Francesco, 158-9 Alta California, 9, 212-13, 236-7, 243-4, 250, 252 America. See United States of America American Revolution, 9, 12, 17-18, 162, 204-8, 213, 245. See ako Armed Neutrality Amsterdam, 97, 125, 141, 146, 187, 194, 214 Amur River, 63, 223-5, 227-8, 248, 255-6 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1716, 92-5, 117, 258 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734, 1, 95, 107, 117-22, 169, 197, 258 Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1766, 163, 180-3, 191, 220, 258 Anglo-Russian War of 1807-1812, 18, 238, 241, 245 Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, 112, 114, 117, 120, 125, 127, 144, 256 Anne, Queen of Britain, 76, 78-9, 85 282 Appelbaum, Richard, 8 Apraksin, Stepan Fedorovich, 161, 164 Arapov, Semen, 131, 150, 156 Arkhangelsk, 3, 7, 22, 25-7, 31, 33-4, 38-9, 41-2, 49, 58, 65, 72, 78, 80, 86-7, 90-1, 93, 95, 145, 178, 184-6, 191, 205, 219, 221, 232, 240-1, 249 Armed Neutrality, 12, 201-2, 204-5, 207-9, 230. See also American Revolution
Armenian Company, 62, 87, 131, 133. See ako Armenians Armenians, 62, 95, 98, 106, 119, 130, 133, 135-40, 144, 147, 149, 151, 173, 177, 183, 189, 232. See ako Armenian Company, Persian Company asbestos, 100 Aster, John Jacob, 252 Astrabad, 121 Astrakhan, 23, 30, 33-5, 63, 76, 82, 99, 119, 132, 136-7, 145, 152, 154, 158, 177, 183-4, 198, 200, 232, 257. See ako Caspian Sea, quarantine customs, 35, 62, 75, 107, 129-30, 148, 185-6, 189 officials, 24, 31, 36, 130-1, 140, 147, 157, 185, 189 Atlantic Ocean, 2, 17, 45, 109, 162, 193, 199-200, 205, 208, 213-14, 244-5, 252, 256. See ako tobacco crisis auctions. See braak Austria, 111, 160, 167-8 Avril, Philippe, 63 Aytoun, Andrew, 97 Aytoun, David, 96 Azeris, 130 backwardness, 3,10. See also modernization Baku, 121, 137 balance of trade, 3, 5, 22, 73, 115, 158-9, 169, 220-1, 259
Index Baltic Sea. See Danzig, Königsberg, Narva, Pemau, piracy, Reval, Riga, St. Petersburg, Sound Toll, Stockholm, Vyborg bankruptcy, 132, 212. See also credit bans, 103, 190. See ako prohibitions, embargoes Baranov, Aleksandr, 234-7, 250-2 Barratt, Glynn, 188, 203 Bashkirs, 200 Bechevin, Ivan, 188 beef, 177-8 Beerbūhl, Magrit Schulte, 8 Beijing, 57, 64, 100-1, 108, 124, 126, 128, 159, 223, 262 Bell, John, 11, 15, 56-7, 92, 98-102, 115, 159 Bentham, Jeremy, 223-5 Bentham, Samuel, 18, 222-5,227-30, 262 Bering, Vitus, 129, 188 Berkeley, William, 45 Bessarabia, 198 Bestuzhev, Aleksei Petrovich, 103-4, 147-8,154,161, 165-6,168-9,171-2, 174 Billings, Joseph, 11, 18, 203-4, 224-30, 262 Biron, Ernst Johann, 118 Black Sea, 189, 192, 198-200, 203, 208, 214, 232, 234, 239 Blathwayt, William, 67 Board of Trade and Plantations, 48-9, 51-3, 59-61, 64-71, 74, 77, 79, 89-91, 93-4, 109-12, 117, 119-20, 123, 135, 142-5, 174-5, 177, 180, 202, 216-19, 221, 230, 259. See ako Acts of Navigation, companies, Council of Trade, Council of Foreign Plantations Bologna, 214 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 238, 244-6, 253 Bordeaux, 94, 206 Boston traders, 236, 242, 245, 252 Boterbloem, Kees, 48 braak, 90, 93-4 Bradshaw, Richard, 39-40 Brand, Adam, 64 bribery, 31, 113, 123, 126, 160-1, 164, 168, 172, 183, 186. See ако corruption Bristol, 21 Britain. See Great Britain broadsheets, 70, 72-3, 109, 153, 260 Brown, James, 142, 149 Brown, Thomas, 35 283 Bukhara, 36, 137, 144, 257 Bukharans, 34, 75, 127, 139-40, 151, 200 Cabinet of Ministers, 117, 127 Cabot, John, 21 calicoes, 110, 133. See ако textiles Canada, 198
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 2 Canton, 102. See also Guangzhou capitalism, 13. See ако modernization cardamom, 86 Caribbean, 192, 196, 218, 231, 239 Carmichael, John, 161, 164 cartography, 1-2, 11, 106, 132, 134, 156 Caspian Sea, 13, 23, 30, 35, 62—3, 87, 98, 107, 129, 132, 137, 140, 147, 150, 152, 155, 157, 159, 184, 186, 203, 232, 234. See ако Astrakhan, Gilan Catherine, Empress of Russia, 17, 162-3, 168, 172, 176-7, 179, 183, 188-9, 192, 201, 204-5, 208, 219-20, 222, 262 Caucasus, 29, 121, 257 Cayley, John, 226 Central Asia, 2, 5, 32, 34,44, 62, 125, 137, 144, 154, 157, 178, 184, 215, 232, 260. See also Bukhara, Fergana Valley, Khiva Chancellor, Richard, 21 Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 216 Charles I, King of England, 28, 36-7, 66 Charles П, King of England, 37,39, 45,47, 50 Cherepanov, Stepan, 188 Cherkasov, Fedor Lvovich, 152 Cherkasskii, Aleksei Mikhailovich, 113 cherries, 86 China, 13, 16, 20, 23, 32,34,44, 56, 62-4, 75, 97-102, 104, 108, 125-9, 151, 159, 163, 175, 179, 186, 190, 197, 203, 211, 214-15, 222-5, 227-30, 232, 234, 237, 248, 251, 253, 262. See also embargoes, Kiakhta, rhubarb, tea chocolate, 179, 215, 241, 244, 247, 249 cinnamon, 86 circumnavigation, 213, 235, 250. See also Adam Johann Ritter Krusenstem cloves, 86 cochineal, 218, 241 cocoa. See chocolate coffee, 87, 231, 240-1, 254
284 Index College of Commerce, 117, 122-5, 127, Customs Decree of 1755, 184-8 131, 145, 154, 165, 168, 184-6, 190, Customs House of London, 51, 81, 107, 203, 225, 231-3. See also Commission 175, 180 on Commerce Customs House of St. Petersburg, 179, College of Foreign Affairs, 184-5, 232 189, 220-1 College of Foreigners, 128 College of Manufacturing, 151. See also damask, 26, 101. See ako silk, textiles manufacturing Danzig, 41, 125 Collins, Samuel, 43^4 Dawson, William, 70, 77 Commercial Code of 1653, 16, 33-5. Decembrist Revolt, 211 See ako regulations Delaney, Samuel, 96 commercial laws. See mercantilism, Denmark, 28, 41, 51, 60, 68, 81, 89, 201, regulations 214, 217,240. See also Norway, Sound Commission on Commerce, 190-1 Toll Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. Derbent, 35, 121, 137 See Poland-Lithuania Dickens, Melchior Guy, 153, 161, 164-6, companies. See Armenian, Eastland, East 183 India, Hamburg, Hudson Bay, Levant, divergence theory, 7, 261 Pennsylvania, Persia, Philippines, Dobell, Peter, 18, 211-13, 246-9, 251-2, Russia, Russian American 255, 258 Congress of Vienna, 249 doctors. See physicians Congress System, 253 drugs, 10, 100-1, 218, 231, 240-1. See ako Constantinople, 189, 198 sal ammoniac, medicine, spices Continental System, 18, 212, 238-40, 245, Drummond, John, 97 253-4 Dundas, Henry, 230 contraband, 86, 89, 93, 150, 153-4, 157, Dutch dollars, 45,48,51, 81. See ako specie 171, 201, 205-7, 218. See ako Dutch merchants, 23-6, 28-9, 33, 41-3, smuggling 48, 57, 62, 65-6, 73-4, 86-8, 96, Cook, Harold, 229 109-11, 119, 133, 139, 141, 144, 159, Cook, James, 11,
164, 203, 224, 234 173, 189, 191, 216, 219, 230, 260 Cooper, William, 70 corruption, 8, 57, 113, 147. See also bribery, East Asia, 129, 260. See also China, Japan contraband, smuggling East India Company, 7, 11-14, 17, 28, 42, cotton, 101, 196, 215, 218, 231, 235, 58, 87, 97, 100, 102, 108-10, 122, 239-40, 254 133, 138-9, 142, 157, 165, 203, Council of Foreign Plantations, 40, 45. 224-7, 234, 248-9, 261 See ako Board of Trade and Plantations Eastland Company, 3-5, 13, 16-17, 20, Council of Trade, 40. See ako Board of 40-2, 48, 51-2, 58, 60-2, 64, 66, 68, Trade and Plantations 70-2, 74, 80-1, 86, 88, 90-1, 96, 109, Courland, 114, 219 115, 177, 182, 191 credit, 10, 65, 135, 169, 192, 194-5. Edinburgh, 10, 187, 192, 196-7, 226 See ako bankruptcy Edward VI, King of England, 21 Crimea, 44, 131, 186, 192 Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress of Russia, 106, Cromwell, Oliver, 37-40 113, 115, 145, 147-8, 151, 160-1, currants, 86, 219 166, 168, 171-2, 185, 188 customs, 5, 86, 117-18, 191. See ako Elton, John, 106-8, 132-44, 146-58, 176, Customs Decree of 1755, Customs 180-1, 212, 258 embargoes, 17, 163, 190, 197, 200, 225, House, Main Customs Office, Sound 228, 238-9, 243. See also bans, Toll, Tariff Book of 1782, toll system Continental System, prohibitions duties, 27, 33, 37, 40-3, 47, 53, 57, 62, England. See Anne, Charles I, Charles П, 68, 74-5, 91, 93, 107, 118, 128, 130, Edward VI, foreign secretary, Great 179, 197, 254 Britain, James I, James П, Ohver inspections, 8, 35, 47, 157 Cromwell, Parliament, William III officials, 27-8, 34, 36, 51, 89, 130, 151, English Civil War, 37. See ako
Interregnum, 190, 206, 219, 240 Oliver Cromwell rates, 38, 46, 52, 66, 71, 82, 93, 182, 214
Index Erskine, Robert, 56, 96, 98 Estonia, 74, 184 expeditions. See Academy of Sciences, circumnavigation, Joseph Billings, Second Kamchatka Expedition Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar of Russia, 22 Felstiner, William I. F., 8 Fergana Valley, 62, 132 Finland, 184 Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 216-17 flax, 3, 8, 10, 15, 23, 41, 52, 80-2, 88-90, 93, 117, 119, 158, 167, 171, 173, 179, 218, 230, 239, 254, 259, 261 Florence, 214-15 Forbes, George (diplomat), 118-20, 133 Forbes, George (merchant), 195 Foreign Office (Britain), 216, 220, 226-7, 229-31, 233, 238, 262. See ako foreign secretary Foreign Office (Russia), 26, 30-1, 34-6 foreign secretary Britain, 83-6, 93, 97, 111, 113-15, 122, 126, 141-2, 144-5, 148, 150, 152-3, 161, 164, 169, 171, 174-8, 180-3, 198, 201, 204-5, 216, 224 England, 39, 41, 43, 49, 53, 67, 74, 76, 78-80 Forster, Edward, 199, 220, 237 Fort Ross, 250-2, 256 Fourth Coalition, 238 Foust, Clifford, 126 France, 2, 159-61, 165-71, 177-8, 181, 189, 195, 199-203, 221, 230-1, 233, 238. See ako Bordeaux, French Revolution, Marseilles, monopolies, Paris, Rouen, tobacco contract free trade, 19-22, 52, 66, 94. See ako mercantilism French Party, 176 French Revolution, 9, 211-13, 230. See ako Continental System, Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte, Second Coalition, Third Coalition furs, 126, 188, 193, 224, 227, 235, 242. See ako sable Geneva, 214 Genoa, 214 George I, King of Britain, 102-3. See also Hanover Georgians, 130, 189, 232 Germans, 33, 216. See ako Hamburg, Lubeck Gessner, Volkmar, 8 285 Gilan, 121-2, 132, 139, 141, 149, 164. See also Rasht ginger, 240 Glasgow, 195-6 Glen,
William, 207, 257. See also Scottish Missionary Society globalization, 13-14. See ako capitalism, modernization gold, 27, 29, 33, 128, 144, 151, 159. See ako specie Gold, Nathaniel, 69, 77, 80 Golovkin, Gavrila Ivanovich, 84-6, 91,113, 147 Golovnin, Vasilii Mikhailovich, 242-3 gosti, 32. See ako merchants Graeme, Mungo, 133-42, 144, 158 grain, 27, 45, 75, 93, 184-5, 209, 236-7, 262. See also rye, wheat Great Britain. See Admiralty, Anne, Board of Trade and Plantations, England, Foreign Office, foreign secretary, George I, Parliament, Scotland Greeks, 33-4 Greenall, Robert, 174 Grenada, 196 Grigor'ev, Afonas’ii, 131 Grinev, Andrei, 255 Grodno, 246 Guangzhou, 128, 234, 236, 242, 248, 251, 253. See ako Canton Guernsey, 59-60 Gujarat, 149-50 Gunning, Robert, 198 Haistwell, Edward, 77, 80 Hamburg, 39, 54, 69, 86, 92, 125, 173, 214, 219, 231, 259 Hamburg Company, 61, 109 Hanover, 103, 160 Hanway, Jonas, 106, 149-50, 154-8 Harris, James, 12, 162-3, 199-202, 204-10 Harris, John Levett, 239-41, 244, 249 Harris, Katherine Gertrude, 12, 162-3, 208-10 Hazard, Samuel, 241 Heathcote, Gilbert, 70-1 Heathcote, Samuel, 70, 77, 80 Hebdon, John, 42-3 Hebdon, John (son), 47-53 Hebdon, Thomas, 51 hemp, 3, 7, 10, 15, 27, 33, 41, 48, 52, 61, 65,80-1,88-91, 93,96,117, 119, 134, 159, 165, 169, 173, 179, 194, 196-7, 207, 215, 218, 230, 239, 259, 261 Hervey, John, 158-9 Hester, John, 96-7
286 Index Hobart, John, 176-81, 183, 187, 189, 191-2 Holden, Samuel, 117 Holland. See Netherlands Hope, John, 193 Houston, Alexander, 195-6, 205 Howard, Charles, 19, 40-2 Hudson Bay Company, 224,227, 234,245, 255 Hull, 59, 171, 194 Hunter, Andrew, 196-8, 207 Iaguzhinskii, Pavel Ivanovich, 113, 126 Ides, Eberhard Isbrand, 64, 75 India, 20, 23, 29-31, 36, 44, 63, 76, 99, 131, 154, 157, 178, 248 Indians, 35, 75, 130, 137, 151, 186 indigo, 159, 174, 179, 218, 239-40 industrialization, 261 Ingna, 74 inspections. See customs Interregnum, 40 Iran, 1-3, 16, 20, 23-4, 26, 28-31, 33, 35-7, 43, 49, 56, 62, 66, 87-8, 95, 98-100, 104, 106-8, 117-22, 129-58, 164-5, 170, 174-84, 186, 189, 203, 214-15, 234, 258. See ако Шап, Isfahan, Nader Shah, Rasht, silk Iranian-Afghan War, 158 Irkutsk, 127, 188, 225, 227, 229, 232, 234, 248 iron, 10, 22, 41, 81, 90, 112, 134, 159, 162, 164-5, 167, 173, 179, 196-7, 199, 205, 217-19, 239, 244, 254, 261 Irtysh River, 63 Isfahan, 30, 57, 99, 107, 121, 131, 138, 157, 262 isingiass, 173, 215, 239 Iukht, A. I., 130 Ivan IV Vasil’evich, Tsar of Russia, 3 Ivan VI, Tsar of Russia, 144-5 Izmailov, Lev Vasil’evich, 56, 98, 100 Jacobites, 4, 96 Jamaica, 45-6, 192, 196 James I, King of England, 25 James П, King of England, 54-5 Japan, 18, 98, 101, 129, 203, 212-14, 224, 227-8, 235-7, 242-3, 248, 256 Jenkinson, Anthony, 3 Jersey, 59-60 Jesuits, 63, 188. See also Philippe Avril joint-stock company, 13, 19, 21, 40, 49, 234. See ako companies Jones, Robert, 184 Jones, Ryan, 15 Kama River, 63, 75 Kamchatka, 101, 129, 211, 227, 234-5, 246-9, 251. See ako Second Kamchatka
Expedition Kasimov, Muhammed-Iusuf, 35-6 Kazan’, 23, 31, 36, 75, 141-2, 152 Keith, Robert, 172-6, 180, 185-6 Khiva, 257 Kiakhta, 125-8, 199, 222-4, 228, 234, 242, 248, 253 Kirilov, Ivan, 106 Kizliar, 186,189 Kodiak Island, 164, 203 Königsberg, 125 Kotilaine, Jarmo, 37 Kotov, Fedot Afanasev syn, 26, 30-1 Kronstadt, 5, 92, 251 Krusenstem, Adam Johann Ritter, 235-6 Laing, Gilbert, 197 Lake Baikal, 63, 100 Lake Iamysh, 124 Laksman, Kyrill, 227-8 Lange, Laurence, 159 Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich, 242-3 leather, 89, 158, 173 Leith, 196, 207. See ako Edinburgh Leng, Thomas, 8 Leont’ev, Fedor Isakovich, 26 letters of marque, 171, 199, 205-7. See also piracy, privateering Levant Company, 43, 58, 108-11, 122, 133, 142-4, 148, 192, 231, 238 Lindsay, Lisa, 13 linen, 98, 173, 179, 199, 215, 227, 239. See also textiles Liston, Robert, 216 Lithuania. See Poland-Lithuania Livonia, 22, 74 Livorno, 214 London, 13, 40, 50, 53-4, 58-9, 77, 81, 83, 103, 122-3, 140, 144, 146, 152, 173, 187, 194, 196, 217, 221. See also Customs House of London Lübeck, 25, 64, 86, 173, 214, 259 Lux, David, 229 Macao, 249, 252 Macartney, George, 15, 180-3, 187, 225, 229 Madras, 249
Index Main Customs Office, 232. See also customs Maister, William, 195 Mamla, 211, 236, 247-51 manufacturing, 132, 162, 174, 219. See also College of Manufacturing, mines, silk production, tobacco workhouse, textile mills Marseilles, 214 Martin, Joseph, 77 Maryland, 45 masts. See timber Matveev, Andrei Artamonovich, 83, 85 medicine, 87, 100. See also drugs, quarantine, physicians, plague Mediterranean Sea, 109-10, 170, 198, 213-14, 216, 231, 254 mercantilism, 16,18, 20-2, 33,46,49, 104, 128, 190, 219, 262. See ako customs, free trade, modernization, monopolies, regulations merchant navy. See navy merchants. See Armenians, Boston traders, Bukharans, companies, Dutch merchants, Germans, gosti, Greeks, Indians, petitions, Tatars Meverall, Josiah, 96 Meverall, Mary, 51 Meverall, Samuel, 51 Mexico, 243, 250. See ako Alta California Miege, Guy, 19, 21 Mierop, Martin Kuychkan, 142, 178, 180 Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 23-6, 29 Milan, 214 mines, 100, 222-3. See ako manufacturing, Samuel Bentham silver, 22, 100, 104, 167, 222 Minikh, B. K„ 129 modernization, 49, 261. See ako backwardness, capitalism, globalization, mercantilism Monahan, Erika, 5, 16 Mongols, 63, 101, 124, 262 monopolies, 10-11, 35, 90-1, 102, 165, 183. See also flax, hemp, iron, mercantilism, regulations, rhubarb, salt, silk, tobacco British, 21, 46, 74, 76, 96, 114, 122-3, 127, 195, 249 Dutch, 42, 94 French, 167, 170, 179 Russian, 28, 32, 43, 91-2, 97, 104, 124, 126, 219 Swedish, 51-2 Monroe, James, 239 287 Moscow, 21-3, 26-7, 31, 34, 39, 43, 46, 48, 50, 53-4, 63, 68, 76-8, 80-1, 84, 87, 90, 108, 114, 117,
135, 148, 208, 246 Moskva River, 30 Muraviev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 257, 262 Muscovy. See Russia musketeers, 33, 50 Nader Shah, 2, 107, 121-2, 129, 132, 138-9, 149, 152-4, 156, 158, 161, 164, 212 Nagasaki, 228, 235 Napier, George, 134-5, 140, 142, 144 Naples, 214 Narva, 5, 41, 51, 54, 60, 65,71, 86, 88, 90, 125, 159, 184, 188, 196 national strength, 14, 64-5, 87, 102, 108, 146, 261, 263 Navigation Act in 1663. See ako Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1651, 40. See also Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1660, 40. See ako Acts of Navigation, regulations Navigation Act of 1663, 40 navy, 86, 148, 194. See also Admiralty, national strength, piracy British, 15, 61, 96, 166, 195, 205, 212, 230, 259, 263 merchant, 10, 92, 104, 107, 120, 123 Russian, 92, 117, 204, 226 Nerchinsk, 63-4, 75-6, 100, 128, 222 Netherlands, 28, 48, 54, 59, 81, 86-7, 97, 110, 146, 148, 170, 178, 189, 201-2, 214, 221, 231. See ako Amsterdam, Dutch merchants, Utrecht New Commercial Code of 1667, 34-7, 46, 57, 62, 67, 76, 108, 184. See also regulations New England, 45-6 Newjulfa, 130, 135. See ako Armenians Nizhnii Novgorod, 62, 135 North Carolina, 217 Norway, 60, 68, 81. See ako Denmark Novgorod, 34 nutmeg, 86 O’Brien, Patrick, 5 O’Hara, James, 150, 160 O’Rourke, Kevin H., 10 Oddy, J. Jepson, 238-9 Odessa, 213, 241 Odoevskii, Ivan Nikitich, 24 OÜs, 53, 93,215, 231,235,240-1, 251, 254
288 Index Okhotsk, 129, 203, 211, 224-6, 236, 248, 251, 253 Omsk, 63 Orenburg, 106, 183-4, 257 Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, 98, 114, 118, 123, 145, 147 Ottoman Empire, 18, 30-1, 43, 48, 81, 98, 108-11, 143—4, 148, 160, 167, 170, 186, 189, 192, 198-9, 203, 208, 214, 216, 219, 231,234, 239. See ako Black Sea, Constantinople, Kizliar Ottoman-Safavid War, 110, 121, 130-1 Pacific Ocean, 9, 11, 16, 129, 131, 188, 202-4, 208-9, 211-13, 224-8, 232, 234, 236-7, 242-5, 249, 252-3, 255, 260. See also Aleutian Islands, circumnavigation, Kamchatka, Okhotsk, Russian American Company Palermo, 214 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 179-81, 208 Paris, 94, 170, 214 Parliament, 4, 8, 40, 45, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 71, 82, 104, 109, 120, 133, 140, 144, 146, 153, 175, 194, 231 parmesan, 8, 215 Pennsylvania Company, 61 pepper, 240-1, 247 Perm, 246, 248 Pemau, 220 Perry, John, 98, 101 Persia. See Iran Persian Company, 184 Peter I Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 5, 11, 17, 54, 64,66,70, 72-3, 85, 87, 92, 95, 98, 103-4, 112, 124 Peter П Alekseevich, Tsar of Russia, 112, 114 Peter Ш Fedorovich, Tsar of Russia, 168, 175-6,186 petitions, 31, 36, 69, 90, 123, 130-1, 138, 142, 149, 152, 217, 220, 231 Philadelphia, 147, 212 Philippines, 9, 211, 236, 248-50, 253. See also Manila Philippines Company, 249 physicians, 39, 43, 56, 96, 98, 100-1. See also David Aytoun, John Bell, Samuel Collins, Robert Erskine, John Hope Pickney, William, 249, 253-5 piracy, 9-Ю, 17, 110, 171, 195, 199-201, 205, 207-8, 215, 259. See ako Armed Neutrality, contraband, letters of marque, privateering, smuggling pitch, 3, 7, 20, 23, 33, 41, 55, 61,
65, 69, 80, 90, 93, 159, 165 plague, 38-9, 157-8. See ako quarantine plantations, 45, 58, 66,81. See ako Board of Trade and Plantations, flax, grain, hemp, tobacco Poland-Iithuania, 3, 24, 26, 29, 41, 68, 88, 166, 185-6, 219, 232, 246 Pollexfen, John, 65, 67 Pomerania, 74 Portsmouth, 106, 206-7 Portugal, 81, 196, 214, 217, 241 Posnikov, Vasiffi Timofeevich, 53 Posol’skii Prikaz. See Foreign Office (Russia) potash, 10, 33, 81, 171, 254 Potemkin, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 204, 206, 208, 222 Potemkin, Petr Ivanovich, 53 Preobrazhenskii regiment, 113, 147 Prideaux, William, 38-40, 42 privateering, 205, 240. See also letters of marque, piracy prohibitions, 32, 34, 38-9, 42, 45, 58, 65, 95, 148, 154, 242, 260. See ako bans, contraband, embargoes Prussia, 59, 103, 115, 117, 146, 154, 160, 166-8, 175, 205, 218, 233 Pskov, 34 Putivi’, 34, 36 Qing China. See China quarantine, 140, 157-8 Raimbert, Joseph, 169-72, 185 Rasht, 99, 107, 121, 129, 131, 134-9, 142, 150, 152 Ravanskii family, 208-9 regulations, 10, 45, 61, 125-9, 232, 234. See also Acts of Navigation, Commercial Code of 1653, mercantilism, monopolies, New Commercial Code of 1667, Tariff Book of 1782 British, 8, 20, 40-1, 59, 108-9 Russian, 9, 13, 15, 22, 25, 27, 32-5, 46, 76, 111, 117, 130-1, 145, 183, 188-9, 199 Reval, 3, 5, 41, 51, 54, 58, 86, 88, 90-1, 95-7, 125, 184, 186, 221, 240 Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich, 235-7, 242-3, 250, 252 rhubarb, 13, 34, 101-2, 108, 114, 122-8, 133, 152, 159, 175, 186-8, 191, 215, 223, 262
Index Riga, 3-5, 40-1, 50, 54, 58, 79, 86, 88, 90-1, 95-7, 117, 125, 145, 159, 177, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191-2, 196, 200, 208, 219, 221, 232, 240, 246 robbery, 164, 207, 209 Rome, 214-15 Rondeau, Claudius, 11-12, 98, 111-23, 126, 133 Rondeau, Jane, 162 Rouen, 94 Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh, 193 Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, 223, 229 rum, 42, 179, 196, 239 rumors, 79, 85-6, 106, 121, 145, 149, 157, 168, 172 Russia. See Aleksei Mikhailovich, Anna Ivanovna, Cabinet of Ministers, Catherine, Elizaveta Petrovna, Fedor Alekseevich, Foreign Office, Ivan IV Vasil’evich, Ivan VI, Mikhail Fedorovich, Peter I Alekseevich, Peter II Alekseevich, Peter ΙΠ Fedorovich, Senate Russia Company. See John Elton, Edward Forster, Nathaniel Gold, Mungo Graeme, Gilbert Heathcote, Samuel Heathcote, Jonas Hanway, Gilbert Laing, William Maister, Samuel Meverall, Martin Mierop, George Napier, Matthew Shffiher, Walter Shairp, James Spilman, Thomas Ward, Jacob Wolff Russian American Company, 211, 234, 236-8, 242—4, 252-3, 256 Russian-Iranian War, 110 Russo-Spanish Commercial Treaty of 1728, 112 Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774, 198, 214 rye, 27, 93, 230. See aho grain Ryukyu Islands, 190 sable, 44. See aho furs Safavid Iran. See Iran saffron, 86, 218 Sakhalin Island, 235 sal ammoniac, 215 salt, 31-2, 38, 63, 88-90, 93-5, 97, 103-4, 159, 185, 188, 215, 223, 241, 247 saltpeter, 93, 173, 178 Saratov, 135, 145 Sardinia, 214-16, 235 satin, 26. See abo textiles 289 Saumarez, James, 240 scandals, 2, 50-1, 53-4, 83-6, 107, 118, 122-4, 152-3, 179-80 Scotland, 4, 57, 101, 134, 196-7, 257. See aho Edinburgh,
Great Britain, Leith Scottish Missionary Society, 257 Sea of Azov, 170 Second Coalition, 233 Second Kamchatka Expedition, 129 Seleginsk, 63 senate, 114-15, 125-8, 147, 151-2, 158, 183, 185-92, 198-200, 204, 214, 227, 231, 234 Seven Years’ War, 17, 160, 166-73, 186, 188 Shahjahan, 31 Shairp, Stephen “Jock,” 195 Shairp, Thomas, 192, 195 Shairp, Thomas (grandson), 195 Shairp, Walter, 192-6, 198-9 Shchupkatov, Sergei, 206 Shemaka, 35 Shemiakin, Nikita, 185-8 Shiffner, Matthew, 122-4, 126 Shirvan, 30, 35 Shuvalov, Ivan, 168 Shuvalov, Pett Ivanovich, 172, 185-6, 189-90, 203 Siberia, 22, 34, 44, 62-4, 68, 73, 75, 97, 99-100, 125, 129, 184, 211, 222-30, 235, 243, 246-7, 251. See ako Irkutsk, Kamchatka, Kiakhta, mines, Nerchinsk, Okhotsk, Siberian Office, Tobol’sk officials, 56, 75, 127 Siberian Office, 57, 128 silk, 8, 10, 24, 26, 28, 33, 35, 43, 47, 87-8, 94, 106, 108-11, 119, 129, 131-47, 149, 154, 157-9, 164r-5, 175, 215, 218, 231, 235. See oho textiles production, 102, 107, 121, 132, 185, 246 silver, 29, 33, 100, 102, 115, 128, 151, 196. See oho mines, specie Sitka Island, 213, 234-7, 242, 250 slave trade, 48, 65 Smolensk, 29, 34 smuggling, 8, 25-6, 33, 35, 46-9, 59-60, 89-90, 118, 149, 179, 185, 189, 197, 207, 211, 242, 251, 262. See also contraband, customs inspections snuff-boxes, 159, 161 sodomy, 39 Solikamsk, 100
290 Index Sound Toll, 9, 41, 51, 88-90, 107, 125, 201, 240. See also customs, Denmark Spain, 111, 188, 206, 212, 214, 217, 244, 250. See also Russo-Spanish Commercial Treaty of 1728 specie, 10, 20, 22, 33-4, 68, 81, 100, 128, 132. See ako Dutch dollars, gold, mines, silver spices. See cardamon, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, pepper, saffron, salt Spilman, James, 77, 147 St. Petersburg, 4, 7, 56, 58, 88, 90, 92, 96, 100-1, 106, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, 133, 141, 158, 163, 169, 173, 177-8, 182, 184-5, 187, 191-2, 195-6, 199-200, 202, 206-7, 214-15, 219, 221, 231-2, 239-40, 244, 246, 261. See ako Customs House of St. Petersburg, Kronstadt Stem, Philip, 14 Stirling, Herny, 97 Stirling, Hugo, 134, 140 Stockholm, 51, 62, 125 sugar, 20, 46, 52, 87, 179, 188, 196, 235, 239 Sweden, 3, 20, 24-5, 28, 41, 45, 48-9, 51-2, 60-2, 74, 80-1, 86, 89-90, 95, 104, 112, 160, 164, 201, 214, 217, 245. See ako monopolies, Reval, Riga, Stockholm Sweet, John Wood, 13 Tallinn. See Reval tallow, 81, 173, 215, 239, 254 tar, 3, 7, 10, 23, 27, 33, 48, 54, 61, 65-6, 69, 80, 89-91, 165, 167, 196, 215, 217, 230, 254 Tariff Book of 1782, 214, 217, 219-20, 222, 232-3. See ako customs, regulations Tatars, 34-5, 54, 95, 126, 184 taverns, 32,43. See ako alcohol, monopolies tea, 20, 101-2, 159, 179, 197, 215, 235, 247, 251 Teplov, Grigorii Nikolaevich, 179-80, 183, 189-90 textiles, 45, 108-11, 117, 133, 235, 244. See also calicoes, cotton, damask, hemp, linen, satin, silk, wool mills, 131-2, 151, 162, 208-9 Third Coalition, 238-9, 243 Tiflis, 35 timber, 23, 65, 93, 159, 209, 238 Time of Troubles, 22, 29
Tíumen’, 75 tobacco, 17, 20,28, 64,75, 87,91,95, 100, 185, 200, 202, 206, 244 Circassian, 73-4, 79, 178, 189-90 contract, 67-75, 77-8 crisis, 14, 47-53, 58-62, 65-6, 74 French contract, 167, 169-73, 189-90 prohibition, 32-4, 38-9, 103 Virginian, 7, 45-6, 52, 74, 178,217, 240 workhouse, 78, 84, 125 Tobol’sk, 30, 34, 63, 75, 128 toll system, 9, 32, 34. See also customs, Sound Toll Treaty of Deulino, 24 Treaty of Ganja, 121, 130 Treaty of Kiakhta, 124-5 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, 198 Treaty of Nerchinsk, 62-4 Treaty of Paris of 1783, 213 Treaty of Rasht, 107, 121, 129 Treaty of Štolbovo, 24 Treaty of Tilsit, 238, 243 Tsaritsyn, 186 Tungus, 100, 246-7 Turin, 214-15 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Tyndal, Onesiphorous, 245-6 Ukraine, 7, 41, 45, 79, 170, 174, 178, 185-6, 189, 232 Ulozhenie of 1649, 32-3 Unalaska Island, 164, 203 United States of America, 212, 217, 236, 238-42, 244-5, 248-9, 252-5, 260. See also American Revolution, Boston merchants, War of 1812 Utrecht, 67, 103 Venice, 28, 81, 189, 214-15 Vienna, 214 Vinius, Andrei, 56, 73 Vinkovetsky, Ilya, 234 Virginia, 45, 52, 65, 217. See ciko tobacco Virginian Volga River, 7, 23-4, 30, 35-6, 62, 75, 82, 135, 141, 146, 148, 186 Vologda, 26, 80 Vorontsov, Mikhail, 174, 186, 203 Vyborg, 5, 86, 221 War of 1812, 244-5, 252 Ward, Thomas, 113-14 Warsaw, 246 Warwick, Philip, 52 Weber, Friedrich Christian, 103 wheat, 27, 93, 230. See ako grain
Index Whitworth, Charles, Baron Whitworth, 76-88, 90-2, 97-8 Whitworth, Charles, Earl of Whitworth, 220, 227 Wich, Cyril, 148 Wilberforce, William, 171 William III, King of England, 54, 57, 66-7, 72, 109 Wilhams, Charles Hanbury, 166-71, 185-6 Williamson, Jeffrey, 10 wine, 8,75,93-4,99, 159,215,219,240-1, 244. See also alcohol 291 Wolff, Jacob, 122-4, 126-7, 134-5, 142, 153, 164-5 wool, 8, 14, 65, 69-70, 87, 109-10, 112, 114, 119-20, 133, 141, 143-4, 159, 206, 209, 218, 231, 254. See abo textiles Wynne, William, 218 Xinjiang, 190 Zahedieh, Nuala, 71 Zunghars, 63, 124 /------------- !------------\ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Romaniello, Matthew P. |
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| dewey-sort | 3382.0941 15 |
| dewey-tens | 380 - Commerce, communications, transportation |
| discipline | Geschichte Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1800 |
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| geographic | Russia Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Great Britain Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Russia Foreign economic relations Great Britain Great Britain Foreign economic relations Russia Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Great Britain Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Russia Foreign economic relations Great Britain Great Britain Foreign economic relations Russia Eurasien Großbritannien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047059297 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:11:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:01:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108497572 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032466498 |
| oclc_num | 1235885821 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | xv, 291 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210421 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Romaniello, Matthew P. Verfasser (DE-588)1030215723 aut Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia Matthew P. Romaniello (Weber State University) Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2019 xv, 291 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Muscovy Company (DE-588)6132891-1 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd rswk-swf Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 gnd rswk-swf Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd rswk-swf Wettbewerb (DE-588)4065835-1 gnd rswk-swf Russia Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Great Britain Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Russia Foreign economic relations Great Britain Great Britain Foreign economic relations Russia Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia / Commerce / Eurasia / History / 18th century Great Britain / Commerce / Eurasia / History / 18th century Russia / Foreign economic relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Foreign economic relations / Russia Commerce International economic relations Eurasia Great Britain Russia 1700-1799 History Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Wettbewerb (DE-588)4065835-1 s Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 s Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 g Geschichte 1700-1800 z DE-604 Muscovy Company (DE-588)6132891-1 b Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 s Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 2020 978-1-108-70308-6 (DE-604)BV048494815 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 10.1017/9781108628600 https://www.recensio.net/r/f5891a10eea847ddb635576a87aa980f rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 69 (2021), 1, S. 144-146 Rezension Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Romaniello, Matthew P. Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia Muscovy Company (DE-588)6132891-1 gnd Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 gnd Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Wettbewerb (DE-588)4065835-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)6132891-1 (DE-588)4003832-4 (DE-588)4023222-0 (DE-588)4065835-1 (DE-588)4015685-0 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia |
| title_auth | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia |
| title_exact_search | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia |
| title_full | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia Matthew P. Romaniello (Weber State University) |
| title_fullStr | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia Matthew P. Romaniello (Weber State University) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enterprising empires Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia Matthew P. Romaniello (Weber State University) |
| title_short | Enterprising empires |
| title_sort | enterprising empires russia and britain in eighteenth century eurasia |
| title_sub | Russia and Britain in eighteenth-century Eurasia |
| topic | Muscovy Company (DE-588)6132891-1 gnd Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 gnd Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Wettbewerb (DE-588)4065835-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Muscovy Company Außenhandel Handel Wettbewerb Russia Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Great Britain Commerce Eurasia History 18th century Russia Foreign economic relations Great Britain Great Britain Foreign economic relations Russia Eurasien Großbritannien Russland |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/f5891a10eea847ddb635576a87aa980f http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466498&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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