Sustainable food consumption:
Agricultural and food consumption practices are the most important contributors to ecosystem degradation and climate change. Consumers are called on to take responsibility for sustainable development; to consider the environment in their everyday life, to choose more sustainably produced goods and s...
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Wageningen
Wageningen Academic Publishers
2014
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| Online Access: | Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | Agricultural and food consumption practices are the most important contributors to ecosystem degradation and climate change. Consumers are called on to take responsibility for sustainable development; to consider the environment in their everyday life, to choose more sustainably produced goods and services. However, often consumers are not directly involved in food production and preparation. Today many of the meals we eat are prepared by someone other than ourselves. In addition, environmental and social issues of food production might be important to us but they have to be weighed up against a range of situational and personal considerations. Thus 'making a sustainable choice' can be far from straightforward. This book explores the question 'how sustainable food consumption can be encouraged' using social practices theory. This approach focuses not on the individual behavio |
| Item Description: | Title from content provider |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource |
| ISBN: | 9789086868117 9086868118 |
| DOI: | 10.3920/978-90-8686-811-7 |
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| 500 | |a Title from content provider | ||
| 520 | |a Agricultural and food consumption practices are the most important contributors to ecosystem degradation and climate change. Consumers are called on to take responsibility for sustainable development; to consider the environment in their everyday life, to choose more sustainably produced goods and services. However, often consumers are not directly involved in food production and preparation. Today many of the meals we eat are prepared by someone other than ourselves. In addition, environmental and social issues of food production might be important to us but they have to be weighed up against a range of situational and personal considerations. Thus 'making a sustainable choice' can be far from straightforward. This book explores the question 'how sustainable food consumption can be encouraged' using social practices theory. This approach focuses not on the individual behavio | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable agriculture / fast / (OCoLC)fst01139712 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable agriculture | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
XI
1
KINETIC
AND
THERMODYNAMIC
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
PHOTOCATALYST
DESIGN
1
FRANK
E.
OSTERLOH
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.2
MECHANISTIC
ASPECTS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
SYSTEMS
2
1.3
COMMON
PARAMETERS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
SYSTEMS
10
1.4
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
AND
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
REACTION
SYSTEMS
13
1.5
CONCLUSION
17
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18
REFERENCES
18
2
DESIGN
OF
RELIABLE
STUDIES
ON
PHOTOCATALYSIS:
LOGIC,
CONCEPTS,
AND
METHODS
29
BUNSHO
OHTANI
2.1
PHOTOCATALYSIS
29
2.2
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
30
2.2.1
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENCE
30
2.2.2
TRUTH
IN
SCIENCE:
UNAMBIGUOUSNESS
TEXT
30
2.2.3
LOGIC
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
30
2.2.4
EXAMPLES
OF
PROPOSITIONS
31
2.2.5
COUNTER
(CONTRARY)
EVIDENCE:
KILLER
CARD
32
2.2.6
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
34
2.3
METHODS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
STUDIES
34
2.3.1
BANDGAP
DETERMINATION
BY
TAUC
PLOTS
34
2.3.2
ACTION
SPECTRUM
ANALYSIS
36
2.3.3
LIGHT
INTENSITY-DEPENDENT
ANALYSIS
39
2.3.4
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
EVALUATION
41
VI
CONTENTS
2.3.5
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
AND
PHYSICAL/STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
44
2.4
DESIGN
OF
RELIABLE
STUDIES
ON
PHOTOCATALYSIS
46
REFERENCES
46
3
IN
SITU
SPECTROSCOPY
FOR
MECHANISTIC
STUDIES
IN
SEMICONDUCTOR
PHOTOCATALYSIS
51
JAN
P.
HOFMANN
3.1
INTRODUCTION
51
3.2
CHALLENGES
IN
IN
SITU
AND
OPERANDO
CHARACTERIZATION
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
52
3.3
OVERVIEW
OF
METHODS
AND
EXAMPLES
FROM
THE
LITERATURE
54
3.3.1
(TRANSIENT)
UV/VIS/NIR
ELECTRONIC
SPECTROSCOPIES
57
3.3.2
VIBRATIONAL
SPECTROSCOPIES
59
3.3.2.1
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
59
3.3.2.2
RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY
AND
MICROSCOPY
63
3.3.2.3
NONLINEAR
SPECTROSCOPIES:
SECOND-HARMONIC
GENERATION
AND
SUM
FREQUENCY
GENERATION
SPECTROSCOPIES
64
3.3.3
ELECTRON
PARAMAGNETIC
RESONANCE
65
3.3.4
(SYNCHROTRON)
X-RAY
SPECTROSCOPIES
66
3.3.4.1
PHOTOELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY
66
33.4.2
X-RAY
ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
(XAS,
XANES,
AND
EXAFS)
68
3.4
OUTLOOK
AND
FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
68
REFERENCES
69
4
PRINCIPLES
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL
FUEL
GENERATION
77
BASTIAN
MEI
AND
KASPER
WENDERICH
4.1
INTRODUCTION
77
4.2
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
78
4.2.1
THERMODYNAMIC
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DRIVING
FORCES
78
4.2.2
BASICS
OF
SEMICONDUCTORS
AND
THE
SEMICONDUCTOR/ELECTROLYTE
INTERFACE
80
4.2.3
SEMICONDUCTOR/ELECTROLYTE
INTERFACE
UNDER
ILLUMINATION
84
4.2.4
DEVICES
AND
EFFICIENCIES
86
4.2.4.1
DEVICE
CONFIGURATIONS
86
4.2.4.2
DEVICE
FIGURES
OF
MERIT
AND
SYSTEM
EFFICIENCIES
87
4.2.43
THEORETICAL
LIMITATIONS
OF
PEC
SOLAR
FUEL
PRODUCTION
90
4.2.4.4
THEORETICAL
LIMITATIONS
OF
PEC
SOLAR
FUEL
PRODUCTION
-
BEYOND
WATER
SPLITTING
93
4.2.5
SURFACE
MODIFICATION
94
4.2.5.1
INTEGRATION
OF
ELECTROCATALYSTS
95
4.2.5.2
STABILITY
OF
PEC
DEVICE
-
PROTECTION
LAYERS/SURFACE
COATINGS
96
4.2.6
SHORT
SUMMARY
97
REFERENCES
98
CONTENTS
VII
5
PHOTOCATALYSIS
-
THE
HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSIS
PERSPECTIVE
101
PAWEL
NALIWAJKO
AND
JENNIFER
STRUNK
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
INTRODUCTION
101
GENERAL
FUNCTION
OF
CLASSICAL
HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSTS
102
COMPARISON
OF
CLASSICAL
CATALYSIS
AND
PHOTOCATALYSIS
103
EXAMPLES
OF
RELEVANT
CATALYTIC
PROPERTIES
OF
PHOTOCATALYSTS
109
CONSIDERATION
OF
ACTIVE
SITES
109
NANOSIZED
GOLD
IN
ALCOHOL
OXIDATION
109
VANADIUM
OXIDE
(SUB)MONOLAYER
CATALYSTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ALCOHOL
OXIDATION
113
5.3
CONCLUSIONS
117
REFERENCES
118
6
INSIGHTS
INTO
PHOTOCATALYSIS
FROM
COMPUTATIONAL
CHEMISTRY
127
STEPHEN
RHATIGAN
AND
MICHAEL
NOLAN
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4
INTRODUCTION
127
COMPUTATIONAL
DESCRIPTORS
128
LIGHT
ABSORPTION
128
CHARGE
CARRIER
SEPARATION
130
SURFACE
REACTIVITY
134
EXAMPLES
OF
COMPUTATIONAL
STUDIES
OF
PHOTOCATALYST
MATERIALS
138
METAL
OXIDES
138
NOBLE
METAL
LOADING
139
METAL
CHALCOGENIDES
AND
METAL
PHOSPHIDES
142
HETERO
AND
NANOSTRUCTURING
144
CHARGE
LOCALIZATION
MODELS
146
CONCLUSION
147
REFERENCES
149
7
SELECTED
ASPECTS
OF
PHOTOREACTOR
ENGINEERING
155
DIRK
ZIEGENBALG
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
ENGINEERING
155
RADIATION
FIELD
AND
RATE
OF
REACTION
160
LIGHT
SOURCES
166
PARTICULARITIES
OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
PHOTOCATALYSTS
173
TYPES
OF
PHOTOREACTORS
176
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
181
SYMBOLS
AND
ABBREVIATIONS
182
REFERENCES
184
8
DEFECTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
187
GRETA
HASELMANN
AND
DOMINIK
EDER
8.1
8.1.1
INTRODUCTION
187
DEFINITION
AND
THERMODYNAMICS
187
VIII
CONTENTS
8.1.2
CLASSIFICATION
188
8.1.2.1
DIMENSIONALITY
188
8.1.2.2
LOCATION:
SURFACE,
SUBSURFACE,
AND
BULK
189
8.1.3
CONCEPTS
IN
DEFECT
CHEMISTRY
190
8.1.3.1
CHARGE
NEUTRALITY
190
8.1.3.2
INTRINSIC
AND
EXTRINSIC
DEFECT
PAIRS
190
8.1.3.3
NONSTOICHIOMETRY
VS.
SUBSTOICHIOMETRY
190
8.1.3.4
KROGER-VINK
NOTATION
AND
DEFECT
DIAGRAMS
191
8.1.3.5
DIFFUSION
AND
SEGREGATION
192
8.1.4
HOW
ARE
DEFECTS
CREATED?
192
8.1.4.1
INTRINSIC
DEFECTS
192
8.1.4.2
EXTRINSIC
DEFECTS
193
8.1.5
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
DEFECTS
194
8.1.5.1
QUANTIFICATION
196
8.1.5.2
IN
SITU
196
8.1.6
EFFECT
OF
DEFECTS
ON
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
197
8.1.6.1
STRUCTURAL
CHANGES/PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE
197
8.1.6.2
ELECTRONIC
CHANGES/ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE
197
8.2
INFLUENCE
OF
DEFECTS
ON
THE
PHOTOCATALYTIC
PERFORMANCE
199
8.2.1
LOCATION
OF
THE
DEFECT
200
8.2.1.1
BULK:
CHARGE
CARRIER
GENERATION
AND
MIGRATION
200
8.2.1.2
SURFACE:
ADSORPTION
SITES
AND
CHARGE
TRANSFER
202
8.2.1.3
OPTIMIZED
TREATMENT
CONDITIONS
AND
SURFACE-TO-BULK RATIO
204
8.2.1.4
SUBSURFACE
DEFECTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
206
8.2.2
DEEP
VS.
SHALLOW
TRAP
STATES
206
8.2.3
STRAIN-INDUCED
PHOTOCATALYSIS
207
8.2.4
DYNAMIC
DEFECTS
208
8.2.5
DEFECTS
OF
HIGHER
DIMENSIONALITIES
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
208
8.2.5.1
BLACK
TIO
2
210
8.3
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
213
REFERENCES
213
9
PHOTOCARRIER
LOSS
PATHWAYS
IN
METAL
OXIDE
ABSORBER
MATERIALS
FOR
PHOTOCATALYSIS
EXPLORED
WITH
TIME-RESOLVED
SPECTROSCOPY:
THE
CASE
OF
BIVO
4
221
RAINER
EICHBERGER
AND
SBNKE
MULLER
9.1
INTRODUCTION
221
9.2
PHOTODYNAMICS
OF
BIVO
4
-
CARRIER
TRAPPING
AND
POLARON
FORMATION
224
9.3
CONCLUSIONS
238
REFERENCES
238
10
METAL-FREE
PHOTOCATALYSTS
245
JOSEJINE
P.
HUNDT,
MARCO
WEERS,
VANESSA
LIIHRS,
DEREJE
H.
TAFFA,
AND
MICHAEL
WARK
10.1
INTRODUCTION
245
10.2
GRAPHITIC
CARBON
NITRIDES
246
CONTENTS
IX
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.2.1
10.2.2.2
10.2.2.3
10.2.2.4
10.3
10.4
10.4.1
10.4.2
10.4.2.1
10.4.2.2
10.5
STRUCTURE
AND
PROPERTIES
OF
G-C
3
N
4
246
APPLICATION
AS
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVE
MATERIAL
249
PHOTOCATALYTIC
HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
249
PHOTOCATALYSIS-ASSISTED
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
250
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
252
PHOTOCATALYTIC
DEGRADATION
OF
(ORGANIC)
POLLUTANTS
254
COVALENT
ORGANIC
FRAMEWORKS
254
CONJUGATED
POLYMERS
257
SYNTHESIS
STRATEGIES
OF
NANOSTRUCTURED
CONDUCTING
POLYMERS
258
APPLICATION
AS
A
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVE
MATERIAL
260
HYDROGEN
EVOLUTION
261
POLLUTANT
DEGRADATION
261
CONCLUSIONS
263
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
264
REFERENCES
264
11
PHOTOCATALYTIC
WATER
SPLITTING:
FUNDAMENTALS
AND
CURRENT
CONCEPTS
269
KAZUHIRO
TAKANABE
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
SOLAR
ENERGY
CONVERSION
269
PHOTOCATALYST:
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPT
270
REPORTING
PROTOCOL
272
PHOTON
ABSORPTION
276
EXCITON
SEPARATION
276
CARRIER
TRANSPORT
277
ELECTROCATALYSIS
279
MASS
TRANSFER:
ELECTROLYTE
280
SUPPRESSION
OF
BACK
REACTION
280
PHOTOCATALYTIC
OVERALL
WATER
SPLITTING:
STATE
OF
THE
ART
281
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
283
REFERENCES
284
12
PHOTOCATALYTIC
CO
2
REDUCTION
AND
BEYOND
287
MINOO
TASBIHI,
MICHAEL
SCHWARZE,
AND
REINHARD
SCHOMACKER
12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
INTRODUCTION
287
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS
UTILIZING
CO
2
290
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
BY
CH
4
(DRY
REFORMING)
292
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
BY
CH
4
AND
H
2
O
(STEAM
REFORMING)
296
12.2.3
12.3
OTHER
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS
WITH
CO
2
298
SUMMARY
298
REFERENCES
299
13
PHOTOCATALYTIC
NO
X
ABATEMENT
303
JONATHAN
Z.
BLOH
13.1
13.2
INTRODUCTION
303
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
304
X
CONTENTS
INDEX
351
13.3
13.3.1
13.4
13.4.1
13.5
13.5.1
13.5.2
13.5.3
13.5.4
13.6
13.7
REACTION
PATHWAY
305
INTERMEDIATES,
SELECTIVITY
307
REACTION
KINETICS
308
GUIDELINES
FOR
ACCURATE
PERFORMANCE
DETERMINATION
310
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
PERFORMANCE
312
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
312
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
SPECTRAL
RESPONSE
314
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
SELECTIVITY
317
SUMMARY
OF
MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENTS
319
STRATEGIES
TO
INCORPORATE
THE
CATALYSTS
INTO
BUILDING
MATERIALS
319
RESULTS
FROM
FIELD
TESTS
AND
SIMULATIONS
321
REFERENCES
323
14
PHOTOACTIVE
NANOMATERIALS:
APPLICATIONS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
AND
THEIR
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
331
JANG
S.
CHANG
AND
MENG
N.
CHONG
14.1
14.2
INTRODUCTION
331
PHOTOACTIVE
SEMICONDUCTOR
NANOMATERIALS
AND
THEIR
APPLICATIONS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
332
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.2.4
14.3
NANO-TIO
2
332
NANO-ZNO
334
NANO-FE
2
O
3
336
NANO-WO
3
337
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
BEHAVIOR
OF
PHOTOACTIVE
NANOMATERIALS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
338
14.3.1
PREVALENCE,
OCCURRENCE,
AND
ROUTES
OF
NANOMATERIALS
INTO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
338
14.3.2
14.3.2.1
14.3.2.2
14.3.2.3
14.3.2.4
14.3.2.5
14.4
FATE
AND
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESSES
OF
NANOMATERIALS
339
AGGREGATION
AND
AGGLOMERATION
339
PHOTOCHEMICAL
TRANSFORMATION
342
REDOX
REACTIONS
342
ADSORPTION
OF
MACROMOLECULES
343
BIOTRANSFORMATION
344
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
OF
NANOMATERIALS
TOWARD
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
344
14.5
CONCLUSION
345
REFERENCES
346
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
XI
1
KINETIC
AND
THERMODYNAMIC
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
PHOTOCATALYST
DESIGN
1
FRANK
E.
OSTERLOH
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.2
MECHANISTIC
ASPECTS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
SYSTEMS
2
1.3
COMMON
PARAMETERS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
SYSTEMS
10
1.4
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
AND
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
REACTION
SYSTEMS
13
1.5
CONCLUSION
17
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18
REFERENCES
18
2
DESIGN
OF
RELIABLE
STUDIES
ON
PHOTOCATALYSIS:
LOGIC,
CONCEPTS,
AND
METHODS
29
BUNSHO
OHTANI
2.1
PHOTOCATALYSIS
29
2.2
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
30
2.2.1
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENCE
30
2.2.2
TRUTH
IN
SCIENCE:
UNAMBIGUOUSNESS
TEXT
30
2.2.3
LOGIC
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
30
2.2.4
EXAMPLES
OF
PROPOSITIONS
31
2.2.5
COUNTER
(CONTRARY)
EVIDENCE:
KILLER
CARD
32
2.2.6
RELIABILITY
IN
SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
34
2.3
METHODS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
STUDIES
34
2.3.1
BANDGAP
DETERMINATION
BY
TAUC
PLOTS
34
2.3.2
ACTION
SPECTRUM
ANALYSIS
36
2.3.3
LIGHT
INTENSITY-DEPENDENT
ANALYSIS
39
2.3.4
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
EVALUATION
41
VI
CONTENTS
2.3.5
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
AND
PHYSICAL/STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
44
2.4
DESIGN
OF
RELIABLE
STUDIES
ON
PHOTOCATALYSIS
46
REFERENCES
46
3
IN
SITU
SPECTROSCOPY
FOR
MECHANISTIC
STUDIES
IN
SEMICONDUCTOR
PHOTOCATALYSIS
51
JAN
P.
HOFMANN
3.1
INTRODUCTION
51
3.2
CHALLENGES
IN
IN
SITU
AND
OPERANDO
CHARACTERIZATION
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
52
3.3
OVERVIEW
OF
METHODS
AND
EXAMPLES
FROM
THE
LITERATURE
54
3.3.1
(TRANSIENT)
UV/VIS/NIR
ELECTRONIC
SPECTROSCOPIES
57
3.3.2
VIBRATIONAL
SPECTROSCOPIES
59
3.3.2.1
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY
59
3.3.2.2
RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY
AND
MICROSCOPY
63
3.3.2.3
NONLINEAR
SPECTROSCOPIES:
SECOND-HARMONIC
GENERATION
AND
SUM
FREQUENCY
GENERATION
SPECTROSCOPIES
64
3.3.3
ELECTRON
PARAMAGNETIC
RESONANCE
65
3.3.4
(SYNCHROTRON)
X-RAY
SPECTROSCOPIES
66
3.3.4.1
PHOTOELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY
66
33.4.2
X-RAY
ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
(XAS,
XANES,
AND
EXAFS)
68
3.4
OUTLOOK
AND
FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
68
REFERENCES
69
4
PRINCIPLES
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL
FUEL
GENERATION
77
BASTIAN
MEI
AND
KASPER
WENDERICH
4.1
INTRODUCTION
77
4.2
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
78
4.2.1
THERMODYNAMIC
REQUIREMENTS
AND
DRIVING
FORCES
78
4.2.2
BASICS
OF
SEMICONDUCTORS
AND
THE
SEMICONDUCTOR/ELECTROLYTE
INTERFACE
80
4.2.3
SEMICONDUCTOR/ELECTROLYTE
INTERFACE
UNDER
ILLUMINATION
84
4.2.4
DEVICES
AND
EFFICIENCIES
86
4.2.4.1
DEVICE
CONFIGURATIONS
86
4.2.4.2
DEVICE
FIGURES
OF
MERIT
AND
SYSTEM
EFFICIENCIES
87
4.2.43
THEORETICAL
LIMITATIONS
OF
PEC
SOLAR
FUEL
PRODUCTION
90
4.2.4.4
THEORETICAL
LIMITATIONS
OF
PEC
SOLAR
FUEL
PRODUCTION
-
BEYOND
WATER
SPLITTING
93
4.2.5
SURFACE
MODIFICATION
94
4.2.5.1
INTEGRATION
OF
ELECTROCATALYSTS
95
4.2.5.2
STABILITY
OF
PEC
DEVICE
-
PROTECTION
LAYERS/SURFACE
COATINGS
96
4.2.6
SHORT
SUMMARY
97
REFERENCES
98
CONTENTS
VII
5
PHOTOCATALYSIS
-
THE
HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSIS
PERSPECTIVE
101
PAWEL
NALIWAJKO
AND
JENNIFER
STRUNK
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
INTRODUCTION
101
GENERAL
FUNCTION
OF
CLASSICAL
HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSTS
102
COMPARISON
OF
CLASSICAL
CATALYSIS
AND
PHOTOCATALYSIS
103
EXAMPLES
OF
RELEVANT
CATALYTIC
PROPERTIES
OF
PHOTOCATALYSTS
109
CONSIDERATION
OF
ACTIVE
SITES
109
NANOSIZED
GOLD
IN
ALCOHOL
OXIDATION
109
VANADIUM
OXIDE
(SUB)MONOLAYER
CATALYSTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ALCOHOL
OXIDATION
113
5.3
CONCLUSIONS
117
REFERENCES
118
6
INSIGHTS
INTO
PHOTOCATALYSIS
FROM
COMPUTATIONAL
CHEMISTRY
127
STEPHEN
RHATIGAN
AND
MICHAEL
NOLAN
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4
INTRODUCTION
127
COMPUTATIONAL
DESCRIPTORS
128
LIGHT
ABSORPTION
128
CHARGE
CARRIER
SEPARATION
130
SURFACE
REACTIVITY
134
EXAMPLES
OF
COMPUTATIONAL
STUDIES
OF
PHOTOCATALYST
MATERIALS
138
METAL
OXIDES
138
NOBLE
METAL
LOADING
139
METAL
CHALCOGENIDES
AND
METAL
PHOSPHIDES
142
HETERO
AND
NANOSTRUCTURING
144
CHARGE
LOCALIZATION
MODELS
146
CONCLUSION
147
REFERENCES
149
7
SELECTED
ASPECTS
OF
PHOTOREACTOR
ENGINEERING
155
DIRK
ZIEGENBALG
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION
ENGINEERING
155
RADIATION
FIELD
AND
RATE
OF
REACTION
160
LIGHT
SOURCES
166
PARTICULARITIES
OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES
OF
PHOTOCATALYSTS
173
TYPES
OF
PHOTOREACTORS
176
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
181
SYMBOLS
AND
ABBREVIATIONS
182
REFERENCES
184
8
DEFECTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
187
GRETA
HASELMANN
AND
DOMINIK
EDER
8.1
8.1.1
INTRODUCTION
187
DEFINITION
AND
THERMODYNAMICS
187
VIII
CONTENTS
8.1.2
CLASSIFICATION
188
8.1.2.1
DIMENSIONALITY
188
8.1.2.2
LOCATION:
SURFACE,
SUBSURFACE,
AND
BULK
189
8.1.3
CONCEPTS
IN
DEFECT
CHEMISTRY
190
8.1.3.1
CHARGE
NEUTRALITY
190
8.1.3.2
INTRINSIC
AND
EXTRINSIC
DEFECT
PAIRS
190
8.1.3.3
NONSTOICHIOMETRY
VS.
SUBSTOICHIOMETRY
190
8.1.3.4
KROGER-VINK
NOTATION
AND
DEFECT
DIAGRAMS
191
8.1.3.5
DIFFUSION
AND
SEGREGATION
192
8.1.4
HOW
ARE
DEFECTS
CREATED?
192
8.1.4.1
INTRINSIC
DEFECTS
192
8.1.4.2
EXTRINSIC
DEFECTS
193
8.1.5
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
DEFECTS
194
8.1.5.1
QUANTIFICATION
196
8.1.5.2
IN
SITU
196
8.1.6
EFFECT
OF
DEFECTS
ON
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
197
8.1.6.1
STRUCTURAL
CHANGES/PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE
197
8.1.6.2
ELECTRONIC
CHANGES/ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE
197
8.2
INFLUENCE
OF
DEFECTS
ON
THE
PHOTOCATALYTIC
PERFORMANCE
199
8.2.1
LOCATION
OF
THE
DEFECT
200
8.2.1.1
BULK:
CHARGE
CARRIER
GENERATION
AND
MIGRATION
200
8.2.1.2
SURFACE:
ADSORPTION
SITES
AND
CHARGE
TRANSFER
202
8.2.1.3
OPTIMIZED
TREATMENT
CONDITIONS
AND
SURFACE-TO-BULK RATIO
204
8.2.1.4
SUBSURFACE
DEFECTS
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
206
8.2.2
DEEP
VS.
SHALLOW
TRAP
STATES
206
8.2.3
STRAIN-INDUCED
PHOTOCATALYSIS
207
8.2.4
DYNAMIC
DEFECTS
208
8.2.5
DEFECTS
OF
HIGHER
DIMENSIONALITIES
IN
PHOTOCATALYSIS
208
8.2.5.1
BLACK
TIO
2
210
8.3
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
213
REFERENCES
213
9
PHOTOCARRIER
LOSS
PATHWAYS
IN
METAL
OXIDE
ABSORBER
MATERIALS
FOR
PHOTOCATALYSIS
EXPLORED
WITH
TIME-RESOLVED
SPECTROSCOPY:
THE
CASE
OF
BIVO
4
221
RAINER
EICHBERGER
AND
SBNKE
MULLER
9.1
INTRODUCTION
221
9.2
PHOTODYNAMICS
OF
BIVO
4
-
CARRIER
TRAPPING
AND
POLARON
FORMATION
224
9.3
CONCLUSIONS
238
REFERENCES
238
10
METAL-FREE
PHOTOCATALYSTS
245
JOSEJINE
P.
HUNDT,
MARCO
WEERS,
VANESSA
LIIHRS,
DEREJE
H.
TAFFA,
AND
MICHAEL
WARK
10.1
INTRODUCTION
245
10.2
GRAPHITIC
CARBON
NITRIDES
246
CONTENTS
IX
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.2.1
10.2.2.2
10.2.2.3
10.2.2.4
10.3
10.4
10.4.1
10.4.2
10.4.2.1
10.4.2.2
10.5
STRUCTURE
AND
PROPERTIES
OF
G-C
3
N
4
246
APPLICATION
AS
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVE
MATERIAL
249
PHOTOCATALYTIC
HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
249
PHOTOCATALYSIS-ASSISTED
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
250
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
252
PHOTOCATALYTIC
DEGRADATION
OF
(ORGANIC)
POLLUTANTS
254
COVALENT
ORGANIC
FRAMEWORKS
254
CONJUGATED
POLYMERS
257
SYNTHESIS
STRATEGIES
OF
NANOSTRUCTURED
CONDUCTING
POLYMERS
258
APPLICATION
AS
A
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVE
MATERIAL
260
HYDROGEN
EVOLUTION
261
POLLUTANT
DEGRADATION
261
CONCLUSIONS
263
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
264
REFERENCES
264
11
PHOTOCATALYTIC
WATER
SPLITTING:
FUNDAMENTALS
AND
CURRENT
CONCEPTS
269
KAZUHIRO
TAKANABE
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
SOLAR
ENERGY
CONVERSION
269
PHOTOCATALYST:
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPT
270
REPORTING
PROTOCOL
272
PHOTON
ABSORPTION
276
EXCITON
SEPARATION
276
CARRIER
TRANSPORT
277
ELECTROCATALYSIS
279
MASS
TRANSFER:
ELECTROLYTE
280
SUPPRESSION
OF
BACK
REACTION
280
PHOTOCATALYTIC
OVERALL
WATER
SPLITTING:
STATE
OF
THE
ART
281
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
283
REFERENCES
284
12
PHOTOCATALYTIC
CO
2
REDUCTION
AND
BEYOND
287
MINOO
TASBIHI,
MICHAEL
SCHWARZE,
AND
REINHARD
SCHOMACKER
12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
INTRODUCTION
287
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS
UTILIZING
CO
2
290
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
BY
CH
4
(DRY
REFORMING)
292
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REDUCTION
OF
CO
2
BY
CH
4
AND
H
2
O
(STEAM
REFORMING)
296
12.2.3
12.3
OTHER
PHOTOCATALYTIC
REACTIONS
WITH
CO
2
298
SUMMARY
298
REFERENCES
299
13
PHOTOCATALYTIC
NO
X
ABATEMENT
303
JONATHAN
Z.
BLOH
13.1
13.2
INTRODUCTION
303
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
304
X
CONTENTS
INDEX
351
13.3
13.3.1
13.4
13.4.1
13.5
13.5.1
13.5.2
13.5.3
13.5.4
13.6
13.7
REACTION
PATHWAY
305
INTERMEDIATES,
SELECTIVITY
307
REACTION
KINETICS
308
GUIDELINES
FOR
ACCURATE
PERFORMANCE
DETERMINATION
310
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
PERFORMANCE
312
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
PHOTOCATALYTIC
ACTIVITY
312
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
SPECTRAL
RESPONSE
314
STRATEGIES
TO
IMPROVE
THE
SELECTIVITY
317
SUMMARY
OF
MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENTS
319
STRATEGIES
TO
INCORPORATE
THE
CATALYSTS
INTO
BUILDING
MATERIALS
319
RESULTS
FROM
FIELD
TESTS
AND
SIMULATIONS
321
REFERENCES
323
14
PHOTOACTIVE
NANOMATERIALS:
APPLICATIONS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
AND
THEIR
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
331
JANG
S.
CHANG
AND
MENG
N.
CHONG
14.1
14.2
INTRODUCTION
331
PHOTOACTIVE
SEMICONDUCTOR
NANOMATERIALS
AND
THEIR
APPLICATIONS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
332
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.2.4
14.3
NANO-TIO
2
332
NANO-ZNO
334
NANO-FE
2
O
3
336
NANO-WO
3
337
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
BEHAVIOR
OF
PHOTOACTIVE
NANOMATERIALS
IN
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
338
14.3.1
PREVALENCE,
OCCURRENCE,
AND
ROUTES
OF
NANOMATERIALS
INTO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
338
14.3.2
14.3.2.1
14.3.2.2
14.3.2.3
14.3.2.4
14.3.2.5
14.4
FATE
AND
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESSES
OF
NANOMATERIALS
339
AGGREGATION
AND
AGGLOMERATION
339
PHOTOCHEMICAL
TRANSFORMATION
342
REDOX
REACTIONS
342
ADSORPTION
OF
MACROMOLECULES
343
BIOTRANSFORMATION
344
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
OF
NANOMATERIALS
TOWARD
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
PROCESSES
344
14.5
CONCLUSION
345
REFERENCES
346 |
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| author | Sargant, Elizabeth |
| author_facet | Sargant, Elizabeth |
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| doi_str_mv | 10.3920/978-90-8686-811-7 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:01:16Z |
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789086868117 9086868118 |
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| spelling | Sargant, Elizabeth Verfasser aut Sustainable food consumption Elizabeth Sargant Wageningen Wageningen Academic Publishers 2014 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Title from content provider Agricultural and food consumption practices are the most important contributors to ecosystem degradation and climate change. Consumers are called on to take responsibility for sustainable development; to consider the environment in their everyday life, to choose more sustainably produced goods and services. However, often consumers are not directly involved in food production and preparation. Today many of the meals we eat are prepared by someone other than ourselves. In addition, environmental and social issues of food production might be important to us but they have to be weighed up against a range of situational and personal considerations. Thus 'making a sustainable choice' can be far from straightforward. This book explores the question 'how sustainable food consumption can be encouraged' using social practices theory. This approach focuses not on the individual behavio Sustainable agriculture / fast / (OCoLC)fst01139712 Sustainable agriculture https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-811-7 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032434310&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sargant, Elizabeth Sustainable food consumption Sustainable agriculture / fast / (OCoLC)fst01139712 Sustainable agriculture |
| title | Sustainable food consumption |
| title_auth | Sustainable food consumption |
| title_exact_search | Sustainable food consumption |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sustainable food consumption |
| title_full | Sustainable food consumption Elizabeth Sargant |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable food consumption Elizabeth Sargant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable food consumption Elizabeth Sargant |
| title_short | Sustainable food consumption |
| title_sort | sustainable food consumption |
| topic | Sustainable agriculture / fast / (OCoLC)fst01139712 Sustainable agriculture |
| topic_facet | Sustainable agriculture / fast / (OCoLC)fst01139712 Sustainable agriculture |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-811-7 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032434310&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sargantelizabeth sustainablefoodconsumption |