Hammer, sickle, and soil: the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture
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Stanford, California
Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University
[2017]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Hoover Institution Press publication
no. 680 |
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| Beschreibung: | "Soviet Political Posters from the Hoover Institution Library & Archives"...Jacket. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-149) and index |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 154 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 2 |
| ISBN: | 9780817920647 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Illustrations ix Foreword xiii Preface xvii Introduction Chapter 1 1 Inching toward Armageddon, 1928-1929 19 MAPI Major grain-producing areas in the USSR Chapter 2 21 Apocalypse Now, 1930-1931 41 MAP 2 Areas of universal collectivization and state farms Chapter 3 48 Demographic Catastrophe, 1932-1933 67 MAP 3 Areas most sharply affected by famine, 1932-1933 Chapter 4 Detail of Collective farm women, see page 98. 70 A Broken People, 1934- 93 Conclusion 115 Chronology of Events 131 Notes 135 Glossary 143 Further Reading 147 Index 151
INDEX Entries followed by an “m” indicate maps. Agriculture ministry, Russian Republic, settlement standards, 51 against Stalin, 23-24; “right deviation” and expulsion from party, 29,36; speech Communist Central Committee. See also Communist Party: additional taxes on alcoholism, 115,128 encouraging peasants, 8; spokesman for peasantry called for, 24; “bureaucratic Alexander 1,2 NEP, 12-13, 58 nightmare” of “dekulakization,” 54; Alexander II, 2 decree of termination and loss of ration Alexander III, 2 Catherine II, the Great, 2 card for missing work, 75; directive on Aliakrinskii, Petr Aleksandrovich, 123 Central Committee. See Communist “voluntary” collectivization, 51; “face to Alliluyeva, Nadezhda Sergeevna, 75 All-Union Collective Farm Council, Seventh, 29 All-Union Conference of Marxist Students of Agrarian Questions, 36 All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Workers, 81,101; sabotage of, 107; shock worker status sought, 107 Andreev, Andrei, 29, 42, 60 Central Committee Central Council of Trade Unions, 33 the village” campaign, 8; order allowing sale of grain and meat on collective Chaianov, Alexander, 33 farm markets, 68; order for collective Cheka under Bolsheviks, 6 farmers to have livestock, 68; rights of Cheremnykh, Mikhail Mikhaylovich, 9, former “kulaks” restored, 109; secret 83,124 Chupiatov, Leonid Terentievich, 34 report on widespread resistance, 49; church bells. See religion sabotage, 75 collectives and collectivization. See Stalin’s speech blaming “kulaks” for Communist Central Committee plenums: Angelina, Praskovia (Pasha), 107 also peasantry:
approval for full 192I: ban on factions, 12; 1921: New Antipenko, 62 collectivization by 1932,29; areas Economic Policy, 8; 1928: restrictions on artistic movement: socialist realism, 118; of universal collectivization, 48m; peasantry, 23; 1929: Bukharin expelled Bolshevik goals, 8,11,13; further from Politburo, 36; 1929: Ural-Siberian push to collective farms, 58; goal method of grain procurement, 29; 1933: to control grain sales, 120; gradual expulsion of “enemies,” 81 socialist realism, Politburo decree on, 71 Baberowski, Jörg, 118 Communist Party: Fifteenth Party Barsov, Alexander Alexandrovich, 123 collectivization, commitment to, 17; Blackstone, William, 2 inefficiency compared to individual Bolshevik Decree on Land, 45 peasant farmers, 123; peasant land 29; Sixteenth Party Congress, unreality Bolsheviks. See also Communist Party: society abolished, 57; peasantry into of Stalin’s speech, 57; Seventeenth Congress, 17; Sixteenth Party Congress, Church persecution, 126; and collectives, “kulaks” exiled, 65; peasants’ Party Congress, 9Յ; Eighteenth Party “counterrevolutionaries,” 6, 8; decline resistance, xvii; push to move peasants Congress, 101; closed-meeting mention after October Manifesto, 3; party into collectives, 36; reasons for, 118; of “Great Famine,” 123; purges and split with Mensheviks, 2; promise resistance broken, farmers planting expulsions, 17,19,20,81, 97; threat of to collective farmers, 83; seizure of fields, 85,87, 88; Stalin announces power, 6; war” on the countryside, 118, universal collectivization, 36; universal 121,123 collectivization,
41,75,109; urban Bukharin, Nikolai: meeting with Kamenev, internal and external enemies, 22 Constitution of 1924, amendment to criminalize religious activities, 29 workers as collective farm elite, 57-58; Cossacks, 115 25; moderates and Stalin’s “tribute,” 24; “victory of Stalinism,” 99; women’s Council of Europe resolution on the mass offensive against “kulaks,” 15; party shift resistance, xvii starvation, 121 151
directive on grain collection campaign, Great Depression, 124,126,141n21; 20; famine and deaths, 67; famine and directive on grain collection campaign, deaths, government role, 81; famine and 19-20; “extraordinary commissions” revolutionaries, 6, 8; arrests of, 23; crime deaths, “Great Famine,” 78-79,120-21, for collection, 73; goal to control of treason, 99; guilt by association, 99; 123; grain allocation reduced, grain sales, 120; good harvest, 58-59; pretext of global hostile environment 71; grain collection and pricing, 25; grain collection, 23, 62, 65, 83,115; and, 15 grain confiscation famine, 6; meagre grain collection and pricing, 25,29; crimes: gleaning grain, 67, 83; guilt by food aid distributed, 85; ration- procurement plan overfilled, 39; association, 99,126; theft of state card punishments, 75; regions resistance broken, farmers planting property, 71, 73, 83 of famine, 70m; starvation and fields, 91; Ural-Siberian method of grain cannibalism, 67,71,85; starvation procurement, 29 Council of People’s Commissars, definition of “kulak” by, 29 counterrevolutionary and counter criminal code: article 107 on speculation, 20; article 61 fivefold tax on forbidden in death statistics, 85; “war grain importation, 23,103,115,128 offenders, 33 communism,” 6, 8 Great Terror, 54,109, II8,135n3 “cultural revolution,” 45 farms and farming. See also collectives gulag archipelago, 62,128 and collectivization; machine tractor Davies, Robert William, 107 stations (MTS); brutal treatment of Hitler, Adolf, 99 Demchenko, Maria, 107 farm families, 83, 85; collective farm Hoover
Archives, poster themes, 93 Dobrokovskii, Mechislav, 110 life “improved,” 60; goal of centralized Hunter, Holland, 123 domestic passports, 67,75,113,126 socialist farms, 12; grain-producing Donskoi, 89 areas, 21m; individual plots, focus “Dubinushka,” revolutionary song, 5fl of farm labor, 97, 99,101; individual Commission decree, 41-42; NKVD Duranty, Walter, 79 plots, incentive of, 91; individual plots, head, 99; OGPU head, 15,19; replaced Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 42 production of produce, milk, and meat, by Ezhov, 109; reported on poor 103; tax on private ownership of horses, condition of settlements, 62; slave labor 109; village young people and work, imposed, 54 economy: compared to Europe, 2-3; grain export problems, 5,13; peasantry as source of wealth, 13; and worldwide Great Depression, 54 Eikhe, Robert Indrikovich, 25 103,107 Five-Year Plan, 24-25,36,78; first plan Iagoda, Genrikh, 135nl; Iakovlev Iakovlev, Iakov, 41 international relations, hostile global completed, 75; purchase of farm environment, 15 machinery, 54; Sixteenth Party Ivan V Alekseevich, 1 Elkin, Vassily D., 58 Congress approval, 29; Stalin’s speech Ivanov, Victor, 128 Europe, influence of ideas, 1-2,118 on, 120 Izvestiia, Kondrashin interview blames “the leader,” 121 executions: crime of theft of state property, 87,115; grain peddlers, 6,115; “kulak operation,” 113; “kulak sabotage,” 12; leaders of other political parties, 12 Ezhov, Nikolai, 109 genocide, Ukrainian famine, Holodomor, question of intent, 88,121 Janson, Nikolai, 42 Germany, failed communist insurrection, 13 Jasny, Naum, 101 Goloshchekin,
Filipp, 62,75 Jones, Gareth, 79 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 115 factory workers: sent to countryside, 33; short workday compared to farmers, Govorkov, Viktor Ivanovich, 74 17; standard of living, 118; strike in grain exports, 85. See also famines and Petrograd, 6; worked with secret police, 42,45 famines and food supplies. See also grain harvest and collection; grain importation: under Alexander III, 1891-1892,2; China’s Great Famine, 121; 152 Index Gorilii, P„ 47 food supplies: under Alexander II, 11; under Alexander III, 2; crop reductions Kaganovich, Lazar: address to Collective Farm Shock Workers, 8l; to Ukraine, 71,73; Ural-Siberian method of grain procurement, 29; “victory of Stalinism,” and, 65,78; fimding for machinery, 13, 99,120 Kalinin, Mikhail, 8,65,135n2 54; problems of, 13,15 Kamenev, Lev, 17 grain harvest and collection, 103; comparison to U.S. production during Kanarevskii, 76 Kanevskii, Aminadav, 97
London Times: Communist Youth to guard for loss of state farm machinery, 83; famine and deaths, “Great Famine,” 121; rail shipments of grain, 73; energetic grain confiscation campaigns, 19-20; grain collection in, 62; Ural-Siberian richer peasant needed, 22; execution of mass executions, 54; and murder of method of grain procurement, 29 state farm officials for loss of state farm Gareth Jones, 79; Order of the Red KGB, secret police, 19,126 machinery, 83; farmers’ grain rations Banner, 58; order regarding urban Khataevich, Mendeľ, 36,87 meagre, 65; OGPU arresting individuals grain “speculators,” ЭЗ; order to report Khrushchev, Nikita, 128; Secret Speech, for ransom, 67; ration-card use by on resettlement locations for “kulaks,” 113,123 Kirov, Sergei, 101 dismissed employees punishable by 42; report on “kulak” and religious death, 75; report on death sentences and counterrevolution, 29; report on selling Kochergin, Nikolai, 68 treatment of “kulaks,” 42 and slaughter of livestock, 41 Kazakhstan: brunt of grain policies, 88; Kokorekin, Alexei, 118 Kondrashin, Viktor, 79,121,123 Order of Lenin, 107 machine tractor stations (MTS): American- Orlov, Dmitrii Stakhievich, 80 Kor, V., 36 purchased tractors, 33; numbers Kosior, Stanislav, 71,118 increased, 60; political sections Kotin, N. G., 29 established, 81; tractor maintenance teenagers, 113; peasants forbidden to Kravchenko, Viktor, 87 and repair problems, 103,124 leave countryside, 81 passports, domestic, 67, 75,126; “kulak” peasantry: denied domestic passports, Kukushkin, P. P., 95 Makhalov, 107 “kulaks.” See also peasantry:
“bureaucratic Marxism, 2; peasants as enemies of the nightmare” of “dekulakization,” 54; proletariat, 11; repudiation of the (garntsevyi sbor), 24; order forbidding definition of and treatment at local market, 120 sale of grain on free market, 33; planting level, 42,45; definition broadened, Mensheviks, 2 less and slaughtering livestock, 36; more people exiled, 60; definition by Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav, 135nl poverty and crime, 15; progressive tax Council of People’s Commissars, 29; Meshcheriakov, L, 104 and wealth surtax, 22; rich peasants, “dekulakization,” 33,42,115; exiles Mikoian, Anastas, 19,29,62 appearance of, 15,22; sent back to to become colonization villages, 54; military police, sons of “kulaks” removed, 25 countryside or to concentration forbidden from joining collective-farm milling levy (garntsevyi sbor), 24 camps, 81; suspicious of Communist movement, 39; goal of liquidation of Molotov, Viacheslav, 19-20,42, 71,73 authorities, 12; uprisings after Bolshevik “kulaks” as a class, 41-42; “kulak terror,” Montesquieu, 2 control, 6 8; Magnitogorsk metallurgical complex Moor, D. S., 80, 95 People’s Commissar for Agriculture of the workers, 60; Operation Order No. 00447, Moscow show trials of 1936-38,101 “kulak operation,” 109,113; orders on exile Mrachkovskii, L, 124 USSR, 41 persecution. See also peasantry: Russian Orthodox Church, 12 and confiscation of property, 45, 49; property seized for collective farms, 57; “repression of‘kulak’ terrorists,” 25; 75; farm cooperatives, 11; milling levy New Economic Policy (NEP), 8,12-13, 20, 115; Stalin argues for retreat from
NEP, 36 Peter I, the Great, study of modernization in Europe, 1 resettlement and forced labor, 42,128; Nicholas II, 2; abdication of, 3 Petrovsky, Grigory, 71 restrictions lifted on former “kulaks,” 113; Nikomov, N.M., 32 Pichugin, Z.E., 78 young people allowed to get passports, 113 Nikulikhin, Iakov, 73 Pokarzhevskii, Petr Dmitrievich, 23 Niurenberg, Amshey Markovich, 54 Politburo: Bukharin expelled, 36; labor days, 60,97,103,107,137n33 NKVD, 101; Great Terror, 109; Operation Commissariat of Justice order, 1929, Law ofLife, The (film), 123 Order No. 00447, “kulak operation,” 25; commission on false accusations League of the Militant Godless, 45 109,113; secret police reorganized, 99 by “kulak” families, 51; decree: “On the Reorganization of Literary and Artistic Lenin, Vladimir, 2, 6; “economic retreat,” 12; enemies and show trials, 118; October Manifesto, 3 Organizations,” 71; directive on grain strokes, ill health, and death, 12 OGPU: arrest of “kulaks” and traders, 13, collection campaign, 19-20; directive 15; control of settlements transferred, to prepare one thousand more special 62; execution of state farm officials settlements, 60; efforts to improve livestock: production collapsed, 6, 36; slaughter and selling, 15,36,41, 49,123 Index 153
farm production, 8; further push to Bolsheviks; KGB, secret police; NKVD; terrorism, law against, 101 of the Labor of Criminal Prisoners,” OGPU Théry, Edmond, 3 42; order to press for heavier taxes on Senkin, Sergei Y., 17 Timasheff, Nicholas, 99 better-ofF, 1929 25; show trials against Serafimovich, Alexander, 87 Tkachev, 65 organizers of grain theft, 71; special Serov, Valentin Alexandrovich, 104 torture, brutal treatment of farm families, settlement conditions derided, 67 settlements, special: conditions of, 54, 60- Postyshev, Pavel, 75 62; exiled “kulak” settlement standards, 83,85 treason, law against, 99 Povolzhskaia Pravda, “temporary 51; “kulaks” and families exiled, 51 Trotsky, Leon: defeated and expelled from difficulties,” 75 Shakhty affair, 22 party, 12-13; deported to Kazakhstan, 19 Shanghai Communists massacred, 15 road to mass collectivization, 33; Sholokhov, Mikhail, 67,83 farmland confiscation from rich Shurygin, A. A., 30 cannibalism and starvation, 71,79 peasants, 20; foreign firms denounced slave labor: former “kulaks,” 54; 85; crop failure due to drought, 97; for supplying defective industrial equipment, 83; problems of collective Ukraine: brunt of grain policies, 88; Magnitogorsk metallurgical complex disturbances and rebellion, 73; farms lacking doctors, 57 abandoned, 71, 81; genocide, 88; grain Smukrovich, Petr Iosifovich, 27 collection in, 22; livestock slaughtered, 20; Stalin speech “A Year of Great smychka, 12-13,24,121 22; question of intent of famine, 121 Change,” 36; Stalin’s “Dizzy with Socialist Revolutionary Party, show trial farms, 93, 97;
rumors of NEP ending, Success” article, 51 Ulyanov, Vladimir. See Lenin against, 118 Presidium of the Union of Writers, 123 Sokolov, A. V., 71 Vareikis, Iosif, 85 propaganda posters, xvii Solov’ev, Mikhail, 110 Viola, Lynne, 54, 99,118 Putin, Vladimir, 19 Stakhanov, Alexei, 101,107 Voltaire, 2 Stalin, Joseph, xvii; “A Year of Great Voron, M., 91, 99 rebellions and strikes: anti-Jewish Change,” speech, 36; ban on foreign Vovchenko, V., 76 pogroms, 1903, 3; during journalists, 83; “Congress of Victors” “dekulakization,” 49; general strike, speech, 93; directive on grain collection Walicki, Andrzej, 120 1905,3; Georgia, 6; industrial strikes, campaign, 19; “Dizzy with Success” weather, influence on harvest, 79.81 3; peasant protests and uprisings, 3, speech and article, 5l 12Յ; massive Werth, Nicholas, 85 22; Petrograd factory worker strike, 3; war against the “kulaks,” 118; paranoia Western Mail, reporting on famine and strikes after Siberian goldfield worker and massive famine, 120-21; praise for massacre, 1912,3; Ukraine and North Soviet agriculture, 101,103; promise to Caucasus uprisings and reprisals, 73, 75 religion: antireligious campaign, 45; death, 79 women’s role: farm women’s burden, 101; collective farmers, 83; rejects OGPU resistance to collectivization, xvii; plan to arrest traders, 17; role in unrest in countryside, 49 church bells confiscated and melted Communist Party, 12; speech blaming Worker-Peasant Authority, Ilfs down, 45; “church people” added “kulaks” for sabotage, 75; speech listing work quota, praise for overfilling, 101 to Operation Order No.
00447,113; agricultural achievements, 120; support Workshop on Totalitarian Regimes, xvii, criminalization of religious activities, for smychka, 13; threat of internal and 1929,29; faith as threat to Marxism, 121, external enemies, 22; treatment of 128; Sunday abolished as day of rest, farm families, 85; tribute” from 1929,33 rural crime, 15 the peasantry, 24; “Ural-Siberian rural elite, drain on resources, 97 Starów, Simon (Miron Dolot), 71 Svarog, Vasili Semenovich, 68, 87 against, 118 xviii World Wari, З Yaroslavsky, Emelian, 45 method,” 25 Russian Orthodox Church, show trials Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, 2 Index Terpsikhorov, Nikolay Borisovich, 42 collective farms, 58; “On the Utilization Pravda: declaration that USSR on the 154 secret police, 126. See aho Cheka under Syrtsov, Sergey Ivanovich, 29, 36 Szyrmer, Janusz, 123 Zinoviev, Grigory, 17 ► Detail of The land Is the common and equal property, see page 5.
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CONTENTS Illustrations ix Foreword xiii Preface xvii Introduction Chapter 1 1 Inching toward Armageddon, 1928-1929 19 MAPI Major grain-producing areas in the USSR Chapter 2 21 Apocalypse Now, 1930-1931 41 MAP 2 Areas of universal collectivization and state farms Chapter 3 48 Demographic Catastrophe, 1932-1933 67 MAP 3 Areas most sharply affected by famine, 1932-1933 Chapter 4 Detail of "Collective farm women," see page 98. 70 A Broken People, 1934- 93 Conclusion 115 Chronology of Events 131 Notes 135 Glossary 143 Further Reading 147 Index 151
INDEX Entries followed by an “m” indicate maps. Agriculture ministry, Russian Republic, settlement standards, 51 against Stalin, 23-24; “right deviation” and expulsion from party, 29,36; speech Communist Central Committee. See also Communist Party: additional taxes on alcoholism, 115,128 encouraging peasants, 8; spokesman for peasantry called for, 24; “bureaucratic Alexander 1,2 NEP, 12-13, 58 nightmare” of “dekulakization,” 54; Alexander II, 2 decree of termination and loss of ration Alexander III, 2 Catherine II, the Great, 2 card for missing work, 75; directive on Aliakrinskii, Petr Aleksandrovich, 123 Central Committee. See Communist “voluntary” collectivization, 51; “face to Alliluyeva, Nadezhda Sergeevna, 75 All-Union Collective Farm Council, Seventh, 29 All-Union Conference of Marxist Students of Agrarian Questions, 36 All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Workers, 81,101; sabotage of, 107; shock worker status sought, 107 Andreev, Andrei, 29, 42, 60 Central Committee Central Council of Trade Unions, 33 the village” campaign, 8; order allowing sale of grain and meat on collective Chaianov, Alexander, 33 farm markets, 68; order for collective Cheka under Bolsheviks, 6 farmers to have livestock, 68; rights of Cheremnykh, Mikhail Mikhaylovich, 9, former “kulaks” restored, 109; secret 83,124 Chupiatov, Leonid Terentievich, 34 report on widespread resistance, 49; church bells. See religion sabotage, 75 collectives and collectivization. See Stalin’s speech blaming “kulaks” for Communist Central Committee plenums: Angelina, Praskovia (Pasha), 107 also peasantry:
approval for full 192I: ban on factions, 12; 1921: New Antipenko, 62 collectivization by 1932,29; areas Economic Policy, 8; 1928: restrictions on artistic movement: socialist realism, 118; of universal collectivization, 48m; peasantry, 23; 1929: Bukharin expelled Bolshevik goals, 8,11,13; further from Politburo, 36; 1929: Ural-Siberian push to collective farms, 58; goal method of grain procurement, 29; 1933: to control grain sales, 120; gradual expulsion of “enemies,” 81 socialist realism, Politburo decree on, 71 Baberowski, Jörg, 118 Communist Party: Fifteenth Party Barsov, Alexander Alexandrovich, 123 collectivization, commitment to, 17; Blackstone, William, 2 inefficiency compared to individual Bolshevik Decree on Land, 45 peasant farmers, 123; peasant land 29; Sixteenth Party Congress, unreality Bolsheviks. See also Communist Party: society abolished, 57; peasantry into of Stalin’s speech, 57; Seventeenth Congress, 17; Sixteenth Party Congress, Church persecution, 126; and collectives, “kulaks” exiled, 65; peasants’ Party Congress, 9Յ; Eighteenth Party “counterrevolutionaries,” 6, 8; decline resistance, xvii; push to move peasants Congress, 101; closed-meeting mention after October Manifesto, 3; party into collectives, 36; reasons for, 118; of “Great Famine,” 123; purges and split with Mensheviks, 2; promise resistance broken, farmers planting expulsions, 17,19,20,81, 97; threat of to collective farmers, 83; seizure of fields, 85,87, 88; Stalin announces power, 6; "war” on the countryside, 118, universal collectivization, 36; universal 121,123 collectivization,
41,75,109; urban Bukharin, Nikolai: meeting with Kamenev, internal and external enemies, 22 Constitution of 1924, amendment to criminalize religious activities, 29 workers as collective farm elite, 57-58; Cossacks, 115 25; moderates and Stalin’s “tribute,” 24; “victory of Stalinism,” 99; women’s Council of Europe resolution on the mass offensive against “kulaks,” 15; party shift resistance, xvii starvation, 121 151
directive on grain collection campaign, Great Depression, 124,126,141n21; 20; famine and deaths, 67; famine and directive on grain collection campaign, deaths, government role, 81; famine and 19-20; “extraordinary commissions” revolutionaries, 6, 8; arrests of, 23; crime deaths, “Great Famine,” 78-79,120-21, for collection, 73; goal to control of treason, 99; guilt by association, 99; 123; grain allocation reduced, grain sales, 120; good harvest, 58-59; pretext of global hostile environment 71; grain collection and pricing, 25; grain collection, 23, 62, 65, 83,115; and, 15 grain confiscation famine, 6; meagre grain collection and pricing, 25,29; crimes: gleaning grain, 67, 83; guilt by food aid distributed, 85; ration- procurement plan overfilled, 39; association, 99,126; theft of state card punishments, 75; regions resistance broken, farmers planting property, 71, 73, 83 of famine, 70m; starvation and fields, 91; Ural-Siberian method of grain cannibalism, 67,71,85; starvation procurement, 29 Council of People’s Commissars, definition of “kulak” by, 29 counterrevolutionary and counter criminal code: article 107 on speculation, 20; article 61 fivefold tax on forbidden in death statistics, 85; “war grain importation, 23,103,115,128 offenders, 33 communism,” 6, 8 Great Terror, 54,109, II8,135n3 “cultural revolution,” 45 farms and farming. See also collectives gulag archipelago, 62,128 and collectivization; machine tractor Davies, Robert William, 107 stations (MTS); brutal treatment of Hitler, Adolf, 99 Demchenko, Maria, 107 farm families, 83, 85; collective farm Hoover
Archives, poster themes, 93 Dobrokovskii, Mechislav, 110 life “improved,” 60; goal of centralized Hunter, Holland, 123 domestic passports, 67,75,113,126 socialist farms, 12; grain-producing Donskoi, 89 areas, 21m; individual plots, focus “Dubinushka,” revolutionary song, 5fl of farm labor, 97, 99,101; individual Commission decree, 41-42; NKVD Duranty, Walter, 79 plots, incentive of, 91; individual plots, head, 99; OGPU head, 15,19; replaced Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 42 production of produce, milk, and meat, by Ezhov, 109; reported on poor 103; tax on private ownership of horses, condition of settlements, 62; slave labor 109; village young people and work, imposed, 54 economy: compared to Europe, 2-3; grain export problems, 5,13; peasantry as source of wealth, 13; and worldwide Great Depression, 54 Eikhe, Robert Indrikovich, 25 103,107 Five-Year Plan, 24-25,36,78; first plan Iagoda, Genrikh, 135nl; Iakovlev Iakovlev, Iakov, 41 international relations, hostile global completed, 75; purchase of farm environment, 15 machinery, 54; Sixteenth Party Ivan V Alekseevich, 1 Elkin, Vassily D., 58 Congress approval, 29; Stalin’s speech Ivanov, Victor, 128 Europe, influence of ideas, 1-2,118 on, 120 Izvestiia, Kondrashin interview blames “the leader,” 121 executions: crime of theft of state property, 87,115; grain peddlers, 6,115; “kulak operation,” 113; “kulak sabotage,” 12; leaders of other political parties, 12 Ezhov, Nikolai, 109 genocide, Ukrainian famine, Holodomor, question of intent, 88,121 Janson, Nikolai, 42 Germany, failed communist insurrection, 13 Jasny, Naum, 101 Goloshchekin,
Filipp, 62,75 Jones, Gareth, 79 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 115 factory workers: sent to countryside, 33; short workday compared to farmers, Govorkov, Viktor Ivanovich, 74 17; standard of living, 118; strike in grain exports, 85. See also famines and Petrograd, 6; worked with secret police, 42,45 famines and food supplies. See also grain harvest and collection; grain importation: under Alexander III, 1891-1892,2; China’s Great Famine, 121; 152 Index Gorilii, P„ 47 food supplies: under Alexander II, 11; under Alexander III, 2; crop reductions Kaganovich, Lazar: address to Collective Farm Shock Workers, 8l; to Ukraine, 71,73; Ural-Siberian method of grain procurement, 29; “victory of Stalinism,” and, 65,78; fimding for machinery, 13, 99,120 Kalinin, Mikhail, 8,65,135n2 54; problems of, 13,15 Kamenev, Lev, 17 grain harvest and collection, 103; comparison to U.S. production during Kanarevskii, 76 Kanevskii, Aminadav, 97
London Times: Communist Youth to guard for loss of state farm machinery, 83; famine and deaths, “Great Famine,” 121; rail shipments of grain, 73; energetic grain confiscation campaigns, 19-20; grain collection in, 62; Ural-Siberian richer peasant needed, 22; execution of mass executions, 54; and murder of method of grain procurement, 29 state farm officials for loss of state farm Gareth Jones, 79; Order of the Red KGB, secret police, 19,126 machinery, 83; farmers’ grain rations Banner, 58; order regarding urban Khataevich, Mendeľ, 36,87 meagre, 65; OGPU arresting individuals grain “speculators,” ЭЗ; order to report Khrushchev, Nikita, 128; Secret Speech, for ransom, 67; ration-card use by on resettlement locations for “kulaks,” 113,123 Kirov, Sergei, 101 dismissed employees punishable by 42; report on “kulak” and religious death, 75; report on death sentences and counterrevolution, 29; report on selling Kochergin, Nikolai, 68 treatment of “kulaks,” 42 and slaughter of livestock, 41 Kazakhstan: brunt of grain policies, 88; Kokorekin, Alexei, 118 Kondrashin, Viktor, 79,121,123 Order of Lenin, 107 machine tractor stations (MTS): American- Orlov, Dmitrii Stakhievich, 80 Kor, V., 36 purchased tractors, 33; numbers Kosior, Stanislav, 71,118 increased, 60; political sections Kotin, N. G., 29 established, 81; tractor maintenance teenagers, 113; peasants forbidden to Kravchenko, Viktor, 87 and repair problems, 103,124 leave countryside, 81 passports, domestic, 67, 75,126; “kulak” peasantry: denied domestic passports, Kukushkin, P. P., 95 Makhalov, 107 “kulaks.” See also peasantry:
“bureaucratic Marxism, 2; peasants as enemies of the nightmare” of “dekulakization,” 54; proletariat, 11; repudiation of the (garntsevyi sbor), 24; order forbidding definition of and treatment at local market, 120 sale of grain on free market, 33; planting level, 42,45; definition broadened, Mensheviks, 2 less and slaughtering livestock, 36; more people exiled, 60; definition by Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav, 135nl poverty and crime, 15; progressive tax Council of People’s Commissars, 29; Meshcheriakov, L, 104 and wealth surtax, 22; rich peasants, “dekulakization,” 33,42,115; exiles Mikoian, Anastas, 19,29,62 appearance of, 15,22; sent back to to become colonization villages, 54; military police, sons of “kulaks” removed, 25 countryside or to concentration forbidden from joining collective-farm milling levy (garntsevyi sbor), 24 camps, 81; suspicious of Communist movement, 39; goal of liquidation of Molotov, Viacheslav, 19-20,42, 71,73 authorities, 12; uprisings after Bolshevik “kulaks” as a class, 41-42; “kulak terror,” Montesquieu, 2 control, 6 8; Magnitogorsk metallurgical complex Moor, D. S., 80, 95 People’s Commissar for Agriculture of the workers, 60; Operation Order No. 00447, Moscow show trials of 1936-38,101 “kulak operation,” 109,113; orders on exile Mrachkovskii, L, 124 USSR, 41 persecution. See also peasantry: Russian Orthodox Church, 12 and confiscation of property, 45, 49; property seized for collective farms, 57; “repression of‘kulak’ terrorists,” 25; 75; farm cooperatives, 11; milling levy New Economic Policy (NEP), 8,12-13, 20, 115; Stalin argues for retreat from
NEP, 36 Peter I, the Great, study of modernization in Europe, 1 resettlement and forced labor, 42,128; Nicholas II, 2; abdication of, 3 Petrovsky, Grigory, 71 restrictions lifted on former “kulaks,” 113; Nikomov, N.M., 32 Pichugin, Z.E., 78 young people allowed to get passports, 113 Nikulikhin, Iakov, 73 Pokarzhevskii, Petr Dmitrievich, 23 Niurenberg, Amshey Markovich, 54 Politburo: Bukharin expelled, 36; labor days, 60,97,103,107,137n33 NKVD, 101; Great Terror, 109; Operation Commissariat of Justice order, 1929, Law ofLife, The (film), 123 Order No. 00447, “kulak operation,” 25; commission on false accusations League of the Militant Godless, 45 109,113; secret police reorganized, 99 by “kulak” families, 51; decree: “On the Reorganization of Literary and Artistic Lenin, Vladimir, 2, 6; “economic retreat,” 12; enemies and show trials, 118; October Manifesto, 3 Organizations,” 71; directive on grain strokes, ill health, and death, 12 OGPU: arrest of “kulaks” and traders, 13, collection campaign, 19-20; directive 15; control of settlements transferred, to prepare one thousand more special 62; execution of state farm officials settlements, 60; efforts to improve livestock: production collapsed, 6, 36; slaughter and selling, 15,36,41, 49,123 Index 153
farm production, 8; further push to Bolsheviks; KGB, secret police; NKVD; terrorism, law against, 101 of the Labor of Criminal Prisoners,” OGPU Théry, Edmond, 3 42; order to press for heavier taxes on Senkin, Sergei Y., 17 Timasheff, Nicholas, 99 better-ofF, 1929 25; show trials against Serafimovich, Alexander, 87 Tkachev, 65 organizers of grain theft, 71; special Serov, Valentin Alexandrovich, 104 torture, brutal treatment of farm families, settlement conditions derided, 67 settlements, special: conditions of, 54, 60- Postyshev, Pavel, 75 62; exiled “kulak” settlement standards, 83,85 treason, law against, 99 Povolzhskaia Pravda, “temporary 51; “kulaks” and families exiled, 51 Trotsky, Leon: defeated and expelled from difficulties,” 75 Shakhty affair, 22 party, 12-13; deported to Kazakhstan, 19 Shanghai Communists massacred, 15 road to mass collectivization, 33; Sholokhov, Mikhail, 67,83 farmland confiscation from rich Shurygin, A. A., 30 cannibalism and starvation, 71,79 peasants, 20; foreign firms denounced slave labor: former “kulaks,” 54; 85; crop failure due to drought, 97; for supplying defective industrial equipment, 83; problems of collective Ukraine: brunt of grain policies, 88; Magnitogorsk metallurgical complex disturbances and rebellion, 73; farms lacking doctors, 57 abandoned, 71, 81; genocide, 88; grain Smukrovich, Petr Iosifovich, 27 collection in, 22; livestock slaughtered, 20; Stalin speech “A Year of Great smychka, 12-13,24,121 22; question of intent of famine, 121 Change,” 36; Stalin’s “Dizzy with Socialist Revolutionary Party, show trial farms, 93, 97;
rumors of NEP ending, Success” article, 51 Ulyanov, Vladimir. See Lenin against, 118 Presidium of the Union of Writers, 123 Sokolov, A. V., 71 Vareikis, Iosif, 85 propaganda posters, xvii Solov’ev, Mikhail, 110 Viola, Lynne, 54, 99,118 Putin, Vladimir, 19 Stakhanov, Alexei, 101,107 Voltaire, 2 Stalin, Joseph, xvii; “A Year of Great Voron, M., 91, 99 rebellions and strikes: anti-Jewish Change,” speech, 36; ban on foreign Vovchenko, V., 76 pogroms, 1903, 3; during journalists, 83; “Congress of Victors” “dekulakization,” 49; general strike, speech, 93; directive on grain collection Walicki, Andrzej, 120 1905,3; Georgia, 6; industrial strikes, campaign, 19; “Dizzy with Success” weather, influence on harvest, 79.81 3; peasant protests and uprisings, 3, speech and article, 5l 12Յ; massive Werth, Nicholas, 85 22; Petrograd factory worker strike, 3; war against the “kulaks,” 118; paranoia Western Mail, reporting on famine and strikes after Siberian goldfield worker and massive famine, 120-21; praise for massacre, 1912,3; Ukraine and North Soviet agriculture, 101,103; promise to Caucasus uprisings and reprisals, 73, 75 religion: antireligious campaign, 45; death, 79 women’s role: farm women’s burden, 101; collective farmers, 83; rejects OGPU resistance to collectivization, xvii; plan to arrest traders, 17; role in unrest in countryside, 49 church bells confiscated and melted Communist Party, 12; speech blaming Worker-Peasant Authority, Ilfs down, 45; “church people” added “kulaks” for sabotage, 75; speech listing work quota, praise for overfilling, 101 to Operation Order No.
00447,113; agricultural achievements, 120; support Workshop on Totalitarian Regimes, xvii, criminalization of religious activities, for smychka, 13; threat of internal and 1929,29; faith as threat to Marxism, 121, external enemies, 22; treatment of 128; Sunday abolished as day of rest, farm families, 85; "tribute” from 1929,33 rural crime, 15 the peasantry, 24; “Ural-Siberian rural elite, drain on resources, 97 Starów, Simon (Miron Dolot), 71 Svarog, Vasili Semenovich, 68, 87 against, 118 xviii World Wari, З Yaroslavsky, Emelian, 45 method,” 25 Russian Orthodox Church, show trials Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, 2 Index Terpsikhorov, Nikolay Borisovich, 42 collective farms, 58; “On the Utilization Pravda: declaration that USSR on the 154 secret police, 126. See aho Cheka under Syrtsov, Sergey Ivanovich, 29, 36 Szyrmer, Janusz, 123 Zinoviev, Grigory, 17 ► Detail of "The land Is the common and equal property," see page 5. |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Daly, Jonathan W. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)173740421 |
| author_facet | Daly, Jonathan W. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Daly, Jonathan W. |
| author_variant | j w d jw jwd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047037908 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HD1992 |
| callnumber-raw | HD1992 |
| callnumber-search | HD1992 |
| callnumber-sort | HD 41992 |
| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1060773816 (DE-599)BVBBV047037908 |
| dewey-full | 338.10947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.10947 |
| dewey-search | 338.10947 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.10947 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1928-1933 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1928-1933 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:04:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:00:49Z |
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| publisher | Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Hoover Institution Press publication |
| spelling | Daly, Jonathan W. Verfasser (DE-588)173740421 aut Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture Jonathan Daly Stanford, California Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University [2017] © 2017 xviii, 154 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 2 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hoover Institution Press publication no. 680 "Soviet Political Posters from the Hoover Institution Library & Archives"...Jacket. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-149) and index Geschichte 1928-1933 gnd rswk-swf History / fast / (OCoLC)fst01411628 Agriculture / Economic aspects / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801415 Agriculture, Cooperative / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801781 Agriculture Economic aspects Soviet Union Agriculture, Cooperative Soviet Union Agriculture Agriculture, Cooperative Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / fast / (OCoLC)fst01210281 Soviet Union Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 s Geschichte 1928-1933 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-8179-2066-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Mobipocket 978-0-8179-2067-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-8179-2068-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032445043&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032445043&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Daly, Jonathan W. Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture History / fast / (OCoLC)fst01411628 Agriculture / Economic aspects / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801415 Agriculture, Cooperative / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801781 Agriculture Economic aspects Soviet Union Agriculture, Cooperative Soviet Union Agriculture Agriculture, Cooperative Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164682-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4145395-5 |
| title | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| title_auth | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| title_exact_search | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| title_full | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture Jonathan Daly |
| title_fullStr | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture Jonathan Daly |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hammer, sickle, and soil the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture Jonathan Daly |
| title_short | Hammer, sickle, and soil |
| title_sort | hammer sickle and soil the soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| title_sub | the Soviet drive to collectivize agriculture |
| topic | History / fast / (OCoLC)fst01411628 Agriculture / Economic aspects / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801415 Agriculture, Cooperative / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801781 Agriculture Economic aspects Soviet Union Agriculture, Cooperative Soviet Union Agriculture Agriculture, Cooperative Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | History / fast / (OCoLC)fst01411628 Agriculture / Economic aspects / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801415 Agriculture, Cooperative / fast / (OCoLC)fst00801781 Agriculture Economic aspects Soviet Union Agriculture, Cooperative Soviet Union Agriculture Agriculture, Cooperative Kollektivierung Soviet Union / fast / (OCoLC)fst01210281 Soviet Union Sowjetunion Bildband |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032445043&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032445043&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dalyjonathanw hammersickleandsoilthesovietdrivetocollectivizeagriculture |