The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795: light and flame
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New Haven ; London
Yale University Press
[2020]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 482 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780300252200 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List ofIllustrations Acknowledgements Genealogical Table Maps Pronunciation Guide Prologue: Light and Flame Commonwealth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Impasse Sacrum and profanum Ά new creation of the Polish world’ Martyrdoms Throne and Altar Growing Pains Ferment and Fermentation Revolution: The King with the Nation Revolution: The Nation with the King Revolution: Ça ira! Undeclared War The Augean Stables Immolation viii xi xii xiv xxii 1 11 34 59 80 108 128 155 183 206 238 269 301 Epilogue: Smoke and Ash 325 345 369 Glossary 386 Gazetteer Notes 391 400 Further Reading 429
A groundbreaking account of the Vanished kingdom1 of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which reveals its many achievements before its final destruction From ιηγι to 1795·, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at the crux of international politįcs. It was surrounded by Russia, Prussia and Áustria, all of which were determined to ensure the Commonwealth stayed weak. Yet even though he was himself placed on the throne by Catherine the Great, King Stanisław August sought deep reform and refused to serve Russia’s interests. Richard Bufterwick tells the compelling story of the last det ades of one of Kurope’s largest and least understi и к! polities. Drawing on the latest research, he vividly portrays the turbulence the Commonwealth experienced. Despite the best efforts of the reformers, by Ī795· the Commonwealth would be entirely annexed by its neighbours. But far from being a failed state, it did successfully overcome the stranglehold of Russia and, for a short time, regain its sovereignty. Its crowning success, which took place on ļ May 1791, was the passing of the first Constitution of modem F urope.
CONTENTS List ofIllustrations Acknowledgements Genealogical Table Maps Pronunciation Guide Prologue: Light and Flame Commonwealth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Impasse Sacrum and profanum Ά new creation of the Polish world’ Martyrdoms Throne and Altar Growing Pains Ferment and Fermentation Revolution: The King with the Nation Revolution: The Nation with the King Revolution: Ça ira! Undeclared War The Augean Stables Immolation viii xi xii xiv xxii 1 11 34 59 80 108 128 155 183 206 238 269 301 Epilogue: Smoke and Ash 325 345 369 Glossary 386 Gazetteer Notes 391 400 Further Reading 429
A groundbreaking account of the Vanished kingdom1 of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which reveals its many achievements before its final destruction From ιηγι to 1795·, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at the crux of international politįcs. It was surrounded by Russia, Prussia and Áustria, all of which were determined to ensure the Commonwealth stayed weak. Yet even though he was himself placed on the throne by Catherine the Great, King Stanisław August sought deep reform and refused to serve Russia’s interests. Richard Bufterwick tells the compelling story of the last det ades of one of Kurope’s largest and least understi и к! polities. Drawing on the latest research, he vividly portrays the turbulence the Commonwealth experienced. Despite the best efforts of the reformers, by Ī795· the Commonwealth would be entirely annexed by its neighbours. But far from being a failed state, it did successfully overcome the stranglehold of Russia and, for a short time, regain its sovereignty. Its crowning success, which took place on ļ May 1791, was the passing of the first Constitution of modem F urope.
INDEX Terms explained in the glossary and persons in the genealogical table are given in bold. Unless mentioned in the text, alternative versions of place names are provided only in the gazetteer. ‘absolutism’ 33, 174, 176, 178, 211, 248, 254, 257, 258 Aeneas 178 Aigner, Christian Piotr, architect 157 Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Duke of Prussia 14, 24 alcohol monopolies propinacja) 64, 109, 164, 171 Aleksei, Tsar of Muscovy 28 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia 375 Alexander the Great 176 Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 14 Alsace 334 Ambrose, Saint 88 America, Americans 100, 197, 269, 363, 379, 383-84 War of Independence (1775-83) 123, 195, 271,293,316-17 Constitution of USA 259-61 anarchy 43, 53, 208, 211, 242, 244, 258, 274-75, 282, 374, 379, 380-81 Ankwicz, Józef, Castellan of Sącz 355 Anna, Empress of Russia 31,36, 40-41 Anna Jagiellon, Queen of Poland 23 Ansbach 334 Antici, Tommaso, marquis, cardinal and diplomat 168, 216 Antonowicz, Julian, Basilian pedagogue and linguist 189, 294 Anusik, Zbigniew, historian 420 Archetti, Giovanni Andrea, papal nuncio 133, 139, 143 architecture 74, 77, 152, 157, 162—63, 176-78 Arians (anti-Trinitarians) 24, 28, 62-63 Aristotle 20 armed resistance 108, 117, 349, 362-63, 377 Armenians 23, 72 army 18, 138, 168-70, 225, 267, 306-7 and the Confederacy of Bar (1768-72) 109-112, 116, 120 question of expansion (to 1788) 42-43, 49, 63,141, 144,169, 202-4 expansion (1788-92) 209-10, 221-24, 228, 234-36, 248,314-15 in the Polish-Russian War (1792) 301-3, 314-25, 347 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 328-30, 344 in the Insurrection (1794)
346,348-52, 354,357-62 control of 51, 85, 133, 135,168, 210-12, 215-16, 286-87,314 National Cavalry 108, 131, 169-70, 185-86, 200, 203, 226, 255, 309, 325, 415 and peasants 65, 225-26, 280 support of Uniates 57, 188 Arsenev, Nikolai, Russian major-general 353 astrology 62, 151 astronomy 176, 178 Augustine of Hippo, Saint 63 Augustus (Octavian), Roman Emperor 88, 176 Augustus II Wettin the Strong, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Elector of Saxony 29-32, 35, 38, 44, 48, 49, 76, 88 Augustus III Wettin, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Elector of Saxony 34-49, 54-55, 79-80, 88, 89-90, Plate 8 458
INDEX reputation 132-33, 248 Austen, Jane 89 Austria, Austria-Hungary, see Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) 198, 238, 240, 273, 334, 336 Axer, Jerzy, classicist 177 Baal Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer) 70 Bacciarelli, Marcello, painter 158, 177-78, 369, Plates 22-23 Bach, Johann Sebastian 38 Badeni, Marcin, administrator and envoy 165-66, 174, 296 Badeni, Kazimierz, Prime Minister of Austria 165 Badeni, Sebastian, royal administrator 165 Badeni, Stanisław, secretary in Cabinet and envoy 165-66, 174 ballet 67, 175 Balta 111 Baltic Sea 7, 14, 120, 122, 159, 173, 269, 274, 336, 359 Bamberg 64 ‘Bambers’ 64 bankers, banking 156—57, 163, 345 Bar 108-9, see abo confederacies Bardach, Juliusz, historian 382 Bariantynskii, Fedor, marshal of the Russian court 3-4 baroque 74, 77, 148, 152, 154, 371, Plates 5-7, 17 Barss, Franciszek, ennobled burgher 289 Basel, Treaty of (1795) 365, 375 Basilians 57, 72, 109, 153, 189, 194, 220, 227, 249 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, writer 233 Bavaria 136, 198, 334-36, 342 Bayreuth 334 Beales, Derek 413 Belarus 11, 16, 17, 121, 189 Belarusian SSR 74, 371 Belgium see Austrian Netherlands Belgrade 238 Bellotto, Bernardo (Canaletto the Younger), painter 157-59, Plates 4, 18, 19 Benedict XIV, Pope 47, 60 Benedictines 145 Benoît, Gédéon, Prussian diplomat 99, 102-4 Berezwecz, Basilian monastery 73, Plate 7 Berezyna, River 192 Berlin 309, 314 court of see Prussia, Kingdom of Bernardines 62, 74, 148, 152-53 Bezborodko, Aleksandr, secretary to Catherine II 3-4, 187, 190, 308-10, 356, 425 Biala Cerkiew, starostwo 131, 188 Białowieża forest 134
Białystok 51 Biebrza, River 161 Bielak, Józef, brigadier 320 Biron, Ernst, Duke of Courland 36, 40-41, 82 Black Sea 7, 16, 27, 144, 159, 270, 336 Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, hot-air balloonist 219 Bledzew, abbey 145 Bobrujsk 192—93 Bogucicki, Józef, priest and professor 190—91 Bogusławski, Konstanty, Piarist and writer 179 Boh, River 270, 317 Bohemia, Kingdom of 11-12, 14, 191 Bohemian Brethren 72 Bohomolec, Franciszek, Jesuit 93 Bogusławski, Konstanty, Piarist and writer 179 Bogusławski, Wojciech, composer 345 Bolesław I ‘the Valiant’, King of Poland 373 Bolsheviks 385 Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, historian 118 Borch, Jan, Crown Vice-Chancellor 409 Boscamp, Karol, Polish diplomat 168, 308 Bourbons see France, Spain Bracław palatinate 227, 325 sejmik 166 Branicka, Aleksandra, née Engelhardt З, 131-32, 141, 188, 308,332, 408 Branicka, Izabella, née Poniatowska 51 Branicki, Franciszek Ksawery, Crown Grand Hetman 3, Plate 28 vs Confederacy of Bar 109, 111-12, 116, 120 opposition to Stanisław August (to 1788) 4, 130-33, 135, 141, 184-85, 187-88, 199, 201-203, 341,409 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 209, 211, 213, 225-27, 229-30, 241, 245, 290-91, 308 and Targowica (1792-93) 301, 305, 308-9, 311,325-26, 328, 332, 335,337 Branicki, Jan Klemens, Crown Grand Het man 51, 77-78, 82, 85-86, 109, 130, 131 Brasław, district and sejmik 327 Breslau (Wroclaw) 12, 64, 119 Brest, France 39 Brest, Union of (1596) 26, 229, see abo Catholic Church (Ruthenian Rite) 459
INDEX Brienne, Lomenie de, Archbishop of Toulouse 196 Brody 71 Brühl, Aloysius, General of the Crown Artillery 52, 90, 306 Brühl, Count Heinrich, Saxon first minister 43, 45,51-52, 90 Brussels 238 Brzes ć Litewski, 328-29 sejmik 184, 202 Brzostowski, Canon Pawel, rural reformer 149 Buchholtz, Ludwig von, Prussian diplomat 210, 214, 331-32, 342 Budzyniowa, cook 155 Bug, River 159, 161, 319, 320, 335, 361, 365 Bühler, Karl, Russian diplomat 323 Bukaty, Franciszek, Polish diplomat 168, 173, 216, 271 Bulgakov, Iakov, Russian diplomat 198, 301-3, 310, 312, 324, 374, 423 burghers 24, 28, 204 political aspirations 51, 162, 208, 231-34, 245, 254-56, 295, 343-44, 363 see abo Prussia, Royal Burke, Edmund 122, 268, 292-93, 339 Butrymowicz, Mateusz, landowner and envoy 160, 175,228, 233 Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), charlatan 151 Calonne, Viscount Charles-Alexandre de 196 Calvinism, Calvinists, Reformed Church 24-25, 55, 73-74, 162,215, 227, see abo Protestantism Canada 372 Canal, Giovanni Antonio (Canaletto the elder) 158 canals 159-60, Plate 15 cardinal laws 106, 240, 243, 252, 293, 304 Carmelites 108 Carpathian Mountains and foothills 65, 91, 105, 110, 119 cartography 94, 176, Plates 14-15 Casimir III the Great, King of Poland 12, 13, 177-78, 372 Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 19 Catherine I, Empress of Russia 31 Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia 1, 81, 126, 131-32, 140, 170, 198-200, 375 and Orthodoxy 2, 98, 109, 145, 189, 225-26,312, 335, 376,410 early policies towards the Commonwealth (1762-64) 79-85, 87-89 460 and the dissident question
(1764—68) 95-106, 116,124, 129 determination to keep the Commonwealth quiescent (1765-88) 3,106,128-29, 133, 136, 141, 184-85, 200-1, 409 and the first partition (1772) 115-16, 120-22 progress down the Dnieper (1787) 1-6, 183, 186-88, 190 underpressure (1788-91) 198-99, 213-14, 239-41, 269-74 retakes control of the Commonwealth (1791-92) 301-5, 307-13, 320-24, 333,420,423-25 and the second partition (1793) 333-37, 339-41, 344, 347 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-48, 360-61,365-67, 369,373-74 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint 89, 370 Catherine Jagiellon, Queen of Sweden 23 Catholic Church, Catholicism, Catholics 24, 72-78, 371-72, Map2 apostasy from 28, 106, 229, 233, 243, 262 Armenian rite 71 dominant and national religion 243, 255, 262, 276-77 and the Enlightenment 59-61, 94—95, 142, 147-54, 191 in the Habsburg Monarchy 142—45, 230 Latin rite (Roman Catholic) 12, 56 abbeys 47, 145, 230-31 episcopate 61, 145—48, 171,228-30, 277,293-94,295, 329, 331,338 parish network 2, 72, 147, 354 piety 58, 61-62, 108, 148, 150-54, 275-76, Plate 17 religious clergy 94—95,147-48, 152-53, 229-31,293 secular clergy 24, 47, 61, 66, 147—49, 153-54, 229-30, 235,293, 325-26 post-Tridentine 25, 61, 188 proposals for reform of 104-5, 229-31, 276, 299, 313, 330-31 in Prussia 119, 145 questions of jurisdiction 139, 147, 171, 229, 287-88, 293֊94, 299 in the Russian Empire 120, 145, 338 Ruthenian rite (Uniates, Greek Catholics) 2, 26, 56-57, 72-74, 97, 98, 109-10, 153, 188-89 calendar 149-50, 189 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 226-27, 229, 293 destruction 376, 410
INDEX Second Vatican Council (1962-65) 151 seminaries 60, 148, 229-30, 294 taxation of 63, 94, 144, 204, 222-24, 230, 313, 359 see abo Holy Apostolic See cemeteries 294 chancellors 23, 45, 266—67 Charles, Saxon prince, Duke of Courland 82 Charles I Stuart, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 23 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 35, 40 Charles XII, King of Sweden 30, 49, 89, 125, 199 Chełm Battle of (1794) 357 land 326, 356 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 Chełmno, Latin-rite bishopric 145 Chernyshevs 115 Chesme, battle of (1770) 122 Chicherin, Denis 117 Chlewiński, Antoni, lieutenant-general 359-60 Choisy, Claude-Gabriel de 116-17 Chreptowicz, Joachim, Lithuanian Vice-Chan cellor 232, 271, 287, 290, 301-3, 312,314 Christ, Jesus 63, 153, 180, 189, 298 Christianity 13, 117, see also Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Protestant Churches Churchill, Winston 270 Chwastów 187 Cicero 20, 275 Ciechanów, land and sejmik 133, 204, 326 Cieciszowski, Adam, head of the Cabinet 167 Cieciszowski, Kacper, Bishop of Kiev 146—47 Cieszkowski, Krzysztof, Castellan of Liw 278-79 Cistercians 145 Civil-Military Commissions of Good Order 235-36, 246, 265, 291, 293, 294, 344, 350-51 Clement XIII, Pope 61, 102, 103 Clement XIV, Pope (Lorenzo Ganganelli) 71, 108, 125 climate 68 Clure, Graham 408 CoHenzl, Ludwig von, Austrian diplomat 364 Coblenzl, Count Philipp von, Austrian State Chancellor 334-35 Coloman, Prince of Hungary 119 Commission of National Education 113, 126-27, 130, 142, 164, 191-95, 343, see also schools spoliation of 126-27, 135, 343 criticism of 193—94, 248-49, 379 projects for 233, 264,
294, 299 legacy 378 composite monarchies 8, 11, 18, 33 confederacies 3, 24, 29, 30, 42-43, 113, see abo sejm of 1573 (Warsaw) 24-25, 243, 262 of 1734-36 39 of 1764-66 86-87, 89-90, 103 of 1767-68 (Thorn, Siuck, Radom, Wilno) 96, 101, 103-7 of 1768-72 (Bar) 108-17, 123, 133, 134, 138, 146, 347 of 1792—93 (Targowica and Wilno) 301—3, 309-12, 321-343, 345, 347, 363 abolition (1791) 264, 283 centralization of power 425 putative 41, 43, 212, 225 confessionalization 188, 243 Constance, Council of (1415) 191 Constantine, Russian grand duke 140, 302, 320, 324 Constantinople, patriarchate of 56 Constitution of 3 May 1791 7, 260-61 acclamation 207, 256—60, 332, Plate 30 ‘catechism’ 268 DecUration ofthe Assembbd Estates 260—62, 267, 276 drafting 250, 297 form of government and division of powers 264-67, 284-88, 296 manuscripts and editions 419, 420 preamble 7, 261-62, 269 and religion 243, 262 succession to the throne 256-58, 266, 272-73, 302, 310, 320, 324 social order 263—64, 287—88, 296, 351 propagation 267-68, 274-76, 305 reception abroad 268, 271-74, 304-5, 311-12, 333, 422-23 protests and criticism 259, 304, 379 ‘referendum’ (1792) see sej miks aim to restore (1793-94) 346 see abo Polish Revolution; Mutual Assurance ofthe Two Nations Cook, Captain James 192 Copenhagen 39 Copernicus, Nicolaus 59, 178, 378 Corticelli, Szymon, Polish diplomat 168 Cossacks 2, 26-28, 109-11, 188, 226, 306, 317, 321-22, 325 Courland (and Semigallia), Duchy of 16, 36, 39-41, 72, 81-82, 146, 336, 356, 359 461
INDEX Cracow 12, 14, 22, 69, 90, 142, 161, 190-91, 231,339, 342, 365 Insurrection (1794) 345, 349-51, 356 Latin-rite bishopric 47, 141-44, 147, 228, 231, 242, 328, 338, 342-43, Map 2 St Mary’s Church 280 palatinate 165, 167, 256, 326, 350, 356, 365 sejmik 99, 280 University 77, 142, 144, 177, 190-91, 379 Wawel Cathedral and Castle 38, 89, 116-17, 137, 190, 351,370-72 Crimea 1, 5, 16, 27, 110, 186, 190 Crown estates 19, 23, 46, 49-50, 75 peasants on 65, 67, 204, 298 surveys of 87, 92-93 sale (1791-92) 291-93, 298, 313 Cujavia 117, 360, see ako Włocławek, Latin rite bishopric Czarnek, Mateusz, translator 167 Czartoryska, Izabela, née Flemming 82, 130, Plate 13 political and cultural role 132, 180-82, 185, 197, 201-2, 212, 219-20, 315 and the war of 1792 320, 321 Czartoryska, Zofia, née Sieniawska, primo roto Denhoffowa 46, 49 Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 181-82, 185, 197, 220, 273, 378 Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz 82-83, 164, 220, 273, 289-90, 314, Plate 12 Austrian subject 120, 132, 185, 200, 218 Commandant of Knights’ School 93 opposition to Stanisław August 130-32, 183-85, 197 Czartoryski, August, Palatine of Ruthenia 46, 49, 82-83,91, 103, 130, 409 Czartoryski, Józef, Polish diplomat and envoy 216 Czartoryski, Michał, Lithuanian Chancellor 49,51,91,99, 103, 115, 121, 130, 409 Czartoryskis 41, 51, 79, 86, 90-92, 95, 97-100, 104, 111-12, 115, 134, 179, see ако Familia Czernihów 11 palatinate and sejmik in exile 194, 326 Czersk, land and sejmik 326 Częstochowa, Pauline monastery 71, 342 Czetwertyński, Antoni, Castellan of Przemyśl 357,424 Dąbrowica 192 Dąbrowski, cook 155
Dąbrowski, Jan Henryk, lieutenant-general 360, 377 Daniiczyk, Adam, historian 323 Danzig 38-39, 69, 74-77, 168, 406, Plate 3 Prussian designs on and annexation 117-18, 199, 239, 270, 338 Deboli, Augustyn, Polish diplomat 141, 168, 213,216, 252, 260, 271,313 demography 31, 67-70, 93, 121, 159, 235, 293,411 Denisov, Fedor, Russian major-general 350, 362 Denmark, Kingdom of 85, 97, 99, 102, 199, 254 Derfelden, Wilhelm von, Russian general 317, 357, 358 Derevianka, Omelek, peasant 5 Descorches, Marie-Louis, French revolutionary diplomat 275, 292, 329 ‘despotism’ 136, 143, 196, 223-24, 254, 257-58, 331 diet see sejm dietines see sej miks dissident question 95-106, 133, 255, see ako Orthodox Church; Protestant Churches Divine Providence 58, 94, 115,133, 209-10, 217, 246, 248, 255, 258, 274-79, 282, 327, 354 Dixon, Simon, historian 409 Dłuski, Tomasz, envoy 254 Dmochowski, Franciszek Ksawery, Piarist and writer 356, 423 Dmowski, Roman, modern nationalist 380-81 Dnieper, River 1—6, 26—27, 28, 67, 81, 115, 120, 137-38, 160,186-87, 335, Plates 1-2 Dniester, River 70, 270, 317, 348 Dogrumowa affair 183-85 Dominicans 25, 74, 152,153,185, 192, 220 Dresden 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 55, 79, 158, 372 court of see Saxony exiles in 321, 324, 345—46 Drottningholm, Treaty of (1791) 274 Drue, River 137 Druja 336 Dubienka, Battle of (1792) 319, 346 Dubno 318 Dünamünde 30 Dūrini, Angelo, papal nuncio 108,408 Durno, James, British consul in Memel 173 Dutch Republic40, 64, 66, 71, 78, 101, 111 events of 1787-88 197-98, 200, 201 loans 156, 224, 313, 348 462
INDEX Dvina, River 66-67, 81, 115, 120, 137, 336 Dyneburg 319 Dziekoński, Antoni, Lithuanian Court Treasurer 301-3 Egypt 320 Elbe, River 81 Elbing 76, 118 elite convergence 157, 163, 345 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 40-41, 54, 81-82, 129, 132, 138, 140 Elster, River 322 emigration 86, 123, 134, 321, 324, 329, 345-46, 377, 379 Engelhardt, Vasilii 409, 410 England 20, 195, see ako Great Britain example and warning to Poles 53, 78, 93, 101, 135, 176, 178, 202, 243, 252, 253, 261, 293 English language 176-77, 189 Enlightenment, the 77-78, 93-94, 113, 231, 264, 275, 330, 377, 384 and Catholicism 59-61, 97, 142, 147-54, 191-95, 222, 298 enlightened’ (oświecony) and ‘enlighten ment’ (oświecenie) in Polish discourse 6, 93, 94, 192, 193, 200, 203, 231, 235, 247, 258, 278-79, 282, 298, 332 Eperjes (Prešov) 114 Essen, Franz August, Saxon diplomat 157, 210, 409 Estonia 11, 13 European Union 379, 384 Familia, 41^3, 49, 51-52, 79 takes and uses power (1763-66) 82-83, 85-87, 90-92, 95, 103 fashion 77-78, 93, 179-80, 251 Febronius’ (Johann von Hontheim, Suffragan Bishop of Trier) 61 Fersen, Ivan, Russian lieutenant-general 358, 360, 361 festivities 174-75, 255-56, 259, 268, 275-76, 341, 374 Fevre, Le, royal dentist 338 Fleury, Cardinal André-Hercule 40 Forster, Johann Georg, fastidious botanist 191-92 Frąckiewicz, Michał, violent priest 73, 162, 411 France, Kingdom of 11, 29, 41, 84, 126, 140, 198, 316, see ako fashion; French Revolution and the Commonwealth 31-32, 35-42, 79-82, 96, 111-12, 116-17, 121-22, 167-68 Francis I Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Em
peror 8, 40 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 310, 333, 335, 356, 364 Franciscans 62, 148, 152, 153, 294 Frank, Jakub 70-71 Frankism 70-71 Frederick II the Great, King in/of Prussia efforts to weaken the Commonwealth 96, 106 alliances and wars 54, 81-82, 85, 136, 140, 198 designs on the Commonwealth’s territory 55, 76, 141 and the first partition (1772) 116-19, 122, 136-37 and the Jesuits 126 misanthropic sarcasm 119, 198, 214 secretiveness 168 Frederick Augustus III, Elector of Saxony 82, 246-48, 266, 272-73, 284 Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony 82 Frederick Jagiellon, Prince and Cardinal 144 Frederick William I, King in Prussia 32, 36, 39 Frederick William II, King of Prussia and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 198-200, 210, 213-14, 228, 239-40, 270, 273,314 and the second partition (1793) 310, 315, 333, 338, 342 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 358, 360, 365, 369, 375 Frederick William III, King of Prussia 372 freedom see liberty Freemasonry 130, 151, 290 French language 176, 201, 406 French Revolution 207 origins 195-98 Constitution (1791) 261, 273 diplomacy 217, 276 Polish reactions to 252, 254-55, 274, 290, 292-93, 311, 329, 331, 338, Plate 27, see ako ‘Jacobins’ and the Insurrection (1794) 346-47, 354, 364 revolutionary wars 271, 273-74, 322, 333-35, 339, 345, 346-47, 357, 365, 374-75 Friedrich, Karin, historian 76, 118 463
INDEX Frost, Robert, historian 13 Fuks, violent tailor 233 Galatz, preliminary peace terms (1791) 270 Galicia and Lodomeria, Kingdom of 119-20, 136, 142-44, 303, 306-7, 337, 351 frontiers 138, 185, 319, 336, 349, 365 prospect of Poles regaining 199, 238-40 after 1795 373-77, 379 Galileo Galilei 59 Ganganelli, Cardinal Lorenzo see Clement XIV Gaon of Vilne (Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman) 70,74 Garczyński, Stefan, Palatine of Poznań 64-65 Garnysz, Maciej, Bishop of Chełm and Crown Vice-Chancellor 143, 146 Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 13, 83 general levy 19, 336 geopolitics 385 Europe’s centre of gravity shifts east 80 Prussian vulnerability 55, 85, 140 Russian expansion 7, 32, 41-42, 81-82, 85,140,273-74, 305, 333-35, 375, 382-83 Russian hegemony challenged 198-200, 213, 240-41, 269-71, 312 Saxon decline 55 German language 16, 24, 72, 74—77, 118, 163,189, 359, 375, 406 Germany 158, 372, see aho Holy Roman Empire George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland 198, 339 Ghigiotti, Gaetano, Prelate 166 Gibraltar 175 Giedroyć, Stefan, Bishop of Samogitia 145-47, 153 Gilibert, Jean-Emanuel, botanist 191 Glaubitz, Johann Christoph, architect 74, Plates 5-6 Glayre, Maurice, royal agent 166 Glemp, Cardinal Józef, Primate 372 Głowacki, Wojciech Bartosz, peasant and ensign 351, 357 Gniezno 12, 360 Godebski, Cyprian, poet 373 Godechot, Jacques, historian 384 Goltz, August Friedrich von, Prussian diplomat 250 Górecka, Anna, plucky noblewoman 374 Goślicki, Wawrzyniec (Goslicius), writer and bishop 20-21 464 Latin-rite archbishopric 12, 47, 146-47, 331, 338, see aho primacy of Poland
Grabowski, Paweł, envoy 215, 227 Great Britain, United Kingdom of 40, 85, 111, 122, 288-89, 342, see also England Baltic trade 173, 269-70 and the dissident question 97, 99, 102 potential alliances with the Commonwealth 31,241,269-71 Triple Alliance with Prussia and the Dutch Republic 198-200, 241, 269-71 wars with France 80-81, 339, 365 Great Northern War (1700-21) 30-32, 51, 55, 68, 77 Greater Poland, province 12, 14, 330, 382 economic development 64-65, 163 Insurrection (1794) 360 Jesuits in 249 provincial session 210 Prussian designs on and annexation of 55, 88, 117, 199, 206,214, 239, 331-37 sejmiks 44, 63, 66, 99,134, 235, 247, 280, 326 and Stanisław Leszczyński 30, 37 taxation of 51 Grimm, Baron Friedrich Melchior 5, 271, 360 Grodno 45, 134, 173, 175, 191, 215, 283, 319-20,366 seat of the Confederacies of Wilno and Targowica 329, 336-37 site of sejms 144, 339, 341-42 Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, Anna, historian 332, 405 Gustav III, King of Sweden 125, 198-99, 232, 240, 260, 274, 313 Habsburg Monarchy, Habsburgs (Austria) 5, 8-9, 15, 31, 35-36, 126, 315-16 and Polish politics (to 1766) 22-23, 29, 35-40, 41, 54-55, 80-82, 96, 103 and the first partition (1772) 116-17, 119-24,145, 153 and the Commonwealth (1775-88) 129, 132, 136-37, 141-42 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 218, 239, 271, 273-74, 308, 314 and the second partition (1793) 310, 333-36, 342, and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-48, 356-58, 360, 364-66
INDEX struggles with Prussia 41, 54-55, 80-82, 136 war against the Ottoman Empire (1788-91) 198-200, 203, 238-40 migrants from 255-56, 264 see abo Galicia Hadiach, Union of (1658) 28 Hailes, Daniel, British diplomat 270, 314 Halle 77 Halych 12, 119 Hamburg 168, 309 Hannibal 182 Hanover 31, 198 Hasidism 70 Henri III Valois, King of Poland and France 11,22 Henri IV Bourbon, King of France and Nav arre 370 Henry, Prussian prince 116 Hertzberg, Ewald von, Prussian minister 199 hetmans 23, 51, 168-69, 178, 216, 235, 309, 324,415 powers of 31, 45, 131, 211, 215, 287, 308, 311,328-30 Hevelius, Joannes, astronomer 178 historiography 384 anti-magnate 246 ‘Atlantic Revolution’ 384 on the capitulation (1792) 303, 322—33 Catholic 151, 379 on the Constitution of 3 May 250, 283 on the death of Michał Poniatowski 359 diplomatic 32, 96, 120, 380, 383-84 grand narrative of saving the nation 194 on ‘last chances’ under Augustus II 30-31 Marxist 66, 379 nationalist 16, 40, 381-83 official imperial and its critics 96, 116, 118 ‘pessimism’ vs ‘optimism’ 194, 379 ‘republican turn’ 283, 379-80, 332 Royal Prussian 77 on the weakness of the royalist party 178-79 Hohenzollern, Karl von, Bishop of Chełmno 228 Hohenzollerns see Prussia, Kingdom of; and vari ous Fredericks and Frederick Williams Höhne, Anton, architect 163 Holy Apostolic See (Rome) 24, 26, 94—95, 144, 152, 168 Concordat (1737) 47, 230 and the dissident question 102, 104-5 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92), 227-31, 276, 292 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 330-31 Holy Roman Empire (Reich, Germany) 9, 18, 45,60-61, 101,367
migrants from 64, 161 politics 36, 40-41, 198, 333-34 Horace 94 Horodec 159-60 Horyń, River 192 Hosius, Cardinal Stanisław 178 hospitals 158, 162, 171, 188, 235, 293-94 Hoym, Karl Georg von, Prussian minister 374 Hubertusburg, palace and treaty of (1763) 54 Hulewicz, Benedykt, envoy and client of Feliks Potocki 283 Hulewicz, Leon, confederate of Targowica 424 Humań 109 Hungary, Kingdom of 11-12, 13, 14, 45, 91, 112, 116, 119, 238 Hus, Jan 191 Iekaterinoslav 187 Igelström, Otto, Russian general and diplomat 336, 347-52 illuminations 377—78 immigration 64, 70, 77, 93, 157, 161-62, 255-56, 263-64 Insurrection (1794) 362-64 campaigns 350-51, 353-54, 358-62 discourse 353—54, 363-64 executions 354-55, 357-58, 363-64 government 352, 354-57, 361 origins and outbreak 345-50 peasant involvement 149, 350-52, 354, 359, 361 radicals vs moderates 346, 352, 354-58, 361-62 see abo Kościuszko; Warsaw; Wilno insurrectionary dictatorships 346, 349, 364, 381 intelligentsia, origins of 161 interregna 24, 27, 29, 34, 266, 302 of 1733 32, 34-39 of 1763-64 79-88, 94-95 proclaimed by Confederacy of Bar, 114-15 Islam see Muslims, Mahomet Istanbul 111, 168, 308 Italy 39-40, 366-67, 369, 377 Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Muscovy 14, 18 Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia 40 Izmail 362 ‘Jacobinism’, ‘Jacobins’ 290, 331-32, 335-36, 338, 345, 352, 356, 358, 375 Jadwiga, Queen Regnant of Poland and Saint 13 Jagiellonian dynasty 12-14, 23, 24, 88 465
INDEX James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince 409 Jandołowicz, Marek, charismatic Carmelite prior 108-9 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, general 371 Jasiński, Jakub, lieutenant-general and poet 346, 353, 359-00, 362 Jasioída, River 160 Jassy 308—9, 424 Treaty of (1792) 270 Jefferson, Thomas 197, 317 Jeleńskis 50 Jelski, Florian, preacher Jemappes, Battle of (1792) 334, 360 Jesuits (Society of Jesus) 25, 57, 60-62, 74-75, 93-94,154,194-95 suppression (1773) 94, 108, 125-27 ex-Jesuits 127, 178, 192-93 campaign to restore, 248-49, 276, 290 Jews 23, 69-74, 120, 159, 275, 362 blood libel 71, 150, 164 conversions to Catholicism 71-72, 191 and the Insurrection (1794) 361-62 between lords and peasants 65, 225-26 and the monarch 19, 164 neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum 295 question of reform 222, 233-34, 295, 313 restrictions on settlement 69, 73, 74, 119, 162, 233-34 in the Russian Empire 120, 376 self-government 70, 162, 234, 295 violence against 2, 28, 71, 73, 109, 150, 164, 233 Jezierski, Franciszek Salezy, priest and writer 193-94, 209 Jezierski, Jacek, Castellan of Łuków and entre preneur 232-33 Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland 13, 18, 177 John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 27, 29, 259, 302 John III Sobieski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 28, 29, 38, 73, 177,318 John V, King of Portugal 35 Joselewicz, Berek, colonel 361-62 Joseph, Saint 154, Plate 17 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 191, 238-39, 334 alliance with Catherine II 5, 136, 138, 140-41, 190, 198-200 and the Catholic Church 141—44, 230 and the first partition (1772)
116, 119, 122 and Galicia 119-20, 141-43 meeting with Stanisław August (1787) 190 Judycki, Józef, lieutenant-general 315, 320 Julius, Karl, Austrian agent 136, 141, 142 Julius Caesar 176-77 Jundziłł, Stanisław, priest and botanist 192 Jurgaitis, Robertas, historian 421 Kadłubek, Blessed Vincent, Bishop of Cracow 383 Kakhovskii, Mikhail, Russian general 317—19, 321,329, 336 Kalinka, Walerian, historian 414 Kaliński, Wilhelm, preacher 149 Kalisz Church of St Joseph 153-54, Plate 17 palatinate 50 Kaluga 105, 130 Kamchatka 363 Kamieniec Podolski 152, 170, 315, 319, 335, 337-38 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 sejmik see Podolia Kamiński, Andrzej Sulima, historian 426 Kamsetzer, Johann Christian, architect 157, 163 Kaniów 1-6, 187, Plates 1, 2 Kant, Immanuel 94 Karaites 23, 162 Kargowa 336 Karlsbad 369 Karpiński, Franciszek, poet 150-51, 179, 374 Karpowicz, Michał, preacher 149, 281—82, 353 Kashubians 74, 119 Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Wenzel Anton von, Austrian Chancellor 81, 119, 239, 273,310,314, 333-34 Kausch, Johann, doctor 154 Kazimierz, town 137 Kettler dynasty, Dukes of Courland 16, 36, 40 Keyserlingk, Hermann von, Russian diplomat 83, 86-87, 407 Kherson 138, 159,168 Khmelnytskyi, Bohdan, Cossack Hetman 27-28 Kiciński, Pius, head of the Cabinet and envoy 167,186-88, 289, 293 orator 219, 244-45, 252, 253, 258, 292 Kielce 143 Kiev 2-3,11, 12, 187-89 466
INDEX frontier 28, 108, 137, 317 Latin-rite bishopric 71, 187, 338 palatinate 16, 227 Ruthenian-rite metropolitanate 57, 229 sejmik 134, 184, 248 Kiliński, Jan, master-cobbler and colonel 352, 356, 358 Klossowski, Stanisław, priest 154 Kniaźnin, Franciszek, poet 179, 181 Knorring, Bogdan, Russian general 359 Kobyłecki, Michał, confederate of Targowica 424 koliivshchyna, 110, 138, 225 Kołłątaj, Hugo, priest, writer and Crown ViceChancellor and education 142, 191, 193, 294 vision of the Commonwealth 208, 221-22, 231-32, 234, 254, 263, 287, 291-92, 297-99 and Stanislaw August 220-21, 238, 247, 250, 254, 265, 276, 290, 293, 301-3, 309, 314 emigration (1792—94) 321, 323—24, 329, 345-46,423 and the Insurrection (1794) 348, 351, 355-57, 361,362 Koło 152 Komarzewski, Jan, general-adjutant 168-69, 183-84, 185-86, 216 Konarski, Stanislaw, Piarist pedagogue and writer 48, 59-60, 78-79, 94, 114, 125, 408 vs liberum veto 53-54, 59, 124 Koniecpolski, Stanisław, Crown Grand Hetman 27 Königsberg 39 Konisskii, Georgii, Orthodox Bishop of Mohylew 98, 105 Konopczyński, Władysław, historian 31 Korsak, Tadeusz, envoy 260 Korsun 190 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, major-general 316—19, 322, 371, 375 Chief of the Insurrection 346-53, 355-58, 360-63, 380-81, see abo Insurrection Kossakowska, Katarzyna, née Potocka 130, 152 Kossakowski, Józef, Bishop of Livonia, 146, 148, 228, 230, 247, 260 and the Confederacy of Wilno (1792—93) 305, 310, 327-28, 330, 337 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 340-43, 347 execution (1794) 355, 364 Kossakowski, Szymon, self-proclaimed Lithua nian Grand Hetman confederate raider 112
major-general in Russian service 305, 310-11, 319-20, 327-29, 335, 337 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 340-41, 343-44, 347 capture and execution (1794) 353-55, 364 Kowalczuk, Feodorek (Teodoro Ferrari), conductor 306 Kowno 73, 162 sejmik 50, 205 Kozienice 319 Krasicki, Ignacy, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and writer 93, 148, 152, 179, 228 Krasiński, Adam, Bishop of Kamieniec 108, 130, 146-47, 152, 226, 236, 243, 272-73, 338 Krechetnikov, Mikhail, Russian general 319-20, 335, 337 Krėva, Union of (1385) 13 Kroże 192-93 Kublicki, Stanisław, envoy 218, 228, 259 Kutuzov, Mikhail, Russian general 317 Ląd, abbey 145 Lamotte, Mesmerist 195 Lasocki, Adam, Castellan of Sochaczew 247 Latgola (Latgalia) 16 Latin language 75, 78-79, 148, 164, 189-90, 194, 294 Latvia 11, 13, 16, 121 Latvian language 359 Latyczów 153 lawyers 164—65 Lazarists see Priests of the Mission Łęczyca, 193-94 sejmik 280 legal codification 139M0, 147, 276, 299 Leiden, University of 133 Leipzig, Battle of (1813) 322 Lemkos 110 Lengnich, Gottfried, syndic and writer 77, 103, 406 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 239—40, 271, 273, 310 Lesse, Wincenty, composer 181 Lesser Poland, province 12, 65, 165, 201, 249, 280, 365, 382 provincial session 210-11 Levanidov, Andrei, Russian general 317 Libau 359 liberalism 20, 211, 222, 255, 363-64 liberty 362-64 467
INDEX English 53, 78, 135, 176, 243, 293, 307 increase of free persons 113, 254 individual 84, 133, 179 the law and 29, 43-44, 53, 101, 136, 203, 244, 258, 272 medieval 18-19 neo-Roman 19-20, 176-77, 224, see aho republicanism orderly liberty’ 163, 208, 211, 258, 280-83, 288, 294, 332-33, 362, 385 for peasants 113-14, 139-40, 222, 231, 350-52, 362-63 religious 23-25, 262, 277, 363, see aho religious toleration of speech and the press 285, 293, 329 struggle inter maiestatem ac libertatém 20-21, 52, 249, 257, 330 urban 76, 254-56, 295 see ako Montesquieu; Rousseau liberum veto 21-22, 28-29, 32, 39, 42-44, 52, 75, 205 abolition of (1791, 1793) 264, 283, 343 criticism of 53, 60, 78, 112 defence of 113 restriction of 86-87, 106 reinforcement of 103 failure of 124 intention to restore 311 Libusza, starostwo 65 Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph de 3, 5—6, 187, 403 Lind, John, pedagogue and pamphleteer 93, 121 Linowski, Aleksander, envoy 254, 258, 260, 282, 289, 349, 423 Lipski, Cardinal Jan, Bishop of Cracow 47 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of 11-18 architecture 74, 152 civil war in 29, 49—50 communications in 159-60, 172-73, 354 confessional situation 16, 24-25, 72, 227 courts 287-88, see ako Tribunals demography 68, 159, 162 education 25, 126, 178, 191-93, 235, 248-49 elective offices 46, 205 insurgency(1768-72) 111 Insurrection (1794) 352-55, 361 Jews 70-74, 162 Lithuania propria 354 magnates 23, 24, 49-50, 121, 134-35, 180, 212,381-82 Muscovite/Russian invasions 14, 26, 28, 34, 36-37, 86, 319-20 nation’ 207, 215, 261, 285-86, 353-54, 380-83 peasants 65, 67, 160 petty nobles 160-61
political specificity 37, 41, 115 ‘Polonization’ 382 provincial session 210, 211, 235, 419 relationship with the Polish Crown 22, 134, 139, 211, 215, 249, 261, 285-86, 327-28, 337, 343, 354, 380-83 resilience 30, 44, 379 royal domain lands 134, 166 royalism 124, 134-35, 166, 184, 202, 281 Russian rule over annexed territories 373-76 sej miks 184, 202-4, 247-48, 280-82, 340-41 sejms, 21,144, 339, 341-42 Statutes (1529, 1566, 1588) 17, 72, 139, 170, 299 towns 162, 231, 234, 254, 295 Lithuania, Republic of 11, 16, 121, 380-84 Lithuanian language 354, 381-82 Litta, Lorenzo, papal nuncio 360, 370 Livonia 11, 13, 14, 16,18, 74, 270 Latin-rite bishopric 146 sejmik 202, 204, 205, 247, 280-81 Livy 20 Liw, land and sejmik 278-79, 326 Locke, John 59, 93, 275 Łojek, Jerzy, historian 423 Łojów 137 London 179, 271, 338, see ako Great Britain Łopaciński, Jan, Bishop of Samogitia 153 Lord, Robert Howard, historian 129, 240, 333, 335, 364, 383-84 Lorraine and Bar, Duchy of 8, 40 Louis, Dauphin of France 42 Louis, King of Hungary and Poland 13, 18, 119 Louis XV, King of France 35, 37, 112 Louis XVI, King of France 196, 198, 273, 338 Louise-Marie Gonzaga, Queen of Poland 29 love affairs 130-32, 184 Löwenholde, Karl Gustav, Russian diplomat 35-36 loyalism 145, 373, 377 Lubar317-18 Łubieński, Władysław, Primate 86-88, 95, 97, 103, 104 Lublin 181 palatinate 326, 356 sejmik 201-2, 203, 247, 280 468
INDEX Union of (1569) 14-16, 21, 22, 24, 26, 177, 286 Lubomirska, Izabella, née Czartoryska 91-92, 130, 183-84, 195-97, Plate 11 Lubomirski, Jerzy Sebastian, Crown Grand Marshal 178 Lubomirski, Michał, lieutenant-general 138, 315,318-19 Lubomirski, Stanisław, Crown Grand Marshal 91-92, 130, 135, 143, 409 Lubomirski, Stanisław, Palatine of Kiev 200 Lucchesini, Girolamo, Prussian diplomat 214, 228, 243, 314 Luck Latin-rite bishopric 146, 228, 338 sejmik see Volhynia Ludwig, Prince of Württemberg 200, 315 Łukowski, Jerzy, historian 53, 363 Lusatia 12, 64 Lutheran Church, Lutheranism, Lutherans 14, 16, 22, 28, 55, 104 of Kowno 73, 162 of Poznań 163 of Royal Prussia 24, 55, 74-76, 103, 105, 118-19 ofWarsaw 146, 161 of Wilno 73-74 see abo Protestantism Lwów (L viv) 12, 69, 71,119, 379 Armenian-rite archbishopric 72 Latin-rite archbishopric 145 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 112 Machiavelli, Niccolò 53 Maciejko, Paweł, historian 70 Maciejowice, Battle of (1794) 361, 380 Madaliński, Antoni, brigadier 349, 360 Madariaga, Isabel de, historian 97-98, 403, 409 magnates 8, 21, 27, 45-50, 70, 159, 162, 178, 306 criticism of 197, 208, 219, 243-46, 249, 258, 281,381-82 cultural and intellectual patrons 77—78, 130, 132, 157, 179-82 opposition to Stanisław August (1775-88) 128-36, 143-44, 181-88, 197, 199-205, 307-8 weakening position of 92, 160, 165, 249-50, 278, 280, 376 Mahomet 252 Mainz, cathedral chapter 214 Małachowski, Jacek, Crown Chancellor 209, 217, 232, 290, 301-3, 321, 341 Małachowski, Stanislaw, marshal of the sejm 1788-92 209, 210, 213, 219, 223, 243, 252, 255 and the Constitution of
3 May 1791 250, 256-61 and the war of 1792 301-3, 313, 321, 323 house of 213, 220, 242 and Kołłątaj 221, 271, 290 Małopolska see Lesser Poland Manuel de Bragança, Don, prospective candi date for the Polish throne 35 Maria, Princess of Württemberg, née Czarto ryska 320 Maria Amalia, Electress of Bavaria, Empress 35 Maria Augusta Wettin, Infantka of Poland 266, 272-73, 274 Maria Fedorovna (Sophie Dorothea), Empress of Russia 141 Maria Josepha, Saxon princess and Dauphine of France 42 Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony 35 Maria Leszczyńska, Queen of France 35 Maria Theresa, Queen Regnant of Hungary and Bohemia, Empress 35, 40, 54, 82, 132, 138, 140 and the first partition (1773) 116, 119 Mariavites 71—72 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 273 Marienwerder 96, 119 Marsh, Paul, philologist 409 marshals 23, 45, court 155-56, 184 Mary, Blessed Virgin 58, 108, 153 Massalski, Ignacy, Bishop of Wilno 87, 91, 102, 135, 193, 222 ecclesiastical reformer 147, 149, 152 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 328, 330-31,343 execution (1794) 357 Massalski, Michał, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 87, 91 Maximilian, Austrian archduke 132 Mazovia 11, 12, 16, 51, 88, 150, 156, 365 petty szlachta of 22, 50, 67, 161, 280 sejmiks 134, 202, 204, 249, 280, 326, 340-41 Mazzei, Filippo, democrat and agent 293 Medici dynasty 40 Mediterranean Sea 122, 199 Meissen porcelain 90 469
INDEX Mellin, Boris, Russian general 320 Memel 173 Mennonites 66, 72, 74 Merecz 192 Merlini, Domenico, architect 157 Mesmer, Franz Anton 195 messianism 180 Michael Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 29 Michalski, Jerzy, historian 112, 380 Mickiewicz, Adam, Bard 31, 44, 152-53,175, 179-80, 201, 299-300, 371, 379, 380 Międzyrzecz Ostrogski 153 Military Commission (1788-92) 211, 215-16, 225, 235, 260, 265, 286-87, 316, 328 Military Commissions, Crown and Lithuanian 87, 106, 131, 135, 343, 348-49 militias of local nobles 44, 66, 197, 203, 258 peasant 149 private 46, 57, 85, 109, 306, 313, 317 Warsaw (1794) 357-58, 361 ministers 23, 45, 265-66, 285, 290-91 Minsk 96, 275, 320 palatinate 137 sejmik 164—65, 327 Mir, Battle of (1792) 320 Mlodziejowski, Andrzej, Bishop of Poznań and Crown Chancellor 146, 150 Mniszech, Jerzy August, Crown Court Mar shal 51-52, 306 Mniszech, Michal Jerzy, Crown Grand Marshal, 143, 187, 233, 296, 301-3, 341, 403 Mniszech, Maria Amalia, née Brühl 306 Mniszech, Urszula, née Zamoyska 4, 143, 187, 370, 403 Mohylew 140 Orthodox bishopric 55-56, 188 Mohyłów 317 Mokronowski, Stanisław, general 352 Moldavia, Principality of 18, 110, 138, 140, 238, 308 monarchia mixta 20-21 monarchy, parliamentary and limited 83, 208, 242, 264-66, 385, 296-97, 385 Mongols see Tatars Monitor, essay periodical 93 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de Sec ondat et de 84, 133, 167, 211, 258, 264-65, 275 Monti, Antoine-Félix de, French diplomat 36-38 Morkov, Arkady, Russian diplomat 425 Morkov, Iraklii, Russian general 318 Moscow 14, 369 Orthodox patriarchate
26, 56 Moszczeński, Adam, envoy and client of Feliks Potocki 250, 325, 332-33, 424 Moszyński, Fryderyk, Crown Court Marshal 339, 341, 343-44, 347, 357 Motrenin, Orthodox monastery 57, 109 Mottlau, river 118 Mozyrz 162 district 88 sejmik 50, 204 Muchawiec, River 159 Muratori, Lodovico, priest 149 Muscovy (to 1721) 2, 7, 16,17-18, 103 invasions by 14, 26, 28, 34 in later Polish discourse 17, 37, 199—200, 203, 212, 220, 225-26, 247, 252, 257, 280 music 38, 173, 175-76,181 Muslims 23, see ako Tatars MutualAssurance ofthe Two Nations (1791) 286, 382-83 Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French 180, 320, 377, 379 Narew, River 161, 356, 364 Naruszewicz, Adam, poet, historian and bishop 4, 160,177-78,187-88, 228, 230, 282, 289, 403 Narutovičius, Stanislovas, Lithuanian states man 381 Narutowicz, Gabriel, President of Poland 381 Nassau-Siegen, Prince Charles of 3, 187, 403 nation, idea of the 207—8, 236, 244, 261, 268, 296, 299-300, 350-51, 373, 377, 380-83 natural law 77, 179, 285 Nax, Jan, writer 221-22 Necker, Jacques, banker and French finance minister 196 neminem captivabimus nisi ¡úre victum 18-19, 106, 232, 295,343, 349 neoclassicism 152, 161, 163, 176-78, 378 Neri, Maria Teresa (‘Dogrumowa’) 183—85 Nerubaj woods 138-39 Netherlands see Dutch Republic Neva, River 370, 375, see ако St Petersburg Newel 121 newspapers 122, 248, 275, 281, 290 Newton, Isaac 59 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia 372 470
INDEX Niemcewicz, Julian, politician and dramatist 195-96, 202, 214, 218, 251, 290 Niemen, River 160, 161, 172, 173, 320, 356, 364-65 Niemirowicz-Szczytt, Józef, Castellan of Brześć Litewski 192 Nieśwież 77, 175 nobility see szlachta Nootka Sound 269 Norbiin, Jean-Pierre, artist Plates 25, 30, 31 Nowak, Andrzej, historian 383 Nowogródek, district and sejmik 149—50, 246, 328, 341, 414 oaths of loyalty 2, 37, 182, 189-90, 210, 226, 259-60,278-81, 309, 325-26, 330, 337, 349, 373-74 Ochakov 213, 215, 238, 269-71, 339 Ochocki, Jan Duklan, memoirist 165 Oder, River 81 Ogiński, Michal Kazimierz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 134, 160, 173, 212 Ogiński, Michał Kleofas, treasury commis sioner and composer 173 Ogrodzki, Jacek, head of the Cabinet 91, 166-67 Ogrumov, Russian major 183 Okęcki, Antoni, Bishop of Poznań and Crown Chancellor 143, 146, 208, 294, 326 Old Sarum 202 Olechowski, Józef Archdeacon and Suffragan Bishop of Cracow 142 Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew 178 Olex-Szczytowski, Maciej 407 Oliva, Peace of (1660) 28, 103 Olkusz 164 Ollenders’ 64 opera 175, 181-82, 306, 345 Orawa 137 Orders of the White Eagle and St Stanislaw 48, 133-34, 168,174,188, 257, 370 Orleans, Philippe, Duke of 196—97 Orłowski, Jan, envoy 258 Orlyk, Pylyp, Cossack Hetman 260 Orsza, sejmik in exile 204, 327, 414 Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy, Orthodox 13, 24, 26, 28, 56-57, 72, 74, 116, 120, 145 rights of and restrictions on 16, 39, 56, 73, 95-106, 124-25 links with (putative) peasant revolts 109, 188-90, 225-27, 312 ‘Russification 2,189, 227, 234, 239 reform (1791-92) 276-77, 313 Ossoliński, Jerzy, Crown
Chancellor 216 Ossowski, Michał, priest and reformer 289, 292, 298 Ostermann, Ivan, Russian Vice-Chancellor 168, 302, 425 Ostróg 318 Ostrołęka 349 Ostrowski, Antoni, Primate 146 Ostrowski, Tomasz, Crown Court Treasurer 290, 292, 301-3,321,323 Ottoman Empire (Sublime Porte) 18, 22, 27, 28, 72, 85, 177,210, 241,407 and France 35, 40, 41 Polish missions to 96, 168 Russian designs on 1, 140, 186, 188, 348, 356, 361, 364 wars against Russia (1710-11) 30; (1735֊ 39) 41; (1768-74) 111, 112, 116, 138; (1787-91) 198, 200, 202-4, 213-14, 226, 238-39, 269-71, 312 Ożarowski, Piotr, Crown Grand Hetman 344, 345, 355 pacta convenía 22, 43, 88—89, 97, 166, 242, 244, 256-58, 284, 302 painting 157-58 Palmer, Robert Roswell, historian 384 Panin, Nikita 85, 100, 106, 111, 122, 141 papacy see Holy Apostolic See Paris 195-97, 290, 311, 316, 346, 363, 377 peace conference (1919) 383 parliaments 18, see ако sejm partitions of the Commonwealth 7-10 first partition (1772) 3, 112, 115-24, 136-37, 189, Map 3 second partition (1793) 304, 308, 309—10, 322, 324, 331-32, Map 7 third partition (1795) 6, 348, 356-58, 360, 364-68, Map 8 patriotism, ‘patriots’ 7, 50, 52, 78, 131-32, 177-82, 217-18, 223, 262, 294, 368, 377-80 ‘true vs ‘false 212, 215-16, 228, 238, 241, 251,312, 324, 332, 345-46 Paul I, Emperor of Russia 132, 141, 369-70, 375 Pawlikowski, Józef, writer 222, 346, 377 peasants condition and subjection 64—69, 134, 149, 160, 166, 170, 306, 359 customs and religion 25, 61-62, 149-50, 381 flight from and to the Russian Empire 57-58, 110, 120, 138, 263 471
INDEX legal protection of 106, 177-78, 208, 236, 263-64, 287 question of emancipation 113-14, 139-40, 149, 190, 231, 249, 263-64, 280, 299-300, 347, 350-52, 377 revolts, real and imagined 2, 27, 65-66, 109-10, 138, 224-27 under Austrian, Prussian and Russian ride 119-20,149, 374-75 Pereiaslav, Orthodox bishopric of 57 Permanent Council (1775-89) 125, 133, 135, 142-44, 163, 166-72, 291 criticism and abolition of 131-32, 136, 143, 202-3, 211-13, 217-18, 221, 242, 245-Í6 Department of Foreign Affairs 166-67 Justice Department 170-71 Military Department 131, 135, 168-70, 185,210-12,219 Police Department 171, 296 Treasury Department 171-72 revival (1793-94) 340, 343, 347-48 Peter I the Great, Emperor of Russia 7, 17, 30-32, 40, 55, 56, 95,115,199 Peter II, Emperor of Russia 31 Peter III, Emperor of Russia 81-82, 98 Philadelphia 197 Physiocrats 149, 205 Piarists 59-60, 94, 130, 179, 187,192,194-95, 249 ‘Piasť, native-born candidate for the throne 36, 45 Piattoli, Scipione, preceptor and go-betweeen 197, 234, 242, 250, 289, 293 Pilica, River 365 Pillnitz, Declaration of (1791) 273-74, 310 Piłsudski, Józef, Marshal 371, 380-81 Pilten 146 Pina, River 159 Pińsk 160, 356 Congress of (1791) 276-77 Roman Catholic diocese 372 Piotrków 79 Pitt the Younger, William, British Prime Minister 269-71, 339 Pius VI, Pope 142-44, 149, 154, 276, 330, 410, Plate 17 Plater, Konstanty, Castellan ofTroki 286, 403 Płock Latin-rite bishopric 37, 50, 147, 228, 338 palatinate 88 sejmik 37 Poczajów, monastery 153 472 Poczobut, Marcin, astronomer and Rector ofWilno University 178, 191-93, 248-49, 268, 343
Podlasie 11, 16, 51, 67, 72, 161, 188, 280 Podolia 11, 12, 67, 70-71, 108,116, 119, 138,153, 227, 325, 334 sejmik 185, 201,205 under Russian rule 375-76 Podoski, Gabriel, Primate 104-5, 147 Połąga (Palanga) 173 Poland, Kingdom of (to 1569) 11—14, 17, 18-19 Poland, Poles (after 1795) 11, 15, 66 121, 180, 351, 370-84 Połaniec, Proclamation of (1794) 351-52 Polesie 16, 68, 159-60, 175, 188, 192, 316 strategic importance 315, 319 ‘police 171, 174, 235, 248, 331, 339 Police Commission (1791-92) 254, 265, 285, 293-96 Polish Crown 13, 14, 215, 343, 381, 383 confessional geography 72 demography 68, 159, 162-63 education 191, 193-94, 235 sej miks 184-85, 201-5, 247-49, 279-81, 326, 340 laws and courts 170, 287-88, 299 Polish language 72-74, 76, 78-79, 119, 164-65, 189-90, 192, 233, 376, 381, 406 Polish Revolution (Four Years’ Sejm or Great Sejm, 1788-92) 6, 206-8, 238, 255-56, 324 Club of the Friends of the Constitution 289-90 confederacy 186, 201, 209, 288 Constitutional Deputation 254, 260 Custodial Council (Straż) 217, 253, 265-67, 284-85, 290-91, 293, 301 Deputation for the Clergy 229 Deputation for Foreign Affairs 217, 256-57, 270 Deputation for the Investigation of Rebel lions 239 Deputation for the Jews 233-34 Deputation for the Form of Government 231,236-37, 241 Deputation for the Towns 232 diary 206, 417, Plates 26-27 envoys 194-95, 249 judicial reforms 235-36, 264, 266-67, 284, 286-88 ‘malcontents’ 289, 292, 296, 304—9, 312
INDEX optimism 218, 274, 281-82, 297, 344, 385 oratory 209, 211-12, 219, 220-21, 242, 252-53, 292 origins б, 186, 200-1 pamphlets 220-22, 230, 231-33, 246-47, 275, 282,311 political culture and discourse 206-8, 218, 231, 235-36, 245—49, 256, 268, 274-83, 296-97, 332-33, 362-63, see ako republicanism political praxis 212-16, 227-31, 242, 245, 290-91,296-97 potential 6-7, 9-10, 297-300, 362-64, 377-78, 385 procedure 209, 215, 251-52, 256, 260, 288 provincial sessions 210, 218 revenues 224, 313 royal elections or hereditary succession? 236, 242-43, 246-48, 251, 256, 307 royalism, royalists 202, 206, 217, 218-20, 242, 244-46, 280-81, 284, 309 ‘ruling sejm’ 213, 215-18, 221 sovereignty 208, 218, 221, 228, 236-37, 249, 261-62, 264, 268, 288-89, 297 verses 219-20, 225, 294 see ако Constitution of 3 May 1791; sejmiks Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth central administration 45, 166-74 coinage 92, 328, 358 community of citizens 1, 11, 15, 18-19, 21, 33,174, 207-8, 236, 379, 385 composition 8, 11-12, 14-16, 33 confessional geography 72-76, 109, 188-90, Map2 customs and tolls 87, 93, 96, 173, 193, 286 decentralization 44, 235-36, 329-30 diplomats 166-67, 216-17 economy 31, 64-70, 134, 144, 159-64, 166, 307 frontiers 64, 72, 95, 108, 110, 116, 120, 136-39, 173, 410, Plate 14 violations 2, 58, 69, 88, 138, 170, 186 independence 36, 40, 210, 262, 268, 363 judicial system 22, 28, 44, 62-63, 65, 155-56, 164-65, 184, 343 reforms of 87, 92, 124-25, 170 military performance 18, 27-28, 31, 33, 138, 170, 315-23, 350-51, 353-54, 358-63 monarchy 22-23, 45, 46-47, 93, 133, 139, 145 name 1,15-16, 268,
383 political thought, culture and discourse 50-54, 132-33, 178-81, 296, 327, 362-64 political praxis 47-52, 79, 296 regalia 372-73 reputation 6, 33, 78, 84, 255, 268 revenues 92-93, 96, 172 royal elections 22-23, 29, 34-38, 80—89, 297 royal election or hereditary succession? 52, 113, 114,311 royal title 11, 88, 261 sovereignty (or lack of) 9, 34, 53, 107, 114, 200, 343-44, 362-63, 420 territorial losses 2, 18, 28, 56, 89, 95, 261 transformations of 6—7, 10 see ако Polish Revolution Polish-Russian War (1792) 325, 362 dispositions 314-17 Crown campaign 317-19, Map 5 Lithuanian campaign 319-20, Map 6 capitulation 301—4, 320-24, 423 Polock 55, 231,319 palatinate and sejmik 137, 327, 414 Ruthenian-rite archbishopric 229, 419 Polonne 317-18 Poltava, Battle of (1709) 30, 117 Polybius 20 Pomerania 12, 64, 116 Pompey 176 Poniatowska, Konstancja, nee Czartoryska 62, 88 Poniatowski, Prince Andrzej, general in Austrian service 91, 96, 315 Poniatowski, Prince Józef, lieutenant-general 251, 256, 273, 289, 315-19, 321-22, 359, 371, 378 Poniatowski, Prince Kazimierz, Crown Chamberlain 77, 91, 130, 301 Poniatowski, Prince Michał Jerzy, Primate Plate 16 and the bishopric of Cracow 142-44, 185, 227-28 and the Commission of National Education 135, 190-91, 194-95,294 episcopal reformer 146—48 political partner of Stanislaw August (to 1788) 91, 129, 134, 144-45, 186-87 political prophet (1788) 199-200 and the Polish Revolution (1788-89) 212, 217-19, 242 and the Polish Revolution (1791-92) 272, 291-93, 305 and Targowica (1792-93) 301-3, 310, 312-13, 326, 330-31,338 death (1794) 359, 428 473
INDEX Poniatowski, Prince Stanisław, Lithuanian Treasurer 136, 165, 187, 190, 201, 273, 403 Poniatowski, Stanisław, the younger, Antoni see Stanisław August Poniatowski Poniatowski, Stanisław, the elder, Castellan of Cracow 49-50, 51, 62, 77, 78-79, 83, 88, 371 Poniatowskis 41 Poninski, Adam, Crown Treasurer 123-24, 228, 305 Popławski, Antoni, Piarist and writer 179 Popov, Vasilii, Russian general 424, 425 Potemkin, Grigorii 1, 3-4, 131-32, 138, 140, 141, 184, 186, 215, 241, 269, 403 as a Polish noble 2, 139, 187-88, 190, 202, 409 potential fomenter of rebellion 188, 200, 225 and the restoration of Russian supremacy (1790-91) 271, 304, 307, 423-24 death 290, 308 Potocka, Aleksandra, née Lubomirska 130, 228 Potocka, Elżbieta, née Lubomirska 130 Potocka, Gertruda, née Komorowska 306 Potocka, Józefina Amalia, née Mniszech 306, 309 Potocka, Julia, née Lubomirska 130 Potocka, Sophie, primo voto de Witte 308-9 Potocki, Antoni, Palatine of Bełz 49, 51 Potocki, Antoni Protazy ‘Prot’, banker 156-57, 248, 345 Potocki, Feliks (Szczęsny), Palatine of Ruthenia 181, 184, 188, 190, 197, 200-1, 305-9, 373 and the Polish Revolution (1788-1792) 216, 219, 225, 227, 250, 283, 288, 290, 304, 306-8 Marshal of the Confederacy of Targow ica (1792-93) 305, 311, 324-26, 328-32, 336-37 Potocki, Franciszek Salezy, Palatine of Kiev 49, 109, 130, 306 Potocki, Ignacy, Lithuanian Grand Marshal and the Commission of National Education 130, 195,291 opposition to Stanislaw August (to 1788) 130-32, 181, 184, 188, 190, 409 shift from a Russian to a Prussian orienta tion (1787-90) 200, 213, 217, 239 and the
form of government (1789—91) 236-38, 241-43, 245, 248, 250, 252, 254, 257 474 and the Polish Revolution (1791-92) 271, 290, 292, 293, 301-3, 309, 314 in emigration (1792-94) 321, 323-24, 423 and the Insurrection (1794) 351, 355-56 Potocki, Jan, writer 130, 196-97, 201 Potocki, Józef, Crown Grand Hetman 38, 49 Potocki, Mikołaj, starosta of Kaniów 153 Potocki, Seweryn, envoy 244 Potocki, Stanisław Kostka, envoy and dilettante 130, 183-84,195-96, 320 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 216, 217, 228, 245, 292, 309 Potocki, Teodor, Primate 36-38,47, 49, 73, 86 Potockis 39, 41-43, 46, 49, 51-52, 90, 155, 219, 242, 289 Poznań 12, 64, 69, 155, 162֊64, 231, 251, 351, Plate 20 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 palatinate 50 Přeny, sejmik 281-82 Priests of the Mission 60, 94, 148, 158 Pripet, River 160, 192 primacy of Poland, 229, 265-66, 285, 338, see ako Gniezno, archbishopric professionalization 113, 167, 174, 204 Protestant Churches, Protestantism, Protes tants 50, 55-56, 64, 72-77,110,178, 275 rights of and restrictions on 24—26, 36-37, 39, 73, 95-106, 124-25,161, 255 schools and universities 60-61, 193 see aho anti-Trinitarians; Bohemian Brethren; Calvinism; Lutheranism; Mennonites Prozors 168 Prussia, Duchy of 14, 16, 24, 55, 177 Prussia, Kingdom of 8-9, 54-55, 126, 161, 239, 380 East Prussia 55, 81-82, 116, 270, 327, 336 and Polish Protestants 55, 97, 99, 102 and Polish resources 54-55, 58, 76, 88, 96, 137, 173, 186 migrants from 162, 255-56, 263, 370 and Polish politics (to 1787) 32, 35-39, 41—42, 49, 82-85, 104, 129 and the first partition (1772) 116-19, 121-24, 136-37, 145
invasion of the Dutch Republic (1787) 197-98 and the Polish Revolution (1788-89) 199-201, 210, 212-14, 216, 228, 308 alliance with the Commonwealth
INDEX (1790-92) 235, 239—41, 269-74, 302, 304, 314 and the second partition (1793) 214, 310, 322-23, 331-42 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-49, 356-60, 364-66, 372 rule over annexed territories (after 1795) 373-77 Prussia, Royal 11, 14, 16, 24, 36, 50, 73-77, 96 annexation of 55, 116-19 and the dissident question 103, 105 Landtag44, 75, 91, 100 stance towards reforms 93 Prussians 13 Przebendowski, Józef, Prussian general 119 Przebendowski, Ignacy 118 Przemyśl, Latin-rite bishopric 145 Przeździecki, Antoni, Lithuanian Vice-Chan cellor 409 ‘public 194, 212, 218-21, 260, 302, 322, 332, 418 public diplomacy 269 Pułaski, Kazimierz, general 123 Puławy 181-82, 315, 321 political set 190, 200, 213, 218, 241, 280 Quintilian 20 Racławice, Battle of (1794) 350—52, 361 Raczyński, Kazimierz, Crown Court Marshal 134, 162-63, 296, 339, 341 Radoszyce 362 Radziwiłł, Janusz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 328 Radziwiłł, Krzysztof II, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 178 Radziwiłł, Michał, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 49 Radziwiłł, Michał Hieronim, Palatine of Wilno 253 Radziwiłł, Karol, Palatine of Wilno 49, 86, 104-5, 121, 134-35, 162,175, 212, 218 Radziwiłłs 25, 46, 49, 51, 77, 79, 184, 189 Reichenbach, Convention of (1790) 240, 269 religious toleration and co-existence 23-26, 70-78, 97, 104-5, 150, 161, 163, 243, 262, see abo liberty; religious Repnin, Nikolai, Russian diplomat and soldier 97-100, 102-7, 111, 124, 130, 139 governor of the annexed Lithuanian lands 351,366-67, 374, 375 republicanism 20-21, 33, 43, 52-54, 86, 112-14, 174 in art 176-77 and religion 100-1 in the Polish
Revolution (1788-92) 203-5, 206-8, 211-12, 217-18, 220, 222֊ 24, 236, 249, 258, 261, 296-97, 385 and the counter-revolution 307, 311-12, 324, 327, 329-32 and the Insurrection (1794) 346, 363-64 Reytan, Tadeusz, envoy 123-24 Rhine, River 40, 334, 377 Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of 345 Robespierre, Maximilien 207, 345, 364 rococo 74, 77 Rohaczew 319 Roma (Gipsies) 151 Romanov dynasty 18 Romantic poetry 109, 180, 379, 381, see abo Mickiewicz, Adam Rome 59, 144, 216, 369, see abo Holy Apostolic See ancient 19-20, 43, 113, 151, 176-78, 182, 197, 381 Rostocki, Teodozy, Ruthenian-rite Metropoli tan Archbishop of Kiev 229 Rostworowski, Emanuel, historian 197, 201, 250, 300, 371, 380, 420 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 93, 94, 140, 167-68, 197, 264, 275 Considerations on the Government ofPoland 112-24, 231, 236, 253, 329-30 royalism, royalists 23, 47^18, 50, 129, 132-35, 163, 166-67, 169, 184-85 in art and ideas 133, 178-79 limits of 140, 186 see abo monarchy; Polish Revolution Rus 2, 12-17, 119, 189 Russian Empire (from 1721) 2, 7, 9, 17, 95, 149, 198-200, 269-71, 372, 380 abduction of peasants from the Common wealth 58, 138, 159, 186 and Polish politics under the Saxons 31—32, 34-43, 54-55 and the Polish election (1764) 80-88 and Orthodox and Protestants in the Commonwealth 55-57, 96-106, 108, 225-27 ‘guarantee’ of the Commonwealth (to 1790) 79, 106-7, 111,208,212-15, 217-18, 239, 246 475
INDEX and the Confederacy of Bar (1768-72) 108-16 and the first partition (1772) 115-16, 120-24, 137, 145-46 and Polish politics (1775-88) 128-46, 166-68, 182-91, 200-5, 209 and the Polish Revolution (1790-91) 239-40, 271-74 restoration of supremacy in the Common wealth (1792) 301-5, 308-32, 420 and the second partition (1793) 214, 333-44 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-53, 356-68 rule over annexed lands 120-21, 337, 373-79, 410 Russian Federation 11, 384 Ruthenia, Ruthenes 17, 25-28, 110, 189, 239 in the Polish Crown 72, 152-53, 164, 328, 330, 328, 330 palatinate 119 Ruthenian language (ruskii, also called litovska) 17, 164-65, 189, 376,411 Rutkowski, ex-soldier 155 Rybiński, Józef, Bishop of Włocławek (Cujavia) 146-47, 289 Rymkiewicz, Jarosław Marek, writer 428 Ryx, Franciszek, royal valet 183-84 Rzeczyca, district 410 Rzewuska, Konstancja, née Lubomirska 130, 308 Rzewuski, Adam, writer 248 Rzewuski, Kazimierz, envoy 216, 259 Rzewuski, Seweryn, Crown Field Hetman 105, 130, 197, 246-47, 307-8, 373 and Targowica 305, 309, 311, 326, 328, 335-38 Rzewuski, Wacław, Crown Grand Hetman 105, 130, 307 Šabac 315 Sabbatai Zevi 70-71 Sadkovskii, Viktor, Orthodox Bishop of Pereiaslav 2, 189-90, 227, 239 Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de 364 St Petersburg 131, 136, 151, 198, 270, ЗОЇ, 309,311,337 court of see Russian Empire Stanisław August in (1755-56, 1757-58, 1797-98) 83, 369-70 Treaty of (1793) 332, 336-37, 342, 364 Treaties of (1795) 364-65 Convention of (1797) 6, 373 476 Saldem, Caspar von, Russian diplomat 112 Sallust 20, 43, 208 Saltykov, Sergei 132 Saluzzo,
Ferdinando Maria, papal nuncio 222, 227-31, 276, 299 Samogitia 11, 66-67, 73, 168, 192-93, 356, 361 Insurrection (1794) 353, 359 Latin-rite bishopric 145-46, 153, 338 sejmik 249 San Domingo 377 Sandomierz 119, 372 Civil-Military Commission 351 palatinate 356 Sapieha, Aleksander, Lithuanian Grand Chancellor 327 Sapieha, Kazimierz Nestor and F. K. Branicki 184, 209, 215, 241, 291 marshal of the Lithuanian confederacy (1788-92) 209, 226, 235, 241, 246, 255,285-86 and the Constitution of 3 May 1791 259-60 opposition to Stanisław August 188, 202, 212,217,219, 225 and the war of 1792 301-3, 321, 323, 423, 425 Sapiehas 49-50 Sapieżyna, Elżbieta, née Branická 184, 202 Šapoka, Adolfas, historian 382 Sarmada, Sarmatians, Sarmatism 6-7, 76, 77-78, 90, 93, 250,254 revivals 114, 179-81, 185, 219, 379, 384 Sava, River 315 Savannah, battle of (1779) 123 Savoy 40 Saxony, Electorate of 11, 30, 38, 41—4, 54-55 schools 59-60, 66, 76, 126-27, 189, 192-95, 204, 376 elementary 149, 235, 294 Knights’ School (Cadet Corps) 93, 168, 169, 195,204,316, 324 Schroeder, Paul W, historian 81, 271, 334 Schroeger, Ephraim, architect 157, 163 sejm 19—22, 28, 264-66 of 1717 31, 44, 63, 235 of 1733 (first) 32 of 1733 (convocation, election, coronation) 36-38 of 1735 and 1736 (pacification) 39 of 1738, 1740 and 1744 (Grodno) 42, 51,63 of 1762 52
INDEX of 1764 (convocation, election and coronation) 86-91, 96-97 of 1766 80, 99-103 of 1767-68 (‘Repnins’) 104-7, 165 of 1773-75 (Partition) 122-27, 135, 160, 211,306 of 1776 129, 133, 135-37, 139, 171, 172, 180-81,211 of 1778 136, 139-40, 170 of 1780 140,415 of 1782 143 of 1784 (Grodno) 144, 160, 170, 183 of 1786 145, 185-86 of 1788-92 (Great) see Polish Revolution of 1793 (Grodno) 340-44, 347^18, 360, 366 confederated 3, 42—43, 86-88, 104, 123-24,133,135, 264, 343 constituent 264, 284 extraordinary mode 39, 104 ‘free 129, 141 legislation 22, 106, 288-89, see abo cardinal laws procedure 21-22, 106, 186, 215, 251-52, 256, 283 reconvenable 213, 221, 264, 283 reform (1791) 283-84 representation 208, 253, 264, 283, 289 sejmiks 19, 30, 44, 48, 63-64, 106, 134, 178, 245, Plate 25 of 1733 37 of 1764 85, 94-95 of 1766 99 of 1767 104 of 1773 122-23 of 1776 133, 135 of 1778 139 of 1786 184-85 of 1788 194, 201-5,222 of 1790 194, 238, 246-50, 277, 294 of 1792 275, 277-82, Map 4 of 1793 340-41 question of mandatory instructions 113, 208, 221, 237, 252-53, 258, 264, 281,283, 329 reform (1791) 253, 264, 267, 281 Selim III, Sultan 240 senate, senators 19, 20—22, 26, 264, 329, 341 castellans 133, 212, 218, 220, 223, 245 nomination 23, 25, 46, 133, 145-46, 244-45, 266, 284 Russian abduction of 105, 107 of Royal Prussia 75 senate council 44-45, 109, 111, 122 Serbians 137-38 serfdom see peasants sermons 63-64, 148—49, 174, 190, 222, 275, 281-82, 363 Serra, Niccolò, papal nuncio 75 Seven Years’War (1756-63) 51, 54-55, 80-82, 85, 122 Seveda 11, 261 Shakespeare, William 21,93 Siberia 117 Sibyl
83, 128 Siarczyński, Antoni, sejm secretary 418 Siarczyński, Franciszek, priest 418 Siebież 121 Sieradz, sejmik 247 Siestrzeńcewicz, Stanisław, Archbishop of Mohylew 145 Sievers, Jakob Johann, Russian diplomat 336-44, 347 Sigismund I ‘the Old’, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 14, 24 Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 14, 16, 22, 24, 88 Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, King of Sweden 11, 18, 23, 25 Silesia 12, 41, 55, 64, 72, 81, 119, 126, 154, 240, 255, 336 Silvestre, Louis de, painter 90, Plate 8 Sistovo, Treaty of (1791) 240 Skarszewski, Wojciech, Bishop of Chelm and Lublin 147, 329-30, 341, 343, 360-61 Skrzetuski, Wincenty, Piarist and writer 179 Sliwicki, Piotr, confessor to Stanisław August 94 Slonim, sejmik 204 Słowacki, Juliusz, Bard 371, 379 Słuck 162, 189 Smetona, Antanas, President of Lithuania 380-81 Smila 2, 139, 187-88, 225 Smolensk 11, 18, 28 Latin-rite bishopric 145 Sochaczew, sejmik 247 Soitan, Stanisław, Lithuanian Court Marshal 301-3, 353 Sołtyk, Kajetan, Bishop of Cracow 71, 90, 99, 101-2, 104-5, 130, 141-Í3, 211, 228 Sołtyk, Stanisław, envoy 216, 254, 256, 277, 289, 292 Soramel, Filippo, historian 406 Soviet Union 370-72, 382 477
INDEX Spain, Kingdom and Empire 8, 40, 122, 126, 198, 269 Sparta 114, 181-83, 202, 219 Spielmann, Baron Anton, Austrian politician 334-35 Spisz, starostwo 91-92, 105, 116, 131 Środa 134 Stackeiberg, Otto Magnus von, Russian diplomat and the Partition Sejm 122-24, 126 management of the Commonwealth (1775-88) 132-33, 136, 138, 145-46, 166-68, 184-86,410 weakening position 141, 144, 182, 187, 190, 200-1, 341 end of mission (1788-90) 209, 212, 214, 217,218-19, 228,242 Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine 30, 35-40, 88, 89, 117 Stanisław II August Poniatowski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania life and career (to 1763) 52, 82-84, 176-77, 370,406 election as king (1763-64) 82-89, 407, Plate 4 coronation (1764) 89-90, 97, 367 Plate 9 early reforms (1765-66) 90-96 abduction (1771) 115, 190 resistance to first partition (1772-73) 121-24, 366 oratory (to 1788) 80, 89, 135, 136-37, 175 political management (to 1788) 91, 133-35, 175, 183-86, 201-5, 409 relationship with Stackelberg (1772-90) 124, 126, 132, 133, 141, 145, 166-68, 186-87, 212, 214, 242, 410 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 208-21, 225, 228, 231-32, 238-65, 268-79, 282-86, 290-93, 296-99, 304-7, 313 and Targowica (1792-93) 301-3, 309, 312-24, 326-28, 330-32, 335, 338, 345 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 339-44 and the Insurrection (1794) 346—49, 355-63 abdication (1795) 366-68 exile, death and finierais (1795-1995), 369-72 Plate 32 ambitions for reform 2, 80, 83-85, 94, 97, 107, 136, 140, 178, 250, 292, 385 appeals to Catherine II 96, 100-1, 111, 136-37, 141, 272,
301-2, 320, 347, 366-67, 369 and the arts 128, 157-58, 175-78, 369 Plates 10, 22-23 as author 83-84, 93, 114,175-76, 369, 423 Cabinet 165-67 choice of the lesser evil 212, 360, 368 correspondence 134, 165-67, 174 court 89, 132 diplomatic initiatives 96, 111, 121-22, 166-67, 339 and education 93, 126, 311 finances 89, 93, 125, 134, 339, 366-67, 369, 373 hostility towards 90, 99, 104, 108, 111, 114, 130, 143, 180-82 ideology and propaganda 174-80, 259 and Jews 71, 164 languages 176-77 medals struck 94, 128, 150, Plate 10 politics of history 93, 177-78, 378 precursor of‘organic work’ 377 progresses and voyages 1-6, 140-41, 144, 159-60, 175, 183, 186-91, 195, Plates 1-2 propaganda abroad 115, 121-22, 268 pursuit of an alliance with Russia 2-3, 5, 84, 98, 177, 186-87, 200-2, 204, 302, 312-13, 339, 343 question of dethronement 104, 109, 114-15 question of marriage 83, 89, 96, 407 religious policies 97-102, 104, 111, 188-90, 243, 255, 276-77 and Rousseau 114 snuffboxes 175, 180, 411 vs superstition 150-51 ‘throne and altar’ 89, 115, 129, 144-45, 178 Stanisław of Szczepanów, Saint 5, 90, 190, 275-76 starostas, starostwa 23, 25, 45, 65, 93, 116, 166, 222, 244, 282 eligibility of non-Catholics 97, 100 reform (1775) 125, 130 reform (1791-92) 292-93, 298 and towns 69, 171, 363 see abo Crown estates Staszic, Stanisław, writer 221-22, 246 Stedingk, Curt von, Swedish diplomat 425 Stempkowski, Józef, Palatine of Kiev 110, 134, 248, 306 Stephen, Saint 142 478
ÍNDEX Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 18, 22-23, 25 Stolpce 320 Stowe 178 Stroynowski, Hieronim, Piarist and writer 179, 275, 289 Suchodolski, Wojciech, envoy and client of F. K. Branicki 211-12, 228-30, 235, 247, 283,415 Suchorzewski, Jan, maverick envoy 225, 251, 254-60, 311, 336 sujets mixtes 120, 132, 136, 200, 239, 281, 307, 337, 373 Sułkowski, Aleksander, favourite ofAugustus III 47 Sułkowski, Józef, colonel 320 superstition 150-51 Suvorov, Aleksandr, Russian general 112, 116, 361-62 Sweden, Kingdom of 11, 14, 16, 18, 23, 35, 125 ‘Deluge’ 28, 29, 68, 103, 164, 328 in the Great Northern War, 30-31, 40, 117 and the Polish election of 1733 38-39 ‘revolution’ (1789) 232, 245, 257, 260 ։ and Russia 41, 85, 96, 198-99, 240, 274 Swiejkowski, Jan, confederate of Targowica 424 Swierzawski, Karol Boromeusz, actor 251 Święta (Šventoji), River and harbour 173 Swiçtoslawski, Wojciech, envoy 419-20 Switzerland 78 Szawle 353 Szczara, River 160 Szczekociny, Battle of (1794) 357 Szembek, Krzysztof, Bishop of Płock 147, 217, 228, 229-30 Szembeks 47, 147 Szkłów 121 szlachta 1, 3, 14, 18-21, ЗО, 44-50, 159 and the army 169—70, 185-86, 203-4, 235,315 and the Catholic Church 24—25, 47, 50, 61-64, 94-95, 204, 222-23, 227-31, 235, 248-49, 287-88, 385 costume 77-78, 90, 179-81, 185, 201, 205, 215, 219, 249, 415, Plates 8, 24 economic pressure on 160-61, 164, 204, 282 emancipation from tutelage 181-83, 186, 201, 246, 278, 282, 332 ennoblement 72, 255, 299-300, 343, 351 ‘ferment’ (1788) 6, 183, 195, 201 under foreign rule 118-21, 373-76 ius indigenatus 52, 90, 139,
187 and Jews 65, 69-70, 233, 249 and non-Catholics 24—25, 28, 36-37, 96-106, 108-9, 124-25, 255, 262, 385 and peasants 64-69, 139-40, 204, 225, 249, 351-52, 374-75, 385 petty szlachta 22, 50, 67, 134, 185, 201, 204, 248, 325-26, 375-76 restriction of political rights of landless nobles 231, 237, 253, 263, 281 in Royal Prussia 74-76, 91, 119 Russophobia 182, 186, 202, 213, 225, 252, 258, 307 and towns 161, 163, 204, 232-33, 249, 254-57, 275, 281, 295, 326, 385 in the Ukraine 27, 138, 225-27, 306, 325, 375 values 43, 51-52, 123, 174, 179-83, 194, 203-5, 235-36, 248-49, 332-33, 385 xenophobia 29, 77-78, 179, 185-86, 205, 249 see abo magnates; sejmiks Szołtysek, Mikołaj, historian 67-68 Szydłów 153 Tacitus 20 Targowica 325, see ако confederacies Tarnów, Latin-rite bishopric 144 Taśmin, River 138-39 Tatars 12-13, 16, 27, 28, 73, 170, 320 taxation 18-19, 28, 30, see also Catholic Church distribution 51, 285 excises 172 hearth tax 162, 172, 204, 313 Jewish poll tax 93, 172, 313 kwarta 93, 172, 223 of noble lands 203-4, 223-24, 246, 249, 313 of non-Catholic clergy 227 Taylor, William, merchant 183-84 Те Deum hudamusòi, 88, 256, 259, 359, 360, 372, 374 Tepper, Piotr Fergusson, banker 156, 345 Terespol, Battle of (1794) 361 Teutonic Order 13, 14, 19 Theatine Order 59-60 theatre 93, 124, 175-76, 251, 345 Thomasius, Christian, 77 Thorn 69, 74, 76, 110 Prussian designs on and annexation 117, 199, 239, 270, 338 Tumult of (1724) 55, 75, 105 479
INDEX Thorvaldsen, Bertel, sculptor 378 Thugut, Baron Franz von, Austrian State Chancellor 335, 342, 365 Tivoli 83 Tobolsk 117 Toioczyn 319 Tomaszewski, former drummer 155 Tomaszewski, Dyzma Bończa, secretary of the Confederacy of Targowica 311 Tomasov, Aleksandr, Russian major-general 350 torture and its abolition 71, 150, 164, 170, 226, 299 towns 19, 64, 67, 69-70, 72-76,162, 164, see ako burghers and Prussia, Royal Commissions boni ordinis, 87, 106, 162-64, 171 jurydyki 69, 155, 161, 163, 233, 295 reform (1791-92) 254-56, 263, 287, 294-96 under foreign rule 118-19, 376 traitors, treason 267, 284, 305, 312, 319, 320, 325, 328, 333, 344 during the Insurrection (1794) 346, 351, 354-55, 357-60, 363-64 treasurers 23, 45, 172 Treasury Commissions, Crown and Lithuanian 86-87, 106, 171-73, 228-29, 235, 260 Treasury Commission (1791-92) 254, 265, 285-86 Trçbicki, Antoni, envoy 253 Tremo, Paul, royal chef 370 Tribunals 22, 28, 48, 62-63, 92, 125, 165, 170, 174, 277-78 Crown 44, 52, 63, 79, 171 Lithuanian 79, 96, 162, 164, 249, 275 reform (1791-92) 254-56, 267, 287-88 Troki 162 palatinate 281 sejmik 162 Trokin, Ludwik, major-general 318 Tulczyn 190, 306, 309, 316, 325 Turski, Feliks, Bishop of Cracow 146, 228, 259, 276, 291 Tuscany, Grand Duchy of 8, 40 Tyniec, abbey 145 Tyszkiewicz, Konstancja 403 Tyszkiewicz, Ludwik, Lithuanian Treasurer 301-3, 403 Tyszkiewicz, Maria Teresa 293 Tyzenhauz, Antoni, Lithuanian Court Treasurer 134-35, 140, 166, 172, 175, 191,282 Ukraine, the 2, 16, 27-28, 56-67, 131, 137-39,159, 375-76 Jews 71, 109 ‘New Serbia’ (‘Novorossiia’) 137-38 peasants 64-65,
67, 69, 109-10, 188-90, 224-27, 306-7, 317 strategic importance 213, 241, 312 campaign and confederacies (1792) 315-17,325 Ukraine 2, 11, 16, 17, 121,189, 335, 384 Ukrainian SSR 12 Uniates see Catholic Church (Ruthenian Rite) USSR see Soviet Union vagrancy 159, 170, 171, 293-94 Valmy, Battle of (1792) 334-35, 360 Varala, Treaty of (1790) 240 Varennes, flight to 273 Vasilii IV Shuiskii, Tsar of Muscovy 145 Venice, Republic of 78, 158, 168 Venturi, Franco, historian 384 Versailles see France, Kingdom of Vesuvius 5, 378, Plate 2 Vienna 40, 144, 158, 184, 307, 314 relief of (1683) 28, 177 court of see Habsburg Monarchy Vigée Le Brun, Élisabeth, painter 370, Plate 32 Vilnius 381, see aho Wilno Virgil 128, 177-78 Virtuti Militari, order 318, 320, 353 Visconti, Antonio, papal nuncio 87, 91, 94-95, 97, 102, 108, 146-47 Vistula, River 2, 37, 70, 157, 160, 319, 326, 358, 377 delta 39, 66 frontier 119,137, 142, 351, 356, 364-65 trade 76, 96,117-18 Volhynia 11, 12, 16, 67,119,141, 153, 226-27, 356, 358, 364, sejmik 184-85, 202, 203, 247, 249 campaign and confederacies in (1792) 315, 317-18, 326, 332 under Russian rule 375-76 Volkonskii, Mikhail, Russian diplomat 111 Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de 94 Volumina Legam 59, 343, 422 Vytautas (Witold) ‘the Great’, Grand Duke of Lithuania 261, 372, 382 Walewski, Michał, Palatine of Sieradz 199, 210, 337 Wallachia, Principality of 140 War of the Austrian Succession (1740—48) 41-42 480
INDEX War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79) 136, 138, 201 War of the Polish Succession (1733-35/38) 39-40 War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13/14) 8 Warmia, Latin-rite prince-bishopric 73, 145 Warsaw archdeaconry (diocese of Poznan) 146, 338 burghers 231-34 Church of the Highest Providence 275-76 Church of the Holy Cross 37, 88, 90, 150, 174 Church of St John the Baptist 38, 89-90, 208, 259, 371-72 commission boni ordinis 87 crime and punishment 155-56 Duchy of 378 gilded youth 251,316 growth 69, 156-58, 161, 218-19, Plates 18-19 infant mortality 158 Insurrection (1794) 31, 345, 352, 357-62, Plate 31 Jews 156, 158, 161, 233-34 in the Kingdom of Poland 378 land and sejmik 326 the Łazienki palace and park 177, 344, 369, 371 Lutherans 105-6, 146, 161 0!d and New Towns 155-56, 159, 161, 231 paving 156, 172 Powązki cemetery 294, 359 Praga, suburb 37, 158, 355, 361-62 prostitution 155-56, 219, 232-33 Prussian rule 365, 374, 376 Radziwiłł Palace 124, 256, 289 ramparts 156 reconstruction after 1945 158, Plates 18-19 recreational spaces 89, 157, 219, 251, 345 reputation 7, 99, 154, 179, 339 residence of elites 147, 151, 156-57, 183-84 Rising (1944) 372 Royal Castle 38, 89, 103, 115, 156, 176-78, 209, 220, 250, 256, 301, 326, 338, 362, 372, 374 Russian Embassy 125, 189, 312, Plate 31 Russian military occupation 38, 322, 329, 345, 348, 352 schools 59 site of court 51, 55, 69 site of sejms and royal elections 22, 28, 37-38, 45, 88, Plate 4, see abo sejm Ujazdów Castle and estate 157, 169 481 Warta, River 377 Washington, George, President of the USA 346 Wawrzecki, Tomasz, envoy and
head of the 1794 Insurrection 281, 353, 361-62 Wejher, Jakub 119 Wejherowo 118-19 Wessel, Teodor, Crown Treasurer 86-87, 123 Wettin dynasty (House of Saxony) 35, 80, 89-90, 94, 372 question of restoration to the Polish throne 82, 108, 111,248 Weyssenhoff, Józef, envoy and journalist 290 Whitworth, Charles, British diplomat 4, 370, 403 Wielhorski, Jerzy, confederate of Targowica 424 Wielhorski, Michal, the elder, politician and writer 112, 316 Wielhorski, Michał, the younger, majorgeneral 316, 318, 322, 359 Wieliczka, salt mine 119-20, 125, 239 Wielkopolska see Greater Poland Wieprz, River 356 Wilanów palace 130 Wilczek, Heinrich Wilhelm von, Austrian diplomat 36 Wilhelmina, Prussian princess, wife of William V 198 Wilia, River 193 Wilkomierz, district and sejmik 414 William V of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic 198 Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, British diplomat 83, 84 Wilno (Vilnius) 22, 69, 70, 73-74, 75, 161-62, 319, 339 Cathedral 152, 372, Plate 21 celebrations 268, 275, 374 Great Synagogue 74, Plate 5 incorporation into Poland (1920-22) 381 Insurrection (1794) 345, 353-55, 359-60 ladies 191 Latin-rite bishopric 87, 146, 149, 330 Lithuanian General Confederacy (1792-93) 327 sejmik 281, 340-41 Vilnan Educational District 378 University 25, 74, 126, 158, 191-93, 275, 376, 382, Plate 6 Werki 193 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, President of the USA 383 Windau, River 364
INDEX Winnica 317 Wiśniowiecki, Michal Serwacy, Lithuanian Chancellor 37 witchcraft 150-51 Witebsk, palatinate 137 Witecki, Stanislaw, historian 151-52 Witte, Józef de, commandant of Kamieniec Podolski 308 Wittenberg, Friedrich Bogislaw Tauentzien von, Prussian diplomat 364 Władysław II Jagiełło see Jogaik Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 23, 27, 34 Włocławek, Latin-rite bishopric (Cujavia) 146, 338 Włodzimierz 189, 194-95 sejmik in exile see Czernihów Wola, election field outside Warsaw 37-38, 88, Plate 4 Wołczyn (Voűchin) 320, 370-72 Wolff, Christian 77 Wołkowysk, sejmik 204, 247 women cultural patrons 130, 132, 180-82 in the Insurrection (1794) 355, 360 misogyny 179, 220 noblewomen and burgesses 275 in peasant families 68 political role of 99, 130, 180-82, 201, 211-12,218-20, 281,292 separations and annulments 170, 184, 309, 320 Vilnan 192 Woronicz, Jan Paweł, poet, later Archbishop of Warsaw 145, 177, 180 Woyna, Franciszek Ksawery, Polish diplomat 216, 239 Wróblewska, Marianna, luckless thief 155 Wschowa (Fraustadt) 45 Wybicki, Józef, politician and writer 105, 133, 139-40, 178, 289, 296, 377 Wyszogród, land and sejmik 50, 248 Bayerische ) Staatsbibliothek і 482 і München J Xavier, Saxon prince 82 Yiddish language 73, 376 Yorké, Charles, British politician 6, 84, 97 Zabiełło, Józef, Lithuanian Field Hetman 355 Zabiełło, Michał, envoy and lieutenant-general 315, 320, 322 Zabiellos 50 Zabłocki, Bernard, Polish diplomat 168 Zabotyn 138 Zagórski, Jan, confederate ofTargowica 424 Zakroczym, land and sejmik 222 Zakrzewski, Ignacy, envoy 244, 258,
289 President ofWarsaw (1794) 352, 355-57, 361 Zajączek, Józef, major-general 318, 346, 357, 360, 362 Zaleski, Michal, envoy 217, 239 Załuski, Andrzej Stanisław, Bishop of Cracow 77 Załuski, Józef Andrzej, Bishop of Kiev 77, 101, 105 Zamoyska, Ludwika, née Poniatowska 403 Zamoyski, Andrzej, Crown Chancellor 49, 86, 91,95, 102-3, 120,139, 408 Zaporozhia see Cossacks Zasław 318 Zbrucz, River 336 Zelwa 320 Zieleńce, Battle of (1792) 318 Zielińska, Ewa, historian 410 Zielińska, Zofia, historian 96, 367-68, 380, 404, 427 Złotnicki, Antoni, confederate ofTargowica 424 Żółkiewski, Stanislaw, Crown Field Hetman 145 Zubov, Platon, last favourite of Catherine II 309-10, 323, 335, 347-48, 356,425 Zug, Simon Gottlieb, architect 157 Żytomierz 71, 134, 162 sejmik see Kiev
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CONTENTS List ofIllustrations Acknowledgements Genealogical Table Maps Pronunciation Guide Prologue: Light and Flame Commonwealth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Impasse Sacrum and profanum Ά new creation of the Polish world’ Martyrdoms Throne and Altar Growing Pains Ferment and Fermentation Revolution: The King with the Nation Revolution: The Nation with the King Revolution: Ça ira! Undeclared War The Augean Stables Immolation viii xi xii xiv xxii 1 11 34 59 80 108 128 155 183 206 238 269 301 Epilogue: Smoke and Ash 325 345 369 Glossary 386 Gazetteer Notes 391 400 Further Reading 429
A groundbreaking account of the Vanished kingdom1 of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which reveals its many achievements before its final destruction From ιηγι to 1795·, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at the crux of international politįcs. It was surrounded by Russia, Prussia and Áustria, all of which were determined to ensure the Commonwealth stayed weak. Yet even though he was himself placed on the throne by Catherine the Great, King Stanisław August sought deep reform and refused to serve Russia’s interests. Richard Bufterwick tells the compelling story of the last det ades of one of Kurope’s largest and least understi и к! polities. Drawing on the latest research, he vividly portrays the turbulence the Commonwealth experienced. Despite the best efforts of the reformers, by Ī795· the Commonwealth would be entirely annexed by its neighbours. But far from being a failed state, it did successfully overcome the stranglehold of Russia and, for a short time, regain its sovereignty. Its crowning success, which took place on ļ May 1791, was the passing of the first Constitution of modem F urope.
CONTENTS List ofIllustrations Acknowledgements Genealogical Table Maps Pronunciation Guide Prologue: Light and Flame Commonwealth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Impasse Sacrum and profanum Ά new creation of the Polish world’ Martyrdoms Throne and Altar Growing Pains Ferment and Fermentation Revolution: The King with the Nation Revolution: The Nation with the King Revolution: Ça ira! Undeclared War The Augean Stables Immolation viii xi xii xiv xxii 1 11 34 59 80 108 128 155 183 206 238 269 301 Epilogue: Smoke and Ash 325 345 369 Glossary 386 Gazetteer Notes 391 400 Further Reading 429
A groundbreaking account of the Vanished kingdom1 of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which reveals its many achievements before its final destruction From ιηγι to 1795·, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at the crux of international politįcs. It was surrounded by Russia, Prussia and Áustria, all of which were determined to ensure the Commonwealth stayed weak. Yet even though he was himself placed on the throne by Catherine the Great, King Stanisław August sought deep reform and refused to serve Russia’s interests. Richard Bufterwick tells the compelling story of the last det ades of one of Kurope’s largest and least understi и к! polities. Drawing on the latest research, he vividly portrays the turbulence the Commonwealth experienced. Despite the best efforts of the reformers, by Ī795· the Commonwealth would be entirely annexed by its neighbours. But far from being a failed state, it did successfully overcome the stranglehold of Russia and, for a short time, regain its sovereignty. Its crowning success, which took place on ļ May 1791, was the passing of the first Constitution of modem F urope.
INDEX Terms explained in the glossary and persons in the genealogical table are given in bold. Unless mentioned in the text, alternative versions of place names are provided only in the gazetteer. ‘absolutism’ 33, 174, 176, 178, 211, 248, 254, 257, 258 Aeneas 178 Aigner, Christian Piotr, architect 157 Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Duke of Prussia 14, 24 alcohol monopolies propinacja) 64, 109, 164, 171 Aleksei, Tsar of Muscovy 28 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia 375 Alexander the Great 176 Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 14 Alsace 334 Ambrose, Saint 88 America, Americans 100, 197, 269, 363, 379, 383-84 War of Independence (1775-83) 123, 195, 271,293,316-17 Constitution of USA 259-61 anarchy 43, 53, 208, 211, 242, 244, 258, 274-75, 282, 374, 379, 380-81 Ankwicz, Józef, Castellan of Sącz 355 Anna, Empress of Russia 31,36, 40-41 Anna Jagiellon, Queen of Poland 23 Ansbach 334 Antici, Tommaso, marquis, cardinal and diplomat 168, 216 Antonowicz, Julian, Basilian pedagogue and linguist 189, 294 Anusik, Zbigniew, historian 420 Archetti, Giovanni Andrea, papal nuncio 133, 139, 143 architecture 74, 77, 152, 157, 162—63, 176-78 Arians (anti-Trinitarians) 24, 28, 62-63 Aristotle 20 armed resistance 108, 117, 349, 362-63, 377 Armenians 23, 72 army 18, 138, 168-70, 225, 267, 306-7 and the Confederacy of Bar (1768-72) 109-112, 116, 120 question of expansion (to 1788) 42-43, 49, 63,141, 144,169, 202-4 expansion (1788-92) 209-10, 221-24, 228, 234-36, 248,314-15 in the Polish-Russian War (1792) 301-3, 314-25, 347 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 328-30, 344 in the Insurrection (1794)
346,348-52, 354,357-62 control of 51, 85, 133, 135,168, 210-12, 215-16, 286-87,314 National Cavalry 108, 131, 169-70, 185-86, 200, 203, 226, 255, 309, 325, 415 and peasants 65, 225-26, 280 support of Uniates 57, 188 Arsenev, Nikolai, Russian major-general 353 astrology 62, 151 astronomy 176, 178 Augustine of Hippo, Saint 63 Augustus (Octavian), Roman Emperor 88, 176 Augustus II Wettin the Strong, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Elector of Saxony 29-32, 35, 38, 44, 48, 49, 76, 88 Augustus III Wettin, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Elector of Saxony 34-49, 54-55, 79-80, 88, 89-90, Plate 8 458
INDEX reputation 132-33, 248 Austen, Jane 89 Austria, Austria-Hungary, see Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) 198, 238, 240, 273, 334, 336 Axer, Jerzy, classicist 177 Baal Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer) 70 Bacciarelli, Marcello, painter 158, 177-78, 369, Plates 22-23 Bach, Johann Sebastian 38 Badeni, Marcin, administrator and envoy 165-66, 174, 296 Badeni, Kazimierz, Prime Minister of Austria 165 Badeni, Sebastian, royal administrator 165 Badeni, Stanisław, secretary in Cabinet and envoy 165-66, 174 ballet 67, 175 Balta 111 Baltic Sea 7, 14, 120, 122, 159, 173, 269, 274, 336, 359 Bamberg 64 ‘Bambers’ 64 bankers, banking 156—57, 163, 345 Bar 108-9, see abo confederacies Bardach, Juliusz, historian 382 Bariantynskii, Fedor, marshal of the Russian court 3-4 baroque 74, 77, 148, 152, 154, 371, Plates 5-7, 17 Barss, Franciszek, ennobled burgher 289 Basel, Treaty of (1795) 365, 375 Basilians 57, 72, 109, 153, 189, 194, 220, 227, 249 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan, writer 233 Bavaria 136, 198, 334-36, 342 Bayreuth 334 Beales, Derek 413 Belarus 11, 16, 17, 121, 189 Belarusian SSR 74, 371 Belgium see Austrian Netherlands Belgrade 238 Bellotto, Bernardo (Canaletto the Younger), painter 157-59, Plates 4, 18, 19 Benedict XIV, Pope 47, 60 Benedictines 145 Benoît, Gédéon, Prussian diplomat 99, 102-4 Berezwecz, Basilian monastery 73, Plate 7 Berezyna, River 192 Berlin 309, 314 court of see Prussia, Kingdom of Bernardines 62, 74, 148, 152-53 Bezborodko, Aleksandr, secretary to Catherine II 3-4, 187, 190, 308-10, 356, 425 Biala Cerkiew, starostwo 131, 188 Białowieża forest 134
Białystok 51 Biebrza, River 161 Bielak, Józef, brigadier 320 Biron, Ernst, Duke of Courland 36, 40-41, 82 Black Sea 7, 16, 27, 144, 159, 270, 336 Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, hot-air balloonist 219 Bledzew, abbey 145 Bobrujsk 192—93 Bogucicki, Józef, priest and professor 190—91 Bogusławski, Konstanty, Piarist and writer 179 Boh, River 270, 317 Bohemia, Kingdom of 11-12, 14, 191 Bohemian Brethren 72 Bohomolec, Franciszek, Jesuit 93 Bogusławski, Konstanty, Piarist and writer 179 Bogusławski, Wojciech, composer 345 Bolesław I ‘the Valiant’, King of Poland 373 Bolsheviks 385 Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, historian 118 Borch, Jan, Crown Vice-Chancellor 409 Boscamp, Karol, Polish diplomat 168, 308 Bourbons see France, Spain Bracław palatinate 227, 325 sejmik 166 Branicka, Aleksandra, née Engelhardt З, 131-32, 141, 188, 308,332, 408 Branicka, Izabella, née Poniatowska 51 Branicki, Franciszek Ksawery, Crown Grand Hetman 3, Plate 28 vs Confederacy of Bar 109, 111-12, 116, 120 opposition to Stanisław August (to 1788) 4, 130-33, 135, 141, 184-85, 187-88, 199, 201-203, 341,409 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 209, 211, 213, 225-27, 229-30, 241, 245, 290-91, 308 and Targowica (1792-93) 301, 305, 308-9, 311,325-26, 328, 332, 335,337 Branicki, Jan Klemens, Crown Grand Het man 51, 77-78, 82, 85-86, 109, 130, 131 Brasław, district and sejmik 327 Breslau (Wroclaw) 12, 64, 119 Brest, France 39 Brest, Union of (1596) 26, 229, see abo Catholic Church (Ruthenian Rite) 459
INDEX Brienne, Lomenie de, Archbishop of Toulouse 196 Brody 71 Brühl, Aloysius, General of the Crown Artillery 52, 90, 306 Brühl, Count Heinrich, Saxon first minister 43, 45,51-52, 90 Brussels 238 Brzes'ć Litewski, 328-29 sejmik 184, 202 Brzostowski, Canon Pawel, rural reformer 149 Buchholtz, Ludwig von, Prussian diplomat 210, 214, 331-32, 342 Budzyniowa, cook 155 Bug, River 159, 161, 319, 320, 335, 361, 365 Bühler, Karl, Russian diplomat 323 Bukaty, Franciszek, Polish diplomat 168, 173, 216, 271 Bulgakov, Iakov, Russian diplomat 198, 301-3, 310, 312, 324, 374, 423 burghers 24, 28, 204 political aspirations 51, 162, 208, 231-34, 245, 254-56, 295, 343-44, 363 see abo Prussia, Royal Burke, Edmund 122, 268, 292-93, 339 Butrymowicz, Mateusz, landowner and envoy 160, 175,228, 233 Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), charlatan 151 Calonne, Viscount Charles-Alexandre de 196 Calvinism, Calvinists, Reformed Church 24-25, 55, 73-74, 162,215, 227, see abo Protestantism Canada 372 Canal, Giovanni Antonio (Canaletto the elder) 158 canals 159-60, Plate 15 cardinal laws 106, 240, 243, 252, 293, 304 Carmelites 108 Carpathian Mountains and foothills 65, 91, 105, 110, 119 cartography 94, 176, Plates 14-15 Casimir III the Great, King of Poland 12, 13, 177-78, 372 Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 19 Catherine I, Empress of Russia 31 Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia 1, 81, 126, 131-32, 140, 170, 198-200, 375 and Orthodoxy 2, 98, 109, 145, 189, 225-26,312, 335, 376,410 early policies towards the Commonwealth (1762-64) 79-85, 87-89 460 and the dissident question
(1764—68) 95-106, 116,124, 129 determination to keep the Commonwealth quiescent (1765-88) 3,106,128-29, 133, 136, 141, 184-85, 200-1, 409 and the first partition (1772) 115-16, 120-22 progress down the Dnieper (1787) 1-6, 183, 186-88, 190 underpressure (1788-91) 198-99, 213-14, 239-41, 269-74 retakes control of the Commonwealth (1791-92) 301-5, 307-13, 320-24, 333,420,423-25 and the second partition (1793) 333-37, 339-41, 344, 347 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-48, 360-61,365-67, 369,373-74 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint 89, 370 Catherine Jagiellon, Queen of Sweden 23 Catholic Church, Catholicism, Catholics 24, 72-78, 371-72, Map2 apostasy from 28, 106, 229, 233, 243, 262 Armenian rite 71 dominant and national religion 243, 255, 262, 276-77 and the Enlightenment 59-61, 94—95, 142, 147-54, 191 in the Habsburg Monarchy 142—45, 230 Latin rite (Roman Catholic) 12, 56 abbeys 47, 145, 230-31 episcopate 61, 145—48, 171,228-30, 277,293-94,295, 329, 331,338 parish network 2, 72, 147, 354 piety 58, 61-62, 108, 148, 150-54, 275-76, Plate 17 religious clergy 94—95,147-48, 152-53, 229-31,293 secular clergy 24, 47, 61, 66, 147—49, 153-54, 229-30, 235,293, 325-26 post-Tridentine 25, 61, 188 proposals for reform of 104-5, 229-31, 276, 299, 313, 330-31 in Prussia 119, 145 questions of jurisdiction 139, 147, 171, 229, 287-88, 293֊94, 299 in the Russian Empire 120, 145, 338 Ruthenian rite (Uniates, Greek Catholics) 2, 26, 56-57, 72-74, 97, 98, 109-10, 153, 188-89 calendar 149-50, 189 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 226-27, 229, 293 destruction 376, 410
INDEX Second Vatican Council (1962-65) 151 seminaries 60, 148, 229-30, 294 taxation of 63, 94, 144, 204, 222-24, 230, 313, 359 see abo Holy Apostolic See cemeteries 294 chancellors 23, 45, 266—67 Charles, Saxon prince, Duke of Courland 82 Charles I Stuart, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 23 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 35, 40 Charles XII, King of Sweden 30, 49, 89, 125, 199 Chełm Battle of (1794) 357 land 326, 356 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 Chełmno, Latin-rite bishopric 145 Chernyshevs 115 Chesme, battle of (1770) 122 Chicherin, Denis 117 Chlewiński, Antoni, lieutenant-general 359-60 Choisy, Claude-Gabriel de 116-17 Chreptowicz, Joachim, Lithuanian Vice-Chan cellor 232, 271, 287, 290, 301-3, 312,314 Christ, Jesus 63, 153, 180, 189, 298 Christianity 13, 117, see also Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Protestant Churches Churchill, Winston 270 Chwastów 187 Cicero 20, 275 Ciechanów, land and sejmik 133, 204, 326 Cieciszowski, Adam, head of the Cabinet 167 Cieciszowski, Kacper, Bishop of Kiev 146—47 Cieszkowski, Krzysztof, Castellan of Liw 278-79 Cistercians 145 Civil-Military Commissions of Good Order 235-36, 246, 265, 291, 293, 294, 344, 350-51 Clement XIII, Pope 61, 102, 103 Clement XIV, Pope (Lorenzo Ganganelli) 71, 108, 125 climate 68 Clure, Graham 408 CoHenzl, Ludwig von, Austrian diplomat 364 Coblenzl, Count Philipp von, Austrian State Chancellor 334-35 Coloman, Prince of Hungary 119 Commission of National Education 113, 126-27, 130, 142, 164, 191-95, 343, see also schools spoliation of 126-27, 135, 343 criticism of 193—94, 248-49, 379 projects for 233, 264,
294, 299 legacy 378 composite monarchies 8, 11, 18, 33 confederacies 3, 24, 29, 30, 42-43, 113, see abo sejm of 1573 (Warsaw) 24-25, 243, 262 of 1734-36 39 of 1764-66 86-87, 89-90, 103 of 1767-68 (Thorn, Siuck, Radom, Wilno) 96, 101, 103-7 of 1768-72 (Bar) 108-17, 123, 133, 134, 138, 146, 347 of 1792—93 (Targowica and Wilno) 301—3, 309-12, 321-343, 345, 347, 363 abolition (1791) 264, 283 centralization of power 425 putative 41, 43, 212, 225 confessionalization 188, 243 Constance, Council of (1415) 191 Constantine, Russian grand duke 140, 302, 320, 324 Constantinople, patriarchate of 56 Constitution of 3 May 1791 7, 260-61 acclamation 207, 256—60, 332, Plate 30 ‘catechism’ 268 DecUration ofthe Assembbd Estates 260—62, 267, 276 drafting 250, 297 form of government and division of powers 264-67, 284-88, 296 manuscripts and editions 419, 420 preamble 7, 261-62, 269 and religion 243, 262 succession to the throne 256-58, 266, 272-73, 302, 310, 320, 324 social order 263—64, 287—88, 296, 351 propagation 267-68, 274-76, 305 reception abroad 268, 271-74, 304-5, 311-12, 333, 422-23 protests and criticism 259, 304, 379 ‘referendum’ (1792) see sej miks aim to restore (1793-94) 346 see abo Polish Revolution; Mutual Assurance ofthe Two Nations Cook, Captain James 192 Copenhagen 39 Copernicus, Nicolaus 59, 178, 378 Corticelli, Szymon, Polish diplomat 168 Cossacks 2, 26-28, 109-11, 188, 226, 306, 317, 321-22, 325 Courland (and Semigallia), Duchy of 16, 36, 39-41, 72, 81-82, 146, 336, 356, 359 461
INDEX Cracow 12, 14, 22, 69, 90, 142, 161, 190-91, 231,339, 342, 365 Insurrection (1794) 345, 349-51, 356 Latin-rite bishopric 47, 141-44, 147, 228, 231, 242, 328, 338, 342-43, Map 2 St Mary’s Church 280 palatinate 165, 167, 256, 326, 350, 356, 365 sejmik 99, 280 University 77, 142, 144, 177, 190-91, 379 Wawel Cathedral and Castle 38, 89, 116-17, 137, 190, 351,370-72 Crimea 1, 5, 16, 27, 110, 186, 190 Crown estates 19, 23, 46, 49-50, 75 peasants on 65, 67, 204, 298 surveys of 87, 92-93 sale (1791-92) 291-93, 298, 313 Cujavia 117, 360, see ako Włocławek, Latin rite bishopric Czarnek, Mateusz, translator 167 Czartoryska, Izabela, née Flemming 82, 130, Plate 13 political and cultural role 132, 180-82, 185, 197, 201-2, 212, 219-20, 315 and the war of 1792 320, 321 Czartoryska, Zofia, née Sieniawska, primo roto Denhoffowa 46, 49 Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 181-82, 185, 197, 220, 273, 378 Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz 82-83, 164, 220, 273, 289-90, 314, Plate 12 Austrian subject 120, 132, 185, 200, 218 Commandant of Knights’ School 93 opposition to Stanisław August 130-32, 183-85, 197 Czartoryski, August, Palatine of Ruthenia 46, 49, 82-83,91, 103, 130, 409 Czartoryski, Józef, Polish diplomat and envoy 216 Czartoryski, Michał, Lithuanian Chancellor 49,51,91,99, 103, 115, 121, 130, 409 Czartoryskis 41, 51, 79, 86, 90-92, 95, 97-100, 104, 111-12, 115, 134, 179, see ако Familia Czernihów 11 palatinate and sejmik in exile 194, 326 Czersk, land and sejmik 326 Częstochowa, Pauline monastery 71, 342 Czetwertyński, Antoni, Castellan of Przemyśl 357,424 Dąbrowica 192 Dąbrowski, cook 155
Dąbrowski, Jan Henryk, lieutenant-general 360, 377 Daniiczyk, Adam, historian 323 Danzig 38-39, 69, 74-77, 168, 406, Plate 3 Prussian designs on and annexation 117-18, 199, 239, 270, 338 Deboli, Augustyn, Polish diplomat 141, 168, 213,216, 252, 260, 271,313 demography 31, 67-70, 93, 121, 159, 235, 293,411 Denisov, Fedor, Russian major-general 350, 362 Denmark, Kingdom of 85, 97, 99, 102, 199, 254 Derfelden, Wilhelm von, Russian general 317, 357, 358 Derevianka, Omelek, peasant 5 Descorches, Marie-Louis, French revolutionary diplomat 275, 292, 329 ‘despotism’ 136, 143, 196, 223-24, 254, 257-58, 331 diet see sejm dietines see sej miks dissident question 95-106, 133, 255, see ako Orthodox Church; Protestant Churches Divine Providence 58, 94, 115,133, 209-10, 217, 246, 248, 255, 258, 274-79, 282, 327, 354 Dixon, Simon, historian 409 Dłuski, Tomasz, envoy 254 Dmochowski, Franciszek Ksawery, Piarist and writer 356, 423 Dmowski, Roman, modern nationalist 380-81 Dnieper, River 1—6, 26—27, 28, 67, 81, 115, 120, 137-38, 160,186-87, 335, Plates 1-2 Dniester, River 70, 270, 317, 348 Dogrumowa affair 183-85 Dominicans 25, 74, 152,153,185, 192, 220 Dresden 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 55, 79, 158, 372 court of see Saxony exiles in 321, 324, 345—46 Drottningholm, Treaty of (1791) 274 Drue, River 137 Druja 336 Dubienka, Battle of (1792) 319, 346 Dubno 318 Dünamünde 30 Dūrini, Angelo, papal nuncio 108,408 Durno, James, British consul in Memel 173 Dutch Republic40, 64, 66, 71, 78, 101, 111 events of 1787-88 197-98, 200, 201 loans 156, 224, 313, 348 462
INDEX Dvina, River 66-67, 81, 115, 120, 137, 336 Dyneburg 319 Dziekoński, Antoni, Lithuanian Court Treasurer 301-3 Egypt 320 Elbe, River 81 Elbing 76, 118 elite convergence 157, 163, 345 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 40-41, 54, 81-82, 129, 132, 138, 140 Elster, River 322 emigration 86, 123, 134, 321, 324, 329, 345-46, 377, 379 Engelhardt, Vasilii 409, 410 England 20, 195, see ako Great Britain example and warning to Poles 53, 78, 93, 101, 135, 176, 178, 202, 243, 252, 253, 261, 293 English language 176-77, 189 Enlightenment, the 77-78, 93-94, 113, 231, 264, 275, 330, 377, 384 and Catholicism 59-61, 97, 142, 147-54, 191-95, 222, 298 enlightened’ (oświecony) and ‘enlighten ment’ (oświecenie) in Polish discourse 6, 93, 94, 192, 193, 200, 203, 231, 235, 247, 258, 278-79, 282, 298, 332 Eperjes (Prešov) 114 Essen, Franz August, Saxon diplomat 157, 210, 409 Estonia 11, 13 European Union 379, 384 Familia, 41^3, 49, 51-52, 79 takes and uses power (1763-66) 82-83, 85-87, 90-92, 95, 103 fashion 77-78, 93, 179-80, 251 Febronius’ (Johann von Hontheim, Suffragan Bishop of Trier) 61 Fersen, Ivan, Russian lieutenant-general 358, 360, 361 festivities 174-75, 255-56, 259, 268, 275-76, 341, 374 Fevre, Le, royal dentist 338 Fleury, Cardinal André-Hercule 40 Forster, Johann Georg, fastidious botanist 191-92 Frąckiewicz, Michał, violent priest 73, 162, 411 France, Kingdom of 11, 29, 41, 84, 126, 140, 198, 316, see ako fashion; French Revolution and the Commonwealth 31-32, 35-42, 79-82, 96, 111-12, 116-17, 121-22, 167-68 Francis I Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Em
peror 8, 40 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 310, 333, 335, 356, 364 Franciscans 62, 148, 152, 153, 294 Frank, Jakub 70-71 Frankism 70-71 Frederick II the Great, King in/of Prussia efforts to weaken the Commonwealth 96, 106 alliances and wars 54, 81-82, 85, 136, 140, 198 designs on the Commonwealth’s territory 55, 76, 141 and the first partition (1772) 116-19, 122, 136-37 and the Jesuits 126 misanthropic sarcasm 119, 198, 214 secretiveness 168 Frederick Augustus III, Elector of Saxony 82, 246-48, 266, 272-73, 284 Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony 82 Frederick Jagiellon, Prince and Cardinal 144 Frederick William I, King in Prussia 32, 36, 39 Frederick William II, King of Prussia and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 198-200, 210, 213-14, 228, 239-40, 270, 273,314 and the second partition (1793) 310, 315, 333, 338, 342 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 358, 360, 365, 369, 375 Frederick William III, King of Prussia 372 freedom see liberty Freemasonry 130, 151, 290 French language 176, 201, 406 French Revolution 207 origins 195-98 Constitution (1791) 261, 273 diplomacy 217, 276 Polish reactions to 252, 254-55, 274, 290, 292-93, 311, 329, 331, 338, Plate 27, see ako ‘Jacobins’ and the Insurrection (1794) 346-47, 354, 364 revolutionary wars 271, 273-74, 322, 333-35, 339, 345, 346-47, 357, 365, 374-75 Friedrich, Karin, historian 76, 118 463
INDEX Frost, Robert, historian 13 Fuks, violent tailor 233 Galatz, preliminary peace terms (1791) 270 Galicia and Lodomeria, Kingdom of 119-20, 136, 142-44, 303, 306-7, 337, 351 frontiers 138, 185, 319, 336, 349, 365 prospect of Poles regaining 199, 238-40 after 1795 373-77, 379 Galileo Galilei 59 Ganganelli, Cardinal Lorenzo see Clement XIV Gaon of Vilne (Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman) 70,74 Garczyński, Stefan, Palatine of Poznań 64-65 Garnysz, Maciej, Bishop of Chełm and Crown Vice-Chancellor 143, 146 Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 13, 83 general levy 19, 336 geopolitics 385 Europe’s centre of gravity shifts east 80 Prussian vulnerability 55, 85, 140 Russian expansion 7, 32, 41-42, 81-82, 85,140,273-74, 305, 333-35, 375, 382-83 Russian hegemony challenged 198-200, 213, 240-41, 269-71, 312 Saxon decline 55 German language 16, 24, 72, 74—77, 118, 163,189, 359, 375, 406 Germany 158, 372, see aho Holy Roman Empire George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland 198, 339 Ghigiotti, Gaetano, Prelate 166 Gibraltar 175 Giedroyć, Stefan, Bishop of Samogitia 145-47, 153 Gilibert, Jean-Emanuel, botanist 191 Glaubitz, Johann Christoph, architect 74, Plates 5-6 Glayre, Maurice, royal agent 166 Glemp, Cardinal Józef, Primate 372 Głowacki, Wojciech Bartosz, peasant and ensign 351, 357 Gniezno 12, 360 Godebski, Cyprian, poet 373 Godechot, Jacques, historian 384 Goltz, August Friedrich von, Prussian diplomat 250 Górecka, Anna, plucky noblewoman 374 Goślicki, Wawrzyniec (Goslicius), writer and bishop 20-21 464 Latin-rite archbishopric 12, 47, 146-47, 331, 338, see aho primacy of Poland
Grabowski, Paweł, envoy 215, 227 Great Britain, United Kingdom of 40, 85, 111, 122, 288-89, 342, see also England Baltic trade 173, 269-70 and the dissident question 97, 99, 102 potential alliances with the Commonwealth 31,241,269-71 Triple Alliance with Prussia and the Dutch Republic 198-200, 241, 269-71 wars with France 80-81, 339, 365 Great Northern War (1700-21) 30-32, 51, 55, 68, 77 Greater Poland, province 12, 14, 330, 382 economic development 64-65, 163 Insurrection (1794) 360 Jesuits in 249 provincial session 210 Prussian designs on and annexation of 55, 88, 117, 199, 206,214, 239, 331-37 sejmiks 44, 63, 66, 99,134, 235, 247, 280, 326 and Stanisław Leszczyński 30, 37 taxation of 51 Grimm, Baron Friedrich Melchior 5, 271, 360 Grodno 45, 134, 173, 175, 191, 215, 283, 319-20,366 seat of the Confederacies of Wilno and Targowica 329, 336-37 site of sejms 144, 339, 341-42 Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, Anna, historian 332, 405 Gustav III, King of Sweden 125, 198-99, 232, 240, 260, 274, 313 Habsburg Monarchy, Habsburgs (Austria) 5, 8-9, 15, 31, 35-36, 126, 315-16 and Polish politics (to 1766) 22-23, 29, 35-40, 41, 54-55, 80-82, 96, 103 and the first partition (1772) 116-17, 119-24,145, 153 and the Commonwealth (1775-88) 129, 132, 136-37, 141-42 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 218, 239, 271, 273-74, 308, 314 and the second partition (1793) 310, 333-36, 342, and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-48, 356-58, 360, 364-66
INDEX struggles with Prussia 41, 54-55, 80-82, 136 war against the Ottoman Empire (1788-91) 198-200, 203, 238-40 migrants from 255-56, 264 see abo Galicia Hadiach, Union of (1658) 28 Hailes, Daniel, British diplomat 270, 314 Halle 77 Halych 12, 119 Hamburg 168, 309 Hannibal 182 Hanover 31, 198 Hasidism 70 Henri III Valois, King of Poland and France 11,22 Henri IV Bourbon, King of France and Nav arre 370 Henry, Prussian prince 116 Hertzberg, Ewald von, Prussian minister 199 hetmans 23, 51, 168-69, 178, 216, 235, 309, 324,415 powers of 31, 45, 131, 211, 215, 287, 308, 311,328-30 Hevelius, Joannes, astronomer 178 historiography 384 anti-magnate 246 ‘Atlantic Revolution’ 384 on the capitulation (1792) 303, 322—33 Catholic 151, 379 on the Constitution of 3 May 250, 283 on the death of Michał Poniatowski 359 diplomatic 32, 96, 120, 380, 383-84 grand narrative of saving the nation 194 on ‘last chances’ under Augustus II 30-31 Marxist 66, 379 nationalist 16, 40, 381-83 official imperial and its critics 96, 116, 118 ‘pessimism’ vs ‘optimism’ 194, 379 ‘republican turn’ 283, 379-80, 332 Royal Prussian 77 on the weakness of the royalist party 178-79 Hohenzollern, Karl von, Bishop of Chełmno 228 Hohenzollerns see Prussia, Kingdom of; and vari ous Fredericks and Frederick Williams Höhne, Anton, architect 163 Holy Apostolic See (Rome) 24, 26, 94—95, 144, 152, 168 Concordat (1737) 47, 230 and the dissident question 102, 104-5 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92), 227-31, 276, 292 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 330-31 Holy Roman Empire (Reich, Germany) 9, 18, 45,60-61, 101,367
migrants from 64, 161 politics 36, 40-41, 198, 333-34 Horace 94 Horodec 159-60 Horyń, River 192 Hosius, Cardinal Stanisław 178 hospitals 158, 162, 171, 188, 235, 293-94 Hoym, Karl Georg von, Prussian minister 374 Hubertusburg, palace and treaty of (1763) 54 Hulewicz, Benedykt, envoy and client of Feliks Potocki 283 Hulewicz, Leon, confederate of Targowica 424 Humań 109 Hungary, Kingdom of 11-12, 13, 14, 45, 91, 112, 116, 119, 238 Hus, Jan 191 Iekaterinoslav 187 Igelström, Otto, Russian general and diplomat 336, 347-52 illuminations 377—78 immigration 64, 70, 77, 93, 157, 161-62, 255-56, 263-64 Insurrection (1794) 362-64 campaigns 350-51, 353-54, 358-62 discourse 353—54, 363-64 executions 354-55, 357-58, 363-64 government 352, 354-57, 361 origins and outbreak 345-50 peasant involvement 149, 350-52, 354, 359, 361 radicals vs moderates 346, 352, 354-58, 361-62 see abo Kościuszko; Warsaw; Wilno insurrectionary dictatorships 346, 349, 364, 381 intelligentsia, origins of 161 interregna 24, 27, 29, 34, 266, 302 of 1733 32, 34-39 of 1763-64 79-88, 94-95 proclaimed by Confederacy of Bar, 114-15 Islam see Muslims, Mahomet Istanbul 111, 168, 308 Italy 39-40, 366-67, 369, 377 Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Muscovy 14, 18 Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia 40 Izmail 362 ‘Jacobinism’, ‘Jacobins’ 290, 331-32, 335-36, 338, 345, 352, 356, 358, 375 Jadwiga, Queen Regnant of Poland and Saint 13 Jagiellonian dynasty 12-14, 23, 24, 88 465
INDEX James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince 409 Jandołowicz, Marek, charismatic Carmelite prior 108-9 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, general 371 Jasiński, Jakub, lieutenant-general and poet 346, 353, 359-00, 362 Jasioída, River 160 Jassy 308—9, 424 Treaty of (1792) 270 Jefferson, Thomas 197, 317 Jeleńskis 50 Jelski, Florian, preacher Jemappes, Battle of (1792) 334, 360 Jesuits (Society of Jesus) 25, 57, 60-62, 74-75, 93-94,154,194-95 suppression (1773) 94, 108, 125-27 ex-Jesuits 127, 178, 192-93 campaign to restore, 248-49, 276, 290 Jews 23, 69-74, 120, 159, 275, 362 blood libel 71, 150, 164 conversions to Catholicism 71-72, 191 and the Insurrection (1794) 361-62 between lords and peasants 65, 225-26 and the monarch 19, 164 neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum 295 question of reform 222, 233-34, 295, 313 restrictions on settlement 69, 73, 74, 119, 162, 233-34 in the Russian Empire 120, 376 self-government 70, 162, 234, 295 violence against 2, 28, 71, 73, 109, 150, 164, 233 Jezierski, Franciszek Salezy, priest and writer 193-94, 209 Jezierski, Jacek, Castellan of Łuków and entre preneur 232-33 Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland 13, 18, 177 John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 27, 29, 259, 302 John III Sobieski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 28, 29, 38, 73, 177,318 John V, King of Portugal 35 Joselewicz, Berek, colonel 361-62 Joseph, Saint 154, Plate 17 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 191, 238-39, 334 alliance with Catherine II 5, 136, 138, 140-41, 190, 198-200 and the Catholic Church 141—44, 230 and the first partition (1772)
116, 119, 122 and Galicia 119-20, 141-43 meeting with Stanisław August (1787) 190 Judycki, Józef, lieutenant-general 315, 320 Julius, Karl, Austrian agent 136, 141, 142 Julius Caesar 176-77 Jundziłł, Stanisław, priest and botanist 192 Jurgaitis, Robertas, historian 421 Kadłubek, Blessed Vincent, Bishop of Cracow 383 Kakhovskii, Mikhail, Russian general 317—19, 321,329, 336 Kalinka, Walerian, historian 414 Kaliński, Wilhelm, preacher 149 Kalisz Church of St Joseph 153-54, Plate 17 palatinate 50 Kaluga 105, 130 Kamchatka 363 Kamieniec Podolski 152, 170, 315, 319, 335, 337-38 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 sejmik see Podolia Kamiński, Andrzej Sulima, historian 426 Kamsetzer, Johann Christian, architect 157, 163 Kaniów 1-6, 187, Plates 1, 2 Kant, Immanuel 94 Karaites 23, 162 Kargowa 336 Karlsbad 369 Karpiński, Franciszek, poet 150-51, 179, 374 Karpowicz, Michał, preacher 149, 281—82, 353 Kashubians 74, 119 Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Wenzel Anton von, Austrian Chancellor 81, 119, 239, 273,310,314, 333-34 Kausch, Johann, doctor 154 Kazimierz, town 137 Kettler dynasty, Dukes of Courland 16, 36, 40 Keyserlingk, Hermann von, Russian diplomat 83, 86-87, 407 Kherson 138, 159,168 Khmelnytskyi, Bohdan, Cossack Hetman 27-28 Kiciński, Pius, head of the Cabinet and envoy 167,186-88, 289, 293 orator 219, 244-45, 252, 253, 258, 292 Kielce 143 Kiev 2-3,11, 12, 187-89 466
INDEX frontier 28, 108, 137, 317 Latin-rite bishopric 71, 187, 338 palatinate 16, 227 Ruthenian-rite metropolitanate 57, 229 sejmik 134, 184, 248 Kiliński, Jan, master-cobbler and colonel 352, 356, 358 Klossowski, Stanisław, priest 154 Kniaźnin, Franciszek, poet 179, 181 Knorring, Bogdan, Russian general 359 Kobyłecki, Michał, confederate of Targowica 424 koliivshchyna, 110, 138, 225 Kołłątaj, Hugo, priest, writer and Crown ViceChancellor and education 142, 191, 193, 294 vision of the Commonwealth 208, 221-22, 231-32, 234, 254, 263, 287, 291-92, 297-99 and Stanislaw August 220-21, 238, 247, 250, 254, 265, 276, 290, 293, 301-3, 309, 314 emigration (1792—94) 321, 323—24, 329, 345-46,423 and the Insurrection (1794) 348, 351, 355-57, 361,362 Koło 152 Komarzewski, Jan, general-adjutant 168-69, 183-84, 185-86, 216 Konarski, Stanislaw, Piarist pedagogue and writer 48, 59-60, 78-79, 94, 114, 125, 408 vs liberum veto 53-54, 59, 124 Koniecpolski, Stanisław, Crown Grand Hetman 27 Königsberg 39 Konisskii, Georgii, Orthodox Bishop of Mohylew 98, 105 Konopczyński, Władysław, historian 31 Korsak, Tadeusz, envoy 260 Korsun 190 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, major-general 316—19, 322, 371, 375 Chief of the Insurrection 346-53, 355-58, 360-63, 380-81, see abo Insurrection Kossakowska, Katarzyna, née Potocka 130, 152 Kossakowski, Józef, Bishop of Livonia, 146, 148, 228, 230, 247, 260 and the Confederacy of Wilno (1792—93) 305, 310, 327-28, 330, 337 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 340-43, 347 execution (1794) 355, 364 Kossakowski, Szymon, self-proclaimed Lithua nian Grand Hetman confederate raider 112
major-general in Russian service 305, 310-11, 319-20, 327-29, 335, 337 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 340-41, 343-44, 347 capture and execution (1794) 353-55, 364 Kowalczuk, Feodorek (Teodoro Ferrari), conductor 306 Kowno 73, 162 sejmik 50, 205 Kozienice 319 Krasicki, Ignacy, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and writer 93, 148, 152, 179, 228 Krasiński, Adam, Bishop of Kamieniec 108, 130, 146-47, 152, 226, 236, 243, 272-73, 338 Krechetnikov, Mikhail, Russian general 319-20, 335, 337 Krėva, Union of (1385) 13 Kroże 192-93 Kublicki, Stanisław, envoy 218, 228, 259 Kutuzov, Mikhail, Russian general 317 Ląd, abbey 145 Lamotte, Mesmerist 195 Lasocki, Adam, Castellan of Sochaczew 247 Latgola (Latgalia) 16 Latin language 75, 78-79, 148, 164, 189-90, 194, 294 Latvia 11, 13, 16, 121 Latvian language 359 Latyczów 153 lawyers 164—65 Lazarists see Priests of the Mission Łęczyca, 193-94 sejmik 280 legal codification 139M0, 147, 276, 299 Leiden, University of 133 Leipzig, Battle of (1813) 322 Lemkos 110 Lengnich, Gottfried, syndic and writer 77, 103, 406 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 239—40, 271, 273, 310 Lesse, Wincenty, composer 181 Lesser Poland, province 12, 65, 165, 201, 249, 280, 365, 382 provincial session 210-11 Levanidov, Andrei, Russian general 317 Libau 359 liberalism 20, 211, 222, 255, 363-64 liberty 362-64 467
INDEX English 53, 78, 135, 176, 243, 293, 307 increase of free persons 113, 254 individual 84, 133, 179 the law and 29, 43-44, 53, 101, 136, 203, 244, 258, 272 medieval 18-19 neo-Roman 19-20, 176-77, 224, see aho republicanism orderly liberty’ 163, 208, 211, 258, 280-83, 288, 294, 332-33, 362, 385 for peasants 113-14, 139-40, 222, 231, 350-52, 362-63 religious 23-25, 262, 277, 363, see aho religious toleration of speech and the press 285, 293, 329 struggle inter maiestatem ac libertatém 20-21, 52, 249, 257, 330 urban 76, 254-56, 295 see ako Montesquieu; Rousseau liberum veto 21-22, 28-29, 32, 39, 42-44, 52, 75, 205 abolition of (1791, 1793) 264, 283, 343 criticism of 53, 60, 78, 112 defence of 113 restriction of 86-87, 106 reinforcement of 103 failure of 124 intention to restore 311 Libusza, starostwo 65 Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph de 3, 5—6, 187, 403 Lind, John, pedagogue and pamphleteer 93, 121 Linowski, Aleksander, envoy 254, 258, 260, 282, 289, 349, 423 Lipski, Cardinal Jan, Bishop of Cracow 47 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of 11-18 architecture 74, 152 civil war in 29, 49—50 communications in 159-60, 172-73, 354 confessional situation 16, 24-25, 72, 227 courts 287-88, see ako Tribunals demography 68, 159, 162 education 25, 126, 178, 191-93, 235, 248-49 elective offices 46, 205 insurgency(1768-72) 111 Insurrection (1794) 352-55, 361 Jews 70-74, 162 Lithuania propria 354 magnates 23, 24, 49-50, 121, 134-35, 180, 212,381-82 Muscovite/Russian invasions 14, 26, 28, 34, 36-37, 86, 319-20 nation’ 207, 215, 261, 285-86, 353-54, 380-83 peasants 65, 67, 160 petty nobles 160-61
political specificity 37, 41, 115 ‘Polonization’ 382 provincial session 210, 211, 235, 419 relationship with the Polish Crown 22, 134, 139, 211, 215, 249, 261, 285-86, 327-28, 337, 343, 354, 380-83 resilience 30, 44, 379 royal domain lands 134, 166 royalism 124, 134-35, 166, 184, 202, 281 Russian rule over annexed territories 373-76 sej miks 184, 202-4, 247-48, 280-82, 340-41 sejms, 21,144, 339, 341-42 Statutes (1529, 1566, 1588) 17, 72, 139, 170, 299 towns 162, 231, 234, 254, 295 Lithuania, Republic of 11, 16, 121, 380-84 Lithuanian language 354, 381-82 Litta, Lorenzo, papal nuncio 360, 370 Livonia 11, 13, 14, 16,18, 74, 270 Latin-rite bishopric 146 sejmik 202, 204, 205, 247, 280-81 Livy 20 Liw, land and sejmik 278-79, 326 Locke, John 59, 93, 275 Łojek, Jerzy, historian 423 Łojów 137 London 179, 271, 338, see ako Great Britain Łopaciński, Jan, Bishop of Samogitia 153 Lord, Robert Howard, historian 129, 240, 333, 335, 364, 383-84 Lorraine and Bar, Duchy of 8, 40 Louis, Dauphin of France 42 Louis, King of Hungary and Poland 13, 18, 119 Louis XV, King of France 35, 37, 112 Louis XVI, King of France 196, 198, 273, 338 Louise-Marie Gonzaga, Queen of Poland 29 love affairs 130-32, 184 Löwenholde, Karl Gustav, Russian diplomat 35-36 loyalism 145, 373, 377 Lubar317-18 Łubieński, Władysław, Primate 86-88, 95, 97, 103, 104 Lublin 181 palatinate 326, 356 sejmik 201-2, 203, 247, 280 468
INDEX Union of (1569) 14-16, 21, 22, 24, 26, 177, 286 Lubomirska, Izabella, née Czartoryska 91-92, 130, 183-84, 195-97, Plate 11 Lubomirski, Jerzy Sebastian, Crown Grand Marshal 178 Lubomirski, Michał, lieutenant-general 138, 315,318-19 Lubomirski, Stanisław, Crown Grand Marshal 91-92, 130, 135, 143, 409 Lubomirski, Stanisław, Palatine of Kiev 200 Lucchesini, Girolamo, Prussian diplomat 214, 228, 243, 314 Luck Latin-rite bishopric 146, 228, 338 sejmik see Volhynia Ludwig, Prince of Württemberg 200, 315 Łukowski, Jerzy, historian 53, 363 Lusatia 12, 64 Lutheran Church, Lutheranism, Lutherans 14, 16, 22, 28, 55, 104 of Kowno 73, 162 of Poznań 163 of Royal Prussia 24, 55, 74-76, 103, 105, 118-19 ofWarsaw 146, 161 of Wilno 73-74 see abo Protestantism Lwów (L'viv) 12, 69, 71,119, 379 Armenian-rite archbishopric 72 Latin-rite archbishopric 145 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 112 Machiavelli, Niccolò 53 Maciejko, Paweł, historian 70 Maciejowice, Battle of (1794) 361, 380 Madaliński, Antoni, brigadier 349, 360 Madariaga, Isabel de, historian 97-98, 403, 409 magnates 8, 21, 27, 45-50, 70, 159, 162, 178, 306 criticism of 197, 208, 219, 243-46, 249, 258, 281,381-82 cultural and intellectual patrons 77—78, 130, 132, 157, 179-82 opposition to Stanisław August (1775-88) 128-36, 143-44, 181-88, 197, 199-205, 307-8 weakening position of 92, 160, 165, 249-50, 278, 280, 376 Mahomet 252 Mainz, cathedral chapter 214 Małachowski, Jacek, Crown Chancellor 209, 217, 232, 290, 301-3, 321, 341 Małachowski, Stanislaw, marshal of the sejm 1788-92 209, 210, 213, 219, 223, 243, 252, 255 and the Constitution of
3 May 1791 250, 256-61 and the war of 1792 301-3, 313, 321, 323 house of 213, 220, 242 and Kołłątaj 221, 271, 290 Małopolska see Lesser Poland Manuel de Bragança, Don, prospective candi date for the Polish throne 35 Maria, Princess of Württemberg, née Czarto ryska 320 Maria Amalia, Electress of Bavaria, Empress 35 Maria Augusta Wettin, 'Infantka of Poland 266, 272-73, 274 Maria Fedorovna (Sophie Dorothea), Empress of Russia 141 Maria Josepha, Saxon princess and Dauphine of France 42 Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland, Electress of Saxony 35 Maria Leszczyńska, Queen of France 35 Maria Theresa, Queen Regnant of Hungary and Bohemia, Empress 35, 40, 54, 82, 132, 138, 140 and the first partition (1773) 116, 119 Mariavites 71—72 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 273 Marienwerder 96, 119 Marsh, Paul, philologist 409 marshals 23, 45, court 155-56, 184 Mary, Blessed Virgin 58, 108, 153 Massalski, Ignacy, Bishop of Wilno 87, 91, 102, 135, 193, 222 ecclesiastical reformer 147, 149, 152 and the counter-revolution (1792-93) 328, 330-31,343 execution (1794) 357 Massalski, Michał, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 87, 91 Maximilian, Austrian archduke 132 Mazovia 11, 12, 16, 51, 88, 150, 156, 365 petty szlachta of 22, 50, 67, 161, 280 sejmiks 134, 202, 204, 249, 280, 326, 340-41 Mazzei, Filippo, democrat and agent 293 Medici dynasty 40 Mediterranean Sea 122, 199 Meissen porcelain 90 469
INDEX Mellin, Boris, Russian general 320 Memel 173 Mennonites 66, 72, 74 Merecz 192 Merlini, Domenico, architect 157 Mesmer, Franz Anton 195 messianism 180 Michael Wiśniowiecki, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 29 Michalski, Jerzy, historian 112, 380 Mickiewicz, Adam, Bard 31, 44, 152-53,175, 179-80, 201, 299-300, 371, 379, 380 Międzyrzecz Ostrogski 153 Military Commission (1788-92) 211, 215-16, 225, 235, 260, 265, 286-87, 316, 328 Military Commissions, Crown and Lithuanian 87, 106, 131, 135, 343, 348-49 militias of local nobles 44, 66, 197, 203, 258 peasant 149 private 46, 57, 85, 109, 306, 313, 317 Warsaw (1794) 357-58, 361 ministers 23, 45, 265-66, 285, 290-91 Minsk 96, 275, 320 palatinate 137 sejmik 164—65, 327 Mir, Battle of (1792) 320 Mlodziejowski, Andrzej, Bishop of Poznań and Crown Chancellor 146, 150 Mniszech, Jerzy August, Crown Court Mar shal 51-52, 306 Mniszech, Michal Jerzy, Crown Grand Marshal, 143, 187, 233, 296, 301-3, 341, 403 Mniszech, Maria Amalia, née Brühl 306 Mniszech, Urszula, née Zamoyska 4, 143, 187, 370, 403 Mohylew 140 Orthodox bishopric 55-56, 188 Mohyłów 317 Mokronowski, Stanisław, general 352 Moldavia, Principality of 18, 110, 138, 140, 238, 308 monarchia mixta 20-21 monarchy, parliamentary and limited 83, 208, 242, 264-66, 385, 296-97, 385 Mongols see Tatars Monitor, essay periodical 93 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de Sec ondat et de 84, 133, 167, 211, 258, 264-65, 275 Monti, Antoine-Félix de, French diplomat 36-38 Morkov, Arkady, Russian diplomat 425 Morkov, Iraklii, Russian general 318 Moscow 14, 369 Orthodox patriarchate
26, 56 Moszczeński, Adam, envoy and client of Feliks Potocki 250, 325, 332-33, 424 Moszyński, Fryderyk, Crown Court Marshal 339, 341, 343-44, 347, 357 Motrenin, Orthodox monastery 57, 109 Mottlau, river 118 Mozyrz 162 district 88 sejmik 50, 204 Muchawiec, River 159 Muratori, Lodovico, priest 149 Muscovy (to 1721) 2, 7, 16,17-18, 103 invasions by 14, 26, 28, 34 in later Polish discourse 17, 37, 199—200, 203, 212, 220, 225-26, 247, 252, 257, 280 music 38, 173, 175-76,181 Muslims 23, see ako Tatars MutualAssurance ofthe Two Nations (1791) 286, 382-83 Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French 180, 320, 377, 379 Narew, River 161, 356, 364 Naruszewicz, Adam, poet, historian and bishop 4, 160,177-78,187-88, 228, 230, 282, 289, 403 Narutovičius, Stanislovas, Lithuanian states man 381 Narutowicz, Gabriel, President of Poland 381 Nassau-Siegen, Prince Charles of 3, 187, 403 nation, idea of the 207—8, 236, 244, 261, 268, 296, 299-300, 350-51, 373, 377, 380-83 natural law 77, 179, 285 Nax, Jan, writer 221-22 Necker, Jacques, banker and French finance minister 196 neminem captivabimus nisi ¡úre victum 18-19, 106, 232, 295,343, 349 neoclassicism 152, 161, 163, 176-78, 378 Neri, Maria Teresa (‘Dogrumowa’) 183—85 Nerubaj woods 138-39 Netherlands see Dutch Republic Neva, River 370, 375, see ако St Petersburg Newel 121 newspapers 122, 248, 275, 281, 290 Newton, Isaac 59 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia 372 470
INDEX Niemcewicz, Julian, politician and dramatist 195-96, 202, 214, 218, 251, 290 Niemen, River 160, 161, 172, 173, 320, 356, 364-65 Niemirowicz-Szczytt, Józef, Castellan of Brześć Litewski 192 Nieśwież 77, 175 nobility see szlachta Nootka Sound 269 Norbiin, Jean-Pierre, artist Plates 25, 30, 31 Nowak, Andrzej, historian 383 Nowogródek, district and sejmik 149—50, 246, 328, 341, 414 oaths of loyalty 2, 37, 182, 189-90, 210, 226, 259-60,278-81, 309, 325-26, 330, 337, 349, 373-74 Ochakov 213, 215, 238, 269-71, 339 Ochocki, Jan Duklan, memoirist 165 Oder, River 81 Ogiński, Michal Kazimierz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 134, 160, 173, 212 Ogiński, Michał Kleofas, treasury commis sioner and composer 173 Ogrodzki, Jacek, head of the Cabinet 91, 166-67 Ogrumov, Russian major 183 Okęcki, Antoni, Bishop of Poznań and Crown Chancellor 143, 146, 208, 294, 326 Old Sarum 202 Olechowski, Józef Archdeacon and Suffragan Bishop of Cracow 142 Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew 178 Olex-Szczytowski, Maciej 407 Oliva, Peace of (1660) 28, 103 Olkusz 164 Ollenders’ 64 opera 175, 181-82, 306, 345 Orawa 137 Orders of the White Eagle and St Stanislaw 48, 133-34, 168,174,188, 257, 370 Orleans, Philippe, Duke of 196—97 Orłowski, Jan, envoy 258 Orlyk, Pylyp, Cossack Hetman 260 Orsza, sejmik in exile 204, 327, 414 Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy, Orthodox 13, 24, 26, 28, 56-57, 72, 74, 116, 120, 145 rights of and restrictions on 16, 39, 56, 73, 95-106, 124-25 links with (putative) peasant revolts 109, 188-90, 225-27, 312 ‘Russification 2,189, 227, 234, 239 reform (1791-92) 276-77, 313 Ossoliński, Jerzy, Crown
Chancellor 216 Ossowski, Michał, priest and reformer 289, 292, 298 Ostermann, Ivan, Russian Vice-Chancellor 168, 302, 425 Ostróg 318 Ostrołęka 349 Ostrowski, Antoni, Primate 146 Ostrowski, Tomasz, Crown Court Treasurer 290, 292, 301-3,321,323 Ottoman Empire (Sublime Porte) 18, 22, 27, 28, 72, 85, 177,210, 241,407 and France 35, 40, 41 Polish missions to 96, 168 Russian designs on 1, 140, 186, 188, 348, 356, 361, 364 wars against Russia (1710-11) 30; (1735֊ 39) 41; (1768-74) 111, 112, 116, 138; (1787-91) 198, 200, 202-4, 213-14, 226, 238-39, 269-71, 312 Ożarowski, Piotr, Crown Grand Hetman 344, 345, 355 pacta convenía 22, 43, 88—89, 97, 166, 242, 244, 256-58, 284, 302 painting 157-58 Palmer, Robert Roswell, historian 384 Panin, Nikita 85, 100, 106, 111, 122, 141 papacy see Holy Apostolic See Paris 195-97, 290, 311, 316, 346, 363, 377 peace conference (1919) 383 parliaments 18, see ако sejm partitions of the Commonwealth 7-10 first partition (1772) 3, 112, 115-24, 136-37, 189, Map 3 second partition (1793) 304, 308, 309—10, 322, 324, 331-32, Map 7 third partition (1795) 6, 348, 356-58, 360, 364-68, Map 8 patriotism, ‘patriots’ 7, 50, 52, 78, 131-32, 177-82, 217-18, 223, 262, 294, 368, 377-80 ‘true vs ‘false 212, 215-16, 228, 238, 241, 251,312, 324, 332, 345-46 Paul I, Emperor of Russia 132, 141, 369-70, 375 Pawlikowski, Józef, writer 222, 346, 377 peasants condition and subjection 64—69, 134, 149, 160, 166, 170, 306, 359 customs and religion 25, 61-62, 149-50, 381 flight from and to the Russian Empire 57-58, 110, 120, 138, 263 471
INDEX legal protection of 106, 177-78, 208, 236, 263-64, 287 question of emancipation 113-14, 139-40, 149, 190, 231, 249, 263-64, 280, 299-300, 347, 350-52, 377 revolts, real and imagined 2, 27, 65-66, 109-10, 138, 224-27 under Austrian, Prussian and Russian ride 119-20,149, 374-75 Pereiaslav, Orthodox bishopric of 57 Permanent Council (1775-89) 125, 133, 135, 142-44, 163, 166-72, 291 criticism and abolition of 131-32, 136, 143, 202-3, 211-13, 217-18, 221, 242, 245-Í6 Department of Foreign Affairs 166-67 Justice Department 170-71 Military Department 131, 135, 168-70, 185,210-12,219 Police Department 171, 296 Treasury Department 171-72 revival (1793-94) 340, 343, 347-48 Peter I the Great, Emperor of Russia 7, 17, 30-32, 40, 55, 56, 95,115,199 Peter II, Emperor of Russia 31 Peter III, Emperor of Russia 81-82, 98 Philadelphia 197 Physiocrats 149, 205 Piarists 59-60, 94, 130, 179, 187,192,194-95, 249 ‘Piasť, native-born candidate for the throne 36, 45 Piattoli, Scipione, preceptor and go-betweeen 197, 234, 242, 250, 289, 293 Pilica, River 365 Pillnitz, Declaration of (1791) 273-74, 310 Piłsudski, Józef, Marshal 371, 380-81 Pilten 146 Pina, River 159 Pińsk 160, 356 Congress of (1791) 276-77 Roman Catholic diocese 372 Piotrków 79 Pitt the Younger, William, British Prime Minister 269-71, 339 Pius VI, Pope 142-44, 149, 154, 276, 330, 410, Plate 17 Plater, Konstanty, Castellan ofTroki 286, 403 Płock Latin-rite bishopric 37, 50, 147, 228, 338 palatinate 88 sejmik 37 Poczajów, monastery 153 472 Poczobut, Marcin, astronomer and Rector ofWilno University 178, 191-93, 248-49, 268, 343
Podlasie 11, 16, 51, 67, 72, 161, 188, 280 Podolia 11, 12, 67, 70-71, 108,116, 119, 138,153, 227, 325, 334 sejmik 185, 201,205 under Russian rule 375-76 Podoski, Gabriel, Primate 104-5, 147 Połąga (Palanga) 173 Poland, Kingdom of (to 1569) 11—14, 17, 18-19 Poland, Poles (after 1795) 11, 15, 66 121, 180, 351, 370-84 Połaniec, Proclamation of (1794) 351-52 Polesie 16, 68, 159-60, 175, 188, 192, 316 strategic importance 315, 319 ‘police 171, 174, 235, 248, 331, 339 Police Commission (1791-92) 254, 265, 285, 293-96 Polish Crown 13, 14, 215, 343, 381, 383 confessional geography 72 demography 68, 159, 162-63 education 191, 193-94, 235 sej miks 184-85, 201-5, 247-49, 279-81, 326, 340 laws and courts 170, 287-88, 299 Polish language 72-74, 76, 78-79, 119, 164-65, 189-90, 192, 233, 376, 381, 406 Polish Revolution (Four Years’ Sejm or Great Sejm, 1788-92) 6, 206-8, 238, 255-56, 324 Club of the Friends of the Constitution 289-90 confederacy 186, 201, 209, 288 Constitutional Deputation 254, 260 Custodial Council (Straż) 217, 253, 265-67, 284-85, 290-91, 293, 301 Deputation for the Clergy 229 Deputation for Foreign Affairs 217, 256-57, 270 Deputation for the Investigation of Rebel lions 239 Deputation for the Jews 233-34 Deputation for the Form of Government 231,236-37, 241 Deputation for the Towns 232 diary 206, 417, Plates 26-27 envoys 194-95, 249 judicial reforms 235-36, 264, 266-67, 284, 286-88 ‘malcontents’ 289, 292, 296, 304—9, 312
INDEX optimism 218, 274, 281-82, 297, 344, 385 oratory 209, 211-12, 219, 220-21, 242, 252-53, 292 origins б, 186, 200-1 pamphlets 220-22, 230, 231-33, 246-47, 275, 282,311 political culture and discourse 206-8, 218, 231, 235-36, 245—49, 256, 268, 274-83, 296-97, 332-33, 362-63, see ako republicanism political praxis 212-16, 227-31, 242, 245, 290-91,296-97 potential 6-7, 9-10, 297-300, 362-64, 377-78, 385 procedure 209, 215, 251-52, 256, 260, 288 provincial sessions 210, 218 revenues 224, 313 royal elections or hereditary succession? 236, 242-43, 246-48, 251, 256, 307 royalism, royalists 202, 206, 217, 218-20, 242, 244-46, 280-81, 284, 309 ‘ruling sejm’ 213, 215-18, 221 sovereignty 208, 218, 221, 228, 236-37, 249, 261-62, 264, 268, 288-89, 297 verses 219-20, 225, 294 see ако Constitution of 3 May 1791; sejmiks Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth central administration 45, 166-74 coinage 92, 328, 358 community of citizens 1, 11, 15, 18-19, 21, 33,174, 207-8, 236, 379, 385 composition 8, 11-12, 14-16, 33 confessional geography 72-76, 109, 188-90, Map2 customs and tolls 87, 93, 96, 173, 193, 286 decentralization 44, 235-36, 329-30 diplomats 166-67, 216-17 economy 31, 64-70, 134, 144, 159-64, 166, 307 frontiers 64, 72, 95, 108, 110, 116, 120, 136-39, 173, 410, Plate 14 violations 2, 58, 69, 88, 138, 170, 186 independence 36, 40, 210, 262, 268, 363 judicial system 22, 28, 44, 62-63, 65, 155-56, 164-65, 184, 343 reforms of 87, 92, 124-25, 170 military performance 18, 27-28, 31, 33, 138, 170, 315-23, 350-51, 353-54, 358-63 monarchy 22-23, 45, 46-47, 93, 133, 139, 145 name 1,15-16, 268,
383 political thought, culture and discourse 50-54, 132-33, 178-81, 296, 327, 362-64 political praxis 47-52, 79, 296 regalia 372-73 reputation 6, 33, 78, 84, 255, 268 revenues 92-93, 96, 172 royal elections 22-23, 29, 34-38, 80—89, 297 royal election or hereditary succession? 52, 113, 114,311 royal title 11, 88, 261 sovereignty (or lack of) 9, 34, 53, 107, 114, 200, 343-44, 362-63, 420 territorial losses 2, 18, 28, 56, 89, 95, 261 transformations of 6—7, 10 see ако Polish Revolution Polish-Russian War (1792) 325, 362 dispositions 314-17 Crown campaign 317-19, Map 5 Lithuanian campaign 319-20, Map 6 capitulation 301—4, 320-24, 423 Polock 55, 231,319 palatinate and sejmik 137, 327, 414 Ruthenian-rite archbishopric 229, 419 Polonne 317-18 Poltava, Battle of (1709) 30, 117 Polybius 20 Pomerania 12, 64, 116 Pompey 176 Poniatowska, Konstancja, nee Czartoryska 62, 88 Poniatowski, Prince Andrzej, general in Austrian service 91, 96, 315 Poniatowski, Prince Józef, lieutenant-general 251, 256, 273, 289, 315-19, 321-22, 359, 371, 378 Poniatowski, Prince Kazimierz, Crown Chamberlain 77, 91, 130, 301 Poniatowski, Prince Michał Jerzy, Primate Plate 16 and the bishopric of Cracow 142-44, 185, 227-28 and the Commission of National Education 135, 190-91, 194-95,294 episcopal reformer 146—48 political partner of Stanislaw August (to 1788) 91, 129, 134, 144-45, 186-87 political prophet (1788) 199-200 and the Polish Revolution (1788-89) 212, 217-19, 242 and the Polish Revolution (1791-92) 272, 291-93, 305 and Targowica (1792-93) 301-3, 310, 312-13, 326, 330-31,338 death (1794) 359, 428 473
INDEX Poniatowski, Prince Stanisław, Lithuanian Treasurer 136, 165, 187, 190, 201, 273, 403 Poniatowski, Stanisław, the younger, Antoni see Stanisław August Poniatowski Poniatowski, Stanisław, the elder, Castellan of Cracow 49-50, 51, 62, 77, 78-79, 83, 88, 371 Poniatowskis 41 Poninski, Adam, Crown Treasurer 123-24, 228, 305 Popławski, Antoni, Piarist and writer 179 Popov, Vasilii, Russian general 424, 425 Potemkin, Grigorii 1, 3-4, 131-32, 138, 140, 141, 184, 186, 215, 241, 269, 403 as a Polish noble 2, 139, 187-88, 190, 202, 409 potential fomenter of rebellion 188, 200, 225 and the restoration of Russian supremacy (1790-91) 271, 304, 307, 423-24 death 290, 308 Potocka, Aleksandra, née Lubomirska 130, 228 Potocka, Elżbieta, née Lubomirska 130 Potocka, Gertruda, née Komorowska 306 Potocka, Józefina Amalia, née Mniszech 306, 309 Potocka, Julia, née Lubomirska 130 Potocka, Sophie, primo voto de Witte 308-9 Potocki, Antoni, Palatine of Bełz 49, 51 Potocki, Antoni Protazy ‘Prot’, banker 156-57, 248, 345 Potocki, Feliks (Szczęsny), Palatine of Ruthenia 181, 184, 188, 190, 197, 200-1, 305-9, 373 and the Polish Revolution (1788-1792) 216, 219, 225, 227, 250, 283, 288, 290, 304, 306-8 Marshal of the Confederacy of Targow ica (1792-93) 305, 311, 324-26, 328-32, 336-37 Potocki, Franciszek Salezy, Palatine of Kiev 49, 109, 130, 306 Potocki, Ignacy, Lithuanian Grand Marshal and the Commission of National Education 130, 195,291 opposition to Stanislaw August (to 1788) 130-32, 181, 184, 188, 190, 409 shift from a Russian to a Prussian orienta tion (1787-90) 200, 213, 217, 239 and the
form of government (1789—91) 236-38, 241-43, 245, 248, 250, 252, 254, 257 474 and the Polish Revolution (1791-92) 271, 290, 292, 293, 301-3, 309, 314 in emigration (1792-94) 321, 323-24, 423 and the Insurrection (1794) 351, 355-56 Potocki, Jan, writer 130, 196-97, 201 Potocki, Józef, Crown Grand Hetman 38, 49 Potocki, Mikołaj, starosta of Kaniów 153 Potocki, Seweryn, envoy 244 Potocki, Stanisław Kostka, envoy and dilettante 130, 183-84,195-96, 320 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 216, 217, 228, 245, 292, 309 Potocki, Teodor, Primate 36-38,47, 49, 73, 86 Potockis 39, 41-43, 46, 49, 51-52, 90, 155, 219, 242, 289 Poznań 12, 64, 69, 155, 162֊64, 231, 251, 351, Plate 20 Latin-rite bishopric 146, 338 palatinate 50 Přeny, sejmik 281-82 Priests of the Mission 60, 94, 148, 158 Pripet, River 160, 192 primacy of Poland, 229, 265-66, 285, 338, see ako Gniezno, archbishopric professionalization 113, 167, 174, 204 Protestant Churches, Protestantism, Protes tants 50, 55-56, 64, 72-77,110,178, 275 rights of and restrictions on 24—26, 36-37, 39, 73, 95-106, 124-25,161, 255 schools and universities 60-61, 193 see aho anti-Trinitarians; Bohemian Brethren; Calvinism; Lutheranism; Mennonites Prozors 168 Prussia, Duchy of 14, 16, 24, 55, 177 Prussia, Kingdom of 8-9, 54-55, 126, 161, 239, 380 East Prussia 55, 81-82, 116, 270, 327, 336 and Polish Protestants 55, 97, 99, 102 and Polish resources 54-55, 58, 76, 88, 96, 137, 173, 186 migrants from 162, 255-56, 263, 370 and Polish politics (to 1787) 32, 35-39, 41—42, 49, 82-85, 104, 129 and the first partition (1772) 116-19, 121-24, 136-37, 145
invasion of the Dutch Republic (1787) 197-98 and the Polish Revolution (1788-89) 199-201, 210, 212-14, 216, 228, 308 alliance with the Commonwealth
INDEX (1790-92) 235, 239—41, 269-74, 302, 304, 314 and the second partition (1793) 214, 310, 322-23, 331-42 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-49, 356-60, 364-66, 372 rule over annexed territories (after 1795) 373-77 Prussia, Royal 11, 14, 16, 24, 36, 50, 73-77, 96 annexation of 55, 116-19 and the dissident question 103, 105 Landtag44, 75, 91, 100 stance towards reforms 93 Prussians 13 Przebendowski, Józef, Prussian general 119 Przebendowski, Ignacy 118 Przemyśl, Latin-rite bishopric 145 Przeździecki, Antoni, Lithuanian Vice-Chan cellor 409 ‘public 194, 212, 218-21, 260, 302, 322, 332, 418 public diplomacy 269 Pułaski, Kazimierz, general 123 Puławy 181-82, 315, 321 political set 190, 200, 213, 218, 241, 280 Quintilian 20 Racławice, Battle of (1794) 350—52, 361 Raczyński, Kazimierz, Crown Court Marshal 134, 162-63, 296, 339, 341 Radoszyce 362 Radziwiłł, Janusz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 328 Radziwiłł, Krzysztof II, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 178 Radziwiłł, Michał, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 49 Radziwiłł, Michał Hieronim, Palatine of Wilno 253 Radziwiłł, Karol, Palatine of Wilno 49, 86, 104-5, 121, 134-35, 162,175, 212, 218 Radziwiłłs 25, 46, 49, 51, 77, 79, 184, 189 Reichenbach, Convention of (1790) 240, 269 religious toleration and co-existence 23-26, 70-78, 97, 104-5, 150, 161, 163, 243, 262, see abo liberty; religious Repnin, Nikolai, Russian diplomat and soldier 97-100, 102-7, 111, 124, 130, 139 governor of the annexed Lithuanian lands 351,366-67, 374, 375 republicanism 20-21, 33, 43, 52-54, 86, 112-14, 174 in art 176-77 and religion 100-1 in the Polish
Revolution (1788-92) 203-5, 206-8, 211-12, 217-18, 220, 222֊ 24, 236, 249, 258, 261, 296-97, 385 and the counter-revolution 307, 311-12, 324, 327, 329-32 and the Insurrection (1794) 346, 363-64 Reytan, Tadeusz, envoy 123-24 Rhine, River 40, 334, 377 Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of 345 Robespierre, Maximilien 207, 345, 364 rococo 74, 77 Rohaczew 319 Roma (Gipsies) 151 Romanov dynasty 18 Romantic poetry 109, 180, 379, 381, see abo Mickiewicz, Adam Rome 59, 144, 216, 369, see abo Holy Apostolic See ancient 19-20, 43, 113, 151, 176-78, 182, 197, 381 Rostocki, Teodozy, Ruthenian-rite Metropoli tan Archbishop of Kiev 229 Rostworowski, Emanuel, historian 197, 201, 250, 300, 371, 380, 420 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 93, 94, 140, 167-68, 197, 264, 275 Considerations on the Government ofPoland 112-24, 231, 236, 253, 329-30 royalism, royalists 23, 47^18, 50, 129, 132-35, 163, 166-67, 169, 184-85 in art and ideas 133, 178-79 limits of 140, 186 see abo monarchy; Polish Revolution Rus' 2, 12-17, 119, 189 Russian Empire (from 1721) 2, 7, 9, 17, 95, 149, 198-200, 269-71, 372, 380 abduction of peasants from the Common wealth 58, 138, 159, 186 and Polish politics under the Saxons 31—32, 34-43, 54-55 and the Polish election (1764) 80-88 and Orthodox and Protestants in the Commonwealth 55-57, 96-106, 108, 225-27 ‘guarantee’ of the Commonwealth (to 1790) 79, 106-7, 111,208,212-15, 217-18, 239, 246 475
INDEX and the Confederacy of Bar (1768-72) 108-16 and the first partition (1772) 115-16, 120-24, 137, 145-46 and Polish politics (1775-88) 128-46, 166-68, 182-91, 200-5, 209 and the Polish Revolution (1790-91) 239-40, 271-74 restoration of supremacy in the Common wealth (1792) 301-5, 308-32, 420 and the second partition (1793) 214, 333-44 and the Insurrection and third partition (1794-95) 347-53, 356-68 rule over annexed lands 120-21, 337, 373-79, 410 Russian Federation 11, 384 Ruthenia, Ruthenes 17, 25-28, 110, 189, 239 in the Polish Crown 72, 152-53, 164, 328, 330, 328, 330 palatinate 119 Ruthenian language (ruskii, also called litovska) 17, 164-65, 189, 376,411 Rutkowski, ex-soldier 155 Rybiński, Józef, Bishop of Włocławek (Cujavia) 146-47, 289 Rymkiewicz, Jarosław Marek, writer 428 Ryx, Franciszek, royal valet 183-84 Rzeczyca, district 410 Rzewuska, Konstancja, née Lubomirska 130, 308 Rzewuski, Adam, writer 248 Rzewuski, Kazimierz, envoy 216, 259 Rzewuski, Seweryn, Crown Field Hetman 105, 130, 197, 246-47, 307-8, 373 and Targowica 305, 309, 311, 326, 328, 335-38 Rzewuski, Wacław, Crown Grand Hetman 105, 130, 307 Šabac 315 Sabbatai Zevi 70-71 Sadkovskii, Viktor, Orthodox Bishop of Pereiaslav 2, 189-90, 227, 239 Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de 364 St Petersburg 131, 136, 151, 198, 270, ЗОЇ, 309,311,337 court of see Russian Empire Stanisław August in (1755-56, 1757-58, 1797-98) 83, 369-70 Treaty of (1793) 332, 336-37, 342, 364 Treaties of (1795) 364-65 Convention of (1797) 6, 373 476 Saldem, Caspar von, Russian diplomat 112 Sallust 20, 43, 208 Saltykov, Sergei 132 Saluzzo,
Ferdinando Maria, papal nuncio 222, 227-31, 276, 299 Samogitia 11, 66-67, 73, 168, 192-93, 356, 361 Insurrection (1794) 353, 359 Latin-rite bishopric 145-46, 153, 338 sejmik 249 San Domingo 377 Sandomierz 119, 372 Civil-Military Commission 351 palatinate 356 Sapieha, Aleksander, Lithuanian Grand Chancellor 327 Sapieha, Kazimierz Nestor and F. K. Branicki 184, 209, 215, 241, 291 marshal of the Lithuanian confederacy (1788-92) 209, 226, 235, 241, 246, 255,285-86 and the Constitution of 3 May 1791 259-60 opposition to Stanisław August 188, 202, 212,217,219, 225 and the war of 1792 301-3, 321, 323, 423, 425 Sapiehas 49-50 Sapieżyna, Elżbieta, née Branická 184, 202 Šapoka, Adolfas, historian 382 Sarmada, Sarmatians, Sarmatism 6-7, 76, 77-78, 90, 93, 250,254 revivals 114, 179-81, 185, 219, 379, 384 Sava, River 315 Savannah, battle of (1779) 123 Savoy 40 Saxony, Electorate of 11, 30, 38, 41—4, 54-55 schools 59-60, 66, 76, 126-27, 189, 192-95, 204, 376 elementary 149, 235, 294 Knights’ School (Cadet Corps) 93, 168, 169, 195,204,316, 324 Schroeder, Paul W, historian 81, 271, 334 Schroeger, Ephraim, architect 157, 163 sejm 19—22, 28, 264-66 of 1717 31, 44, 63, 235 of 1733 (first) 32 of 1733 (convocation, election, coronation) 36-38 of 1735 and 1736 (pacification) 39 of 1738, 1740 and 1744 (Grodno) 42, 51,63 of 1762 52
INDEX of 1764 (convocation, election and coronation) 86-91, 96-97 of 1766 80, 99-103 of 1767-68 (‘Repnins’) 104-7, 165 of 1773-75 (Partition) 122-27, 135, 160, 211,306 of 1776 129, 133, 135-37, 139, 171, 172, 180-81,211 of 1778 136, 139-40, 170 of 1780 140,415 of 1782 143 of 1784 (Grodno) 144, 160, 170, 183 of 1786 145, 185-86 of 1788-92 (Great) see Polish Revolution of 1793 (Grodno) 340-44, 347^18, 360, 366 confederated 3, 42—43, 86-88, 104, 123-24,133,135, 264, 343 constituent 264, 284 extraordinary mode 39, 104 ‘free 129, 141 legislation 22, 106, 288-89, see abo cardinal laws procedure 21-22, 106, 186, 215, 251-52, 256, 283 reconvenable 213, 221, 264, 283 reform (1791) 283-84 representation 208, 253, 264, 283, 289 sejmiks 19, 30, 44, 48, 63-64, 106, 134, 178, 245, Plate 25 of 1733 37 of 1764 85, 94-95 of 1766 99 of 1767 104 of 1773 122-23 of 1776 133, 135 of 1778 139 of 1786 184-85 of 1788 194, 201-5,222 of 1790 194, 238, 246-50, 277, 294 of 1792 275, 277-82, Map 4 of 1793 340-41 question of mandatory instructions 113, 208, 221, 237, 252-53, 258, 264, 281,283, 329 reform (1791) 253, 264, 267, 281 Selim III, Sultan 240 senate, senators 19, 20—22, 26, 264, 329, 341 castellans 133, 212, 218, 220, 223, 245 nomination 23, 25, 46, 133, 145-46, 244-45, 266, 284 Russian abduction of 105, 107 of Royal Prussia 75 senate council 44-45, 109, 111, 122 Serbians 137-38 serfdom see peasants sermons 63-64, 148—49, 174, 190, 222, 275, 281-82, 363 Serra, Niccolò, papal nuncio 75 Seven Years’War (1756-63) 51, 54-55, 80-82, 85, 122 Seveda 11, 261 Shakespeare, William 21,93 Siberia 117 Sibyl
83, 128 Siarczyński, Antoni, sejm secretary 418 Siarczyński, Franciszek, priest 418 Siebież 121 Sieradz, sejmik 247 Siestrzeńcewicz, Stanisław, Archbishop of Mohylew 145 Sievers, Jakob Johann, Russian diplomat 336-44, 347 Sigismund I ‘the Old’, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 14, 24 Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 14, 16, 22, 24, 88 Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, King of Sweden 11, 18, 23, 25 Silesia 12, 41, 55, 64, 72, 81, 119, 126, 154, 240, 255, 336 Silvestre, Louis de, painter 90, Plate 8 Sistovo, Treaty of (1791) 240 Skarszewski, Wojciech, Bishop of Chelm and Lublin 147, 329-30, 341, 343, 360-61 Skrzetuski, Wincenty, Piarist and writer 179 Sliwicki, Piotr, confessor to Stanisław August 94 Slonim, sejmik 204 Słowacki, Juliusz, Bard 371, 379 Słuck 162, 189 Smetona, Antanas, President of Lithuania 380-81 Smila 2, 139, 187-88, 225 Smolensk 11, 18, 28 Latin-rite bishopric 145 Sochaczew, sejmik 247 Soitan, Stanisław, Lithuanian Court Marshal 301-3, 353 Sołtyk, Kajetan, Bishop of Cracow 71, 90, 99, 101-2, 104-5, 130, 141-Í3, 211, 228 Sołtyk, Stanisław, envoy 216, 254, 256, 277, 289, 292 Soramel, Filippo, historian 406 Soviet Union 370-72, 382 477
INDEX Spain, Kingdom and Empire 8, 40, 122, 126, 198, 269 Sparta 114, 181-83, 202, 219 Spielmann, Baron Anton, Austrian politician 334-35 Spisz, starostwo 91-92, 105, 116, 131 Środa 134 Stackeiberg, Otto Magnus von, Russian diplomat and the Partition Sejm 122-24, 126 management of the Commonwealth (1775-88) 132-33, 136, 138, 145-46, 166-68, 184-86,410 weakening position 141, 144, 182, 187, 190, 200-1, 341 end of mission (1788-90) 209, 212, 214, 217,218-19, 228,242 Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine 30, 35-40, 88, 89, 117 Stanisław II August Poniatowski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania life and career (to 1763) 52, 82-84, 176-77, 370,406 election as king (1763-64) 82-89, 407, Plate 4 coronation (1764) 89-90, 97, 367 Plate 9 early reforms (1765-66) 90-96 abduction (1771) 115, 190 resistance to first partition (1772-73) 121-24, 366 oratory (to 1788) 80, 89, 135, 136-37, 175 political management (to 1788) 91, 133-35, 175, 183-86, 201-5, 409 relationship with Stackelberg (1772-90) 124, 126, 132, 133, 141, 145, 166-68, 186-87, 212, 214, 242, 410 and the Polish Revolution (1788-92) 208-21, 225, 228, 231-32, 238-65, 268-79, 282-86, 290-93, 296-99, 304-7, 313 and Targowica (1792-93) 301-3, 309, 312-24, 326-28, 330-32, 335, 338, 345 and the Grodno Sejm (1793) 339-44 and the Insurrection (1794) 346—49, 355-63 abdication (1795) 366-68 exile, death and finierais (1795-1995), 369-72 Plate 32 ambitions for reform 2, 80, 83-85, 94, 97, 107, 136, 140, 178, 250, 292, 385 appeals to Catherine II 96, 100-1, 111, 136-37, 141, 272,
301-2, 320, 347, 366-67, 369 and the arts 128, 157-58, 175-78, 369 Plates 10, 22-23 as author 83-84, 93, 114,175-76, 369, 423 Cabinet 165-67 choice of the lesser evil 212, 360, 368 correspondence 134, 165-67, 174 court 89, 132 diplomatic initiatives 96, 111, 121-22, 166-67, 339 and education 93, 126, 311 finances 89, 93, 125, 134, 339, 366-67, 369, 373 hostility towards 90, 99, 104, 108, 111, 114, 130, 143, 180-82 ideology and propaganda 174-80, 259 and Jews 71, 164 languages 176-77 medals struck 94, 128, 150, Plate 10 politics of history 93, 177-78, 378 precursor of‘organic work’ 377 progresses and voyages 1-6, 140-41, 144, 159-60, 175, 183, 186-91, 195, Plates 1-2 propaganda abroad 115, 121-22, 268 pursuit of an alliance with Russia 2-3, 5, 84, 98, 177, 186-87, 200-2, 204, 302, 312-13, 339, 343 question of dethronement 104, 109, 114-15 question of marriage 83, 89, 96, 407 religious policies 97-102, 104, 111, 188-90, 243, 255, 276-77 and Rousseau 114 snuffboxes 175, 180, 411 vs superstition 150-51 ‘throne and altar’ 89, 115, 129, 144-45, 178 Stanisław of Szczepanów, Saint 5, 90, 190, 275-76 starostas, starostwa 23, 25, 45, 65, 93, 116, 166, 222, 244, 282 eligibility of non-Catholics 97, 100 reform (1775) 125, 130 reform (1791-92) 292-93, 298 and towns 69, 171, 363 see abo Crown estates Staszic, Stanisław, writer 221-22, 246 Stedingk, Curt von, Swedish diplomat 425 Stempkowski, Józef, Palatine of Kiev 110, 134, 248, 306 Stephen, Saint 142 478
ÍNDEX Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 18, 22-23, 25 Stolpce 320 Stowe 178 Stroynowski, Hieronim, Piarist and writer 179, 275, 289 Suchodolski, Wojciech, envoy and client of F. K. Branicki 211-12, 228-30, 235, 247, 283,415 Suchorzewski, Jan, maverick envoy 225, 251, 254-60, 311, 336 sujets mixtes 120, 132, 136, 200, 239, 281, 307, 337, 373 Sułkowski, Aleksander, favourite ofAugustus III 47 Sułkowski, Józef, colonel 320 superstition 150-51 Suvorov, Aleksandr, Russian general 112, 116, 361-62 Sweden, Kingdom of 11, 14, 16, 18, 23, 35, 125 ‘Deluge’ 28, 29, 68, 103, 164, 328 in the Great Northern War, 30-31, 40, 117 and the Polish election of 1733 38-39 ‘revolution’ (1789) 232, 245, 257, 260 ։ and Russia 41, 85, 96, 198-99, 240, 274 Swiejkowski, Jan, confederate of Targowica 424 Swierzawski, Karol Boromeusz, actor 251 Święta (Šventoji), River and harbour 173 Swiçtoslawski, Wojciech, envoy 419-20 Switzerland 78 Szawle 353 Szczara, River 160 Szczekociny, Battle of (1794) 357 Szembek, Krzysztof, Bishop of Płock 147, 217, 228, 229-30 Szembeks 47, 147 Szkłów 121 szlachta 1, 3, 14, 18-21, ЗО, 44-50, 159 and the army 169—70, 185-86, 203-4, 235,315 and the Catholic Church 24—25, 47, 50, 61-64, 94-95, 204, 222-23, 227-31, 235, 248-49, 287-88, 385 costume 77-78, 90, 179-81, 185, 201, 205, 215, 219, 249, 415, Plates 8, 24 economic pressure on 160-61, 164, 204, 282 emancipation from tutelage 181-83, 186, 201, 246, 278, 282, 332 ennoblement 72, 255, 299-300, 343, 351 ‘ferment’ (1788) 6, 183, 195, 201 under foreign rule 118-21, 373-76 ius indigenatus 52, 90, 139,
187 and Jews 65, 69-70, 233, 249 and non-Catholics 24—25, 28, 36-37, 96-106, 108-9, 124-25, 255, 262, 385 and peasants 64-69, 139-40, 204, 225, 249, 351-52, 374-75, 385 petty szlachta 22, 50, 67, 134, 185, 201, 204, 248, 325-26, 375-76 restriction of political rights of landless nobles 231, 237, 253, 263, 281 in Royal Prussia 74-76, 91, 119 Russophobia 182, 186, 202, 213, 225, 252, 258, 307 and towns 161, 163, 204, 232-33, 249, 254-57, 275, 281, 295, 326, 385 in the Ukraine 27, 138, 225-27, 306, 325, 375 values 43, 51-52, 123, 174, 179-83, 194, 203-5, 235-36, 248-49, 332-33, 385 xenophobia 29, 77-78, 179, 185-86, 205, 249 see abo magnates; sejmiks Szołtysek, Mikołaj, historian 67-68 Szydłów 153 Tacitus 20 Targowica 325, see ако confederacies Tarnów, Latin-rite bishopric 144 Taśmin, River 138-39 Tatars 12-13, 16, 27, 28, 73, 170, 320 taxation 18-19, 28, 30, see also Catholic Church distribution 51, 285 excises 172 hearth tax 162, 172, 204, 313 Jewish poll tax 93, 172, 313 kwarta 93, 172, 223 of noble lands 203-4, 223-24, 246, 249, 313 of non-Catholic clergy 227 Taylor, William, merchant 183-84 Те Deum hudamusòi, 88, 256, 259, 359, 360, 372, 374 Tepper, Piotr Fergusson, banker 156, 345 Terespol, Battle of (1794) 361 Teutonic Order 13, 14, 19 Theatine Order 59-60 theatre 93, 124, 175-76, 251, 345 Thomasius, Christian, 77 Thorn 69, 74, 76, 110 Prussian designs on and annexation 117, 199, 239, 270, 338 Tumult of (1724) 55, 75, 105 479
INDEX Thorvaldsen, Bertel, sculptor 378 Thugut, Baron Franz von, Austrian State Chancellor 335, 342, 365 Tivoli 83 Tobolsk 117 Toioczyn 319 Tomaszewski, former drummer 155 Tomaszewski, Dyzma Bończa, secretary of the Confederacy of Targowica 311 Tomasov, Aleksandr, Russian major-general 350 torture and its abolition 71, 150, 164, 170, 226, 299 towns 19, 64, 67, 69-70, 72-76,162, 164, see ako burghers and Prussia, Royal Commissions boni ordinis, 87, 106, 162-64, 171 jurydyki 69, 155, 161, 163, 233, 295 reform (1791-92) 254-56, 263, 287, 294-96 under foreign rule 118-19, 376 traitors, treason 267, 284, 305, 312, 319, 320, 325, 328, 333, 344 during the Insurrection (1794) 346, 351, 354-55, 357-60, 363-64 treasurers 23, 45, 172 Treasury Commissions, Crown and Lithuanian 86-87, 106, 171-73, 228-29, 235, 260 Treasury Commission (1791-92) 254, 265, 285-86 Trçbicki, Antoni, envoy 253 Tremo, Paul, royal chef 370 Tribunals 22, 28, 48, 62-63, 92, 125, 165, 170, 174, 277-78 Crown 44, 52, 63, 79, 171 Lithuanian 79, 96, 162, 164, 249, 275 reform (1791-92) 254-56, 267, 287-88 Troki 162 palatinate 281 sejmik 162 Trokin, Ludwik, major-general 318 Tulczyn 190, 306, 309, 316, 325 Turski, Feliks, Bishop of Cracow 146, 228, 259, 276, 291 Tuscany, Grand Duchy of 8, 40 Tyniec, abbey 145 Tyszkiewicz, Konstancja 403 Tyszkiewicz, Ludwik, Lithuanian Treasurer 301-3, 403 Tyszkiewicz, Maria Teresa 293 Tyzenhauz, Antoni, Lithuanian Court Treasurer 134-35, 140, 166, 172, 175, 191,282 Ukraine, the 2, 16, 27-28, 56-67, 131, 137-39,159, 375-76 Jews 71, 109 ‘New Serbia’ (‘Novorossiia’) 137-38 peasants 64-65,
67, 69, 109-10, 188-90, 224-27, 306-7, 317 strategic importance 213, 241, 312 campaign and confederacies (1792) 315-17,325 Ukraine 2, 11, 16, 17, 121,189, 335, 384 Ukrainian SSR 12 Uniates see Catholic Church (Ruthenian Rite) USSR see Soviet Union vagrancy 159, 170, 171, 293-94 Valmy, Battle of (1792) 334-35, 360 Varala, Treaty of (1790) 240 Varennes, flight to 273 Vasilii IV Shuiskii, Tsar of Muscovy 145 Venice, Republic of 78, 158, 168 Venturi, Franco, historian 384 Versailles see France, Kingdom of Vesuvius 5, 378, Plate 2 Vienna 40, 144, 158, 184, 307, 314 relief of (1683) 28, 177 court of see Habsburg Monarchy Vigée Le Brun, Élisabeth, painter 370, Plate 32 Vilnius 381, see aho Wilno Virgil 128, 177-78 Virtuti Militari, order 318, 320, 353 Visconti, Antonio, papal nuncio 87, 91, 94-95, 97, 102, 108, 146-47 Vistula, River 2, 37, 70, 157, 160, 319, 326, 358, 377 delta 39, 66 frontier 119,137, 142, 351, 356, 364-65 trade 76, 96,117-18 Volhynia 11, 12, 16, 67,119,141, 153, 226-27, 356, 358, 364, sejmik 184-85, 202, 203, 247, 249 campaign and confederacies in (1792) 315, 317-18, 326, 332 under Russian rule 375-76 Volkonskii, Mikhail, Russian diplomat 111 Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de 94 Volumina Legam 59, 343, 422 Vytautas (Witold) ‘the Great’, Grand Duke of Lithuania 261, 372, 382 Walewski, Michał, Palatine of Sieradz 199, 210, 337 Wallachia, Principality of 140 War of the Austrian Succession (1740—48) 41-42 480
INDEX War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-79) 136, 138, 201 War of the Polish Succession (1733-35/38) 39-40 War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13/14) 8 Warmia, Latin-rite prince-bishopric 73, 145 Warsaw archdeaconry (diocese of Poznan) 146, 338 burghers 231-34 Church of the Highest Providence 275-76 Church of the Holy Cross 37, 88, 90, 150, 174 Church of St John the Baptist 38, 89-90, 208, 259, 371-72 commission boni ordinis 87 crime and punishment 155-56 Duchy of 378 gilded youth 251,316 growth 69, 156-58, 161, 218-19, Plates 18-19 infant mortality 158 Insurrection (1794) 31, 345, 352, 357-62, Plate 31 Jews 156, 158, 161, 233-34 in the Kingdom of Poland 378 land and sejmik 326 the Łazienki palace and park 177, 344, 369, 371 Lutherans 105-6, 146, 161 0!d and New Towns 155-56, 159, 161, 231 paving 156, 172 Powązki cemetery 294, 359 Praga, suburb 37, 158, 355, 361-62 prostitution 155-56, 219, 232-33 Prussian rule 365, 374, 376 Radziwiłł Palace 124, 256, 289 ramparts 156 reconstruction after 1945 158, Plates 18-19 recreational spaces 89, 157, 219, 251, 345 reputation 7, 99, 154, 179, 339 residence of elites 147, 151, 156-57, 183-84 Rising (1944) 372 Royal Castle 38, 89, 103, 115, 156, 176-78, 209, 220, 250, 256, 301, 326, 338, 362, 372, 374 Russian Embassy 125, 189, 312, Plate 31 Russian military occupation 38, 322, 329, 345, 348, 352 schools 59 site of court 51, 55, 69 site of sejms and royal elections 22, 28, 37-38, 45, 88, Plate 4, see abo sejm Ujazdów Castle and estate 157, 169 481 Warta, River 377 Washington, George, President of the USA 346 Wawrzecki, Tomasz, envoy and
head of the 1794 Insurrection 281, 353, 361-62 Wejher, Jakub 119 Wejherowo 118-19 Wessel, Teodor, Crown Treasurer 86-87, 123 Wettin dynasty (House of Saxony) 35, 80, 89-90, 94, 372 question of restoration to the Polish throne 82, 108, 111,248 Weyssenhoff, Józef, envoy and journalist 290 Whitworth, Charles, British diplomat 4, 370, 403 Wielhorski, Jerzy, confederate of Targowica 424 Wielhorski, Michal, the elder, politician and writer 112, 316 Wielhorski, Michał, the younger, majorgeneral 316, 318, 322, 359 Wieliczka, salt mine 119-20, 125, 239 Wielkopolska see Greater Poland Wieprz, River 356 Wilanów palace 130 Wilczek, Heinrich Wilhelm von, Austrian diplomat 36 Wilhelmina, Prussian princess, wife of William V 198 Wilia, River 193 Wilkomierz, district and sejmik 414 William V of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic 198 Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, British diplomat 83, 84 Wilno (Vilnius) 22, 69, 70, 73-74, 75, 161-62, 319, 339 Cathedral 152, 372, Plate 21 celebrations 268, 275, 374 Great Synagogue 74, Plate 5 incorporation into Poland (1920-22) 381 Insurrection (1794) 345, 353-55, 359-60 ladies 191 Latin-rite bishopric 87, 146, 149, 330 Lithuanian General Confederacy (1792-93) 327 sejmik 281, 340-41 Vilnan Educational District 378 University 25, 74, 126, 158, 191-93, 275, 376, 382, Plate 6 Werki 193 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, President of the USA 383 Windau, River 364
INDEX Winnica 317 Wiśniowiecki, Michal Serwacy, Lithuanian Chancellor 37 witchcraft 150-51 Witebsk, palatinate 137 Witecki, Stanislaw, historian 151-52 Witte, Józef de, commandant of Kamieniec Podolski 308 Wittenberg, Friedrich Bogislaw Tauentzien von, Prussian diplomat 364 Władysław II Jagiełło see Jogaik Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 23, 27, 34 Włocławek, Latin-rite bishopric (Cujavia) 146, 338 Włodzimierz 189, 194-95 sejmik in exile see Czernihów Wola, election field outside Warsaw 37-38, 88, Plate 4 Wołczyn (Voűchin) 320, 370-72 Wolff, Christian 77 Wołkowysk, sejmik 204, 247 women cultural patrons 130, 132, 180-82 in the Insurrection (1794) 355, 360 misogyny 179, 220 noblewomen and burgesses 275 in peasant families 68 political role of 99, 130, 180-82, 201, 211-12,218-20, 281,292 separations and annulments 170, 184, 309, 320 Vilnan 192 Woronicz, Jan Paweł, poet, later Archbishop of Warsaw 145, 177, 180 Woyna, Franciszek Ksawery, Polish diplomat 216, 239 Wróblewska, Marianna, luckless thief 155 Wschowa (Fraustadt) 45 Wybicki, Józef, politician and writer 105, 133, 139-40, 178, 289, 296, 377 Wyszogród, land and sejmik 50, 248 Bayerische ) Staatsbibliothek і 482 і München J Xavier, Saxon prince 82 Yiddish language 73, 376 Yorké, Charles, British politician 6, 84, 97 Zabiełło, Józef, Lithuanian Field Hetman 355 Zabiełło, Michał, envoy and lieutenant-general 315, 320, 322 Zabiellos 50 Zabłocki, Bernard, Polish diplomat 168 Zabotyn 138 Zagórski, Jan, confederate ofTargowica 424 Zakroczym, land and sejmik 222 Zakrzewski, Ignacy, envoy 244, 258,
289 President ofWarsaw (1794) 352, 355-57, 361 Zajączek, Józef, major-general 318, 346, 357, 360, 362 Zaleski, Michal, envoy 217, 239 Załuski, Andrzej Stanisław, Bishop of Cracow 77 Załuski, Józef Andrzej, Bishop of Kiev 77, 101, 105 Zamoyska, Ludwika, née Poniatowska 403 Zamoyski, Andrzej, Crown Chancellor 49, 86, 91,95, 102-3, 120,139, 408 Zaporozhia see Cossacks Zasław 318 Zbrucz, River 336 Zelwa 320 Zieleńce, Battle of (1792) 318 Zielińska, Ewa, historian 410 Zielińska, Zofia, historian 96, 367-68, 380, 404, 427 Złotnicki, Antoni, confederate ofTargowica 424 Żółkiewski, Stanislaw, Crown Field Hetman 145 Zubov, Platon, last favourite of Catherine II 309-10, 323, 335, 347-48, 356,425 Zug, Simon Gottlieb, architect 157 Żytomierz 71, 134, 162 sejmik see Kiev |
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| author | Butterwick, Richard 1968- |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1733-1795 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1733-1795 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:11:02Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:01:26Z |
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| isbn | 9780300252200 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Yale University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Butterwick, Richard 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)1027857930 aut The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame Richard Butterwick New Haven ; London Yale University Press [2020] © 2020 xxiii, 482 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1733-1795 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1733-1795 z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Butterwick, Richard 1968- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)1060577984 |
| title | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame |
| title_auth | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame |
| title_exact_search | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame |
| title_full | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame Richard Butterwick |
| title_fullStr | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame Richard Butterwick |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 light and flame Richard Butterwick |
| title_short | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733-1795 |
| title_sort | the polish lithuanian commonwealth 1733 1795 light and flame |
| title_sub | light and flame |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Polen-Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032466403&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT butterwickrichard thepolishlithuaniancommonwealth17331795lightandflame |
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