Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Human rights in history
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 233-259 |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 269 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781108478526 9781108460491 |
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments Note on Geographical Regions Note on Cited Primary Documents List of Abbreviations page ix xiii xiv xv Introduction 1 1 The Rise of Dissent in Poland 19 2 Dissent and the Politics of Human Rights 39 3 The Principle of Noninterference as Laid Down in the Helsinki Final Act: The Polish Crisis, the Cold War, and Human Rights 4 The End of the Ideological Age: Human Rights and Ostpolitik 5 Solidarity, Human Rights, and Anti-Totalitarianism in France 66 91 107 6 The “Bedrock of Human Rights”: US Labor, Neoconservatism, and Human Rights 127 7 Letters from Prison: The Prisoner of Conscience and the Symbolic Politics of Human Rights 147 8 Lech Wałęsa, the Symbolism of the Nobel Peace Prize, and Global Human Rights Culture 173 General Pinochecki: Poland, Chile, and the Global Politics of Human Rights Culture 186 9 vii
viii Contents 10 Human Rights and the End of the Cold War 200 Epilogue 217 Bibliography Index 233 260
Bibliography Archival Sources AFL-CIO Unprocessed Records Free Trade Union Institute International Affairs Department Office of the President Archiv der sozialen Demokratie (AdsD), Bonn Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dienste für den Frieden (AGDF) DGB-Archiv Nachlass Walter Polkehn (NL Polkehn) SPD-Parteivorstand/Internationale Abteilung (SPD-PV/Int. Abt.) Willy-Brandt-Archiv (WBA) Archiv Grünes Gedächtnis (AGG), Berlin Bündnis ‘90/Die Grünen Bundestagsfraktion (В.П.2) Die Grünen im Bundestag 1983-1990 (B.II.l) Petra-Kelly-Archiv (PKA) Nachlass Rudolf Bahro (NL Bahro) Nachlass Wilhelm Knabe (NL Knabe) Archives de la CGT-Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO), Centre de documen tation Gabriel Ventejol, Paris Circulaires confederales Dossier Pologne I, 1974-1990 Fond Marc Blondel Archives du Secrétariat Confédéral CFDT (CFDT), Paris Direction Internationale et Europe (DIE) Fond Edmond Maire Secteur International (Sect. Int.) Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN), Warsaw Archiwum Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej (КС PZPR) Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych (PISM) Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (AIPN), Warsaw Akta Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych Archiwum Opozycji, Ośrodek KARTA (KARTA), Warsaw “Solidarność” - Narodziny Ruchu Kolekcje osobiste, tematyczne i środowiskowe 233
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Index Aarvik, Egil 193 speech at 1983 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony 178-179, 181-183 Abrams, Elliot 79, 138, 189 Afghanistan 71, 78, 88 AFL-CIO 9, 14, 16, 135, 139, 144-145, 152, 212, 214, see also Jackson Democrats; Kahn, Tom; Kirkland, Lane adopting practices of Amnesty International 131-133 and freedom of association 141-144 and Reagan administration 134 and situation in Chile 194—197 fascination with Solidarity 128-129 split with Jackson Democrats over Polish crisis 133 support for Solidarity 130-133 support for Soviet dissidents 129 ties with Jackson Democrats 129-130 views of totalitarian societies 127-128 Albright, Madeleine 228-229 Allende, Salvador 189 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, see AFL-CIO Amnesty International 6, 8, 11, 16, 19, 31-32, 39, 55, 57, 60, 68, 76, 98, 109, 122, 148, 157, 159, 189, 209, 221, 225-226, 229-231, see also Prisoner of conscience and emergence of Polish dissent 27 awarded Nobel Prize 4 development in the US 156 evolution of since 1980s 226-227 work on behalf of Bobby Sands 167 work on behalf of prisoners of conscience 155-156, 165-166 Annan, Kofi 219 Anti-Semitic campaign of 1968 24, 42, 47 Anti-Semitism 41, 46 Apartheid 143, 188 260 Arendt, Hannah 70, 229 Argentina 198 Autogestion 124, 224, 231, see also CFDT, French anti-totalitarian intellectuals; French Second Left; Maire, Edmond; Rosanvallon, Pierre Solidarity seen as example of 125-126 Bahr, Egon 92, 99-100, see also Bender, Peter; Brandt, Willy and concept of “change through rapprochement” 101 position toward Polish crisis 102 Barraclough,
Geoffrey 219 BBC 22, 25, 213 Benda, Vaclav 62 Bender, Peter 100-102, see also Bahr, Egon; Brandt, Willy Berlinguer, Enrico 5, 84 Blair, Tony 229, 231 Blumsztajn, Seweryn 107-108, ПО, 126, 152, see also Commandos, see aho Commandos Bolton, Jonathan 21 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich as inspiration for Amnesty International 157 as inspiration for Polish intellectuals 49-50 Bonn 73, 103, 185 Bosnia 218 Bourdieu, Pierre 14, 124, 150 Bradley, Mark 3, 12, 181 Brandt, Willy 16, 18, 73, 84, 89, 93-94, 99-100, 102-103, 109, 128, 136, 145, 206-207, 230-231, see also Bahr, Egon; Bender, Peter; CSCE; Detente; Ostpolitik; Socialist International 1963 speech at Harvard University 94-95 and dissidents 95-99 and human rights 95, 97-99, 101, 103-104
Index position toward Polish crisis 73, 96, 102-103 social thought of 99-101, 103-106 view of CSCE 95 views on CSCE 104 Braniewo 153, 158 Brezhnev, Leonid 26, 30, 78, 123, 205 British Broadcasting Corporation see BBC Buenos Aires 198 Bujak, Zbigniew 211-212 Bukovsky, Vladimir 129 Bush, George H.W. 132 1988 trip to Poland 212 Bussi, Hortensia 213 Bustos, Manuel 191 Carrington, Peter Lord 86-87 Carter, Jimmy 4, 31, 70, 75, 88-89, 93, 130, 229 Castoriadis, Cornelius 124 Catholic Church 22, 38, 47, 66, 171, 203, 210, 226, see also John Paul II; Wojtyla, Karol and human rights 47 as actor in Poland 28, 30, 33, 203 personalist current in 51 support for dissidents of 47-48 support for political prisoners 171 supporting Solidarity internationally 133 Catholicism 60 Catholicism in Poland 46-47, 50 CDM 129, 135 CFDT 109, 113, 123, 127, 146, 152, 168, see also Autogestion; French Second Left; Lefort, Claude; Maire, Edmond; Rosanvallon, Pierre adopting practices of Amnesty International 111 campaign in support of Solidarity of 107-108, 110-112 French politics and support for Solidarity of 125-126 Charter 77 7, 20, 62-63, 65, 95, 152, 157, 162, 222, see also Havel, Václav as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 69 meeting with members of KOR 61, 63 Charter of Workers’ Rights 33, 57-58 Chechnya 229 Chérèque, Jacques 108 Chernenko, Konstantin 170-171, 205-206 Chile 10, 17-18, 100, 122, 164, 192, 219 as contested icon of human rights 190 as icon of global human rights culture 150 261 cooperation of trade unions with Solidarity 190-194 in global human rights discourses 186-187 repression in
4 seen as model for neoliberal policies 196 US conservatives and situation in 186-187 Christianity 46, 49 Christofferson, Michael Scott 108 Christopher Street day 228 Chronicle of Current Events 26—27, 29, 32, 45, 70, 221 Churchill, Winston 78 Club of Paris 214 Coalition for a Democratic Majority, see CDM Cold War liberals 2, see also Jackson Democrats Cologne 29 Commandos (Polish student radicals) 23-24, 27, 41^12, 46, 222, see also Blumsztajn, Seweryn; Michnik, Adam; Kuroń, Jacek and theory of totalitarianism 45 quasi-religious views of 48-50 rapprochement with Catholicism of 47-48 Commentary 76—78 Committee against the Warsaw Trials 169 Committee for Social Self-Defense “KOR” (KSS KOR) 31, 57 Committee in Support for Solidarity, see CSS Committee to Defend Human and Trade Union Rights 191 Committee to Defend Prisoners of Conscience 59, 157 Committee to Defend the Workers see KOR Committees to Establish Free Trade Unions 32-33 Communist party in Poland, see PZPR Confederation for an Independent Poland 56 Confédération française démocratique du travail see CFDT Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, see CSCE Conquest, Robert 41 Constitutional debate of 1975 27-28 Consumer socialism 41 Cooper, Gary 216 Cracow 1 Craxi, Bettino 208 CSCE 18, 25, 39, 86, 88, see also Détente; Ostpolitik and dissent 66, 69-70
262 Index CSCE (cont.) and fall of Communism 215 and human rights 13, 39, 66-68 and Polish crisis 66, 71-73, 88-89 as based on postwar social thought 103 as forum for human rights 69-71, 89 as human rights forum 4 Final Act of 4-5, 13, 25, 27, 29, 31-32, 56, 59, 66, 69, 72, 78, 81, 88, 93, 103, 110, 183 follow-up conference in Belgrade 19771978 30-31, 70-71, 202 follow-up conference in Madrid 19801983 5, 66, 71, 79, 87-88, 92, 112, 131, 144, 146, 151-152, 163, 202 principle of non-interference enshrined in 67, 73, 215 CSS 131, 152 Cuban missile crisis 148 Cywiński, Bohdan 177, 181-182 Czechoslovakia 26, 42, 62-63, 157, 162 Daniel, Jean 123-124 de Gaulle, Charles 98 Decter, Midge 76, 88 Détente 15, 69, 86, 98, 201, see ako Brandt, Willy; CSCE; Ostpolitik and fall of Communism 215 and human rights 12 as based on postwar social thought 12-13 as strategy to transform Communist societies 101-102, 105 Deuxième gauche see CFDT; French anti totalitarian intellectuals; French Second Left Dissent 3, 19-20, see also Dissidents as based on commitment to truthfulness 44 as crucial for emergence of Solidarity Trade Union 58-61 as political movement 6-7, 19-20, 39, 55-57, 61-65 as transnational movement 25 as western label 21 Dissidence, see dissent Dissidents 3, 10-11, 13, 15, 17, 39^0, 42, 46, 79, 93, 109, 201, 203, 231-232, see ako Dissent; Havel, Vaclav; Human rights; Kołakowski, Leszek; Kuroń, Jacek; Michnik, Adam; Prisoner of conscience; Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; Totalitarianism and détente 104 and history of human rights 19 and human rights 97 and humanitarian interventions 222-223
and religion 46-50 as actors in foreign policy 207 as icons of human rights 8, 108 as icons of human rightsr 216 careers after 1989 221-222 emergence of 25 evolution of thought after 1989 226 nationalism and 54-55 personalist views of 20, 40, 52-55 role in fall of Communism 200-202 theory of human rights of 39^11, 60, 64-65, 104 Dmowski, Roman 22 Doctorow, E. L. 85 Dolan, Anthony 137 Dole, Bob 132 Domber, Gregory 15, 210, 213 Dubček, Aleksandr 95 Eagleburger, Lawrence 74, 195 EC 66, 73, 82, 86-87 demanding release of political prisoners (1986) 210 policy toward Poland in late 1980s 214-215 policy towards Polish crisis 73 Eckel, Jan 226 Edward Gierek 41 Ehrman, John 135 El Salvador 77-78, 81, 85, 192 Ethics and Public Policy Center 184 EU 11, 222, 226-227 and human rights 220 European Community, see EC European Union, see EU Federal Republic of Germany, see West Germany Foucault, Michel 5, 16, 109, 115, 122, 126, 224-225, see ako French anti totalitarian intellectuals and new philosophers 115 French politics and support for dissidents of 123-124 views on human rights of 121 work in support of Solidarity 108, 112 Founding Committees for Free Trade Unions 35 combining human rights with political and social aims 57-58 France 9, 71-72, 74-75, 86, 88-89, 122, 126, 145, 168, 218 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88, 112-113, 123 response to Polish crisis in 83, 109
Index Free Trade Union Institute 133 Freedom House 2 Freedom of association 7, 14, 141-142, 168 French anti-totalitarian intellectuals 7, 108-109, 146, 168, see also Bourdieu, Pierre; Castoriadis, Cornelius; CFDT; Daniel, Jean; Foucault, Michel; Lefort, Claude; Rosanvallon, Pierre and human rights 109 and Polish dissidents 119-120 concept of autogestion of 120-121 emergence of 118-119 evolution of views during 1980s 224 fascination with dissent of 108, 119-120 support for dissidents and French politics 123-124 support for Solidarity of 110-112 French Communist Party 114, 119-120 French new philosophers 115, 117, 137 French Second Left 128, 145, see also CFDT French socialist party 74, 124 government of formed in 1981 123 position toward Polish crisis 73 Furet, François 114—115 Gdańsk 35, 97, 132, 179, 208 Gdańsk agreement 59 GDR96 Geneva 186-188 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 87, 213 George Meany Human Rights Award 143 Geremek, Bronislaw 36, 152 German occupation of Poland 23 Gershman, Carl 135, 138 Gierek, Edward 30, 42 Ginsberg, Allen 85 Glucksmann, Andre 115 Gorbachev, Mikhail and situation in Poland 202-205, 215 role in ending Cold War 200-202 Grabowski, Tomek 60 Great Britain see UK Grenada 196, 217, 223 Gromyko, Andrei 170 Guatemala 77, 81 Guevara, Ernesto 174 Gulag Archipelago 13, 27, 70, 116 reception of by French Left 108, 114-115, 119-120 Habermas, Jürgen 94, 100, 105 Haig, Alexander 79, 82, 86, 88 Harvard 173 Hatmon, Hervé 125 263 Havel, Václav 21, 221, 228 and humanitarian interventions 222-223 theory of totalitarianism of 61-62 H-Blocks Irish republican protests in
166-167 Helsinki 56, 69 Helsinki Accords see CSCE, Final Act of Helsinki Commission (US Congress) 131 Helsinki Committee 55 Helsinki effect 5, 69, 89, 201 Higgins, George 130 Hofftnann, Stefan 219 Honecker, Erich 214 Human dignity 40 in dissidents’ thought 40 Human rights 1970s as crucial decade for 3-6, 89-90, 231 and changing conceptions of time 94 and crisis of postwar social thought 93-94 and end of Cold War 15-16,18, 215-216 and liberal international order 229-230 and Marxism 118 and military interventions 217-218, 225, 230 and national sovereignty 228-229 and religion 50 and solidarity 122-123 and western Cold War foreign policy 89 as force shaping international politics 146, 198-199, 208-213, 215-216 as foundation for moral absolutism 11-12, 40, 64, 145, 232 as synonymous with civil rights 63 breakthrough of 3, 66 Claude Lefort’s theory of 116-118, 120-121 enmeshed in political debates and social conflicts of early 1980s 84-86, 89-90, 123-126, 128-129, 144-146 French anti-totalitarian intellectuals vernacular of 122 historiography of 2-і, 63, 219-220, 224-225, 230-232 in postwar social thought 103 in world politics after 1989 217-219 malleable nature of 3, 20, 38, 60, 68, 231-232 Polish dissident vernacular of 60-61, 64-65 political economy of symbolic power 191-194, 198-199 politics of 3, 6-8, 38-39, 55-57, 64, 68, 117, 120,122,125-126,139, 144-145, 150, 156, 172, 182, 186-187, 191-194, 198-199, 227-228, 231
264 Index Human rights (cont.) tenuous position after 1980 4-6, 67, 89, 148, 152-153, 198 Hungary 220 1956 uprising in 134 ICCPR 26, 57, 70 defining civil rights as human rights 63 invoking right to self-determination 63 ICESCR 33, 58 ICFTU 129, 142, 184, 195 and freedom of association 142-143 support for Solidarity of 142 Icon 8, 18, 172, see also liiimesfļ International; Dissidents; Prisoner of conscience; Michnik, Adam; Wałęsa, Lech as contested source of symbolic power 185 depoliticization and 180-183 theory of 148-150, 166, 180-181, 183 Ikenberry, G. John 230 ELO 32-33, 112, 142, 151, 168 conventions of 32, 57-58 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty 219 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, see ICFTU International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights see ICCPR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights see ICESCR International Criminal Court 219, 229 International Helsinki Federation 2 International Labor Organization see ILO International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers 131 International Year of Human Rights 1, 27 Iraq 218 Irish Republican Army 166 Israel 188, 196 Italian Communist Party 83-84, 86, 92, 169 Italy 71, 74-75, 86, 88-89, 168 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88 response to Polish crisis in 83 Jackson Democrats 16, 84, 156, 189, 230, see also Decter, Midge; Kahn, Tom; Kirkland, Lane; Kirkpatrick, Jeane; Moynihan, Daniel Patrick; Neoconservatives; Podhoretz, Norman; Reagan, Ronald and “liberalism ofthe vital center” 135-136 and Shachmanites 135 and Solidarity 127-128
ideological differences with Reagan administration 138 in Reagan administration 75, 88, 134 influence on US human rights policies 137 influence on US policies toward Polish crisis of 79 views of on human rights 75-77 views on human rights 79-80 views on Polish crisis 89 views on Polish crisis of 77-79 views on totalitarian societies 77 Jackson, Henry 75, 129, 136 Jaruzelski, Wojciech 72, 97, 99, 106, 123, 140, 160, 173, 175, 190, 205, see aho Poland; PZPR and Reagan administration 206 and Soviet leadership 170-171, 205-206 foreign policy during Polish crisis 102-103 likened to Augusto Pinochet 98, 197-198 relations with Western European politicians 206-207, 214—215 John Paul II 5, 38, 171, 181-182, 194, see aho Catholic Church; Wojtyła, Karol 1983 visit to Poland 152, 167, 175-176 1987 visit to Poland 203 personalist philosophy of 52 visit to Poland, 1979 33-34 Johnson, Lyndon B. 136 Kahn, Tom 127, 129-135, 223-224, see aho AFL-CIO; Jackson Democrats; Kirkland, Lane; Shachtman, Max and freedom of association 143-144 conflict with Reagan administration of 138-139 evolution of political views of 134—135 Kant, Immanuel 159 Katyń massacre of 1940 22, 45 Kelly, Petra 5, 84, 185, 223 Kennedy, Edward 132 1987 trip to Poland 211-213 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 94 Kenney, Padraic 154-155 Keys, Barbara 75, 128 KGB 152 Khrushchev, Nikita 26 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 178 Kirkland, Lane 5, 129-130, 133, 195-197, 224, see aho AFUCIO; Jackson Democrats; Kahn, Tom; Reagan, Ronald
Index as Cold War Liberal 135-136 conflict with Reagan administration 139-140 conflict with Reagan administration of 138-139 linking human rights and criticism of US business 140-141 Kirkpatrick, Jeane 78, 80, 138, 140, 185, 188-189, see also Jackson Democrats; Reagan, Ronald on difference between authoritarian and totalitarian governments 77 Kiszczak, Czeslaw 164-165, 171 Kołakowski, Leszek 23, 42, 54, 63-64, 217 concept of Sovietization 43 KOR 29-32, 44, 46, 48, 54, 56, 58, 70, 91, 107, 157, 161, 168-169, 172, see also Commandos; Kołakowski, Leszek; Kuroń, Jacek; Michnik, Adam 1984 trial of members of 147 amnesty for members of (1977) 30-31, 170 and creation of Solidarity 35 as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 55, 69 Catholic Church in Poland and 48 combining human rights with political aims 57 creation of 27-29 meeting with members of Charter 77 61, 63 meeting with Soviet dissidents 32 prehistory of 21-28 KOS 151 Kosovo 218 Kouchner, Bernard 112, 224-225 Krauthammer, Charles 79 Kreisky, Bruno 169 Król, Marcin 44 Kubasiewicz, Ewa 160-161 Kuron, Jacek see also Commandos; KOR; Michnik, Adam Kuroń, Jacek 48-49, 147, 165 quasi-personalist views of 53-54 quasi-religious views of 49-50 Kwaśniewski, Aleksander 221 Labor unrest in Poland in 1976 28 Laborem exerçons 181 Laqueur, Walter 78, 127 League for Industrial Democracy 135 Lefever, Ernest 75, 184 Lefort, Claude 7, 16, 114, 120, 122, 224-225, see also Gulag Archipelag; Human rights; Rosanvallon, Pierre; 265 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; Totalitarianism on Karl Marx 118 theory of human rights of 116-118, 120-121 theory of
politics 7-8 theory of politics of 145 theory of totalitarianism of 116 views of Solidarity of 122 views on dissidents 116-117 Leipzig 200 Lenin shipyards 35, 59 Leninism 121 Levy, Bernard-Henry 115 Lewis, Anthony 198 London 29, 87, 103 Lublin 47 Luns, Joseph 74 Lutuli, Albert 178 Macierewicz, Antoni 50 view of totalitarianism of 44-45 Madrid 66-67, 69, 73, 88-89 Maire, Edmond 125-126, see also Autogestioni CFDT Mandela, Nelson 166 Martial law 4, 38, 67 Marx, Karl 118 Marxism 108, 115, 122 Mauroy, Pierre 113 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 36, 59, 152 personalist views of 51, 53 UN envoy in former Yugoslavia 222 Meany, George 129, 194 Michnik, Adam 29, 48-49, 54, 62-64, 91, 93-94, 104, 120, 147, 171, 178, 180, 191, 193, 198, 204, 208, 212, 221-223, see aho KOR; Icon; Prisoner of conscience addressing international audiences 91, 163-164 as human rights icon 165-167 awarded honorary degree 164 open letter to General Kiszczak of 164-165 prison writings of 161-162 theory of dissent of 62 Mickiewicz, Adam 24 Milewski, Jerzy 191-192 Milosevic, Slobodan 223 Milosz, Czeslaw 162, 164 Mitterrand, François 16, 92, 113, 119, 123, 163, 197, 206, 208, 213, see also France Moczulski, Leszek 56
266 Index Montand, Yves work in support of Solidarity 112 Montevideo 188 Moscow 15, 26, 32, 82, 87, 92, 102, 170, 188, 201, 203, 205 Movement to Defend Human and Civil Rights see ROPCiO Moyn, Samuel 118 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 76, 156 Nathans, Benjamin 26 National Endowment for Democracy, see NED NATO 5, 11, 66, 78, 82, 87-89, 91, 167-168, 186-187, 218-220, 222, 227, 230 and human rights 230 demanding non-interference in Poland 72-73 members’ policies toward Poland after 1982 167-168 response to Polish crisis 71-73, 86-88 Nazi Germany 164 NED 133, 135, see also AFL-CIO; Jackson Democrats; Kirkland, Lane; Reagan, Ronald financial support for Polish underground of 213-214 Neoconservatives (US) 7, 10, see ako Jackson Democrats Neue Ostpolitik see Ostpolitik New Left 135 New School for Social Research 164 New York 85, 164 New York intellectuals and debate on Polish crisis 85 Newfoundland 78 Nicaragua 196 Nixon, Richard 134, 189 Nobel Committee 16 Nobel Peace Prize 198 role in global human rights culture 174 Novak, Michael 78, 188 Nowa Huta 1-3, 13-14, 34, 209, 217 Onyszkiewicz, Janusz 212-213 Operation Allied Force 218-219 Operation Provide Comfort 218 Orthodox Christianity 166 Orwell, George 41, 44, 61, 70 Ostpolitik 70, 92, 206, see ако Bahr, Egon; Bender, Peter; Brandt, Willy; Détente as strategy to transform Communist societies 105 concept of 94-95, 100-102 French criticism of 110-111 Ottawa 151 Pacem in terris 47, 51, 70 Pacheco, Maximo 197 Paris 29, 107, 112-113, 225 PATCO 139 Patočka, Jan 222 Paus, Ansgar 180 People’s Republic of Poland see Poland Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo
178 Personalism 51-54, 70 and Solidarity Trade Union 59 Pilsudski, Józef 22 Pinochet, Augusto 186, 189, 195, 219 Podhoretz, Norman 77, 88, 130 Poland 1, 3, 5, 10, 16-18, 21, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 35, 39, 41-42, 45, 62-63, 67, 72, 77-78, 81-84, 86-89, 92, 99, 102, 107, 111-113, 127, 131, 133, 140-143, 145, 148, 150-152, 157, 161-162, 164-165, 168, 170, 178, 182, 186, 192, 195, 201-202, 204, 209, 212, 214, 220, 223, 225, see ако Jaruzelski, Wojciech; PZPR as contested icon of human rights 190 Communist seizure of power in 21 debates on at CSCE conference in Madrid 88-89 German occupation of 21, 45, 50 relations with US 206 relations with Western Europe 206-207 Polish American Congress 132-133 Polish Catholic Left and human rights 47 and KOR 48 and personalism 53 Polish conservative intellectuals 21, 226 and theory of totalitarianism 45 personalist views of 52 Polish crisis 17, 102, 140 and western civil societies 68, 82-86 Polish Helsinki Commission 32, 70, 151 Polish peace activists 208-209 Polish Round Table Talks 202-204 Polish underground army of WWII 21 Political economy of symbolic power: see Human rights Political prisoners as central issue in Poland’s foreign relations 162-163, 167-171, 207-208 210-211, 220 history of 154—155 in Poland in early 1980s 153-154
Index Pope see John Paul II Popiełuszko, Jerzy 207, 212 Prague 200 Prague spring 42 Prague Spring 98, 122 Prisoner of conscience 6, 8, 18, 27, 167, 220, see ako Icon; Michnik, Adam; Political prisoners and dissidents 156-157 and human dignity 160-161 and hunger strikes 158-159 and Polish prisoners 157-158 and politics of human rights 155-156, 172, 192 as reimagination of political incarceration 155-156 as symbolic figure of human rights culture 148, 165-166 concept of “conscience” of 159-160 in Adam Michnik’s prison writings 161-162, 164-165 Puerto Rico 196 PZPR 28, 37, 169, 205, 210 policies in late 1980s 203 Radio Free Europe 22, 25, 213 Rakowski, Mieczysław 103, 173, 180 Reagan administration see Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Nancy 208 Reagan, Ronald 5, 9, 16, 67, 77, 84, 86, 88-89, 103, 128-129, 132, 136, 142, 144, 167, 184, 192, 198, 200, 206, 230 1982 speech in London 80, 84, 136-138 and British position on Polish crisis 86-87 and changes in social imagery of US politics 128 and transformation of postwar social thought 136-138 approach to human rights 75, 133 conflict with West European allies over Polish crisis 82 message in honor of Lech Wałęsa 184 policies during Polish crisis 79-82, 140 policies toward Chile 195-198 policy toward Poland after 1983 152 response to Polish crisis 88 Responsibility to Protect 219 Revisionism (Polish Marxist current) 23 Rodgers, Daniel 13, 94, 136 Rokita, Jan Maria 217-219, 223, 226, 228 Romaszewski, Zbigniew 147, 172 Rome 29, 127, 130 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 78 ROPCiO 29-30, 54, 70, 157 267 and Amnesty International 28 as combining human
rights and political aims 56-57 as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 55 creation of 32 split of 32 Rosanvallon, Pierre 120, 122, 224, see also Autogestion՛, CFDT; Lefort, Claude views of Solidarity of 122 Rotman, Patrick 125 Rustin, Bayard 77, 135, 224 Rwanda 219 Sakharov, Andrei 27, 178, 213 Sands, Bobby 166-167 Schlesinger, Arthur Μ. 135 Schmidt, Helmut 16, 70, 96 Schneider, Romy 113 Seeger, Pete 85 Seguel, Rodolfo 190, 194 Serbia 228 Shachtman, Max 134-135, 138, 224 Signoret, Simone 112 Six-Day War 23 Snyder, Sarah 15 Social Defense Committees, see KOS Social Democratic Party of Germany, see SPD Social Democrats U.S.A. 135 Socialist International 73, 89, 93, 96, 100 debate on Polish crisis in 74 Society for Academic Courses 32 Solidarity 4, 9, 15-19, 37, 39, 66-68, 72, 77-79, 81-84, 89, 91, 102-103, 109, 112-113, 122-124, 127-128, 130-133, 141-143, 146-148, 150, 152, 158, 161, 163, 173, 175, 177-178, 180-182, 185, 203-204, 214, 220, 227 21 demands 35, 37 and Catholicism 46, 59 and CSCE Final Act 37 and human dignity 59 and western approaches to Cold War 89 as an icon of human rights 145-146 congress of 1981 59 cooperation with Chilean trade unions of 190-194 emergence of 34-36 first period of legal activities, 1980-1981 36-38 influenced by dissident movement 36, 58-61 members ofin the West 107-108, 112
268 Index Solidarity (cont.) organizing election campaign in 1989 216 personalist views in 59 program of 58, 60 situation of in late 1980s 203 strikes in 1988 203 suppression of 38 transnational coalition in support of 5-6, 86, 151-152, 168-169 underground activism of 150-151 underground leadership of 162 Solidarity Eleven 147, 153, 168-169 1984 amnesty for 170 Solidarity Trade Union see Solidarity Solidarność see Solidarity Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 13, 27, 61, 64, 119, 123, 129, see also Gulag Archipelago; Soviet dissident movement influence on French anti-totalitarian intellectuals of 108, 114-115, 119-120 view of life in totalitarian society 43 Somalia 218 Sontag, Susan and debate on Polish crisis 85 Sorbonne 173 South Africa 141, 143, 164, 166, 188, 193, 196, 212 Soviet dissident movement 10, 15, 32, 39, 60, 129, 152 and Solidarity Trade Union 36 emergence of 25-27, 69-70 impact on Polish intellectuals 27, 29-30 meeting with KOR member 32 Soviet Politburo 170 Soviet Union 22, 28, 42-43, 69, 86-89, 132-135, 164-165, 201 SPD 92-93, 169 Stalinism 41-42, 134 Student unrest of 1968 24 Swartz, David 185 Symbolic power 14, 16, 149-150, 231 Tehran 1 Thatcher, Margaret 84, 167 response to Polish crisis 86-87 The Worker of the Coast 32 Theobald, Thomas 140 Thomas, Daniel 5 Tischner, Józef 59 Totalitarianism 15, 17, 56, 60, 110, 127, 231, see also Dissidents; Kirkpatrick, Jeane; Lefort, Claude Claude Lefort’s theory of 116 dissidents’ theory of 20, 40-45, 54 in rhetoric of Ronald Reagan 128 in thought of French anti֊totalitarian intellectuals 108 theory of as sounding board for
personalism 54 Touraine, Alain 124 Trade Union Advisory Committee 142 Trotsky, Leon 138 Turkey 85 Tutu, Desmond 225 Uganda 186 UK 72-73, 88, 166, 218 response to Polish crisis 86 UN 30, 39, 196, 218 UN Charter 66, 72 UN Commission on Human Rights see UNCHR UN General Assembly 218-219 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 219 UN human rights pacts 25, 29, 31-32, 57, 59, 62, 227, see also ICCPR, ICESCR UN Human Rights Pacts 29 UN Security Council 218 UNCHR 18, 112, 151, 186, 198, 222 debates on Poland at 187-188, 190 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) See Soviet Union United Kingdom, see UK United Nations 10, 183 United States, see US United States of America 22 United States of America (US) 17 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1, 15, 27, 32, 52, 56, 66, 70, 80, 178, 213, 220, 225, 227, 231 University in Exile 164 Uruguay 27 US 68, 72, 79, 85-86, 88-89, 107, 135, 145, 164-165, 218, 229 impact on events in Poland 215 policy toward Poland in late 1980s 214-215 US Democratic Party 135 US Department of State 147, 198 US Information Agency 78 Ustinov, Dmitry 170 Vance, Cyrus 164 Vatican 133, 176 Vidal, Gore 85 Vietnam 13, 75, 136, 156, 189 Volpin, Alexander 26 Vonnegut, Kurt 85
Index 269 Wałęsa, Bohdan 177 Wałęsa, Danuta 177, 179, 181 Wałęsa, Lech 1, 8, 15, 18, 33, 71, 97, 108, 125, 143, 150, 152, 163, 172, 180, 203-204, 212, 216, 225, see also Icon; Solidarity as icon of human rights culture 173-174, 178-180,211-212, 221 as Solidarity leader 173 awarded Nobel Prize 173 in precarious situation in 1983 174-176 Nobel lecture 177-178, 181 Nobel Prize acceptance speech of 177-178, 181 Warsaw 41, 52, 86-87, 146-147, 151-152, 167-168, 178-179, 202 Warsaw Left 22-24, 46 rapprochement with Catholicism 47-48 Warsaw Pact 170 Washington 88-89, 127, 132, 139, 167, 188, 190, 195-196, 198, 215 Watergate 75, 156 Weinberger, Caspar 81, 140 Weinstein, Allen 78 West Berlin 94 West German Green party 209, 223, see also Kelly, Petra and Polish crisis 85 West German peace movement 7, 86, 185, 190, see also Kelly, Petra response to Polish crisis 82-83, 85 West Germany 72, 85, 113, 164, 206 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88, 91-92 responses to Polish crisis in 82-83 Whitehead, John 211 Wojtyla, Karol 33-34, 48, personalist philosophy of see John Paul II Wolin, Richard 109 World Conference of Human Rights 227 Wujec, Henryk 147, 172 Wyszyński, Stefan 33, 38, 48 Young People’s Socialist League 135 Young Poland Movement 52 Yugoslav wars of succession 228 Yugoslavia 218-219 Í Bayerische Staatsbibliothek i ; München j
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Contents Acknowledgments Note on Geographical Regions Note on Cited Primary Documents List of Abbreviations page ix xiii xiv xv Introduction 1 1 The Rise of Dissent in Poland 19 2 Dissent and the Politics of Human Rights 39 3 The Principle of Noninterference as Laid Down in the Helsinki Final Act: The Polish Crisis, the Cold War, and Human Rights 4 The End of the Ideological Age: Human Rights and Ostpolitik 5 Solidarity, Human Rights, and Anti-Totalitarianism in France 66 91 107 6 The “Bedrock of Human Rights”: US Labor, Neoconservatism, and Human Rights 127 7 Letters from Prison: The Prisoner of Conscience and the Symbolic Politics of Human Rights 147 8 Lech Wałęsa, the Symbolism of the Nobel Peace Prize, and Global Human Rights Culture 173 General Pinochecki: Poland, Chile, and the Global Politics of Human Rights Culture 186 9 vii
viii Contents 10 Human Rights and the End of the Cold War 200 Epilogue 217 Bibliography Index 233 260
Bibliography Archival Sources AFL-CIO Unprocessed Records Free Trade Union Institute International Affairs Department Office of the President Archiv der sozialen Demokratie (AdsD), Bonn Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dienste für den Frieden (AGDF) DGB-Archiv Nachlass Walter Polkehn (NL Polkehn) SPD-Parteivorstand/Internationale Abteilung (SPD-PV/Int. Abt.) Willy-Brandt-Archiv (WBA) Archiv Grünes Gedächtnis (AGG), Berlin Bündnis ‘90/Die Grünen Bundestagsfraktion (В.П.2) Die Grünen im Bundestag 1983-1990 (B.II.l) Petra-Kelly-Archiv (PKA) Nachlass Rudolf Bahro (NL Bahro) Nachlass Wilhelm Knabe (NL Knabe) Archives de la CGT-Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO), Centre de documen tation Gabriel Ventejol, Paris Circulaires confederales Dossier Pologne I, 1974-1990 Fond Marc Blondel Archives du Secrétariat Confédéral CFDT (CFDT), Paris Direction Internationale et Europe (DIE) Fond Edmond Maire Secteur International (Sect. Int.) Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN), Warsaw Archiwum Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej (КС PZPR) Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych (PISM) Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (AIPN), Warsaw Akta Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych Archiwum Opozycji, Ośrodek KARTA (KARTA), Warsaw “Solidarność” - Narodziny Ruchu Kolekcje osobiste, tematyczne i środowiskowe 233
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Index Aarvik, Egil 193 speech at 1983 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony 178-179, 181-183 Abrams, Elliot 79, 138, 189 Afghanistan 71, 78, 88 AFL-CIO 9, 14, 16, 135, 139, 144-145, 152, 212, 214, see also Jackson Democrats; Kahn, Tom; Kirkland, Lane adopting practices of Amnesty International 131-133 and freedom of association 141-144 and Reagan administration 134 and situation in Chile 194—197 fascination with Solidarity 128-129 split with Jackson Democrats over Polish crisis 133 support for Solidarity 130-133 support for Soviet dissidents 129 ties with Jackson Democrats 129-130 views of totalitarian societies 127-128 Albright, Madeleine 228-229 Allende, Salvador 189 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, see AFL-CIO Amnesty International 6, 8, 11, 16, 19, 31-32, 39, 55, 57, 60, 68, 76, 98, 109, 122, 148, 157, 159, 189, 209, 221, 225-226, 229-231, see also Prisoner of conscience and emergence of Polish dissent 27 awarded Nobel Prize 4 development in the US 156 evolution of since 1980s 226-227 work on behalf of Bobby Sands 167 work on behalf of prisoners of conscience 155-156, 165-166 Annan, Kofi 219 Anti-Semitic campaign of 1968 24, 42, 47 Anti-Semitism 41, 46 Apartheid 143, 188 260 Arendt, Hannah 70, 229 Argentina 198 Autogestion 124, 224, 231, see also CFDT, French anti-totalitarian intellectuals; French Second Left; Maire, Edmond; Rosanvallon, Pierre Solidarity seen as example of 125-126 Bahr, Egon 92, 99-100, see also Bender, Peter; Brandt, Willy and concept of “change through rapprochement” 101 position toward Polish crisis 102 Barraclough,
Geoffrey 219 BBC 22, 25, 213 Benda, Vaclav 62 Bender, Peter 100-102, see also Bahr, Egon; Brandt, Willy Berlinguer, Enrico 5, 84 Blair, Tony 229, 231 Blumsztajn, Seweryn 107-108, ПО, 126, 152, see also Commandos, see aho Commandos Bolton, Jonathan 21 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich as inspiration for Amnesty International 157 as inspiration for Polish intellectuals 49-50 Bonn 73, 103, 185 Bosnia 218 Bourdieu, Pierre 14, 124, 150 Bradley, Mark 3, 12, 181 Brandt, Willy 16, 18, 73, 84, 89, 93-94, 99-100, 102-103, 109, 128, 136, 145, 206-207, 230-231, see also Bahr, Egon; Bender, Peter; CSCE; Detente; Ostpolitik; Socialist International 1963 speech at Harvard University 94-95 and dissidents 95-99 and human rights 95, 97-99, 101, 103-104
Index position toward Polish crisis 73, 96, 102-103 social thought of 99-101, 103-106 view of CSCE 95 views on CSCE 104 Braniewo 153, 158 Brezhnev, Leonid 26, 30, 78, 123, 205 British Broadcasting Corporation see BBC Buenos Aires 198 Bujak, Zbigniew 211-212 Bukovsky, Vladimir 129 Bush, George H.W. 132 1988 trip to Poland 212 Bussi, Hortensia 213 Bustos, Manuel 191 Carrington, Peter Lord 86-87 Carter, Jimmy 4, 31, 70, 75, 88-89, 93, 130, 229 Castoriadis, Cornelius 124 Catholic Church 22, 38, 47, 66, 171, 203, 210, 226, see also John Paul II; Wojtyla, Karol and human rights 47 as actor in Poland 28, 30, 33, 203 personalist current in 51 support for dissidents of 47-48 support for political prisoners 171 supporting Solidarity internationally 133 Catholicism 60 Catholicism in Poland 46-47, 50 CDM 129, 135 CFDT 109, 113, 123, 127, 146, 152, 168, see also Autogestion; French Second Left; Lefort, Claude; Maire, Edmond; Rosanvallon, Pierre adopting practices of Amnesty International 111 campaign in support of Solidarity of 107-108, 110-112 French politics and support for Solidarity of 125-126 Charter 77 7, 20, 62-63, 65, 95, 152, 157, 162, 222, see also Havel, Václav as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 69 meeting with members of KOR 61, 63 Charter of Workers’ Rights 33, 57-58 Chechnya 229 Chérèque, Jacques 108 Chernenko, Konstantin 170-171, 205-206 Chile 10, 17-18, 100, 122, 164, 192, 219 as contested icon of human rights 190 as icon of global human rights culture 150 261 cooperation of trade unions with Solidarity 190-194 in global human rights discourses 186-187 repression in
4 seen as model for neoliberal policies 196 US conservatives and situation in 186-187 Christianity 46, 49 Christofferson, Michael Scott 108 Christopher Street day 228 Chronicle of Current Events 26—27, 29, 32, 45, 70, 221 Churchill, Winston 78 Club of Paris 214 Coalition for a Democratic Majority, see CDM Cold War liberals 2, see also Jackson Democrats Cologne 29 Commandos (Polish student radicals) 23-24, 27, 41^12, 46, 222, see also Blumsztajn, Seweryn; Michnik, Adam; Kuroń, Jacek and theory of totalitarianism 45 quasi-religious views of 48-50 rapprochement with Catholicism of 47-48 Commentary 76—78 Committee against the Warsaw Trials 169 Committee for Social Self-Defense “KOR” (KSS KOR) 31, 57 Committee in Support for Solidarity, see CSS Committee to Defend Human and Trade Union Rights 191 Committee to Defend Prisoners of Conscience 59, 157 Committee to Defend the Workers see KOR Committees to Establish Free Trade Unions 32-33 Communist party in Poland, see PZPR Confederation for an Independent Poland 56 Confédération française démocratique du travail see CFDT Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, see CSCE Conquest, Robert 41 Constitutional debate of 1975 27-28 Consumer socialism 41 Cooper, Gary 216 Cracow 1 Craxi, Bettino 208 CSCE 18, 25, 39, 86, 88, see also Détente; Ostpolitik and dissent 66, 69-70
262 Index CSCE (cont.) and fall of Communism 215 and human rights 13, 39, 66-68 and Polish crisis 66, 71-73, 88-89 as based on postwar social thought 103 as forum for human rights 69-71, 89 as human rights forum 4 Final Act of 4-5, 13, 25, 27, 29, 31-32, 56, 59, 66, 69, 72, 78, 81, 88, 93, 103, 110, 183 follow-up conference in Belgrade 19771978 30-31, 70-71, 202 follow-up conference in Madrid 19801983 5, 66, 71, 79, 87-88, 92, 112, 131, 144, 146, 151-152, 163, 202 principle of non-interference enshrined in 67, 73, 215 CSS 131, 152 Cuban missile crisis 148 Cywiński, Bohdan 177, 181-182 Czechoslovakia 26, 42, 62-63, 157, 162 Daniel, Jean 123-124 de Gaulle, Charles 98 Decter, Midge 76, 88 Détente 15, 69, 86, 98, 201, see ako Brandt, Willy; CSCE; Ostpolitik and fall of Communism 215 and human rights 12 as based on postwar social thought 12-13 as strategy to transform Communist societies 101-102, 105 Deuxième gauche see CFDT; French anti totalitarian intellectuals; French Second Left Dissent 3, 19-20, see also Dissidents as based on commitment to truthfulness 44 as crucial for emergence of Solidarity Trade Union 58-61 as political movement 6-7, 19-20, 39, 55-57, 61-65 as transnational movement 25 as western label 21 Dissidence, see dissent Dissidents 3, 10-11, 13, 15, 17, 39^0, 42, 46, 79, 93, 109, 201, 203, 231-232, see ako Dissent; Havel, Vaclav; Human rights; Kołakowski, Leszek; Kuroń, Jacek; Michnik, Adam; Prisoner of conscience; Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; Totalitarianism and détente 104 and history of human rights 19 and human rights 97 and humanitarian interventions 222-223
and religion 46-50 as actors in foreign policy 207 as icons of human rights 8, 108 as icons of human rightsr 216 careers after 1989 221-222 emergence of 25 evolution of thought after 1989 226 nationalism and 54-55 personalist views of 20, 40, 52-55 role in fall of Communism 200-202 theory of human rights of 39^11, 60, 64-65, 104 Dmowski, Roman 22 Doctorow, E. L. 85 Dolan, Anthony 137 Dole, Bob 132 Domber, Gregory 15, 210, 213 Dubček, Aleksandr 95 Eagleburger, Lawrence 74, 195 EC 66, 73, 82, 86-87 demanding release of political prisoners (1986) 210 policy toward Poland in late 1980s 214-215 policy towards Polish crisis 73 Eckel, Jan 226 Edward Gierek 41 Ehrman, John 135 El Salvador 77-78, 81, 85, 192 Ethics and Public Policy Center 184 EU 11, 222, 226-227 and human rights 220 European Community, see EC European Union, see EU Federal Republic of Germany, see West Germany Foucault, Michel 5, 16, 109, 115, 122, 126, 224-225, see ako French anti totalitarian intellectuals and new philosophers 115 French politics and support for dissidents of 123-124 views on human rights of 121 work in support of Solidarity 108, 112 Founding Committees for Free Trade Unions 35 combining human rights with political and social aims 57-58 France 9, 71-72, 74-75, 86, 88-89, 122, 126, 145, 168, 218 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88, 112-113, 123 response to Polish crisis in 83, 109
Index Free Trade Union Institute 133 Freedom House 2 Freedom of association 7, 14, 141-142, 168 French anti-totalitarian intellectuals 7, 108-109, 146, 168, see also Bourdieu, Pierre; Castoriadis, Cornelius; CFDT; Daniel, Jean; Foucault, Michel; Lefort, Claude; Rosanvallon, Pierre and human rights 109 and Polish dissidents 119-120 concept of autogestion of 120-121 emergence of 118-119 evolution of views during 1980s 224 fascination with dissent of 108, 119-120 support for dissidents and French politics 123-124 support for Solidarity of 110-112 French Communist Party 114, 119-120 French new philosophers 115, 117, 137 French Second Left 128, 145, see also CFDT French socialist party 74, 124 government of formed in 1981 123 position toward Polish crisis 73 Furet, François 114—115 Gdańsk 35, 97, 132, 179, 208 Gdańsk agreement 59 GDR96 Geneva 186-188 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 87, 213 George Meany Human Rights Award 143 Geremek, Bronislaw 36, 152 German occupation of Poland 23 Gershman, Carl 135, 138 Gierek, Edward 30, 42 Ginsberg, Allen 85 Glucksmann, Andre 115 Gorbachev, Mikhail and situation in Poland 202-205, 215 role in ending Cold War 200-202 Grabowski, Tomek 60 Great Britain see UK Grenada 196, 217, 223 Gromyko, Andrei 170 Guatemala 77, 81 Guevara, Ernesto 174 Gulag Archipelago 13, 27, 70, 116 reception of by French Left 108, 114-115, 119-120 Habermas, Jürgen 94, 100, 105 Haig, Alexander 79, 82, 86, 88 Harvard 173 Hatmon, Hervé 125 263 Havel, Václav 21, 221, 228 and humanitarian interventions 222-223 theory of totalitarianism of 61-62 H-Blocks Irish republican protests in
166-167 Helsinki 56, 69 Helsinki Accords see CSCE, Final Act of Helsinki Commission (US Congress) 131 Helsinki Committee 55 Helsinki effect 5, 69, 89, 201 Higgins, George 130 Hofftnann, Stefan 219 Honecker, Erich 214 Human dignity 40 in dissidents’ thought 40 Human rights 1970s as crucial decade for 3-6, 89-90, 231 and changing conceptions of time 94 and crisis of postwar social thought 93-94 and end of Cold War 15-16,18, 215-216 and liberal international order 229-230 and Marxism 118 and military interventions 217-218, 225, 230 and national sovereignty 228-229 and religion 50 and solidarity 122-123 and western Cold War foreign policy 89 as force shaping international politics 146, 198-199, 208-213, 215-216 as foundation for moral absolutism 11-12, 40, 64, 145, 232 as synonymous with civil rights 63 breakthrough of 3, 66 Claude Lefort’s theory of 116-118, 120-121 enmeshed in political debates and social conflicts of early 1980s 84-86, 89-90, 123-126, 128-129, 144-146 French anti-totalitarian intellectuals vernacular of 122 historiography of 2-і, 63, 219-220, 224-225, 230-232 in postwar social thought 103 in world politics after 1989 217-219 malleable nature of 3, 20, 38, 60, 68, 231-232 Polish dissident vernacular of 60-61, 64-65 political economy of symbolic power 191-194, 198-199 politics of 3, 6-8, 38-39, 55-57, 64, 68, 117, 120,122,125-126,139, 144-145, 150, 156, 172, 182, 186-187, 191-194, 198-199, 227-228, 231
264 Index Human rights (cont.) tenuous position after 1980 4-6, 67, 89, 148, 152-153, 198 Hungary 220 1956 uprising in 134 ICCPR 26, 57, 70 defining civil rights as human rights 63 invoking right to self-determination 63 ICESCR 33, 58 ICFTU 129, 142, 184, 195 and freedom of association 142-143 support for Solidarity of 142 Icon 8, 18, 172, see also liiimesfļ International; Dissidents; Prisoner of conscience; Michnik, Adam; Wałęsa, Lech as contested source of symbolic power 185 depoliticization and 180-183 theory of 148-150, 166, 180-181, 183 Ikenberry, G. John 230 ELO 32-33, 112, 142, 151, 168 conventions of 32, 57-58 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty 219 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, see ICFTU International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights see ICCPR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights see ICESCR International Criminal Court 219, 229 International Helsinki Federation 2 International Labor Organization see ILO International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers 131 International Year of Human Rights 1, 27 Iraq 218 Irish Republican Army 166 Israel 188, 196 Italian Communist Party 83-84, 86, 92, 169 Italy 71, 74-75, 86, 88-89, 168 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88 response to Polish crisis in 83 Jackson Democrats 16, 84, 156, 189, 230, see also Decter, Midge; Kahn, Tom; Kirkland, Lane; Kirkpatrick, Jeane; Moynihan, Daniel Patrick; Neoconservatives; Podhoretz, Norman; Reagan, Ronald and “liberalism ofthe vital center” 135-136 and Shachmanites 135 and Solidarity 127-128
ideological differences with Reagan administration 138 in Reagan administration 75, 88, 134 influence on US human rights policies 137 influence on US policies toward Polish crisis of 79 views of on human rights 75-77 views on human rights 79-80 views on Polish crisis 89 views on Polish crisis of 77-79 views on totalitarian societies 77 Jackson, Henry 75, 129, 136 Jaruzelski, Wojciech 72, 97, 99, 106, 123, 140, 160, 173, 175, 190, 205, see aho Poland; PZPR and Reagan administration 206 and Soviet leadership 170-171, 205-206 foreign policy during Polish crisis 102-103 likened to Augusto Pinochet 98, 197-198 relations with Western European politicians 206-207, 214—215 John Paul II 5, 38, 171, 181-182, 194, see aho Catholic Church; Wojtyła, Karol 1983 visit to Poland 152, 167, 175-176 1987 visit to Poland 203 personalist philosophy of 52 visit to Poland, 1979 33-34 Johnson, Lyndon B. 136 Kahn, Tom 127, 129-135, 223-224, see aho AFL-CIO; Jackson Democrats; Kirkland, Lane; Shachtman, Max and freedom of association 143-144 conflict with Reagan administration of 138-139 evolution of political views of 134—135 Kant, Immanuel 159 Katyń massacre of 1940 22, 45 Kelly, Petra 5, 84, 185, 223 Kennedy, Edward 132 1987 trip to Poland 211-213 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 94 Kenney, Padraic 154-155 Keys, Barbara 75, 128 KGB 152 Khrushchev, Nikita 26 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 178 Kirkland, Lane 5, 129-130, 133, 195-197, 224, see aho AFUCIO; Jackson Democrats; Kahn, Tom; Reagan, Ronald
Index as Cold War Liberal 135-136 conflict with Reagan administration 139-140 conflict with Reagan administration of 138-139 linking human rights and criticism of US business 140-141 Kirkpatrick, Jeane 78, 80, 138, 140, 185, 188-189, see also Jackson Democrats; Reagan, Ronald on difference between authoritarian and totalitarian governments 77 Kiszczak, Czeslaw 164-165, 171 Kołakowski, Leszek 23, 42, 54, 63-64, 217 concept of Sovietization 43 KOR 29-32, 44, 46, 48, 54, 56, 58, 70, 91, 107, 157, 161, 168-169, 172, see also Commandos; Kołakowski, Leszek; Kuroń, Jacek; Michnik, Adam 1984 trial of members of 147 amnesty for members of (1977) 30-31, 170 and creation of Solidarity 35 as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 55, 69 Catholic Church in Poland and 48 combining human rights with political aims 57 creation of 27-29 meeting with members of Charter 77 61, 63 meeting with Soviet dissidents 32 prehistory of 21-28 KOS 151 Kosovo 218 Kouchner, Bernard 112, 224-225 Krauthammer, Charles 79 Kreisky, Bruno 169 Król, Marcin 44 Kubasiewicz, Ewa 160-161 Kuron, Jacek see also Commandos; KOR; Michnik, Adam Kuroń, Jacek 48-49, 147, 165 quasi-personalist views of 53-54 quasi-religious views of 49-50 Kwaśniewski, Aleksander 221 Labor unrest in Poland in 1976 28 Laborem exerçons 181 Laqueur, Walter 78, 127 League for Industrial Democracy 135 Lefever, Ernest 75, 184 Lefort, Claude 7, 16, 114, 120, 122, 224-225, see also Gulag Archipelag; Human rights; Rosanvallon, Pierre; 265 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; Totalitarianism on Karl Marx 118 theory of human rights of 116-118, 120-121 theory of
politics 7-8 theory of politics of 145 theory of totalitarianism of 116 views of Solidarity of 122 views on dissidents 116-117 Leipzig 200 Lenin shipyards 35, 59 Leninism 121 Levy, Bernard-Henry 115 Lewis, Anthony 198 London 29, 87, 103 Lublin 47 Luns, Joseph 74 Lutuli, Albert 178 Macierewicz, Antoni 50 view of totalitarianism of 44-45 Madrid 66-67, 69, 73, 88-89 Maire, Edmond 125-126, see also Autogestioni CFDT Mandela, Nelson 166 Martial law 4, 38, 67 Marx, Karl 118 Marxism 108, 115, 122 Mauroy, Pierre 113 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 36, 59, 152 personalist views of 51, 53 UN envoy in former Yugoslavia 222 Meany, George 129, 194 Michnik, Adam 29, 48-49, 54, 62-64, 91, 93-94, 104, 120, 147, 171, 178, 180, 191, 193, 198, 204, 208, 212, 221-223, see aho KOR; Icon; Prisoner of conscience addressing international audiences 91, 163-164 as human rights icon 165-167 awarded honorary degree 164 open letter to General Kiszczak of 164-165 prison writings of 161-162 theory of dissent of 62 Mickiewicz, Adam 24 Milewski, Jerzy 191-192 Milosevic, Slobodan 223 Milosz, Czeslaw 162, 164 Mitterrand, François 16, 92, 113, 119, 123, 163, 197, 206, 208, 213, see also France Moczulski, Leszek 56
266 Index Montand, Yves work in support of Solidarity 112 Montevideo 188 Moscow 15, 26, 32, 82, 87, 92, 102, 170, 188, 201, 203, 205 Movement to Defend Human and Civil Rights see ROPCiO Moyn, Samuel 118 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 76, 156 Nathans, Benjamin 26 National Endowment for Democracy, see NED NATO 5, 11, 66, 78, 82, 87-89, 91, 167-168, 186-187, 218-220, 222, 227, 230 and human rights 230 demanding non-interference in Poland 72-73 members’ policies toward Poland after 1982 167-168 response to Polish crisis 71-73, 86-88 Nazi Germany 164 NED 133, 135, see also AFL-CIO; Jackson Democrats; Kirkland, Lane; Reagan, Ronald financial support for Polish underground of 213-214 Neoconservatives (US) 7, 10, see ako Jackson Democrats Neue Ostpolitik see Ostpolitik New Left 135 New School for Social Research 164 New York 85, 164 New York intellectuals and debate on Polish crisis 85 Newfoundland 78 Nicaragua 196 Nixon, Richard 134, 189 Nobel Committee 16 Nobel Peace Prize 198 role in global human rights culture 174 Novak, Michael 78, 188 Nowa Huta 1-3, 13-14, 34, 209, 217 Onyszkiewicz, Janusz 212-213 Operation Allied Force 218-219 Operation Provide Comfort 218 Orthodox Christianity 166 Orwell, George 41, 44, 61, 70 Ostpolitik 70, 92, 206, see ако Bahr, Egon; Bender, Peter; Brandt, Willy; Détente as strategy to transform Communist societies 105 concept of 94-95, 100-102 French criticism of 110-111 Ottawa 151 Pacem in terris 47, 51, 70 Pacheco, Maximo 197 Paris 29, 107, 112-113, 225 PATCO 139 Patočka, Jan 222 Paus, Ansgar 180 People’s Republic of Poland see Poland Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo
178 Personalism 51-54, 70 and Solidarity Trade Union 59 Pilsudski, Józef 22 Pinochet, Augusto 186, 189, 195, 219 Podhoretz, Norman 77, 88, 130 Poland 1, 3, 5, 10, 16-18, 21, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 35, 39, 41-42, 45, 62-63, 67, 72, 77-78, 81-84, 86-89, 92, 99, 102, 107, 111-113, 127, 131, 133, 140-143, 145, 148, 150-152, 157, 161-162, 164-165, 168, 170, 178, 182, 186, 192, 195, 201-202, 204, 209, 212, 214, 220, 223, 225, see ако Jaruzelski, Wojciech; PZPR as contested icon of human rights 190 Communist seizure of power in 21 debates on at CSCE conference in Madrid 88-89 German occupation of 21, 45, 50 relations with US 206 relations with Western Europe 206-207 Polish American Congress 132-133 Polish Catholic Left and human rights 47 and KOR 48 and personalism 53 Polish conservative intellectuals 21, 226 and theory of totalitarianism 45 personalist views of 52 Polish crisis 17, 102, 140 and western civil societies 68, 82-86 Polish Helsinki Commission 32, 70, 151 Polish peace activists 208-209 Polish Round Table Talks 202-204 Polish underground army of WWII 21 Political economy of symbolic power: see Human rights Political prisoners as central issue in Poland’s foreign relations 162-163, 167-171, 207-208 210-211, 220 history of 154—155 in Poland in early 1980s 153-154
Index Pope see John Paul II Popiełuszko, Jerzy 207, 212 Prague 200 Prague spring 42 Prague Spring 98, 122 Prisoner of conscience 6, 8, 18, 27, 167, 220, see ako Icon; Michnik, Adam; Political prisoners and dissidents 156-157 and human dignity 160-161 and hunger strikes 158-159 and Polish prisoners 157-158 and politics of human rights 155-156, 172, 192 as reimagination of political incarceration 155-156 as symbolic figure of human rights culture 148, 165-166 concept of “conscience” of 159-160 in Adam Michnik’s prison writings 161-162, 164-165 Puerto Rico 196 PZPR 28, 37, 169, 205, 210 policies in late 1980s 203 Radio Free Europe 22, 25, 213 Rakowski, Mieczysław 103, 173, 180 Reagan administration see Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Nancy 208 Reagan, Ronald 5, 9, 16, 67, 77, 84, 86, 88-89, 103, 128-129, 132, 136, 142, 144, 167, 184, 192, 198, 200, 206, 230 1982 speech in London 80, 84, 136-138 and British position on Polish crisis 86-87 and changes in social imagery of US politics 128 and transformation of postwar social thought 136-138 approach to human rights 75, 133 conflict with West European allies over Polish crisis 82 message in honor of Lech Wałęsa 184 policies during Polish crisis 79-82, 140 policies toward Chile 195-198 policy toward Poland after 1983 152 response to Polish crisis 88 Responsibility to Protect 219 Revisionism (Polish Marxist current) 23 Rodgers, Daniel 13, 94, 136 Rokita, Jan Maria 217-219, 223, 226, 228 Romaszewski, Zbigniew 147, 172 Rome 29, 127, 130 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 78 ROPCiO 29-30, 54, 70, 157 267 and Amnesty International 28 as combining human
rights and political aims 56-57 as distinct from CSCE monitoring groups 55 creation of 32 split of 32 Rosanvallon, Pierre 120, 122, 224, see also Autogestion՛, CFDT; Lefort, Claude views of Solidarity of 122 Rotman, Patrick 125 Rustin, Bayard 77, 135, 224 Rwanda 219 Sakharov, Andrei 27, 178, 213 Sands, Bobby 166-167 Schlesinger, Arthur Μ. 135 Schmidt, Helmut 16, 70, 96 Schneider, Romy 113 Seeger, Pete 85 Seguel, Rodolfo 190, 194 Serbia 228 Shachtman, Max 134-135, 138, 224 Signoret, Simone 112 Six-Day War 23 Snyder, Sarah 15 Social Defense Committees, see KOS Social Democratic Party of Germany, see SPD Social Democrats U.S.A. 135 Socialist International 73, 89, 93, 96, 100 debate on Polish crisis in 74 Society for Academic Courses 32 Solidarity 4, 9, 15-19, 37, 39, 66-68, 72, 77-79, 81-84, 89, 91, 102-103, 109, 112-113, 122-124, 127-128, 130-133, 141-143, 146-148, 150, 152, 158, 161, 163, 173, 175, 177-178, 180-182, 185, 203-204, 214, 220, 227 21 demands 35, 37 and Catholicism 46, 59 and CSCE Final Act 37 and human dignity 59 and western approaches to Cold War 89 as an icon of human rights 145-146 congress of 1981 59 cooperation with Chilean trade unions of 190-194 emergence of 34-36 first period of legal activities, 1980-1981 36-38 influenced by dissident movement 36, 58-61 members ofin the West 107-108, 112
268 Index Solidarity (cont.) organizing election campaign in 1989 216 personalist views in 59 program of 58, 60 situation of in late 1980s 203 strikes in 1988 203 suppression of 38 transnational coalition in support of 5-6, 86, 151-152, 168-169 underground activism of 150-151 underground leadership of 162 Solidarity Eleven 147, 153, 168-169 1984 amnesty for 170 Solidarity Trade Union see Solidarity Solidarność see Solidarity Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 13, 27, 61, 64, 119, 123, 129, see also Gulag Archipelago; Soviet dissident movement influence on French anti-totalitarian intellectuals of 108, 114-115, 119-120 view of life in totalitarian society 43 Somalia 218 Sontag, Susan and debate on Polish crisis 85 Sorbonne 173 South Africa 141, 143, 164, 166, 188, 193, 196, 212 Soviet dissident movement 10, 15, 32, 39, 60, 129, 152 and Solidarity Trade Union 36 emergence of 25-27, 69-70 impact on Polish intellectuals 27, 29-30 meeting with KOR member 32 Soviet Politburo 170 Soviet Union 22, 28, 42-43, 69, 86-89, 132-135, 164-165, 201 SPD 92-93, 169 Stalinism 41-42, 134 Student unrest of 1968 24 Swartz, David 185 Symbolic power 14, 16, 149-150, 231 Tehran 1 Thatcher, Margaret 84, 167 response to Polish crisis 86-87 The Worker of the Coast 32 Theobald, Thomas 140 Thomas, Daniel 5 Tischner, Józef 59 Totalitarianism 15, 17, 56, 60, 110, 127, 231, see also Dissidents; Kirkpatrick, Jeane; Lefort, Claude Claude Lefort’s theory of 116 dissidents’ theory of 20, 40-45, 54 in rhetoric of Ronald Reagan 128 in thought of French anti֊totalitarian intellectuals 108 theory of as sounding board for
personalism 54 Touraine, Alain 124 Trade Union Advisory Committee 142 Trotsky, Leon 138 Turkey 85 Tutu, Desmond 225 Uganda 186 UK 72-73, 88, 166, 218 response to Polish crisis 86 UN 30, 39, 196, 218 UN Charter 66, 72 UN Commission on Human Rights see UNCHR UN General Assembly 218-219 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 219 UN human rights pacts 25, 29, 31-32, 57, 59, 62, 227, see also ICCPR, ICESCR UN Human Rights Pacts 29 UN Security Council 218 UNCHR 18, 112, 151, 186, 198, 222 debates on Poland at 187-188, 190 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) See Soviet Union United Kingdom, see UK United Nations 10, 183 United States, see US United States of America 22 United States of America (US) 17 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1, 15, 27, 32, 52, 56, 66, 70, 80, 178, 213, 220, 225, 227, 231 University in Exile 164 Uruguay 27 US 68, 72, 79, 85-86, 88-89, 107, 135, 145, 164-165, 218, 229 impact on events in Poland 215 policy toward Poland in late 1980s 214-215 US Democratic Party 135 US Department of State 147, 198 US Information Agency 78 Ustinov, Dmitry 170 Vance, Cyrus 164 Vatican 133, 176 Vidal, Gore 85 Vietnam 13, 75, 136, 156, 189 Volpin, Alexander 26 Vonnegut, Kurt 85
Index 269 Wałęsa, Bohdan 177 Wałęsa, Danuta 177, 179, 181 Wałęsa, Lech 1, 8, 15, 18, 33, 71, 97, 108, 125, 143, 150, 152, 163, 172, 180, 203-204, 212, 216, 225, see also Icon; Solidarity as icon of human rights culture 173-174, 178-180,211-212, 221 as Solidarity leader 173 awarded Nobel Prize 173 in precarious situation in 1983 174-176 Nobel lecture 177-178, 181 Nobel Prize acceptance speech of 177-178, 181 Warsaw 41, 52, 86-87, 146-147, 151-152, 167-168, 178-179, 202 Warsaw Left 22-24, 46 rapprochement with Catholicism 47-48 Warsaw Pact 170 Washington 88-89, 127, 132, 139, 167, 188, 190, 195-196, 198, 215 Watergate 75, 156 Weinberger, Caspar 81, 140 Weinstein, Allen 78 West Berlin 94 West German Green party 209, 223, see also Kelly, Petra and Polish crisis 85 West German peace movement 7, 86, 185, 190, see also Kelly, Petra response to Polish crisis 82-83, 85 West Germany 72, 85, 113, 164, 206 government’s response to Polish crisis 87-88, 91-92 responses to Polish crisis in 82-83 Whitehead, John 211 Wojtyla, Karol 33-34, 48, personalist philosophy of see John Paul II Wolin, Richard 109 World Conference of Human Rights 227 Wujec, Henryk 147, 172 Wyszyński, Stefan 33, 38, 48 Young People’s Socialist League 135 Young Poland Movement 52 Yugoslav wars of succession 228 Yugoslavia 218-219 Í Bayerische ' Staatsbibliothek i ; München j |
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| author | Brier, Robert 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1046030361 |
| author_facet | Brier, Robert 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brier, Robert 1975- |
| author_variant | r b rb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047057688 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1239734951 (DE-599)BVBBV047057688 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1980-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1980-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:10:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:01:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108478526 9781108460491 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xvi, 269 Seiten |
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| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Human rights in history |
| spelling | Brier, Robert 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1046030361 aut Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights Robert Brier Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2021 xvi, 269 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Human rights in history Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 233-259 Wałęsa, Lech 1943- (DE-588)118628704 gnd rswk-swf NSZZ "Solidarność" (DE-588)1089046-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1980-1989 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland Bundesrepublik (DE-588)4011889-7 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 gnd rswk-swf Chile (DE-588)4009929-5 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 s Wałęsa, Lech 1943- (DE-588)118628704 p NSZZ "Solidarność" (DE-588)1089046-4 b Deutschland Bundesrepublik (DE-588)4011889-7 g Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Chile (DE-588)4009929-5 g Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Geschichte 1980-1989 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-108-46049-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-108-56523-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Brier, Robert 1975- Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights Wałęsa, Lech 1943- (DE-588)118628704 gnd NSZZ "Solidarność" (DE-588)1089046-4 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118628704 (DE-588)1089046-4 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4043649-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4011889-7 (DE-588)4018145-5 (DE-588)4009929-5 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| title_auth | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| title_exact_search | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| title_full | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights Robert Brier |
| title_fullStr | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights Robert Brier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights Robert Brier |
| title_short | Poland's Solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| title_sort | poland s solidarity movement and the global politics of human rights |
| topic | Wałęsa, Lech 1943- (DE-588)118628704 gnd NSZZ "Solidarność" (DE-588)1089046-4 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wałęsa, Lech 1943- NSZZ "Solidarność" Menschenrecht Opposition USA Deutschland Bundesrepublik Frankreich Chile Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032464919&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brierrobert polandssolidaritymovementandtheglobalpoliticsofhumanrights |