A full-value ruble: the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Harvard historical studies
191 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 300 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780674251649 0674251644 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Note on Currency and on Institutions Note on Translation and Transliteration vii ix Glossary of Key Terms xi Timeline of Important Events xv Introduction: The Ruble and Soviet Prosperity i 1 Our Low-Price Guarantee 18 2 Income Redistribution without Leveling 54 3 Socialist Security 89 4 All Your Wages in Hand 121 5 Real Returns 159 Conclusion: Prosperity Postponed 192 Appendixes 203 Notes 211 Bibliography 269 Acknowledgments 289 Index 293
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------. “Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality: A Contribution to German Cultural History Contra Karl Heinzen.” In The Collected Works ofKarl Marx and Frederick Engels, voi. 6, General Works, 1844-18%, 312-340. New York: International Publishers, 1976. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. “Manifesto of the Communist Party.” In The MarxEngels Reader, edited by Robert C. Tucker, 469-500. New York: Norton, 1978. Trotsky, Leon. The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going? Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1937. Zverev, A. G. What Soviet Citizens Get besides Wages. London: Soviet Booklets, 1959. English-Language Primary Sources Rose, Scott. “Brezhnev Bonds Haunt Putin as Investors Hunt $785 Billion.” Bloomberg, August 31, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-27/brezhnev-bonds -haunt-putin-as-investors-hunt-for-785-bilhon.html. Secondary Sources Aksiutin, Iurii. Khrushchevskaia “ottepeľ і obshchestvennye nastroeniia v SSSRv i%3~ 1964 gg. Moskva: ROSSPEN, 2004. Alexopoulos, Golfo. Stalins Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926-1936. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003. Attwood, Lynne. “Housing in the Khrushchev Era.” In Women in the Khrushchev Era, edited by Melanie Ilice, Susan E. Reid, and Lynne Attwood, 177-202. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Paigrave Macmillan, 2004. Barber, John, and Mark Harrison. The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1943: A Social and Economic History ofthe USSR in World War II. London: Longman, 1991. Barenberg, Alan. ‘“For a Single, Clear Pension Law’: Legislating and Debating
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Index benefits Ų’goty), 2, 80-83 abundance: artificial, 52-53; as communist economic concept, 2-3, 8-9,13,17,120, Beria, Lavrenty, 143 blat, 5-6, 27,78 200-201; promises about, 44, 79,191,196; in Western Europe, 4 access. See blaf, privileges bonds: abolition of mass subscription issues of, 123-125,141-145,150-151,157,160-161,175,183, agricultural tax. See taxes 190-192; compulsory subscription to, 122-123, I33-Ī35,160,162-163,174,192; conversions of, agriculture: Khrushchev’s reforms of, 34-35, 44-46, 48, 51,113,156,195; post-Stalinist 133,166; guaranteed-to-win issues of, 172; reforms of, 33-34, 40,132,192; postwar state of, 32—33; relationship to retail prices, 29,52-53; komsodys role in achieving subscription quotas for, 127-128,133-136,183-184; lottery Stalinist neglect of, 33. See aho pensions; shortages; taxes Aleksandrov, Georgii, 60-62 issues of, 125-126,171-172; market or “freecirculating” issues of, 16,160-161,172-174, Andrianov family, 80-81, 83 121,126,188; mortgaging of, 135,160,163; Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, 135 natural or in-kind issues of, 125; payments on bachelor tax. See taxes (interest and prizes), 126,138-139,142,172,174, 190,192; petitions to sell, 135-136; propaganda 176,183,199; mass subscription issues of, 16, Bachurin, Aleksandr, 122,148-149 surrounding, 127,133-134,136,167,190; balance of the population’s money income and expenses: as economic concept, 3; imbalances Reconstruction and/or Development issues of, 132-Г33,173; redemption of, 123,125,131, in, 26,84,87,154,159,187,195; planned balances, 17,193. See also money; purchasing
power 135-їЗб, 142-143,175,190,199; relationship to currency supply, 122,157-158,162; relationship bank accounts: lottery accounts, 174-175; money to taxes, 122; as state revenue, 113,126-127, saved in, 199; savings accounts, 16,159-Г70,174, 181-183,186-190,196,199; time accounts, 175 129-133,138-139,162-163; state’s debt on, 123, 136-139,140—142; storage of, 169; subscription banks: convenience of, 170; credit functions of, 7; number of, 169-170,181-182; security of, campaigns for, 16,121-123,126-128,130,133-137, 139-140,144-145,166; subscription quotas for, 162,170; State Bank (Gosbank), 8,11,12, 24, 83,113,159,161,164,189; state savings banks (sberkassy), 26,135,159-171,174,177,180,181-191, 126,130,136,138; as wage deductions, 61,123 bonuses: criticisms of, 74, 76; illegal payment of, 68,76; for the komsody, 128; for pensioners, 196; trust in, 162,165,182-183; types of, 169-170. See also bank accounts bazaars, 31, 46 91, 94, 99,105,108-109, IIr reforms to, 68, 75-76, 84,102; relationship to workers’ income, 55, 61, 72,76,79, 84-85; for work in the North, Belarusian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 31,103,182 Far East, and in remote areas, 74-75· See also pensions; premiums; wages Belkin, Viktor, 47, 61 bread allowance, 20, 27,59, 97,100—101,131 293
INDEX Brezhnev, Leonid, ii8,179,196-199 British pound, 28, 78 Bukharin, Nikolai, 7 Bulganin, Nikolai, 60-61,104,108-109,146 Burmistrov, Dmitrii, 121,153-154 194-196,199-200; full communism, 29, 47, 194; material exchange of goods under, 6, 8-9,193; population’s faith in, 16, 201; postponement, 53,195-197; prerequisites for, 2-3, 6, 8-9, 29, 69,193; rivalry with capitalism, 150; transition from socialism toward, 31, 47,56, 62, 64, 86,188,190,193, 199 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik): advance knowledge of currency reforms, 164—195; criticism of, 59; factional squabbles within, 7; privileges of, 6, 59,128; programs, 47,117,194; promises regarding living standards, 29,54,105,198; self-criticism, 60. See also Party Congresses Communist Youth League (Komsomol), 58, 80,128 consecutive retail price cuts. See prices consumer desire, 9, 63,160,162 consumer goods: demand for, 23, 27,39, 43; importation of, 39; luxury items, 25-26; pent-up demand for, 161,186-187, *89; production of, 4; purchases of, 23,37-39; reserves of, 31. See also consumer desire; consumption; lotteries; prices; shortages consumption: pleasures of, 2, Г83,186,190; “rational” consumption, 63; social hierarchy of, 52, 88 control figures, 75, 84-85,156,189 convertibility. See ruble cooperatives, 22, 24,39,197 Council of Ministers: Khrushchev’s leadership of, 49, 87; role in 1947 currency reform, 42; role in bonds, 134—136; role in economic policy, 15; role in lotteries, 176-177,180; role in pension reform, 96, 98—100,102,104, no, 113; role in price cuts, 26, 34, 41; role in tax reform, 150-151; role in
wage reform, 68, 75, 77; of the RSFSR, 115 countryside. See agriculture; collective farms; state farms credit: to bank accounts, 183; as capitalist concept, 194; between enterprises, 5, 7—8; “letters of credit,” 169; as lottery prize, 179; in socialist economy, 194-195; in stores, 56, 179. See also Main Administration of State Savings Banks and State Credit cameras, 40-41,175 care {žabota), 2,15-16, 21, 25, 29, 52, 75, 90-91, 94,106,117,120,129,140,151 cars: as lottery prizes, 175,178; prices of, 25, 40; privileged access to, 25, 56, 60, 79; purchase of, 167 cash: conversion of during currency reforms, 1, 41,160,165,186; excess supply of, 8,12, 26, 28, 77-78, 87,156-158,163,189,199; payment for lottery tickets in, 177-179; payment of taxes in, 130-131; payments for state bonds in, 126; payments to collective farmers in, 32,35,38, 113; payment to workers in, 121; peasants’ profits in, 33; printing of, 10; prizes of, 121,125, 161,172,174-175,178,180; regulation of supply of, 3,52; savings in, 187; temporary allowances of, 61—62, 78-79. See aho money; ruble; shortages Central and Eastern Europe, 5, 28-29,146 Central Statistical Administration, 37 Central Trade Union, 15 chervonets, 7 Chetverikov, Petr, 189 coins, 40—41, 43. See also cash; money; ruble Cold War, 4,14, 28,48,52,150,154,158 Collapse of the USSR, 180,199 collective farm markets. prices; shortages collective farms {kolkhozy): finances of, 32, 35, 45; labor on, 32, 45; private plots on, 45-46. See also pensions; prices; taxes; trade collective responsibility {krugovaia poruka), 128 collectivization, 8,18, 45
Commissions for Contributions to State Credit and Savings (komsody), 127-128,135,163,167, 172,174,17Ó-177, Г83-184 Committee on Questions of Work and Wages, 71-72, 74, 76,102,154,193 commodity taxation, 122. See also taxes communism: abundance of, 17,161,191,196; construction of, 2-4,50, 62, 69,115,143,162, 294
INDEX cultural expenses, 5։, 86 France, 42,146,179 cultural level (kul turnost), 2, 8-9,11, гбі-ібг, i66,181,186 frugality, 61, 63, 83, 87,165,185. See also currency reforms, Г924, 7 fund for social consumption, 80,122,193 furniture, 35,37, 39, 53, 79,164,178,185-186 thrift --------- 1947: abuses of, 65-66; connection to price cuts, 25-26; effect on bonds, 133,158, тбо; effect on market prices, 22, 44; effect on purchasing Gaidar, Yegor, 6 power of the ruble, 2, rr-13, 61; effect on retail gambling, 125,171,174 Garbuzov, Vasilii, 41, 43,189 prices, 22-23,192; effect on savings, 20-21, 28-29, 67,160,163,190; planning for, 11-12, gold standard. See ruble Gorbachev, Mikhail, 198 41; rumors about, 165,186 --------- 1961: criticism of, 41, 44; effects of, 2, 22, 41, 44,159,187-189; introduction of, 151,192; planning for, 41-43 I, Gosbank. See banks 41-42, grain supply, 20, 23, 34,125,195 Grishin, Viktor, 74, 84,154,156 decentralization of the economy, 44, 72,175, hard budget constraints, 5 hard currency (valiuta,), 5 heavy industry: overinvestment in, 195; as ig6-I97 demand. See consumer goods; prices disability: effect on living standards, 63, 86, 89; priority sector of the economy, 21,39, 48-49, limits on earning potential, 85—86, 96,132; in tax policy, 132. See also pensions 93. See also pensions; wages holiday trade, 31, 40, 52,198 Dmitrichev, Pavel, 177,179—183,189 Holzman, Franklyn D., 12,122,150,157-158 Hungary, 144, r8i dollar (American), 28-29, 42 hyperinflation, 6, 64. See also inflation economic experts, 13-15, 46-47, 53 income. See salaries; taxes; wages Economic
Problems ofSocialism in the USSR, The (Stalin), 14, 21, 29 egalitarianism. See leveling income redistribution, 54—57, 87 independent farmers (edinolichniki), 32 Engels, Friedrich, 124 indivisible funds, 32 England, 29, 52 enthusiasm, 60, 64, 69,12г, 136,145,174,189 inequality: in consumption, 57, 63; in income, 15-16, 54-63,120,151, 200. See also privileges envelopes (of money), 62, 79. See also bonuses; cash; privileges inflation, 8,10. See also hyperinflation invalids. See disability; pensions excesses (izlichestva), 4,36, 54, 56-63, 78-79, 83, 87, 90, X02—104,124. See also inequality; pensions; privileges; wages exchange rate. See ruble Kazakh Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 45 Khrushchev, Nikita: agricultural reforms, 34, 44-46; attitude toward experts’ advice, 15; on bonds, 123,141-142,175,191; continuities fabrics, 31,37,39, 41, 43, 49 with Stalin, 3-4; decentralizing economic family budgets, 24, 37, 51, 71, 80-83 famine, 20, 23, 97,135 financial discipline, 62 reforms, 44,175,197; efforts to raise living standards, 3—4,15, 75,170,192—194; efforts Five-Year Plans: bonds’ role in financing, 121,126, to reduce inequality, 6r, 63, 79, 87—88; mass housing campaign, 3,178; on money, 2, 85, 135; Fifth Five-Year Plan, 182; First Five-Year 194-195,199-200; opposition to leveling, 57, Plan, 18, 92; For the Reconstruction and Development of the National Economy, 20; Sixth Five-Year Plan, 75,138 63; on pension reform, 90—91,103,117—119; petitions to, 36, 46, 49, 51, 60, 78, 86,116; on prices, 21-22,34, 36-37,44, 4б-47 50, 53; 295
INDEX Khrushchev, Nikita (continued) removal from office, 51,196—197; role in 1961 Mar’iakhin, Grigoril, 121,131,146-149,158, 188-189 currency reform, 22, 41—42, 44,187; on taxes, markets. See bazaars; prices Marx, Karl, 2, 6,14,18, 47, 66, 68,124,151, 123,146-147,149-152,158; on wages, 54-56,69, 200 75.77-80. 83 87 Khrushchev, Sergei, 42, 87 Marxism, 9,13-14, 68-69, 87-88,122,158 kopek, 17, 25, 42-44, 62 Kremlin rations, 56. See also privileges meat: market prices of, 23,33, 37, 44,46,48,50; procurement prices of, 35; purchases of, 27, Krivoshein, Konstantin, 60 37; retail prices of, 26,30,33-34,40,44,47-51, 78,156,193,196; supply of, 22,33-36, 40, labor day (trudoden ): cash value of, 35-36, 115-116; concept of, 6; impact of gender on, 71 labor unit (trudovaia edinitsa), 6 left opposition, 6-8 Lenin, Vladimir, 6-7, 64, 66, 68-69, 88 I25 140,145,171 43-47,51, 78 *95 Mikhailov, Nikolai, 107 Mikoyan, Anastas, 34,175 military. See pensions; Red Army milk. See prices; shortages minimum wage. See wages Ministry of Finance: on abolition of taxes, 15, Leningrad, 30, 33, 48-49, 61, 70, 88,106,112, 143,145.164 Leninism, 4, 9, 57, 61, 63, 69-70, 87,116, 200 X45-149; currency emission, 26; economic expertise, 15; efforts to balance the popula leveling: in pensions, 90-91, xoo, 108,119; tion’s income and expenses, 87; on mass subscription bonds, 138-139; role in 1947 struggle against, 55-57, 62-66, 68-70, 93,148, 152, 200; in wages, 54, 56,59 light industry: neglect of, 8; prioritization of, 21, 36, 39,102. See also consumer goods; wages currency reform, 11-12,164; role in organizing
and administering lotteries, 171-172,176-Г79; on tax reform, 132,147-149. See also Main Administration of State Savings Banks and livestock, 34, 45-48, 50 State Credit Ministry of Social Security, 15 living standards. See consumption; inequality; pensions; purchasing power; wages lotteries: criticism of, 125-126,171; draws for, 174; expansion of, 179-180; prizes, 161,162,171-172, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 52 monetary overhang, 5,159 money: abolition of, 1, 8,199; emission, t, 6,10, VS֊1!6, 178-179, »W propaganda, 178,183,190; purchase of tickets, 16,160, ր6շ, 176-178, 129,161,164,189; illusion, 12; incentive value of, 2-4, 9,16, 56-57, 60-61, 63—66, 68—70, 72, 184; revenue from, 161,171-172,175,190-191; wartime, 172; winners, 178-179. See also bank accounts; bonds 74-76, 90-91,102,108, no—120,122,160—Г64, 171,175,180,190,194-Г95,198, 200—201; in Marxist-Leninist theory, 8-9; money economy, luxury goods, 25-26, 31, 40, 56, 79 4, 9-14, 26, 53, 56,158,162; substitutes for, 6, 8,30,128,152; value in the Soviet system, 5, machine-and-tractor stations, 45 Main Administration of State Savings Banks and State Credit (Gostrudsberkass): propaganda, 12. See also currency reforms; ruble national economy, 3,12, 20, 29,36,55, 62, 69, 126,161,186,188 166-167,178,183-186; removal from the Ministry of Finance, 189; role in lotteries, 174,177-179; role in market bonds, 166,172-174; Nazi Germany: invasion, to, 19,129,135,160; occupation, 112,132 role in mass subscription bonds, 136,145; role in savings, ібг-162, i66, 170-171,181-183, Nemchinov, Vasily, 198 New Economic Policy (NEP), 6-9,18,
65,125, 186—187,189; role in state fundraising, 190 Malenkov, Georgii, 34, 49, 60—61,102,104 171 Novocherkassk riots, 36, 49-50, 85 296
INDEX Obolenskii, Nikolai, 166 overŕulfí liment. See bonuses; wages overinvestment, 195 oversupply. See consumer goods; stockpiles potatoes: price of, 23,31,36-37,48,50; production of, 34; purchase of, xi, 31, 34; shortages of, 34,43 panic buying, 43,159,164,187 parasitism, 96 Party Congresses: Fifteenth, 126; Fourteenth, 7; Nineteenth, 29; Seventeenth, 8; TwentyFirst, 75, 83-84,149,152,191; Twenty Fourth, 199; Twenty Second, 47,50,194 -------- -Twentieth Party Congress: abandonment of price cuts, 21, 36; elimination of excesses, 63, 90; pension policy, 90,103; raising living standards, 3,15, 37,144,151-152,170,192; wage policy, 54-55, 68-69, 7° Party maximum, 56,59-60 paternalism, 53, 90-91,102,197-198 peasants: integration into the money economy, 4, 39, 200; living standards of, 32—33, 38. See also bonds; collective farms; pensions; savings pensions: bonuses, 91, 93-94, 99,105,108—109, in; bureaucracy in the provision of, 98,101, 110-112; for career military, 99; ideological underpinnings of, 91; for invalids “for general reasons,” 107,109,112-113; for invalids since childhood, X06,108; for labor invalids, 92, 93-94, 98-101,104-106,112; for “length of service,” 92, no; for the loss of a breadwinner, 92, 94-95, 98-99,104,113,115; for mothers of many children, 108; for old age, 85, 89, 92-94, 97,100, 104-105,107,109, III-IIJ, 118; in priority heavy industry, 89, 93,101; provisions for the disabled, 85, 89, 92, 94-96, 102,104-110,114-115,120,129; reforms to, 15-16, 90-91, 98-110,118-120,198; for science workers, 99; for secret and regular police, 99; for war invalids, 94-96,
98-99,103-105, 107,109—no, 113 perestroika, 198-199 perquisites, 4, 56-57, 60, 78-79, 87,107. See also excesses; privileges Politburo, 9 pork: prices of, 40, 48; supply of, 45 postwar reconstruction, 1-2, 20, 96,124,133, 157,162-163,167,190 297 poverty, 8-9,15-16, 28, 62-63, 96-97, 1X9, x6o, 194 premiums, 55, 70-74, 76, 84-85,102,126,149, 167. See also bonuses; wages Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 6 Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist party. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) Presidium of the Council of Ministers. See Council of Ministers prices: collective farm market prices, 9-11,18-19, 21-26, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43-44, 46, 48, 51, 57, 88, 97,129,132,156,195-196; commercial, 6,11, 18-20; consecutive retail price cuts, 4,14,16, 20-22, 26-31,33-37, 46-47,5I_53 79, 80, 88, 103,152,196,197-198; cuts on overstocked goods’ prices, 25, 40—41; distortions to, 9, 27, 88; “economically grounded prices,” 47—48; increases, 40, 44, 47-50; “prices of a unified level,” 47; procurement prices, 32, 34-35, 38, 47-48,50-51, 70,150,169; ration prices, 18-20, 27; relationship to supply and demand, 13, 18-19, 22 47, 53,197—198; tiered system of, 18—19; unified state retail prices, 21-22. See also inflation; trade prison labor, 74-75 privileges: access to cars, 60, 79; access to goods, 6, 78-79; access to special stores, 79; of the military, 96; of pensioners, 98. See also blat, cash prizes. See bonds; lotteries profit: of “capitalist elements” and speculators, 21,125; peasantry, 21, 33, 52; in the socialist economy, 194-195; of state enterprises, 47, 74,
122,149,153-154,197; for workers, 68 profiteering. See speculation progressive taxation, 124-125,131. See also taxes pronatalism, 129. See also taxes purchasing power: effect of 1947 currency reform on, 1-2,12-13, 20-24, 28, 6է-6շ; effect of 1961 currency reform on, 42—44; effect of abolition of rationing in 1935 on, 10,19-20; effect of First Five-Year Plan on, 8; effect of increased supply on, 37—39, 53, 56; effect of pension reforms
INDEX purchasing power ( continued) prices in, 23-24; savings banks in, 170,182; on, 87,113; effect of price cuts on, 14, 26, 51,53; effect of shortages on, 22-23; effect of wage wages in, 71-72 reforms on, 76—86; effect ofWorld War Two on, n, 20; of elites, 57—58, 200; excess salaries, 54-57, 59-62, 71, 73, 86-87, 95՜9^ ĪOI 143,149,161,185, 200. See also perquisites; purchasing power, 122,159-160; role of taxes wages and bonds in, 122,132,158; of savings, 159-160, 167,187-189. See also ruble; shortages savings: deposits, 26,159-161,163-169,181,183, 185-187,190,199; drives, 163,183; glut, 5,16, 124,188,196,199; impact of currency reforms quotas: in bond subscriptions, 126,130,132,163; on, 159,164-166; of peasants, 168-170,181-182; propaganda, 166-168, 182-186; of urban in industrial production, 65, 96; in lottery workers, 167-170. See also bank accounts ticket sales, 172,176 Scientific-Research Financial Institute (Nauchnyii-issledovateľskiifinansovyi institute, NIFI), 147-149 self-interest, 55, 64, 68-70 rationing: abolition of, 1, 9-10,12-13,19—20, 22—23, 28, 52,166; abuses of, 10; calls for the return of, 51, 87; criticism of, 9; in Europe, 29, 52; exclusionary qualities of, 6, 9; informal rationing, 10,36; 1917-1921 system, 8; 1929-1934 Seven-Year Plan, 41, 75, 84, 85, 97,149,151,156, system, 6, 8-ю, 18; 1941-1947 system, 1,10, 19-20; as a step toward communism, 6, 9. shortages: of bread, 20, 23—24, 35,51; of cash, 13, 39; caused by prioritization of heavy industry, 159,188-189,196-197 8; caused by wage overspending, 77, 84; See also prices; shortages real wages, 2, 4,
21, 29. See also purchasing power recentralization of the economy, 196—197 chronic, 5,19, 22, 36, 53,159; of coins, 40-43; of consumer goods, 27-28, 35—36, 39,180—181, Red Army, 6, 50, 94, 99,112,142 redenomination. See currency reforms 190-191,197; during the First Five-Year Plan, refrigerators: demand for, 39,187; lottery prizes 18; during the Second World War, 1,10; exacerbated by state price policy, 19; of food, of, 178,191 regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy), 44, 32-36; in the kolkhoz markets, 43; of meat, 34, 47, 51,195; postwar, 13, 20, 97; resulting 47,196 regressive taxation, 122,132,146,171. See also taxes from 1961 currency reform, 44; resulting from price cuts, 46; in state stores, 6, 44. See also cash; savings reselling, 19. See also speculation retail. See prices; shortages; trade retirement. See pensions Siberia, 45, 74,115 socialism: construction of, 8-9, 69,140,151,158, 194; money’s role under, 1, 6, 7-8,14; popular revaluation, 41. See also ruble revenue. See bonds; savings; taxes enthusiasm for, 121,133; price cuts’ role in, 21, 29, 31; wage policy’s role in, 66, 69; welfare revolution, 6,31, 40, 64, 91-92,125,156, 200 right opposition, 7 benefits’ role in, 84. See also communism socialist competition, 30 risk, 171,183,190-191 ruble: exchange rate of, 2,5,10, 26, 28—29, 42; soft budget constraints, 5, 8 gold quantity of, 28, 42; nonconvertibility of, 5. See also currency reforms; money; Sokolmkov, Grigorii, 7 Soviet token (sovznak), 6-7. See also money purchasing power Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: speculation, ri, 19, 21,31, 36, 40,
44, 46,50—51, 96,165,187,189 Stagnation (zastoi), 162,197 consumer spending in, 37-39, 43; Council of Ministers of, 98,115,132; as focus of state efforts to deliver prosperity, 16; lotteries of, Stakhanovites, 30, 59, 67, 92,128,167 Stalin, Iosif: attitude toward experts’ advice, 15; 175,180; Ministry of Social Security of, 115; attitude toward the countryside, 33; 298
INDEX delegation of authority, 14-15, 90; on money, 4, 7-9, 28-29, 66; opposition to leveling, 55, in regulating the currency supply, 122,157—158; 65—66, 68-69; paternalism of, 21, 25, 29, 46; 157-158; turnover tax, 26, 52, 121-123,129, petitions to, 97,136; on prices, 13-14,19—20, 147,149-151,153—154,158; war tax, 129,131. See also bonds; Ministry of Finance; state as a source of state revenue, 121—126,149—151, 27-29, 53; promises about prosperity, 2,3, 8 budget state budget, 26, 67, 70, 93,104, Г21,147, textiles: purchases of, 37—38,51; stockpiles of, 28 I49_I5°) 15°» 153,188,189-190 State Economic Advisory Council (Gosekonomsovet), 47, 85 theft, 10, 96,124,170 thrift, 62-63, 81, 87 trade: “closed,” 18, 23-24, 56, 78-79; cultured, state enterprises: finances of, 5, 7-8, 62, 78,161; labor discipline in, no—in, 117; managers of, 11; foreign, 28-29, 42; interruptions to, 35; “open,” ii, 13,18, 21—27, 35,166; preferences 14, 62; payroll contributions of, 90; profitability regarding, of, 47, 74; “socialist accumulation” of, 149,192; targets of, 75; taxes on, 122,125,149; wage levels ii, 13; private trade, 9—11,18-20, 22, 28, 32,37-39,45-46,58. 69,123,125,133, 142,152,178,185,195,199; retail, 20-27, 35, 39, in, 54, 65-67, 72-75,198-199; wage spending, 78, 83, 85. See also taxes; wages 123,142,187; turnover, 25,187 state farms, 32, 50,115-116. See also agriculture; turnover (tekuchka)y 55, 64-65, 68-69, 93 collective farms; wages State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 15, 24, Ukrainian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 34,126,182 28, 47, 84 statistics, 23-24, 37, 51, 72
stiliagi, 58 veterans: payments to, 56, 94-97; tax benefits stipends, 83,131,144 stockpiles, 24—26, 28, 40-41, 52—53 for, 129,132. See also disability; pensions Virta, Nikolai, 58-59, 62 Strong Character A (film), Г84-186 subscription. See bonds vodka: price of, 25—28,30,147; turnover tax on, subsidies, 2, 5, 21, 40, 48, 81,151 Volkov, Aleksandr, 74, 84,154,156,193-194 Supreme Soviet, 104,108-109,117,135,147,151, “vulgar egalitarianism.” See leveling 154 Г5б֊і57 wages: additional earnings on top of, 55; take-home pay, 2,121-158 tariff system, 64—66, 69, 72, 74, 76,150. See also average wages, 32,56, 67, 71-72, 84, 87-89, 105; deductions from, 121,123, 131,145, wages taxes: abolition of, 15, 41,123-124,149-157; 176-177,181; differentials within and between industries, 16, 54; in heavy industry, 54—56, agricultural tax, 32-34,38, 49,123,132,150-152; arrears, 131; on bachelors, singles, and citizens 65, 66, 71-74, 77՜78, 83; impact of gender on, 71-72, 76; inequality in, 55; in light industry, with small families, 40,129-132,145-152,156, 199; burden on Soviet citizens, 12, i6,121—124, 128—131,145-146; convoluted qualities of, 145; 56, 65-67, 71—72, 83; minimum wages, 16,54, 70-71, 75—76, 79, 84-88, 89,120,148-149,151, 154-156; reforms, 50, 54-55, 66, 69-76; on on enterprises, 5; exempted income and categories of taxpayers, 70—71, 75,129,131—132, state farms, 32; tariff system, 64-66, 69, 72, 74, 76,150 146-147,149; income tax, 3,15,41, 70,122-125, War Communism, 6 Western Europe, 4,15-16,179 wine, 27, 40 129-130,145-146,148-158,192,199; increases during World War Two, 67; in
Marxist theory, 124—125; as a means of expropriation, 125; on profits, 122; propaganda about, 152-154; property tax, 125; reforms to, 16,147—149; role workbooks, no workday: conflict with stores’ opening hours, 24; shortening of, 62, 73, 75,140,193 299
INDEX workers: auxiliary, 54; low and un-skilled workers, 54-57, 63-66, 70-71; skilled workers, 32,53-57, Ć4-66, 69—72, 74. 8°. 152,172· See also heavy industry; light industry; wages youth, 58, 63, 68,175,184 Zasiad’ko, Aleksandr, 85 Zverev, Arseny: on bonds, 138-139; on currency reforms, 41—42; on “financial discipline,” 62; on lotteries, 180; on pension reform, 98-100, 103-104; on savings, 182-183; on tax reform, 132,147-149 300 /------------ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek к ж.
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Contents Note on Currency and on Institutions Note on Translation and Transliteration vii ix Glossary of Key Terms xi Timeline of Important Events xv Introduction: The Ruble and Soviet Prosperity i 1 Our Low-Price Guarantee 18 2 Income Redistribution without "Leveling" 54 3 Socialist Security 89 4 All Your Wages in Hand 121 5 Real Returns 159 Conclusion: Prosperity Postponed 192 Appendixes 203 Notes 211 Bibliography 269 Acknowledgments 289 Index 293
Bibliography Archives Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF) f. 259a: Sovet ministrov RSFSR f. 374a: Gosudarstvennyi komitet RSFSR po statistike f. 472a: Upravlenie gosudarstvennykh trudovykh sberegatel’nykh kass і gosudarstvennogo kredita RSFSR gosudarstvennogo banka SSSR £ 5446: Sovet ministrov SSSR f. 5451: Vsesoiuznyi tsentral’nyi sovet professionaľnykh soiuzov f. 5685: Tsentraľnaia komissiia sodeistviia gosudarstvennomu kreditu і sberegateľnomu delu pri prezidiume tsentraľnogo ispolniteľnogo komiteta SSSR f. 7523: Verkhovnyi sovet SSSR f. 9595: Nauchno-issledovateľskii institut truda i gosudarstvennogo komiteta SSSR po trudu i sotsiaľnym voprosam Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki (RGAE) f. 679: Nauchno-issledovateľskii finansovyi institut Ministerstva finansov SSSR f. 1362: Tsentraľnoe statisticheskoe upravlenie £ 7599: Glavnoe upravlenie gostrudsberkass i goskredita SSSR f. 7733: Ministerstvo finansov SSSR Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii (RGANI) f. 5: Apparat TsK KPSS f. 89: Kollektsiia kopii dokumentov, rassekrechennykh pri vypolnenii tematicheskikh zaprosov v protsesse nauchno-issledovateľskoi raboty Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsiaľno-politicheskoi istorii (RGASPI) f. 17: Tsentral’nyi komitet KPSS f. 82: Molotov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich f. 558: Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich Films “Novosti dnia/khroniki nashikh dnei 1954 No. 20.” Tsentral’noi studii dokumentaľnykh filmov, 1954. https://www.net-film.ru/film-10113/. 269
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------. “Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality: A Contribution to German Cultural History Contra Karl Heinzen.” In The Collected Works ofKarl Marx and Frederick Engels, voi. 6, General Works, 1844-18%, 312-340. New York: International Publishers, 1976. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. “Manifesto of the Communist Party.” In The MarxEngels Reader, edited by Robert C. Tucker, 469-500. New York: Norton, 1978. Trotsky, Leon. The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going? Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1937. Zverev, A. G. What Soviet Citizens Get besides Wages. London: Soviet Booklets, 1959. English-Language Primary Sources Rose, Scott. “Brezhnev Bonds Haunt Putin as Investors Hunt $785 Billion.” Bloomberg, August 31, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-27/brezhnev-bonds -haunt-putin-as-investors-hunt-for-785-bilhon.html. Secondary Sources Aksiutin, Iurii. Khrushchevskaia “ottepeľ" і obshchestvennye nastroeniia v SSSRv i%3~ 1964 gg. Moskva: ROSSPEN, 2004. Alexopoulos, Golfo. Stalins Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926-1936. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003. Attwood, Lynne. “Housing in the Khrushchev Era.” In Women in the Khrushchev Era, edited by Melanie Ilice, Susan E. Reid, and Lynne Attwood, 177-202. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Paigrave Macmillan, 2004. Barber, John, and Mark Harrison. The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1943: A Social and Economic History ofthe USSR in World War II. London: Longman, 1991. Barenberg, Alan. ‘“For a Single, Clear Pension Law’: Legislating and Debating
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Index benefits Ų’goty), 2, 80-83 abundance: artificial, 52-53; as communist economic concept, 2-3, 8-9,13,17,120, Beria, Lavrenty, 143 blat, 5-6, 27,78 200-201; promises about, 44, 79,191,196; in Western Europe, 4 access. See blaf, privileges bonds: abolition of mass subscription issues of, 123-125,141-145,150-151,157,160-161,175,183, agricultural tax. See taxes 190-192; compulsory subscription to, 122-123, I33-Ī35,160,162-163,174,192; conversions of, agriculture: Khrushchev’s reforms of, 34-35, 44-46, 48, 51,113,156,195; post-Stalinist 133,166; guaranteed-to-win issues of, 172; reforms of, 33-34, 40,132,192; postwar state of, 32—33; relationship to retail prices, 29,52-53; komsodys role in achieving subscription quotas for, 127-128,133-136,183-184; lottery Stalinist neglect of, 33. See aho pensions; shortages; taxes Aleksandrov, Georgii, 60-62 issues of, 125-126,171-172; market or “freecirculating” issues of, 16,160-161,172-174, Andrianov family, 80-81, 83 121,126,188; mortgaging of, 135,160,163; Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, 135 natural or in-kind issues of, 125; payments on bachelor tax. See taxes (interest and prizes), 126,138-139,142,172,174, 190,192; petitions to sell, 135-136; propaganda 176,183,199; mass subscription issues of, 16, Bachurin, Aleksandr, 122,148-149 surrounding, 127,133-134,136,167,190; balance of the population’s money income and expenses: as economic concept, 3; imbalances Reconstruction and/or Development issues of, 132-Г33,173; redemption of, 123,125,131, in, 26,84,87,154,159,187,195; planned balances, 17,193. See also money; purchasing
power 135-їЗб, 142-143,175,190,199; relationship to currency supply, 122,157-158,162; relationship bank accounts: lottery accounts, 174-175; money to taxes, 122; as state revenue, 113,126-127, saved in, 199; savings accounts, 16,159-Г70,174, 181-183,186-190,196,199; time accounts, 175 129-133,138-139,162-163; state’s debt on, 123, 136-139,140—142; storage of, 169; subscription banks: convenience of, 170; credit functions of, 7; number of, 169-170,181-182; security of, campaigns for, 16,121-123,126-128,130,133-137, 139-140,144-145,166; subscription quotas for, 162,170; State Bank (Gosbank), 8,11,12, 24, 83,113,159,161,164,189; state savings banks (sberkassy), 26,135,159-171,174,177,180,181-191, 126,130,136,138; as wage deductions, 61,123 bonuses: criticisms of, 74, 76; illegal payment of, 68,76; for the komsody, 128; for pensioners, 196; trust in, 162,165,182-183; types of, 169-170. See also bank accounts bazaars, 31, 46 91, 94, 99,105,108-109, IIr reforms to, 68, 75-76, 84,102; relationship to workers’ income, 55, 61, 72,76,79, 84-85; for work in the North, Belarusian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 31,103,182 Far East, and in remote areas, 74-75· See also pensions; premiums; wages Belkin, Viktor, 47, 61 bread allowance, 20, 27,59, 97,100—101,131 293
INDEX Brezhnev, Leonid, ii8,179,196-199 British pound, 28, 78 Bukharin, Nikolai, 7 Bulganin, Nikolai, 60-61,104,108-109,146 Burmistrov, Dmitrii, 121,153-154 194-196,199-200; full communism, 29, 47, 194; material exchange of goods under, 6, 8-9,193; population’s faith in, 16, 201; postponement, 53,195-197; prerequisites for, 2-3, 6, 8-9, 29, 69,193; rivalry with capitalism, 150; transition from socialism toward, 31, 47,56, 62, 64, 86,188,190,193, 199 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik): advance knowledge of currency reforms, 164—195; criticism of, 59; factional squabbles within, 7; privileges of, 6, 59,128; programs, 47,117,194; promises regarding living standards, 29,54,105,198; self-criticism, 60. See also Party Congresses Communist Youth League (Komsomol), 58, 80,128 consecutive retail price cuts. See prices consumer desire, 9, 63,160,162 consumer goods: demand for, 23, 27,39, 43; importation of, 39; luxury items, 25-26; pent-up demand for, 161,186-187, *89; production of, 4; purchases of, 23,37-39; reserves of, 31. See also consumer desire; consumption; lotteries; prices; shortages consumption: pleasures of, 2, Г83,186,190; “rational” consumption, 63; social hierarchy of, 52, 88 control figures, 75, 84-85,156,189 convertibility. See ruble cooperatives, 22, 24,39,197 Council of Ministers: Khrushchev’s leadership of, 49, 87; role in 1947 currency reform, 42; role in bonds, 134—136; role in economic policy, 15; role in lotteries, 176-177,180; role in pension reform, 96, 98—100,102,104, no, 113; role in price cuts, 26, 34, 41; role in tax reform, 150-151; role in
wage reform, 68, 75, 77; of the RSFSR, 115 countryside. See agriculture; collective farms; state farms credit: to bank accounts, 183; as capitalist concept, 194; between enterprises, 5, 7—8; “letters of credit,” 169; as lottery prize, 179; in socialist economy, 194-195; in stores, 56, 179. See also Main Administration of State Savings Banks and State Credit cameras, 40-41,175 care {žabota), 2,15-16, 21, 25, 29, 52, 75, 90-91, 94,106,117,120,129,140,151 cars: as lottery prizes, 175,178; prices of, 25, 40; privileged access to, 25, 56, 60, 79; purchase of, 167 cash: conversion of during currency reforms, 1, 41,160,165,186; excess supply of, 8,12, 26, 28, 77-78, 87,156-158,163,189,199; payment for lottery tickets in, 177-179; payment of taxes in, 130-131; payments for state bonds in, 126; payments to collective farmers in, 32,35,38, 113; payment to workers in, 121; peasants’ profits in, 33; printing of, 10; prizes of, 121,125, 161,172,174-175,178,180; regulation of supply of, 3,52; savings in, 187; temporary allowances of, 61—62, 78-79. See aho money; ruble; shortages Central and Eastern Europe, 5, 28-29,146 Central Statistical Administration, 37 Central Trade Union, 15 chervonets, 7 Chetverikov, Petr, 189 coins, 40—41, 43. See also cash; money; ruble Cold War, 4,14, 28,48,52,150,154,158 Collapse of the USSR, 180,199 collective farm markets. prices; shortages collective farms {kolkhozy): finances of, 32, 35, 45; labor on, 32, 45; private plots on, 45-46. See also pensions; prices; taxes; trade collective responsibility {krugovaia poruka), 128 collectivization, 8,18, 45
Commissions for Contributions to State Credit and Savings (komsody), 127-128,135,163,167, 172,174,17Ó-177, Г83-184 Committee on Questions of Work and Wages, 71-72, 74, 76,102,154,193 commodity taxation, 122. See also taxes communism: abundance of, 17,161,191,196; construction of, 2-4,50, 62, 69,115,143,162, 294
INDEX cultural expenses, 5։, 86 France, 42,146,179 cultural level (kul'turnost), 2, 8-9,11, гбі-ібг, i66,181,186 frugality, 61, 63, 83, 87,165,185. See also currency reforms, Г924, 7 fund for social consumption, 80,122,193 furniture, 35,37, 39, 53, 79,164,178,185-186 thrift --------- 1947: abuses of, 65-66; connection to price cuts, 25-26; effect on bonds, 133,158, тбо; effect on market prices, 22, 44; effect on purchasing Gaidar, Yegor, 6 power of the ruble, 2, rr-13, 61; effect on retail gambling, 125,171,174 Garbuzov, Vasilii, 41, 43,189 prices, 22-23,192; effect on savings, 20-21, 28-29, 67,160,163,190; planning for, 11-12, gold standard. See ruble Gorbachev, Mikhail, 198 41; rumors about, 165,186 --------- 1961: criticism of, 41, 44; effects of, 2, 22, 41, 44,159,187-189; introduction of, 151,192; planning for, 41-43 I, Gosbank. See banks 41-42, grain supply, 20, 23, 34,125,195 Grishin, Viktor, 74, 84,154,156 decentralization of the economy, 44, 72,175, hard budget constraints, 5 hard currency (valiuta,), 5 heavy industry: overinvestment in, 195; as ig6-I97 demand. See consumer goods; prices disability: effect on living standards, 63, 86, 89; priority sector of the economy, 21,39, 48-49, limits on earning potential, 85—86, 96,132; in tax policy, 132. See also pensions 93. See also pensions; wages holiday trade, 31, 40, 52,198 Dmitrichev, Pavel, 177,179—183,189 Holzman, Franklyn D., 12,122,150,157-158 Hungary, 144, r8i dollar (American), 28-29, 42 hyperinflation, 6, 64. See also inflation economic experts, 13-15, 46-47, 53 income. See salaries; taxes; wages Economic
Problems ofSocialism in the USSR, The (Stalin), 14, 21, 29 egalitarianism. See leveling income redistribution, 54—57, 87 independent farmers (edinolichniki), 32 Engels, Friedrich, 124 indivisible funds, 32 England, 29, 52 enthusiasm, 60, 64, 69,12г, 136,145,174,189 inequality: in consumption, 57, 63; in income, 15-16, 54-63,120,151, 200. See also privileges envelopes (of money), 62, 79. See also bonuses; cash; privileges inflation, 8,10. See also hyperinflation invalids. See disability; pensions excesses (izlichestva), 4,36, 54, 56-63, 78-79, 83, 87, 90, X02—104,124. See also inequality; pensions; privileges; wages exchange rate. See ruble Kazakh Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 45 Khrushchev, Nikita: agricultural reforms, 34, 44-46; attitude toward experts’ advice, 15; on bonds, 123,141-142,175,191; continuities fabrics, 31,37,39, 41, 43, 49 with Stalin, 3-4; decentralizing economic family budgets, 24, 37, 51, 71, 80-83 famine, 20, 23, 97,135 financial discipline, 62 reforms, 44,175,197; efforts to raise living standards, 3—4,15, 75,170,192—194; efforts Five-Year Plans: bonds’ role in financing, 121,126, to reduce inequality, 6r, 63, 79, 87—88; mass housing campaign, 3,178; on money, 2, 85, 135; Fifth Five-Year Plan, 182; First Five-Year 194-195,199-200; opposition to leveling, 57, Plan, 18, 92; For the Reconstruction and Development of the National Economy, 20; Sixth Five-Year Plan, 75,138 63; on pension reform, 90—91,103,117—119; petitions to, 36, 46, 49, 51, 60, 78, 86,116; on prices, 21-22,34, 36-37,44, 4б-47 50, 53; 295
INDEX Khrushchev, Nikita (continued) removal from office, 51,196—197; role in 1961 Mar’iakhin, Grigoril, 121,131,146-149,158, 188-189 currency reform, 22, 41—42, 44,187; on taxes, markets. See bazaars; prices Marx, Karl, 2, 6,14,18, 47, 66, 68,124,151, 123,146-147,149-152,158; on wages, 54-56,69, 200 75.77-80. 83 87 Khrushchev, Sergei, 42, 87 Marxism, 9,13-14, 68-69, 87-88,122,158 kopek, 17, 25, 42-44, 62 Kremlin rations, 56. See also privileges meat: market prices of, 23,33, 37, 44,46,48,50; procurement prices of, 35; purchases of, 27, Krivoshein, Konstantin, 60 37; retail prices of, 26,30,33-34,40,44,47-51, 78,156,193,196; supply of, 22,33-36, 40, labor day (trudoden ): cash value of, 35-36, 115-116; concept of, 6; impact of gender on, 71 labor unit (trudovaia edinitsa), 6 left opposition, 6-8 Lenin, Vladimir, 6-7, 64, 66, 68-69, 88 I25 140,145,171 43-47,51, 78 *95 Mikhailov, Nikolai, 107 Mikoyan, Anastas, 34,175 military. See pensions; Red Army milk. See prices; shortages minimum wage. See wages Ministry of Finance: on abolition of taxes, 15, Leningrad, 30, 33, 48-49, 61, 70, 88,106,112, 143,145.164 Leninism, 4, 9, 57, 61, 63, 69-70, 87,116, 200 X45-149; currency emission, 26; economic expertise, 15; efforts to balance the popula leveling: in pensions, 90-91, xoo, 108,119; tion’s income and expenses, 87; on mass subscription bonds, 138-139; role in 1947 struggle against, 55-57, 62-66, 68-70, 93,148, 152, 200; in wages, 54, 56,59 light industry: neglect of, 8; prioritization of, 21, 36, 39,102. See also consumer goods; wages currency reform, 11-12,164; role in organizing
and administering lotteries, 171-172,176-Г79; on tax reform, 132,147-149. See also Main Administration of State Savings Banks and livestock, 34, 45-48, 50 State Credit Ministry of Social Security, 15 living standards. See consumption; inequality; pensions; purchasing power; wages lotteries: criticism of, 125-126,171; draws for, 174; expansion of, 179-180; prizes, 161,162,171-172, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 52 monetary overhang, 5,159 money: abolition of, 1, 8,199; emission, t, 6,10, VS֊1!6, 178-179, »W propaganda, 178,183,190; purchase of tickets, 16,160, ր6շ, 176-178, 129,161,164,189; illusion, 12; incentive value of, 2-4, 9,16, 56-57, 60-61, 63—66, 68—70, 72, 184; revenue from, 161,171-172,175,190-191; wartime, 172; winners, 178-179. See also bank accounts; bonds 74-76, 90-91,102,108, no—120,122,160—Г64, 171,175,180,190,194-Г95,198, 200—201; in Marxist-Leninist theory, 8-9; money economy, luxury goods, 25-26, 31, 40, 56, 79 4, 9-14, 26, 53, 56,158,162; substitutes for, 6, 8,30,128,152; value in the Soviet system, 5, machine-and-tractor stations, 45 Main Administration of State Savings Banks and State Credit (Gostrudsberkass): propaganda, 12. See also currency reforms; ruble national economy, 3,12, 20, 29,36,55, 62, 69, 126,161,186,188 166-167,178,183-186; removal from the Ministry of Finance, 189; role in lotteries, 174,177-179; role in market bonds, 166,172-174; Nazi Germany: invasion, to, 19,129,135,160; occupation, 112,132 role in mass subscription bonds, 136,145; role in savings, ібг-162, i66, 170-171,181-183, Nemchinov, Vasily, 198 New Economic Policy (NEP), 6-9,18,
65,125, 186—187,189; role in state fundraising, 190 Malenkov, Georgii, 34, 49, 60—61,102,104 171 Novocherkassk riots, 36, 49-50, 85 296
INDEX Obolenskii, Nikolai, 166 overŕulfí liment. See bonuses; wages overinvestment, 195 oversupply. See consumer goods; stockpiles potatoes: price of, 23,31,36-37,48,50; production of, 34; purchase of, xi, 31, 34; shortages of, 34,43 panic buying, 43,159,164,187 parasitism, 96 Party Congresses: Fifteenth, 126; Fourteenth, 7; Nineteenth, 29; Seventeenth, 8; TwentyFirst, 75, 83-84,149,152,191; Twenty Fourth, 199; Twenty Second, 47,50,194 -------- -Twentieth Party Congress: abandonment of price cuts, 21, 36; elimination of excesses, 63, 90; pension policy, 90,103; raising living standards, 3,15, 37,144,151-152,170,192; wage policy, 54-55, 68-69, 7° Party maximum, 56,59-60 paternalism, 53, 90-91,102,197-198 peasants: integration into the money economy, 4, 39, 200; living standards of, 32—33, 38. See also bonds; collective farms; pensions; savings pensions: bonuses, 91, 93-94, 99,105,108—109, in; bureaucracy in the provision of, 98,101, 110-112; for career military, 99; ideological underpinnings of, 91; for invalids “for general reasons,” 107,109,112-113; for invalids since childhood, X06,108; for labor invalids, 92, 93-94, 98-101,104-106,112; for “length of service,” 92, no; for the loss of a breadwinner, 92, 94-95, 98-99,104,113,115; for mothers of many children, 108; for old age, 85, 89, 92-94, 97,100, 104-105,107,109, III-IIJ, 118; in priority heavy industry, 89, 93,101; provisions for the disabled, 85, 89, 92, 94-96, 102,104-110,114-115,120,129; reforms to, 15-16, 90-91, 98-110,118-120,198; for science workers, 99; for secret and regular police, 99; for war invalids, 94-96,
98-99,103-105, 107,109—no, 113 perestroika, 198-199 perquisites, 4, 56-57, 60, 78-79, 87,107. See also excesses; privileges Politburo, 9 pork: prices of, 40, 48; supply of, 45 postwar reconstruction, 1-2, 20, 96,124,133, 157,162-163,167,190 297 poverty, 8-9,15-16, 28, 62-63, 96-97, 1X9, x6o, 194 premiums, 55, 70-74, 76, 84-85,102,126,149, 167. See also bonuses; wages Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 6 Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist party. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) Presidium of the Council of Ministers. See Council of Ministers prices: collective farm market prices, 9-11,18-19, 21-26, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43-44, 46, 48, 51, 57, 88, 97,129,132,156,195-196; commercial, 6,11, 18-20; consecutive retail price cuts, 4,14,16, 20-22, 26-31,33-37, 46-47,5I_53 79, 80, 88, 103,152,196,197-198; cuts on overstocked goods’ prices, 25, 40—41; distortions to, 9, 27, 88; “economically grounded prices,” 47—48; increases, 40, 44, 47-50; “prices of a unified level,” 47; procurement prices, 32, 34-35, 38, 47-48,50-51, 70,150,169; ration prices, 18-20, 27; relationship to supply and demand, 13, 18-19, 22 47, 53,197—198; tiered system of, 18—19; unified state retail prices, 21-22. See also inflation; trade prison labor, 74-75 privileges: access to cars, 60, 79; access to goods, 6, 78-79; access to special stores, 79; of the military, 96; of pensioners, 98. See also blat, cash prizes. See bonds; lotteries profit: of “capitalist elements” and speculators, 21,125; peasantry, 21, 33, 52; in the socialist economy, 194-195; of state enterprises, 47, 74,
122,149,153-154,197; for workers, 68 profiteering. See speculation progressive taxation, 124-125,131. See also taxes pronatalism, 129. See also taxes purchasing power: effect of 1947 currency reform on, 1-2,12-13, 20-24, 28, 6է-6շ; effect of 1961 currency reform on, 42—44; effect of abolition of rationing in 1935 on, 10,19-20; effect of First Five-Year Plan on, 8; effect of increased supply on, 37—39, 53, 56; effect of pension reforms
INDEX purchasing power ( continued) prices in, 23-24; savings banks in, 170,182; on, 87,113; effect of price cuts on, 14, 26, 51,53; effect of shortages on, 22-23; effect of wage wages in, 71-72 reforms on, 76—86; effect ofWorld War Two on, n, 20; of elites, 57—58, 200; excess salaries, 54-57, 59-62, 71, 73, 86-87, 95՜9^ ĪOI 143,149,161,185, 200. See also perquisites; purchasing power, 122,159-160; role of taxes wages and bonds in, 122,132,158; of savings, 159-160, 167,187-189. See also ruble; shortages savings: deposits, 26,159-161,163-169,181,183, 185-187,190,199; drives, 163,183; glut, 5,16, 124,188,196,199; impact of currency reforms quotas: in bond subscriptions, 126,130,132,163; on, 159,164-166; of peasants, 168-170,181-182; propaganda, 166-168, 182-186; of urban in industrial production, 65, 96; in lottery workers, 167-170. See also bank accounts ticket sales, 172,176 Scientific-Research Financial Institute (Nauchnyii-issledovateľskiifinansovyi institute, NIFI), 147-149 self-interest, 55, 64, 68-70 rationing: abolition of, 1, 9-10,12-13,19—20, 22—23, 28, 52,166; abuses of, 10; calls for the return of, 51, 87; criticism of, 9; in Europe, 29, 52; exclusionary qualities of, 6, 9; informal rationing, 10,36; 1917-1921 system, 8; 1929-1934 Seven-Year Plan, 41, 75, 84, 85, 97,149,151,156, system, 6, 8-ю, 18; 1941-1947 system, 1,10, 19-20; as a step toward communism, 6, 9. shortages: of bread, 20, 23—24, 35,51; of cash, 13, 39; caused by prioritization of heavy industry, 159,188-189,196-197 8; caused by wage overspending, 77, 84; See also prices; shortages real wages, 2, 4,
21, 29. See also purchasing power recentralization of the economy, 196—197 chronic, 5,19, 22, 36, 53,159; of coins, 40-43; of consumer goods, 27-28, 35—36, 39,180—181, Red Army, 6, 50, 94, 99,112,142 redenomination. See currency reforms 190-191,197; during the First Five-Year Plan, refrigerators: demand for, 39,187; lottery prizes 18; during the Second World War, 1,10; exacerbated by state price policy, 19; of food, of, 178,191 regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy), 44, 32-36; in the kolkhoz markets, 43; of meat, 34, 47, 51,195; postwar, 13, 20, 97; resulting 47,196 regressive taxation, 122,132,146,171. See also taxes from 1961 currency reform, 44; resulting from price cuts, 46; in state stores, 6, 44. See also cash; savings reselling, 19. See also speculation retail. See prices; shortages; trade retirement. See pensions Siberia, 45, 74,115 socialism: construction of, 8-9, 69,140,151,158, 194; money’s role under, 1, 6, 7-8,14; popular revaluation, 41. See also ruble revenue. See bonds; savings; taxes enthusiasm for, 121,133; price cuts’ role in, 21, 29, 31; wage policy’s role in, 66, 69; welfare revolution, 6,31, 40, 64, 91-92,125,156, 200 right opposition, 7 benefits’ role in, 84. See also communism socialist competition, 30 risk, 171,183,190-191 ruble: exchange rate of, 2,5,10, 26, 28—29, 42; soft budget constraints, 5, 8 gold quantity of, 28, 42; nonconvertibility of, 5. See also currency reforms; money; Sokolmkov, Grigorii, 7 Soviet token (sovznak), 6-7. See also money purchasing power Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: speculation, ri, 19, 21,31, 36, 40,
44, 46,50—51, 96,165,187,189 Stagnation (zastoi), 162,197 consumer spending in, 37-39, 43; Council of Ministers of, 98,115,132; as focus of state efforts to deliver prosperity, 16; lotteries of, Stakhanovites, 30, 59, 67, 92,128,167 Stalin, Iosif: attitude toward experts’ advice, 15; 175,180; Ministry of Social Security of, 115; attitude toward the countryside, 33; 298
INDEX delegation of authority, 14-15, 90; on money, 4, 7-9, 28-29, 66; opposition to leveling, 55, in regulating the currency supply, 122,157—158; 65—66, 68-69; paternalism of, 21, 25, 29, 46; 157-158; turnover tax, 26, 52, 121-123,129, petitions to, 97,136; on prices, 13-14,19—20, 147,149-151,153—154,158; war tax, 129,131. See also bonds; Ministry of Finance; state as a source of state revenue, 121—126,149—151, 27-29, 53; promises about prosperity, 2,3, 8 budget state budget, 26, 67, 70, 93,104, Г21,147, textiles: purchases of, 37—38,51; stockpiles of, 28 I49_I5°) 15°» 153,188,189-190 State Economic Advisory Council (Gosekonomsovet), 47, 85 theft, 10, 96,124,170 thrift, 62-63, 81, 87 trade: “closed,” 18, 23-24, 56, 78-79; cultured, state enterprises: finances of, 5, 7-8, 62, 78,161; labor discipline in, no—in, 117; managers of, 11; foreign, 28-29, 42; interruptions to, 35; “open,” ii, 13,18, 21—27, 35,166; preferences 14, 62; payroll contributions of, 90; profitability regarding, of, 47, 74; “socialist accumulation” of, 149,192; targets of, 75; taxes on, 122,125,149; wage levels ii, 13; private trade, 9—11,18-20, 22, 28, 32,37-39,45-46,58. 69,123,125,133, 142,152,178,185,195,199; retail, 20-27, 35, 39, in, 54, 65-67, 72-75,198-199; wage spending, 78, 83, 85. See also taxes; wages 123,142,187; turnover, 25,187 state farms, 32, 50,115-116. See also agriculture; turnover (tekuchka)y 55, 64-65, 68-69, 93 collective farms; wages State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 15, 24, Ukrainian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 34,126,182 28, 47, 84 statistics, 23-24, 37, 51, 72
stiliagi, 58 veterans: payments to, 56, 94-97; tax benefits stipends, 83,131,144 stockpiles, 24—26, 28, 40-41, 52—53 for, 129,132. See also disability; pensions Virta, Nikolai, 58-59, 62 Strong Character\ A (film), Г84-186 subscription. See bonds vodka: price of, 25—28,30,147; turnover tax on, subsidies, 2, 5, 21, 40, 48, 81,151 Volkov, Aleksandr, 74, 84,154,156,193-194 Supreme Soviet, 104,108-109,117,135,147,151, “vulgar egalitarianism.” See leveling 154 Г5б֊і57 wages: additional earnings on top of, 55; take-home pay, 2,121-158 tariff system, 64—66, 69, 72, 74, 76,150. See also average wages, 32,56, 67, 71-72, 84, 87-89, 105; deductions from, 121,123, 131,145, wages taxes: abolition of, 15, 41,123-124,149-157; 176-177,181; differentials within and between industries, 16, 54; in heavy industry, 54—56, agricultural tax, 32-34,38, 49,123,132,150-152; arrears, 131; on bachelors, singles, and citizens 65, 66, 71-74, 77՜78, 83; impact of gender on, 71-72, 76; inequality in, 55; in light industry, with small families, 40,129-132,145-152,156, 199; burden on Soviet citizens, 12, i6,121—124, 128—131,145-146; convoluted qualities of, 145; 56, 65-67, 71—72, 83; minimum wages, 16,54, 70-71, 75—76, 79, 84-88, 89,120,148-149,151, 154-156; reforms, 50, 54-55, 66, 69-76; on on enterprises, 5; exempted income and categories of taxpayers, 70—71, 75,129,131—132, state farms, 32; tariff system, 64-66, 69, 72, 74, 76,150 146-147,149; income tax, 3,15,41, 70,122-125, War Communism, 6 Western Europe, 4,15-16,179 wine, 27, 40 129-130,145-146,148-158,192,199; increases during World War Two, 67; in
Marxist theory, 124—125; as a means of expropriation, 125; on profits, 122; propaganda about, 152-154; property tax, 125; reforms to, 16,147—149; role workbooks, no workday: conflict with stores’ opening hours, 24; shortening of, 62, 73, 75,140,193 299
INDEX workers: auxiliary, 54; low and un-skilled workers, 54-57, 63-66, 70-71; skilled workers, 32,53-57, Ć4-66, 69—72, 74. 8°. 152,172· See also heavy industry; light industry; wages youth, 58, 63, 68,175,184 Zasiad’ko, Aleksandr, 85 Zverev, Arseny: on bonds, 138-139; on currency reforms, 41—42; on “financial discipline,” 62; on lotteries, 180; on pension reform, 98-100, 103-104; on savings, 182-183; on tax reform, 132,147-149 300 /------------ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek к ж. \ |
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| author | Ironside, Kristy |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1144186102 |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1965 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1965 |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV047057770 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:10:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:01:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674251649 0674251644 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032464998 |
| oclc_num | 1229136413 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| physical | xviii, 300 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220408 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Harvard historical studies |
| series2 | Harvard historical studies |
| spelling | Ironside, Kristy Verfasser (DE-588)1144186102 aut A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union Kristy Ironside Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England Harvard University Press 2021 xviii, 300 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Harvard historical studies 191 Geschichte 1945-1965 gnd rswk-swf Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd rswk-swf Lebensstandard (DE-588)4134319-0 gnd rswk-swf Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 s Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 s Lebensstandard (DE-588)4134319-0 s Geschichte 1945-1965 z DE-604 Harvard historical studies 191 (DE-604)BV000003350 191 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ironside, Kristy A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union Harvard historical studies Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd Lebensstandard (DE-588)4134319-0 gnd Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019902-2 (DE-588)4134319-0 (DE-588)4178574-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union |
| title_auth | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union |
| title_full | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union Kristy Ironside |
| title_fullStr | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union Kristy Ironside |
| title_full_unstemmed | A full-value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union Kristy Ironside |
| title_short | A full-value ruble |
| title_sort | a full value ruble the promise of prosperity in the postwar soviet union |
| title_sub | the promise of prosperity in the postwar Soviet Union |
| topic | Geldpolitik (DE-588)4019902-2 gnd Lebensstandard (DE-588)4134319-0 gnd Rubel (DE-588)4178574-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geldpolitik Lebensstandard Rubel Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464998&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000003350 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ironsidekristy afullvaluerublethepromiseofprosperityinthepostwarsovietunion |