Systems performance: enterprise and the cloud
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston
Addison-Wesley
[2021]
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Addison-Wesley professional computing series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxxvi, 886 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780136820154 0136820158 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Systems performance |b enterprise and the cloud |c Brendan Gregg |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston |b Addison-Wesley |c [2021] | |
| 300 | |a xxxvi, 886 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 653 | 0 | |a Operating systems (Computers) / Evaluation | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Application software / Evaluation | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Business enterprises / Data processing | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1810535166870814720 |
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| adam_text |
Contents Preface 1 xxix Acknowledgments xxxv About the Author xxxvii Introduction 1.1 1 1.2 Roles 1.3 Activities 1.4 Perspectives 1.5 2 Performance is Challenging 3 4 5 1.5.1 Subjectivity 5 1.5.2 Complexity 5 1.5.3 Multiple Causes 1.5.4 Multiple Performance Issues 1.6 Latency 1.7 Observability 1.7.1 Profiling Tracing 7 10 Experimentation 1.9 Cloud Computing 13 14 Methodologies 15 Linux Perf Analysis in 60 Seconds Case Studies 16 1.11.1 Slow Disks 1.11.2 Software Change 1.11.3 More Reading 1.12 References Methodologies 16 Terminology 2.2 Models 19 22 23 2.2.1 System Under Test 2.2.2 Queueing System Concepts 18 19 21 2.1 2.3 8 11 1.8 1.11 6 Counters, Statistics, and Metrics 1.7.3 1.10.1 6 6 1.7.2 1.10 2 1 Systems Performance 24 2.3.1 Latency 24 2.3.2 Time Scales 25 23 23 15
x Contents 2.3.3 Trade-Offs 2.6 Modeling 62 2.6.1 Enterprise vs. Cloud 26 2.3.4 Tuning Efforts 27 2.3.5 Level of Appropriateness 2.3.6 When to Stop Analysis 2.3.7 Point-in-Time Recommendations 2.3.8 Load vs. Architecture 2.3.9 Scalability 2.3.10 Metrics 30 32 33 2.3.12 Saturation 34 2.3.13 Profiling 35 2.3.14 Caching 35 62 2.6.3 Amdahl’s Law of Scalability 2.6.4 Universal Scalability Law 2.6.5 Queueing Theory 65 66 Capacity Planning 69 2.7.1 Resource Limits 2.7.2 Factor Analysis 70 2.7.3 Scaling Solutions 71 72 37 37 Resource Analysis 38 2.8.4 2.4.2 Workload Analysis 39 2.8.5 Multimodal Distributions 2.8.6 Outliers Methodology 40 2.5.1 Streetlight Anti-Method 2.5.2 Random Change Anti-Method 2.5.3 Blame-Someone-Else Anti-Method Ad Hoc Checklist Method 2.5.5 Problem Statement 44 Scientific Method 2.5.7 Diagnosis Cycle 42 43 43 44 Tools Method 46 2.5.9 The USE Method 47 2.5.10 The RED Method 2.5.11 Workload Characterization 2.5.12 Drill-Down Analysis 2.5.13 Latency Analysis 53 54 55 56 2.5.14 Method R 2.5.15 Event Tracing 57 2.5.16 Baseline Statistics 2.5.17 Static Performance Tuning 2.5.18 Cache Tuning 60 2.5.19 Micro-Benchmarking 2.5.20 Performance Mantras 3 57 59 Monitoring Products 2.9.3 Summary-Since-Boot 60 61 59 Visualizations 2.10.1 Line Chart 76 77 79 79 79 80 2.10.2 Scatter Plots 2.10.3 Heat Maps 2.10.4 Timeline Charts 2.10.5 Surface Plot 84 2.10.6 Visualization Tools 2.11 Exercises 2.12 References 86 81 82 83 85 85 Operating Systems 89 3.1 Terminology 90 3.2 91 Background 76 77 2.9.2 2.10 46 2.5.8 Coefficient of Variation 2.9 Monitoring 77 2.9.1 Time-Based Patterns
42 2.5.4 2.5.6 73 2.8.2 Averages 74 2.8.3 Standard Deviation, Percentiles, Median 2.4.1 2.5 64 2.8 Statistics 73 2.8.1 Quantifying Performance Gains Known-Unknowns Perspectives 29 31 Utilization 2.4 29 Visual Identification 2.7 2.3.11 2.3.15 28 62 2.6.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 Kernel 91 Kernel and User Modes 3.2.3 System Calls 94 93 75
xii Contents Contents 3.2.4 Interrupts 3.2.5 Clock and Idle 96 3.2.6 Processes 3.2.7 Stacks 4.2 99 99 102 3.2.8 Virtual Memory 3.2.9 Schedulers 104 105 4.2.2 Profiling 4.2.3 Tracing 4.2.4 Monitoring 4.3 135 136 137 Observability Sources 138 3.2.11 Caching 3.2.12 Networking 4.3.3 Delay Accounting 3.2.13 Device Drivers 109 4.3.4 netllnk 3.2.14 Multiprocessor 110 4.3.5 Tracepoints 3.2.15 Preemption 4.3.6 kprobes 151 3.2.16 Resource Management 4.3.7 uprobes 153 3.2.17 Observability 4.3.8 USDT 4.3.9 Hardware Counters (PMCs) 108 Unix 112 3.3.2 BSD 113 3.3.3 Solaris Linux 109 110 110 111 111 3.3.1 3.4 /proc 4.3.2 /sys 4.4 114 114 Linux Kernel Developments 3.4.2 systemd 3.4.3 KPTI (Meltdown) 3.4.4 Extended BPF Other Topics 4.3.1 4.3.10 3.4.1 115 120 121 121 122 3.5.1 PGO Kernels 3.5.2 Unikernels 3.5.3 Microkernels and Hybrid Kernels 122 3.5.4 Distributed Operating Systems sar 140 143 145 145 146 155 Other Observability Sources Kernel Comparisons 3.7 Exercises 3.8 References 124 124 125 Additional Reading 159 160 4.4.1 sar(l) Coverage 4.4.2 sar(l) Monitoring 161 161 4.4.3 sar(l) Live 4.4.4 sar(l) Documentation 165 4.5 Tracing Tools 4.6 Observing Observability 4.7 Exercises 4.8 References 127 123 123 5 Applications 5.1 165 166 167 168 168 171 Application Basics 172 5.1.1 Objectives 5.1.2 Optimize the Common Case 5.1.3 Observability 5.1.4 Big 0 Notation 5.2 173 175 Application Performance Techniques 129 5.2.1 Selecting an I/O Size 4.1 130 5.2.2 Caching 4.1.1 Static Performance Tools 4.1.2 Crisis Tools 131 130 174 174 Observability Tools Tool Coverage 156 123 3.6 3.8.1 4 133 File
Systems Kernels 106 133 Fixed Counters 3.2.10 3.3 3.5 Tool Types 4.2.1 176 176 176 5.2.3 Buffering 5.2.4 Polling 177 5.2.5 Concurrency and Parallelism 177 177 xiii
XIV Contents Contents 5.2.6 Non-Blocking I/O 5.2.7 Processor Binding 5.2.8 Performance Mantras 5.3 182 182 Compiled Languages 183 5.3.2 Interpreted Languages 5.3.3 Virtual Machines 5.3.4 5.4 Methodology 184 185 Garbage Collection 185 186 5.4.1 CPU Profiling 5.4.2 Off-CPU Analysis 187 5.4.3 Syscall Analysis 5.4.4 USE Method 189 192 193 5.4.5 Thread State Analysis 5.4.6 Lock Analysis 193 198 5.4.7 Static Performance Tuning 5.4.8 Distributed Tracing 5.5 Observability Tools 5.5.1 perf 5.5.2 profile offcputime 199 5.5.4 strace execsnoop 5.5.6 syscount bpftrace 207 208 209 213 5.6.1 Missing Symbols 5.6.2 Missing Stacks 5.7 Exercises 5.8 References CPUs 214 215 216 217 219 6.3.2 Instructions 6.3.3 Instruction Pipeline 6.3.4 Instruction Width 6.3.5 Instruction Size 6.3.6 SMT 6.3.7 IPC, CPI Terminology 6.2 Models 220 221 6.2.1 CPU Architecture 221 6.2.2 CPU Memory Caches 6.2.3 CPU Run Queues 222 221 223 223 224 224 224 225 225 6.3.8 Utilization 6.3.9 User Time/Kernel Time 226 6.3.10 Saturation 6.3.11 Preemption 226 226 227 6.3.12 Priority Inversion 6.3.13 Multiprocess, Multithreading 6.3.14 Word Size 6.3.15 Compiler Optimization 6.4 Architecture 227 227 229 229 229 6.4.1 Hardware 230 6.4.2 Software 241 Methodology 244 Tools Method 245 6.5.2 USE Method 6.5.3 Workload Characterization 6.5.4 Profiling 6.5.5 Cycle Analysis 245 246 247 251 6.5.6 Performance Monitoring 6.5.7 Static Performance Tuning 6.5.8 Priority Tuning 6.5.9 Resource Controls 253 CPU Binding 6.5.11 Micro-Benchmarking Observability Tools 6.6.1 uptime 255 6.6.2 vmstat 258 6.6.3 mpstat 259 6.6.4 sar 6.6.5 ps 260 260 251
252 6.5.10 6.6 6.1 223 Clock Rate 6.5.1 204 205 5.5.7 198 Concepts 6.3.1 6.5 203 5.5.5 Gotchas 199 200 5.5.3 5.6 6 181 Programming Languages 5.3.1 6.3 181 253 254 253 252 XV
xvi Contents Contents 6.6.6 top 6.6.7 261 7 pidstat 262 6.6.S time, ptime 7.1 263 6.6.10 showboost 265 6.6.11 pmcarch 265 6.6.12 tlbstat 266 perf 267 6.6.14 profile 277 6.6.15 cpudist 278 6.6.16 runqlat 279 6.6.17 runqlen 6.6.18 softirqs 281 6.6.19 hardirqs 282 6.6.20 bpftrace 282 280 6.7 Visualizations 288 Utilization Heat Map 288 6.7.2 6.7.3 Subsecond-Offset Heat Map Flame Graphs 289 6.7.4 FlameScope 289 Experimentation 6.8.1 Ad Hoc 293 6.8.2 SysBench 6.9 Tuning 294 294 6.9.1 Compiler Options 6.9.2 Scheduling Priority and Class 295 6.9.3 Scheduler Options 295 6.9.4 Scaling Governors 297 6.9.5 Power States 6.9.6 CPU Binding 6.9.7 Exclusive CPU Sets 6.9.8 Resource Controls 6.9.9 295 300 Demand Paging 7.2.4 Overcommit 7.2.5 Process Swapping 298 299 306 307 308 308 7.2.6 File System Cache Usage 309 7.2.7 Utilization and Saturation 309 7.2.8 Allocators 7.2.9 Shared Memory 310 309 7.2.10 Working Set Size 7.2.11 Word Size Architecture 310 310 311 Hardware 311 7.3.2 Software 315 7.3.3 Process Virtual Address Space Methodology 323 Tools Method 323 7.4.2 USE Method 7.4.3 Characterizing Usage 7.4.4 Cycle Analysis 7.4.5 Performance Monitoring 7.4.6 Leak Detection 7.4.7 Static Performance Tuning 7.4.8 Resource Controls 7.4.9 Micro-Benchmarking 328 7.5 297 298 Security Boot Options 298 References Paging 7.4.10 297 6.9.10 Processor Options (BIOS Tuning) 6.10 Exercises 299 6.11 7.2.2 7.4.1 293 305 7.2.3 7.4 292 305 Virtual Memory 7.3.1 6.7.1 6.8 Concepts 304 7.2.1 7.3 6.6.21 Other Tools 285 303 Terminology 7.2 6.6.9 turbostat 264 6.6.13 Memory 324 326 Observability Tools vmstat 329 7.5.2
PSI 7.5.3 swapon 7.5.4 sar 331 7.5.5 slabtop 7.5.6 numastat 7.5.7 ps 7.5.8 top 330 335 336 331 333 334 326 326 Memory Shrinking 7.5.1 325 328 328 328 327 319 xvii
xviii Contents 7.6 8 7.5.9 pmap 337 7.5.10 perf 338 7.5.11 drsnoop 7.5.12 wss 7.5.13 bpftrace 7.5.14 Other Tools Tuning 8.4 342 342 343 347 350 7.6.1 Tunable Parameters 350 7.6.2 Multiple Page Sizes 352 7.6.3 Allocators 7.6.4 NUMA Binding 7.6.5 Resource Controls 7.7 Exercises 7.8 References File Systems 353 353 355 359 Terminology 8.2 Models 360 361 File System Interfaces 8.2.2 File System Cache 8.2.3 Second-Level Cache Concepts VFS 8.4.3 File System Caches 8.4.4 File System Features 361 361 362 362 8.3.1 File System Latency 362 8.3.2 Caching 8.3.3 Random vs. Sequential I/O 8.3.4 Prefetch 8.3.5 Read-Ahead 8.3.6 Write-Back Caching 365 8.3.7 Synchronous Writes 366 8.3.8 Raw and Direct I/O 8.3.9 Non-Blocking 1/0 363 363 364 365 366 366 8.3.10 Memory-Mapped Files 367 8.3.11 Metadata 8.3.12 Logical vs. Physical I/O 8.3.13 Operations Are Not Equal 8.3.14 Special File Systems 8.3.15 Access Timestamps 8.3.16 Capacity 367 371 368 371 371 370 372 373 8.4.5 File System Types 8.4.6 Volumes and Pools Methodology 373 375 377 382 383 Disk Analysis 384 8.5.2 Latency Analysis 8.5.3 Workload Characterization 8.5.4 Performance Monitoring 8.5.5 Static Performance Tuning 384 386 388 8.5.6 Cache Tuning 8.5.7 Workload Separation 389 8.5.8 Micro-Benchmarking 390 8.6 8.2.1 8.3 File System I/O Stack 8.4.2 8.5.1 353 372 8.4.1 8.5 354 8.1 Architecture 389 Observability Tools 8.6.1 mount 8.6.2 free 8.6.3 top 8.6.4 vmstat 8.6.5 sar 8.6.6 slabtop 8.6.7 strace 8.6.8 fatrace 8.6.9 LatencyTOP 389 391 392 392 393 393 393 394 395 395 396 8.6.10 opensnoop 8.6.11 filetop 397 398 8.6.12 cachestat 8.6.13 ext4dlst
(xfs, zfs, btrfs, nfs) 8.6.14 ext4slower (xfs, zfs, btrfs, nfs) 8.6.15 bpftrace 8.6.17 Other Tools 8.6.18 Visualizations 8.7 399 402 Experimentation 8.7.1 Ad Hoc 409 410 411 411 8.7.2 Micro-Benchmark Tools 8.7.3 Cache Flushing 414 412 399 401
XX Contents 8.8 Tuning 8.8.1 8.8.2 ext4 8.8.3 ZFS 8.9 Resource Controls 9.5.10 419 9.6 420 423 Models 424 425 9.2.1 Simple Disk 9.2.2 Caching Disk 9.2.3 Controller Concepts 425 425 426 427 9.3.1 Measuring Time 427 9.3.2 Time Scales 9.3.3 Caching 9.3.4 Random vs. Sequential I/O 9.3.5 Read/Write Ratio 9.3.6 I/O Size 9.3.7 IOPS Are Not Equal 9.3.8 Non-Data-Transfer Disk Commands 9.3.9 Utilization 429 430 430 431 432 432 433 9.3.10 Saturation 9.3.11 I/O Wait 9.3.12 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous 9.3.13 Disk vs. Application I/O Architecture 434 434 434 435 435 9.6.1 ¡ostat 9.6.2 sar 463 9.6.3 PSI 464 9.6.4 pidstat 9.6.5 perf 9.6.6 biolatency 9.6.7 biosnoop 9.6.8 ¡otop, biotop 9.6.9 Disk Types 435 9.4.2 Interfaces 9.4.3 Storage Types 9.4.4 Operating System Disk I/O Stack 442 443 449 9.5.1 Tools Method 450 9.5.2 USE Method 9.5.3 Performance Monitoring 9.5.4 Workload Characterization 9.5.5 Latency Analysis 450 454 452 452 446 456 458 459 464 465 468 470 472 biostacks 474 9.6.10 biktrace 475 9.6.11 bpftrace 479 9.6.12 MegaCIi 484 9.6.13 smartctl 484 9.6.14 SCSI Logging 9.6.15 Other Tools 9.7 456 457 Observability Tools Visualizations 486 487 487 9.7.1 Line Graphs 9.7.2 Latency Scatter Plots 487 9.7.3 Latency Heat Maps 9.7.4 Offset Heat Maps 9.7.5 Utilization Heat Maps 9.8 9.4.1 Methodology 432 Scaling 455 456 Micro-Benchmarking 9.2 9.5 Cache Tuning 9.5.9 Terminology 9.4 Static Performance Tuning 9.5.7 9.5.8 9.1 9.3 9.5.6 416 References Disks 415 418 Exercises 8.10 9 414 Application Calls Experimentation 488 488 489 490 490 9.8.1 Ad Hoc 9.8.2 Custom Load Generators 490 491 9.8.3 Micro-
Benchmark Tools 491 9.8.4 Random Read Example 491 9.8.5 loping 9.8.6 fio 9.8.7 blkreplay 9.9 Tuning 9.9.1 492 493 493 493 Operating System Tunables 493
xxii Contents 9.9.2 Disk Device Tunables 494 9.9.3 Disk Controller Tunables 9.10 Exercises 495 9.11 10 References Network 10.6 494 496 499 10.1 Terminology 500 10.2 Models 501 10.2.1 Network Interface 10.2.2 Controller 501 501 10.2.3 Protocol Stack 10.3 Concepts 503 502 10.3.1 Networks and Routing 503 10.3.2 Protocols 10.3.3 Encapsulation 10.3.4 Packet Size 10.3.5 Latency 10.3.6 Buffering 10.3.7 Connection Backlog 10.3.8 Interface Negotiation 10.3.9 Congestion Avoidance 504 504 504 505 10.3.10 Utilization 10.3.11 Local Connections 10.4 Architecture 509 10.4.2 Hardware 515 10.4.3 Software 517 Methodology 508 508 509 509 Protocols 10.5 507 508 10.4.1 ss 534 10.6.2 ip 536 10.6.3 ifconfig 10.6.4 nstat 10.6.5 netstat 10.6.6 sar 10.6.7 nicstat 545 10.6.8 ethtool 546 10.6.9 tcplife 539 543 548 10.6.11 tcpretrans 10.6.12 bpftrace 550 10.6.13 tcpdump 558 10.6.14 Wireshark 10.6.15 Other Tools 549 549 560 Experimentation ping 10.7.2 traceroute 10.7.3 pathchar 10.7.4 iperf 564 10.7.5 netperf 565 10.7.6 tc 10.7.7 Other Tools Tuning 560 562 10.7.1 562 563 564 566 567 567 System-Wide 567 10.8.2 Socket Options 10.8.3 Configuration 10.9 Exercises 573 574 574 10.5.2 USE Method 10.5.3 Workload Characterization 10.5.4 Latency Analysis 10.5.5 Performance Monitoring 10.5.6 Packet Sniffing 530 11.1.1 Instance Types 10.5.7 TCP Analysis 531 11.1.2 Scalable Architecture 10.5.8 Static Performance Tuning 531 11.1.3 Capacity Planning 10.5.9 Resource Controls 11.1.4 Storage 11.1.5 Multitenancy 11.1.6 Orchestration (Kübemetes) 10.5.10 526 537 538 10.6.10 10.8.1 525 533 tcptop 10.8 524 10.5.1 Tools Method
10.6.1 10.7 507 Observability Tools 527 528 11 529 532 Micro-Benchmarking 10.10 533 References Cloud Computing 11.1 Background 575 579 580 581 581 582 584 585 586
xxiv Contents 11.2 Contents Hardware Virtualization 587 11.2.1 11.2.2 Implementation 588 Overhead 589 11.2.3 Resource Controls 11.2.4 Observability 597 11.3 OS Virtualization Implementation 11.3.2 Overhead 11.3.3 Resource Controls 11.3.4 Observability 617 610 Implementation 613 Overhead Resource Controls 11.4.4 Observability 632 11.6 Comparisons 11.7 Exercises 11.8 References 630 12.4 Benchmark Questions 12.5 Exercises 12.6 References perf 671 13.1 Subcommands Overview 13.2 One-Liners 674 13.3 perf Events 679 632 632 Benchmarking 12.1 634 637 641 642 12.1.1 Reasons 12.1.2 Effective Benchmarking 12.1.3 Benchmarking Failures 12.2 642 643 645 Benchmarking Types 651 12.2.1 Micro-Benchmarking 12.2.2 Simulation 12.2.3 Replay 654 12.2.4 Industry Standards 12.3 672 Software Events 13.6 Tracepoint Events 682 683 684 13.7 Probe Events 685 13.7.1 kprobes 685 634 636 Background 669 13.5 13.7.2 uprobes 13.7.3 USDT 13.8 12 667 668 13.4 Hardware Events 681 13.4.1 Frequency Sampling 631 11.4.2 Other Types 664 607 11.4.3 11.5 595 Lightweight Virtualization 11.4.1 Sanity Check 12.3.9 Statistical Analysis 665 12.3.10 Benchmarking Checklist 605 11.3.1 11.4 12.3.8 653 654 12.3.1 Passive Benchmarking 12.3.2 Active Benchmarking 12.3.3 CPU Profiling 660 12.3.4 USE Method 661 12.3.5 Workload Characterization 12.3.6 Custom Benchmarks 12.3.7 Ramping Load 662 13.8.1 Options Interval Statistics 13.8.3 Per-CPU Balance 13.8.4 Event Filters 13.8.5 Shadow Statistics 656 657 662 693 693 693 694 694 Options 13.9.2 CPU Profiling 695 13.9.3 Stack Walking 695 696 perf report 696 13.10.1 TUI 13.10.2 STDIO 13.11
662 perf record 692 13.9.1 13.10 Methodology 656 690 691 13.8.2 13.9 651 perf stat 687 perf script 697 697 698 13.11.1 Flame Graphs 700 13.11.2 Trace Scripts 700 13.12 perf trace 13.12.1 13.13 701 Kernel Versions Other Commands 702 702 xxv
xxvi Contents 14 13.14 perf Documentation 13.15 References Ftrace 703 14.11 trace-cmd 734 14.11.1 Subcommands Overview 703 705 14.1 Capabilities Overview 14.2 tracefs (/sys) 14.2.1 706 708 tracefs Contents 709 trace-cmd One-Liners 736 14.11.3 trace-cmd vs. perf(l) 738 14.11.4 trace-cmd function_graph KernelShark 14.11.6 trace-cmd Documentation Ftrace Function Profiler 711 14.12 perf ftrace 14.4 Ftrace Function Tracing 713 14.13 perf-tools Using trace 14.4.2 Using trace_pipe 14.4.3 Options 14.5 Tracepoints 14.5.1 Filter 14.5.2 Trigger 14.6 kprobes 713 715 716 717 717 718 719 14.6.1 Event Tracing 14.6.2 Arguments 14.6.3 Return Values 14.6.4 Filters and Triggers 14.6.5 kprobe Profiling 14.7 uprobes 14.7.1 719 720 721 722 Arguments and Return Values 14.7.3 Filters and Triggers 14.7.4 uprobe Profiling Graph Tracing 14.8.2 Options 725 Ftrace hwlat 726 14.10 724 724 Single Keys 14.10.2 Fields 727 727 728 14.10.3 Modifiers 14.10.4 PID Filters 741 Tool Coverage 14.13.2 Single-Purpose Tools 14.13.3 Multi-Purpose Tools 14.13.4 perf-tools One-Liners 14.13.5 Example 14.13.6 perf-tools vs. BCC/BPF 14.13.7 Documentation 742 743 744 745 747 747 748 14.14 Ftrace Documentation 14.15 References 723 BPF 751 15.1 BCC 748 749 729 729 14.10.5 Multiple Keys 14.10.6 Stack Trace Keys 730 14.10.7 Synthetic Events 730 731 753 15.1.1 Installation 15.1.2 Tool Coverage 15.1.3 Single-Purpose Tools 15.1.4 Multi-Purpose Tools 15.1.5 One-Liners 754 754 Multi-Tool Example 15.1.7 BCC vs. bpftrace 15.1.8 Documentation 757 759 760 760 761 15.2.1 Installation 15.2.2 Tools 15.2.3 One-Liners 15.2.4 Programming
15.2.5 Reference 15.2.6 Documentation 15.3 755 757 15.1.6 bpftrace 740 741 14.13.1 15.2 Ftrace Hist Triggers 14.10.1 723 723 Ftrace function_graph 14.8.1 14.9 15 722 14.7.2 14.8 739 721 722 Event Tracing 739 14.11.5 14.3 14.4.1 734 14.11.2 References 762 762 763 766 774 782 781
xxviii Contents 16 Case Study 16.1 783 An Unexplained Win 783 16.1.1 Problem Statement 16.1.2 Analysis Strategy 16.1.3 Statistics 16.1.4 Configuration 783 784 784 786 16.1.5 PMCs 16.1.6 Software Events 788 16.1.7 Tracing 16.1.8 Conclusion 789 790 792 16.2 Additional Information 16.3 References 792 793 A USE Method: Linux В sar Summary C bpftrace One-Liners D Solutions to Selected Exercises E Systems Performance Who’s Who Glossary Index 815 825 795 801 803 809 811 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface 1 xxix Acknowledgments xxxv About the Author xxxvii Introduction 1.1 1 1.2 Roles 1.3 Activities 1.4 Perspectives 1.5 2 Performance is Challenging 3 4 5 1.5.1 Subjectivity 5 1.5.2 Complexity 5 1.5.3 Multiple Causes 1.5.4 Multiple Performance Issues 1.6 Latency 1.7 Observability 1.7.1 Profiling Tracing 7 10 Experimentation 1.9 Cloud Computing 13 14 Methodologies 15 Linux Perf Analysis in 60 Seconds Case Studies 16 1.11.1 Slow Disks 1.11.2 Software Change 1.11.3 More Reading 1.12 References Methodologies 16 Terminology 2.2 Models 19 22 23 2.2.1 System Under Test 2.2.2 Queueing System Concepts 18 19 21 2.1 2.3 8 11 1.8 1.11 6 Counters, Statistics, and Metrics 1.7.3 1.10.1 6 6 1.7.2 1.10 2 1 Systems Performance 24 2.3.1 Latency 24 2.3.2 Time Scales 25 23 23 15
x Contents 2.3.3 Trade-Offs 2.6 Modeling 62 2.6.1 Enterprise vs. Cloud 26 2.3.4 Tuning Efforts 27 2.3.5 Level of Appropriateness 2.3.6 When to Stop Analysis 2.3.7 Point-in-Time Recommendations 2.3.8 Load vs. Architecture 2.3.9 Scalability 2.3.10 Metrics 30 32 33 2.3.12 Saturation 34 2.3.13 Profiling 35 2.3.14 Caching 35 62 2.6.3 Amdahl’s Law of Scalability 2.6.4 Universal Scalability Law 2.6.5 Queueing Theory 65 66 Capacity Planning 69 2.7.1 Resource Limits 2.7.2 Factor Analysis 70 2.7.3 Scaling Solutions 71 72 37 37 Resource Analysis 38 2.8.4 2.4.2 Workload Analysis 39 2.8.5 Multimodal Distributions 2.8.6 Outliers Methodology 40 2.5.1 Streetlight Anti-Method 2.5.2 Random Change Anti-Method 2.5.3 Blame-Someone-Else Anti-Method Ad Hoc Checklist Method 2.5.5 Problem Statement 44 Scientific Method 2.5.7 Diagnosis Cycle 42 43 43 44 Tools Method 46 2.5.9 The USE Method 47 2.5.10 The RED Method 2.5.11 Workload Characterization 2.5.12 Drill-Down Analysis 2.5.13 Latency Analysis 53 54 55 56 2.5.14 Method R 2.5.15 Event Tracing 57 2.5.16 Baseline Statistics 2.5.17 Static Performance Tuning 2.5.18 Cache Tuning 60 2.5.19 Micro-Benchmarking 2.5.20 Performance Mantras 3 57 59 Monitoring Products 2.9.3 Summary-Since-Boot 60 61 59 Visualizations 2.10.1 Line Chart 76 77 79 79 79 80 2.10.2 Scatter Plots 2.10.3 Heat Maps 2.10.4 Timeline Charts 2.10.5 Surface Plot 84 2.10.6 Visualization Tools 2.11 Exercises 2.12 References 86 81 82 83 85 85 Operating Systems 89 3.1 Terminology 90 3.2 91 Background 76 77 2.9.2 2.10 46 2.5.8 Coefficient of Variation 2.9 Monitoring 77 2.9.1 Time-Based Patterns
42 2.5.4 2.5.6 73 2.8.2 Averages 74 2.8.3 Standard Deviation, Percentiles, Median 2.4.1 2.5 64 2.8 Statistics 73 2.8.1 Quantifying Performance Gains Known-Unknowns Perspectives 29 31 Utilization 2.4 29 Visual Identification 2.7 2.3.11 2.3.15 28 62 2.6.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 Kernel 91 Kernel and User Modes 3.2.3 System Calls 94 93 75
xii Contents Contents 3.2.4 Interrupts 3.2.5 Clock and Idle 96 3.2.6 Processes 3.2.7 Stacks 4.2 99 99 102 3.2.8 Virtual Memory 3.2.9 Schedulers 104 105 4.2.2 Profiling 4.2.3 Tracing 4.2.4 Monitoring 4.3 135 136 137 Observability Sources 138 3.2.11 Caching 3.2.12 Networking 4.3.3 Delay Accounting 3.2.13 Device Drivers 109 4.3.4 netllnk 3.2.14 Multiprocessor 110 4.3.5 Tracepoints 3.2.15 Preemption 4.3.6 kprobes 151 3.2.16 Resource Management 4.3.7 uprobes 153 3.2.17 Observability 4.3.8 USDT 4.3.9 Hardware Counters (PMCs) 108 Unix 112 3.3.2 BSD 113 3.3.3 Solaris Linux 109 110 110 111 111 3.3.1 3.4 /proc 4.3.2 /sys 4.4 114 114 Linux Kernel Developments 3.4.2 systemd 3.4.3 KPTI (Meltdown) 3.4.4 Extended BPF Other Topics 4.3.1 4.3.10 3.4.1 115 120 121 121 122 3.5.1 PGO Kernels 3.5.2 Unikernels 3.5.3 Microkernels and Hybrid Kernels 122 3.5.4 Distributed Operating Systems sar 140 143 145 145 146 155 Other Observability Sources Kernel Comparisons 3.7 Exercises 3.8 References 124 124 125 Additional Reading 159 160 4.4.1 sar(l) Coverage 4.4.2 sar(l) Monitoring 161 161 4.4.3 sar(l) Live 4.4.4 sar(l) Documentation 165 4.5 Tracing Tools 4.6 Observing Observability 4.7 Exercises 4.8 References 127 123 123 5 Applications 5.1 165 166 167 168 168 171 Application Basics 172 5.1.1 Objectives 5.1.2 Optimize the Common Case 5.1.3 Observability 5.1.4 Big 0 Notation 5.2 173 175 Application Performance Techniques 129 5.2.1 Selecting an I/O Size 4.1 130 5.2.2 Caching 4.1.1 Static Performance Tools 4.1.2 Crisis Tools 131 130 174 174 Observability Tools Tool Coverage 156 123 3.6 3.8.1 4 133 File
Systems Kernels 106 133 Fixed Counters 3.2.10 3.3 3.5 Tool Types 4.2.1 176 176 176 5.2.3 Buffering 5.2.4 Polling 177 5.2.5 Concurrency and Parallelism 177 177 xiii
XIV Contents Contents 5.2.6 Non-Blocking I/O 5.2.7 Processor Binding 5.2.8 Performance Mantras 5.3 182 182 Compiled Languages 183 5.3.2 Interpreted Languages 5.3.3 Virtual Machines 5.3.4 5.4 Methodology 184 185 Garbage Collection 185 186 5.4.1 CPU Profiling 5.4.2 Off-CPU Analysis 187 5.4.3 Syscall Analysis 5.4.4 USE Method 189 192 193 5.4.5 Thread State Analysis 5.4.6 Lock Analysis 193 198 5.4.7 Static Performance Tuning 5.4.8 Distributed Tracing 5.5 Observability Tools 5.5.1 perf 5.5.2 profile offcputime 199 5.5.4 strace execsnoop 5.5.6 syscount bpftrace 207 208 209 213 5.6.1 Missing Symbols 5.6.2 Missing Stacks 5.7 Exercises 5.8 References CPUs 214 215 216 217 219 6.3.2 Instructions 6.3.3 Instruction Pipeline 6.3.4 Instruction Width 6.3.5 Instruction Size 6.3.6 SMT 6.3.7 IPC, CPI Terminology 6.2 Models 220 221 6.2.1 CPU Architecture 221 6.2.2 CPU Memory Caches 6.2.3 CPU Run Queues 222 221 223 223 224 224 224 225 225 6.3.8 Utilization 6.3.9 User Time/Kernel Time 226 6.3.10 Saturation 6.3.11 Preemption 226 226 227 6.3.12 Priority Inversion 6.3.13 Multiprocess, Multithreading 6.3.14 Word Size 6.3.15 Compiler Optimization 6.4 Architecture 227 227 229 229 229 6.4.1 Hardware 230 6.4.2 Software 241 Methodology 244 Tools Method 245 6.5.2 USE Method 6.5.3 Workload Characterization 6.5.4 Profiling 6.5.5 Cycle Analysis 245 246 247 251 6.5.6 Performance Monitoring 6.5.7 Static Performance Tuning 6.5.8 Priority Tuning 6.5.9 Resource Controls 253 CPU Binding 6.5.11 Micro-Benchmarking Observability Tools 6.6.1 uptime 255 6.6.2 vmstat 258 6.6.3 mpstat 259 6.6.4 sar 6.6.5 ps 260 260 251
252 6.5.10 6.6 6.1 223 Clock Rate 6.5.1 204 205 5.5.7 198 Concepts 6.3.1 6.5 203 5.5.5 Gotchas 199 200 5.5.3 5.6 6 181 Programming Languages 5.3.1 6.3 181 253 254 253 252 XV
xvi Contents Contents 6.6.6 top 6.6.7 261 7 pidstat 262 6.6.S time, ptime 7.1 263 6.6.10 showboost 265 6.6.11 pmcarch 265 6.6.12 tlbstat 266 perf 267 6.6.14 profile 277 6.6.15 cpudist 278 6.6.16 runqlat 279 6.6.17 runqlen 6.6.18 softirqs 281 6.6.19 hardirqs 282 6.6.20 bpftrace 282 280 6.7 Visualizations 288 Utilization Heat Map 288 6.7.2 6.7.3 Subsecond-Offset Heat Map Flame Graphs 289 6.7.4 FlameScope 289 Experimentation 6.8.1 Ad Hoc 293 6.8.2 SysBench 6.9 Tuning 294 294 6.9.1 Compiler Options 6.9.2 Scheduling Priority and Class 295 6.9.3 Scheduler Options 295 6.9.4 Scaling Governors 297 6.9.5 Power States 6.9.6 CPU Binding 6.9.7 Exclusive CPU Sets 6.9.8 Resource Controls 6.9.9 295 300 Demand Paging 7.2.4 Overcommit 7.2.5 Process Swapping 298 299 306 307 308 308 7.2.6 File System Cache Usage 309 7.2.7 Utilization and Saturation 309 7.2.8 Allocators 7.2.9 Shared Memory 310 309 7.2.10 Working Set Size 7.2.11 Word Size Architecture 310 310 311 Hardware 311 7.3.2 Software 315 7.3.3 Process Virtual Address Space Methodology 323 Tools Method 323 7.4.2 USE Method 7.4.3 Characterizing Usage 7.4.4 Cycle Analysis 7.4.5 Performance Monitoring 7.4.6 Leak Detection 7.4.7 Static Performance Tuning 7.4.8 Resource Controls 7.4.9 Micro-Benchmarking 328 7.5 297 298 Security Boot Options 298 References Paging 7.4.10 297 6.9.10 Processor Options (BIOS Tuning) 6.10 Exercises 299 6.11 7.2.2 7.4.1 293 305 7.2.3 7.4 292 305 Virtual Memory 7.3.1 6.7.1 6.8 Concepts 304 7.2.1 7.3 6.6.21 Other Tools 285 303 Terminology 7.2 6.6.9 turbostat 264 6.6.13 Memory 324 326 Observability Tools vmstat 329 7.5.2
PSI 7.5.3 swapon 7.5.4 sar 331 7.5.5 slabtop 7.5.6 numastat 7.5.7 ps 7.5.8 top 330 335 336 331 333 334 326 326 Memory Shrinking 7.5.1 325 328 328 328 327 319 xvii
xviii Contents 7.6 8 7.5.9 pmap 337 7.5.10 perf 338 7.5.11 drsnoop 7.5.12 wss 7.5.13 bpftrace 7.5.14 Other Tools Tuning 8.4 342 342 343 347 350 7.6.1 Tunable Parameters 350 7.6.2 Multiple Page Sizes 352 7.6.3 Allocators 7.6.4 NUMA Binding 7.6.5 Resource Controls 7.7 Exercises 7.8 References File Systems 353 353 355 359 Terminology 8.2 Models 360 361 File System Interfaces 8.2.2 File System Cache 8.2.3 Second-Level Cache Concepts VFS 8.4.3 File System Caches 8.4.4 File System Features 361 361 362 362 8.3.1 File System Latency 362 8.3.2 Caching 8.3.3 Random vs. Sequential I/O 8.3.4 Prefetch 8.3.5 Read-Ahead 8.3.6 Write-Back Caching 365 8.3.7 Synchronous Writes 366 8.3.8 Raw and Direct I/O 8.3.9 Non-Blocking 1/0 363 363 364 365 366 366 8.3.10 Memory-Mapped Files 367 8.3.11 Metadata 8.3.12 Logical vs. Physical I/O 8.3.13 Operations Are Not Equal 8.3.14 Special File Systems 8.3.15 Access Timestamps 8.3.16 Capacity 367 371 368 371 371 370 372 373 8.4.5 File System Types 8.4.6 Volumes and Pools Methodology 373 375 377 382 383 Disk Analysis 384 8.5.2 Latency Analysis 8.5.3 Workload Characterization 8.5.4 Performance Monitoring 8.5.5 Static Performance Tuning 384 386 388 8.5.6 Cache Tuning 8.5.7 Workload Separation 389 8.5.8 Micro-Benchmarking 390 8.6 8.2.1 8.3 File System I/O Stack 8.4.2 8.5.1 353 372 8.4.1 8.5 354 8.1 Architecture 389 Observability Tools 8.6.1 mount 8.6.2 free 8.6.3 top 8.6.4 vmstat 8.6.5 sar 8.6.6 slabtop 8.6.7 strace 8.6.8 fatrace 8.6.9 LatencyTOP 389 391 392 392 393 393 393 394 395 395 396 8.6.10 opensnoop 8.6.11 filetop 397 398 8.6.12 cachestat 8.6.13 ext4dlst
(xfs, zfs, btrfs, nfs) 8.6.14 ext4slower (xfs, zfs, btrfs, nfs) 8.6.15 bpftrace 8.6.17 Other Tools 8.6.18 Visualizations 8.7 399 402 Experimentation 8.7.1 Ad Hoc 409 410 411 411 8.7.2 Micro-Benchmark Tools 8.7.3 Cache Flushing 414 412 399 401
XX Contents 8.8 Tuning 8.8.1 8.8.2 ext4 8.8.3 ZFS 8.9 Resource Controls 9.5.10 419 9.6 420 423 Models 424 425 9.2.1 Simple Disk 9.2.2 Caching Disk 9.2.3 Controller Concepts 425 425 426 427 9.3.1 Measuring Time 427 9.3.2 Time Scales 9.3.3 Caching 9.3.4 Random vs. Sequential I/O 9.3.5 Read/Write Ratio 9.3.6 I/O Size 9.3.7 IOPS Are Not Equal 9.3.8 Non-Data-Transfer Disk Commands 9.3.9 Utilization 429 430 430 431 432 432 433 9.3.10 Saturation 9.3.11 I/O Wait 9.3.12 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous 9.3.13 Disk vs. Application I/O Architecture 434 434 434 435 435 9.6.1 ¡ostat 9.6.2 sar 463 9.6.3 PSI 464 9.6.4 pidstat 9.6.5 perf 9.6.6 biolatency 9.6.7 biosnoop 9.6.8 ¡otop, biotop 9.6.9 Disk Types 435 9.4.2 Interfaces 9.4.3 Storage Types 9.4.4 Operating System Disk I/O Stack 442 443 449 9.5.1 Tools Method 450 9.5.2 USE Method 9.5.3 Performance Monitoring 9.5.4 Workload Characterization 9.5.5 Latency Analysis 450 454 452 452 446 456 458 459 464 465 468 470 472 biostacks 474 9.6.10 biktrace 475 9.6.11 bpftrace 479 9.6.12 MegaCIi 484 9.6.13 smartctl 484 9.6.14 SCSI Logging 9.6.15 Other Tools 9.7 456 457 Observability Tools Visualizations 486 487 487 9.7.1 Line Graphs 9.7.2 Latency Scatter Plots 487 9.7.3 Latency Heat Maps 9.7.4 Offset Heat Maps 9.7.5 Utilization Heat Maps 9.8 9.4.1 Methodology 432 Scaling 455 456 Micro-Benchmarking 9.2 9.5 Cache Tuning 9.5.9 Terminology 9.4 Static Performance Tuning 9.5.7 9.5.8 9.1 9.3 9.5.6 416 References Disks 415 418 Exercises 8.10 9 414 Application Calls Experimentation 488 488 489 490 490 9.8.1 Ad Hoc 9.8.2 Custom Load Generators 490 491 9.8.3 Micro-
Benchmark Tools 491 9.8.4 Random Read Example 491 9.8.5 loping 9.8.6 fio 9.8.7 blkreplay 9.9 Tuning 9.9.1 492 493 493 493 Operating System Tunables 493
xxii Contents 9.9.2 Disk Device Tunables 494 9.9.3 Disk Controller Tunables 9.10 Exercises 495 9.11 10 References Network 10.6 494 496 499 10.1 Terminology 500 10.2 Models 501 10.2.1 Network Interface 10.2.2 Controller 501 501 10.2.3 Protocol Stack 10.3 Concepts 503 502 10.3.1 Networks and Routing 503 10.3.2 Protocols 10.3.3 Encapsulation 10.3.4 Packet Size 10.3.5 Latency 10.3.6 Buffering 10.3.7 Connection Backlog 10.3.8 Interface Negotiation 10.3.9 Congestion Avoidance 504 504 504 505 10.3.10 Utilization 10.3.11 Local Connections 10.4 Architecture 509 10.4.2 Hardware 515 10.4.3 Software 517 Methodology 508 508 509 509 Protocols 10.5 507 508 10.4.1 ss 534 10.6.2 ip 536 10.6.3 ifconfig 10.6.4 nstat 10.6.5 netstat 10.6.6 sar 10.6.7 nicstat 545 10.6.8 ethtool 546 10.6.9 tcplife 539 543 548 10.6.11 tcpretrans 10.6.12 bpftrace 550 10.6.13 tcpdump 558 10.6.14 Wireshark 10.6.15 Other Tools 549 549 560 Experimentation ping 10.7.2 traceroute 10.7.3 pathchar 10.7.4 iperf 564 10.7.5 netperf 565 10.7.6 tc 10.7.7 Other Tools Tuning 560 562 10.7.1 562 563 564 566 567 567 System-Wide 567 10.8.2 Socket Options 10.8.3 Configuration 10.9 Exercises 573 574 574 10.5.2 USE Method 10.5.3 Workload Characterization 10.5.4 Latency Analysis 10.5.5 Performance Monitoring 10.5.6 Packet Sniffing 530 11.1.1 Instance Types 10.5.7 TCP Analysis 531 11.1.2 Scalable Architecture 10.5.8 Static Performance Tuning 531 11.1.3 Capacity Planning 10.5.9 Resource Controls 11.1.4 Storage 11.1.5 Multitenancy 11.1.6 Orchestration (Kübemetes) 10.5.10 526 537 538 10.6.10 10.8.1 525 533 tcptop 10.8 524 10.5.1 Tools Method
10.6.1 10.7 507 Observability Tools 527 528 11 529 532 Micro-Benchmarking 10.10 533 References Cloud Computing 11.1 Background 575 579 580 581 581 582 584 585 586
xxiv Contents 11.2 Contents Hardware Virtualization 587 11.2.1 11.2.2 Implementation 588 Overhead 589 11.2.3 Resource Controls 11.2.4 Observability 597 11.3 OS Virtualization Implementation 11.3.2 Overhead 11.3.3 Resource Controls 11.3.4 Observability 617 610 Implementation 613 Overhead Resource Controls 11.4.4 Observability 632 11.6 Comparisons 11.7 Exercises 11.8 References 630 12.4 Benchmark Questions 12.5 Exercises 12.6 References perf 671 13.1 Subcommands Overview 13.2 One-Liners 674 13.3 perf Events 679 632 632 Benchmarking 12.1 634 637 641 642 12.1.1 Reasons 12.1.2 Effective Benchmarking 12.1.3 Benchmarking Failures 12.2 642 643 645 Benchmarking Types 651 12.2.1 Micro-Benchmarking 12.2.2 Simulation 12.2.3 Replay 654 12.2.4 Industry Standards 12.3 672 Software Events 13.6 Tracepoint Events 682 683 684 13.7 Probe Events 685 13.7.1 kprobes 685 634 636 Background 669 13.5 13.7.2 uprobes 13.7.3 USDT 13.8 12 667 668 13.4 Hardware Events 681 13.4.1 Frequency Sampling 631 11.4.2 Other Types 664 607 11.4.3 11.5 595 Lightweight Virtualization 11.4.1 Sanity Check 12.3.9 Statistical Analysis 665 12.3.10 Benchmarking Checklist 605 11.3.1 11.4 12.3.8 653 654 12.3.1 Passive Benchmarking 12.3.2 Active Benchmarking 12.3.3 CPU Profiling 660 12.3.4 USE Method 661 12.3.5 Workload Characterization 12.3.6 Custom Benchmarks 12.3.7 Ramping Load 662 13.8.1 Options Interval Statistics 13.8.3 Per-CPU Balance 13.8.4 Event Filters 13.8.5 Shadow Statistics 656 657 662 693 693 693 694 694 Options 13.9.2 CPU Profiling 695 13.9.3 Stack Walking 695 696 perf report 696 13.10.1 TUI 13.10.2 STDIO 13.11
662 perf record 692 13.9.1 13.10 Methodology 656 690 691 13.8.2 13.9 651 perf stat 687 perf script 697 697 698 13.11.1 Flame Graphs 700 13.11.2 Trace Scripts 700 13.12 perf trace 13.12.1 13.13 701 Kernel Versions Other Commands 702 702 xxv
xxvi Contents 14 13.14 perf Documentation 13.15 References Ftrace 703 14.11 trace-cmd 734 14.11.1 Subcommands Overview 703 705 14.1 Capabilities Overview 14.2 tracefs (/sys) 14.2.1 706 708 tracefs Contents 709 trace-cmd One-Liners 736 14.11.3 trace-cmd vs. perf(l) 738 14.11.4 trace-cmd function_graph KernelShark 14.11.6 trace-cmd Documentation Ftrace Function Profiler 711 14.12 perf ftrace 14.4 Ftrace Function Tracing 713 14.13 perf-tools Using trace 14.4.2 Using trace_pipe 14.4.3 Options 14.5 Tracepoints 14.5.1 Filter 14.5.2 Trigger 14.6 kprobes 713 715 716 717 717 718 719 14.6.1 Event Tracing 14.6.2 Arguments 14.6.3 Return Values 14.6.4 Filters and Triggers 14.6.5 kprobe Profiling 14.7 uprobes 14.7.1 719 720 721 722 Arguments and Return Values 14.7.3 Filters and Triggers 14.7.4 uprobe Profiling Graph Tracing 14.8.2 Options 725 Ftrace hwlat 726 14.10 724 724 Single Keys 14.10.2 Fields 727 727 728 14.10.3 Modifiers 14.10.4 PID Filters 741 Tool Coverage 14.13.2 Single-Purpose Tools 14.13.3 Multi-Purpose Tools 14.13.4 perf-tools One-Liners 14.13.5 Example 14.13.6 perf-tools vs. BCC/BPF 14.13.7 Documentation 742 743 744 745 747 747 748 14.14 Ftrace Documentation 14.15 References 723 BPF 751 15.1 BCC 748 749 729 729 14.10.5 Multiple Keys 14.10.6 Stack Trace Keys 730 14.10.7 Synthetic Events 730 731 753 15.1.1 Installation 15.1.2 Tool Coverage 15.1.3 Single-Purpose Tools 15.1.4 Multi-Purpose Tools 15.1.5 One-Liners 754 754 Multi-Tool Example 15.1.7 BCC vs. bpftrace 15.1.8 Documentation 757 759 760 760 761 15.2.1 Installation 15.2.2 Tools 15.2.3 One-Liners 15.2.4 Programming
15.2.5 Reference 15.2.6 Documentation 15.3 755 757 15.1.6 bpftrace 740 741 14.13.1 15.2 Ftrace Hist Triggers 14.10.1 723 723 Ftrace function_graph 14.8.1 14.9 15 722 14.7.2 14.8 739 721 722 Event Tracing 739 14.11.5 14.3 14.4.1 734 14.11.2 References 762 762 763 766 774 782 781
xxviii Contents 16 Case Study 16.1 783 An Unexplained Win 783 16.1.1 Problem Statement 16.1.2 Analysis Strategy 16.1.3 Statistics 16.1.4 Configuration 783 784 784 786 16.1.5 PMCs 16.1.6 Software Events 788 16.1.7 Tracing 16.1.8 Conclusion 789 790 792 16.2 Additional Information 16.3 References 792 793 A USE Method: Linux В sar Summary C bpftrace One-Liners D Solutions to Selected Exercises E Systems Performance Who’s Who Glossary Index 815 825 795 801 803 809 811 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Gregg, Brendan |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1096350785 |
| author_facet | Gregg, Brendan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gregg, Brendan |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047021795 |
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| classification_tum | DAT 420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1241671200 (DE-599)BVBBV047021795 |
| discipline | Informatik |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047021795 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:59:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-18T12:01:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780136820154 0136820158 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032429252 |
| oclc_num | 1241671200 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-739 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-739 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xxxvi, 886 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Addison-Wesley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Addison-Wesley professional computing series |
| spelling | Gregg, Brendan Verfasser (DE-588)1096350785 aut Systems performance enterprise and the cloud Brendan Gregg Second edition Boston Addison-Wesley [2021] xxxvi, 886 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Addison-Wesley professional computing series Datenverarbeitungssystem (DE-588)4125229-9 gnd rswk-swf Großbetrieb (DE-588)4022149-0 gnd rswk-swf Effizienz (DE-588)4013585-8 gnd rswk-swf Cloud Computing (DE-588)7623494-0 gnd rswk-swf Operating systems (Computers) / Evaluation Application software / Evaluation Business enterprises / Data processing Cloud computing Großbetrieb (DE-588)4022149-0 s Datenverarbeitungssystem (DE-588)4125229-9 s Cloud Computing (DE-588)7623494-0 s Effizienz (DE-588)4013585-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032429252&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gregg, Brendan Systems performance enterprise and the cloud Datenverarbeitungssystem (DE-588)4125229-9 gnd Großbetrieb (DE-588)4022149-0 gnd Effizienz (DE-588)4013585-8 gnd Cloud Computing (DE-588)7623494-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125229-9 (DE-588)4022149-0 (DE-588)4013585-8 (DE-588)7623494-0 |
| title | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud |
| title_auth | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud |
| title_exact_search | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud |
| title_full | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud Brendan Gregg |
| title_fullStr | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud Brendan Gregg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Systems performance enterprise and the cloud Brendan Gregg |
| title_short | Systems performance |
| title_sort | systems performance enterprise and the cloud |
| title_sub | enterprise and the cloud |
| topic | Datenverarbeitungssystem (DE-588)4125229-9 gnd Großbetrieb (DE-588)4022149-0 gnd Effizienz (DE-588)4013585-8 gnd Cloud Computing (DE-588)7623494-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Datenverarbeitungssystem Großbetrieb Effizienz Cloud Computing |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032429252&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT greggbrendan systemsperformanceenterpriseandthecloud |