White coats in the ghetto: Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust
White Coats in the Ghetto narrates the struggle of the Jews to survive in the Warsaw ghetto while also preserving their humanity during the Holocaust. Based on a vast quantity of official and personal documents, it describes the elaborate medical system that the Jews established in the ghetto to cop...
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Jerusalem
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[2020]
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| Zusammenfassung: | White Coats in the Ghetto narrates the struggle of the Jews to survive in the Warsaw ghetto while also preserving their humanity during the Holocaust. Based on a vast quantity of official and personal documents, it describes the elaborate medical system that the Jews established in the ghetto to cope with the lethal conditions imposed on them by the Nazis, and the tragic ethical dilemmas that the medical teams confronted under German occupation. -- Publisher description |
| Beschreibung: | First published in Hebrew by Yad Vashem, 2016 |
| Beschreibung: | 702 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Faksimiles, Porträts 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789653086029 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Table of Contents Preface 11 Acknowledgments 15 Introduction 21 Part One Jewish Medicine in Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust and the Onset of the Nazi Occupation Chapter One: The Jewish Medical System in Interwar Warsaw and Its Collapse under Nazi Occupation Important Processes in Independent Poland and Their Impact on Jewish Life History of Jewish Medicine in Poland Jewish Health Care Institutions in the Interwar Period Jewish Tradition of Medical Aid up to the Twentieth Century The Medical Situation of the Jews in Poland after World War I JDC Actions for the Development of Health Care and Medical Infrastructures TOZ—The Jewish Health Care Organization ZLRP—Association of Jewish Physicians in Poland CENTOS—An Umbrella for Organizations that Sheltered Jewish Children Czyste Hospital 51 53 58 68 68 70 73 75 81 84 85
Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital Friends of Children Society Jewish School of Nursing 87 89 89 Chapter Two: The German Occupation Authorities’ Policy on Jewish Medicine in Warsaw 103 Anti-Jewish Policy in the General Government 104 Health Policy in the General Government 111 German Health Care System in Warsaw 122 Medical Aspects of the Anti-Jewish Strictures in Warsaw before the Sealing of the Ghetto 129 How the Jews of Warsaw Perceived Their Ghettoization 144 Part Two The Jewish Medical System in Warsaw in the Face of Unprecedented Conditions Its Organization and Challenges Chapter Three: Organizing the Ghetto Medical System Judenrat Health Care Services TOZ—The Jewish Health Care Organization Czyste Hospital Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital Medical Institutions in Otwock—Brijus Sanatorium for Tuberculosis and Zofiówka Psychiatric Hospital Pharmacies and Medicines First Aid Station Clinics and Laboratories Miscellaneous Private and Clandestine Institutions Chapter Four: Doctors and Nurses at Work Medical Service Personnel—Number, Composition, and Working Relations Status of Doctors—Working Conditions, Livelihood, Decrees, and Special Characteristics Bribery in the War on Infectious Diseases 161 162 177 199 267 284 288 303 308 317 319 319 325 335
Difficulties and Hazards of the Work of Medical Staff 339 Chapter Five: Medical Studies and Research in the Ghetto Nursing School Underground Medical School Library, Lectures, and Courses for the Medical Community Typhus Research in the Ghetto Research on Starvation in the Ghetto 347 347 354 366 368 371 Part Three The Challenges to the Medical Profession Living Conditions, Diseases, and Ethical Dilemmas Chapter Six: Factors Affecting Illness and Health Crowding and Hygiene Nutrition Effect of Cold Weather Refugees 405 406 411 427 430 Chapter Seven: Diseases and Medical Care Typhoid Fever Typhus Childrens Diseases at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital Tuberculosis Exhaustion Meningitis Rickets and Malnutrition Mental Illness Gastrointestinal Diseases Other Illnesses Treatments Foreskin Restoration 441 442 444 464 466 470 471 472 472 473 475 476 477 Chapter Eight: Fertility and Mortality Natural Growth of the Jewish Population of Warsaw 487 487
German Policy on Childbirth, Abortion, and Mortality Marriage and Conjugal Life Births Mortality Suicide Funerals and Burial 488 495 501 506 512 519 Chapter Nine: The Fight against Epidemics German Policy on Typhus Anti-Epidemic Measures by the Judenrat TOZs Epidemic Prevention Activities Residents’ Response to Medical Edicts 533 533 554 565 569 Chapter Ten: Ethical Dilemmas in the Work of Medical Staff Abandoning Patients to Save Themselves Risking Infection from Patients or Withholding Care Reporting Typhus Patients to the Authorities Medical Authority to Determine the Fate of Those Sent to Forced Labor Camps Compulsory Participation in Selections—Determining Who Will Live and Who Will Die Whom to Rescue First? Euthanasia by Doctors and Nurses during the Aktionen Killing One to Rescue Many 596 608 612 618 Conclusion 633 Bibliography 653 Index 695 577 579 588 592 593
Bibliography Archive Sources Yad Vashem Archives (YVA) M.10.AR.1/31 - Thoughts of a Member of a Disinfection Unit, May 23-30,1942 (Polish). M.10.AR.1/85 - Memoranda by Jewish doctors to the Germans addressing the causes of typhus and proposals to combat it (German). M.10.AR.1/191 - Report from Chemical-Bacteriological Institute of the Judenrat, July-December 1941 (Polish). M. 10.AR. 1/204 - Plan for educational work at food distribution centers (Yiddish). M.10.AR.1/291 - Sanitation operation at 29 Krochmalna St. (Polish). M.10.AR.1/315 - Anonymous public appeal from doctors and public figures concerning the state of the hospital, June 1941. M. 10.AR. 1/470 - Baila Kesselberg testimony, a nurse who posed as a patient at the hospital in Warsaw (Polish). M.10.AR.1/1099 - Testimony of an anonymous nurse at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital (Yiddish). M.l.E/934 - Prof. Tadeusz Stabholz testimony (Yiddish). M.49.E/5883 - Sabina Sanderman testimony, a nurse in Warsaw (Polish). M.49.E/4510 - Dr. Emil Apfelbaum testimony, history of Czyste Hospital (Polish). M.49.E/4264 - Luba Bielicka-Blum testimony. M.49.E/5865 - Luba Bielicka-Blum testimony. 0.33/6403 - Luba Bielicka-Blum autobiography. 0.3/392 - Esther Braude-Grodzinski testimony about her sister, Dr. Braude-Heller (Polish). 0.3/398 - Władysław-Wolf Glocer testimony, husband of the nurse Sabina Giirfinkel-Glocer (Polish). 653
654 · White Coats in the Ghetto 0.3/438 - Dr. Moshe Túrsz testimony about TOZ activity in Warsaw (Polish). 0.3/441 - Dr. Marek Balin testimony (Polish). 0.3/1836 - Dr. Chaim Einhorn testimony (Polish). 0.3/2355 - Dr. Józef Chajn Gołębiowski testimony, member of TOZ board of directors and secretary of the Anti-Tuberculosis League (Polish). 0.3/2357 - Dr. Israel Rom (Rotbalsam) testimony, physician at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital (Polish). 0.3/2358 - Dr. Shmuel Stanisław Waller testimony, physician at Czyste Hospital (Polish). 0.3/2360 - Yehudit Braude testimony about her sister, Dr. Anna Braude-Heller, director of Berson-Bauman Childrens Hospital (Polish). 0.3/3647 - Prof. Adam Drozdowicz testimony; he was a bacteriologist who worked in the ghetto laboratory, the Food and Medicines Inspection Institute, under Prof. Mieczysław Centnerszwer (Polish). 0.33/648 - Prof. Tadeusz Stabholz testimony about the medical school (Polish). 0.33/1074 - Dr. Henry Fenigstein, Varshever yid. Shpital betn nazi-rezhim, aroysgegebn durkh farlag Ibergang bey der federatsiye fun poylishe yidn in deytshland, amerikaner zane, 1948, https://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/object/ macrepo%3A81178#page/l/mode/2up (Yiddish). O. 33/1558 ֊ Dr. Emil Apfelbaum testimony, history of Czyste Hospital (English translation from Polish). P. 10/38 - Letter from Dr. Dworzecki to the Medical Association about the establishment of the research institute on medicine and the Holocaust. (Hebrew). M.21/1-17 - Paula Zofia Sanek testimony about Dr. Hagens criminal actions (Polish). 0.4/515 ֊ The Wulf-Hagen
affair: Dr. Hagen versus Jewish historian Josef Wulf, extensive correspondence among Yad Vashem, Wulf, and various elements in an attempt to gather evidence against Hagen; media pieces, and legal documents (Polish, German, Yiddish, Hebrew). M.49.E./5061 - Dr. Adolf Polisiuk testimony.
Bibliography · 655 Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum Archive (GFH) 1145 - Weichert report, including medical aspects of the JUS (German). 1160 - Letter from Michael Weichert to SS and police leader regarding medicines for prisoners (German). 1186 - Letters from Weichert to the Committee for Aid to Jewish War Casualties in Geneva concerning provision to Jewish war casualties (German). 1194 - Report by Dr. Tschlenoff on OSE and TOZ activities regarding shipments of medicines to Poland. 1349 - Dr. Peter-Heinz Seraphim, On the Economic Role of the Jews in Poland,” Ost-Europa Markt, December 1938. 1933 - Correspondence from Dr. Michael Weichert to Dr. Sternbuch of Bikur Holim Society, Switzerland, regarding shipments of medicines to the General Government, 1941-1944 (German). 3182 - Diaries of Dr. Polisiuk: 1. Pawiak—prison memoir; 2. “Square”— memoir from the hospital on Leszno St. (Polish). 3909 - Judenrat report to Dr. Auerswald on the Warsaw Jewish quarter under the Kommissars rule, May 15, 1941-May 15,1942. 4102 - Correspondence between Dr. Weichert and Bikur Holim Society, Switzerland; letters from Dr. Weichert to SS and police officials in General Government (German). 4368 - Report from counselors at children’s clubs, December 1941 (Polish). 5214 - Dr. Einhorn testimony against Dr. Hagen; directive from Hagen concerning punishment by flogging for those leaving the ghetto. 5223 ֊ Envelope containing a list of about 500 doctors who reactivated TOZ in Poland after the war. 6141 - Call for assistance from doctors and intellectuals in Trawniki (Polish). 7783 - Letter from Max
Soliman, SS officer and police and SS commander in Warsaw, to Wilhelm Krieger, supreme police and SS commander in the General Government, concerning the tuberculosis plague in the General Government, which he blamed on Hagen; bill for the stay of a certain Jew in the Jewish psychiatric hospital from the Kommissar for Jewish Affairs to chairman of Judenrat in Warsaw (German).
656 · White Coats in the Ghetto 9574 - Confirmation of the delivery of doses of vaccines from the Red Cross and from Dr. Weichert (German). 11250 ֊ Judenrat Statistics Department report, February 1942 (Polish). 19852 - Criticism of Dr. Weichert by representatives of the Jewish National Committee in a letter sent from Warsaw to London (German). 19765 - A physicians testimony about doctors like himself who did not accept any payment for their medical work. 21338 - Letters from Jacob Rosenheim, president of Agudath Israel World Organization in New York, to Elias Sternbuch, Switzerland (German). 21339 - Letters from Prof. Mooser at the Institute of Hygiene of the University of Zurich to Elias Sternbuch, St. Gallen, Switzerland (German). 21342 - Letter from Bikur Holim, Switzerland, to the Jewish Social Self-Help, Warsaw (Polish). 21344 - Correspondence between JUS, Cracow, and Bikur Holim, Switzerland (German). 21351 - Correspondence between the International Red Cross Rescue Committee, Geneva, and Elias Sternbuch, Bikur Holim, Switzerland (German). 21352 ֊ Correspondence between the International Red Cross, Geneva, and Bikur Holim Society, St. Gallen (German). 21356 - Letter from Bikur Holim Society, St. Gallen, to the Jewish Social Self-Help, Cracow (German). 21368 - Letter from the president of Bikur Holim to Lisbon concerning shipment of food and vitamins (German). Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (Jewish Historical Institute) (AŻIH) 301/2225 - Maria Zadziewicz testimony. 301/2947 - Anonymous testimony about Dr. Anna Braude-Heller, Berson-Bauman Children’s Hospital (Yiddish).
370 - Toporol, Ltd. Report, July 1940-December 1941. 4368 - Reports from childrens clubs. ARI.7 - Letter from Dr. Jakub Munwes to the Czyste Hospital Administration Committee (Polish).
Bibliography · 657 ARI.32 - Bulletin of the the Jewish Social Self-Help Statistics Department, November 1941 (Polish). ARI.81 - Statistical report on the Jewish population of Warsaw, 1939-1941 (Polish). ARI.84 - Report on the medical situation at refugee centers (Polish). ARI.85 - Memoranda by Jewish doctors to the Germans addressing the causes of typhus and proposals to combat it (German). ARI.93 - Testimony about a sanitation Aktion on Krochmalna St., March 29,1942. ARI. 102 - Dr. Chai Gorbowicz, a doctor in Warsaw, “The Struggle against Epidemics” (Yiddish). ARI.191 - Report from Chemical-Bacteriological Institute of the Judenrat, July-December 1941 (Polish). ARI. 195 - Regina Wajlowna memoir, nurse at Czyste Hospital, 1939-1941, February 1941 (Polish). ARI. 196 - Nurse Regina Wajlowna testimony, “History of One Case, 1941,” (Polish). ARI.203 - Quarantine on Nalewki St., April 5,1942 (Polish). ARI.214 - Health Department report on the fight against tuberculosis, June 28,1941 (Polish). ARI.221 - First course for Jewish disinfectors, November 1, 1940 (Polish). ARI.223 - Mortality in the Warsaw ghetto, 1941 (Polish). ARI.260 - Health Office Weekly, no. 1, to all Health Office workers, March 8,1942 (Polish). ARI.268 - Memoirs of a disinfector (Polish). ARI.270 - The testimony of an anonymous physician concerning typhus, July 1942 (Polish). ARI.295 - A document relating to social insurance in Warsaw, 1942 (Polish). ARI.363 - Report by an anonymous doctor on the war on typhus, March 1942 (Polish). ARI.428 - Report on various aspects of life in the ghetto (Polish). ARI.989 -
Photos of Berson-Bauman Childrens Hospital (Yiddish). ARI.1069 - Testimony of an anonymous doctor regarding the deportees from Grójec in isolation on Leszno St, 194! (Polish).
658 · White Coats in the Ghetto ARI. 1099 - Testimony of an anonymous nurse at Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital (Yiddish). ARIL 17 ֊ Jewish Social Self-Help report on the doctors’ activities in the war on the typhus epidemic in Warsaw, July-August 1940 (Polish). ARII.43 - Protocol on “Health Month,” February 25, 1942 (Polish and Yiddish). ARII.92 - Jewish Social Self-Help report on TOZ activity, March 1942 (Polish). ARII.133 - Judenrat Statistics Department Bulletin, May 1940 (Polish). ARIL 161 - Sanitary conditions at the time of high mortality among refugees (Yiddish). ARII.262 - Notice concerning “Cleanup Week,” January 1943 (Polish). ARII.280 - Report from the hospital and the postal service after the Aktion in 1942 (Polish). Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), New York AR.33-44, file 814 - Report from Dr. Emanuel Patt on welfare activity for the Jews of Poland, March 1941, JDC, based on Judenrat reports to the Germans and data on the TOZ healthcare system during the war. AR.33-44, file 815 - “The Jewish Situation in Poland during October, November, and December 1937,” AJDC bulletin, no. 10,1938. AR.33-44, file 821 - TOZ Budget Report, April 1,1936-March 31,1937. AR.33-44, file 822 - CENTOS in Poland report, August 1938. AR.33-44, file 840 - TOZ reports and correspondence concerning aid for Jews of Warsaw, 1937-1941; correspondence among various players in JDC and elsewhere concerning medical situation in Poland, in general, and in Warsaw, in particular, and concerning budget for feeding and purchase of medicines and inoculations,
1940-1941; report from Mendelsohn, September 1941, on state of health in the Warsaw ghetto; anonymous letter about the epidemic in Warsaw; letters from Elias Sternbuch to president of Agudath Israel concerning inoculations; letter from Dr. Rozenblum and Dr. Koenigstein to the International Red Cross regarding medicines, May 1940; letter from Dr. Rozenblum and Dr. Koenigstein to Wulman about urgent assistance in food and medicines; letter
Bibliography · 659 from TOZ Warsaw to Metz, secretary of TOZ Vilna, October 1939; TOZ activity report, May 1940; JDC correspondence with the president of Agudath Israel concerning medicines for Poland, December 1941. AR.33-44, file 841 ֊ Letter from Henrietta K. Buchman, JDC Poland, to Mr. M. J. Kellner, JDC New York, about TOZ activities in Warsaw at the beginning of the war, November 9, 1939. YIVO Archives, New York Poland Collection RG-116-3.1 - Ludvig Korn, “Hunger-krankhayt kolektive arbet fun yidishe doktoyrim in varshever geto,” (Yiddish). RG-116-5.3 - Spreading of epidemics in Warsaw, December 1939; Warsaw Ghetto; Population, Mortality, and Welfare, 1938-July 1941. National Library of Israel 002127713 ֊ Lensky, Mordechai, Der Doktor: Tzvei Vokhen Blat For Popolerer Meditzin un Higyene (Yiddish). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) 2002.74.1 - Debora’s Diary, 1943. Archive of the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, Vilnius, Lithuania Aaron Рік, Shavli Ghetto Diary, manuscript, (Yiddish) (copy in the authors possession). Private Collections and Interviews Aviva Blum, survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, daughter of Luba BlumBielicka, director of the nursing school in the Warsaw Ghetto, interview by author, Jerusalem, Israel, November 18, 2007. Prof. Yaacov Lensky, survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, son of Dr. Mordechai Lensky, a physician who survived the Warsaw ghetto, interviews by author and correspondence with Prof. Yaacov Lensky, and his wife, Dr. Miri Lensky, Rehovot, Israel, May 2011-June 2012. Shulamit Tzeder testimony, survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, daughter of
Dr. Maurycy Brandwajn, a physician at Czyste Hospital before
660 White Coats in the Ghetto the war and in the Warsaw ghetto, interview by author, Kibbutz Meggido, Israel, 2007 and 2009. Printed Sources Adler, Stanislaw, In the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940-1943: An Account of a Witness (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1982). Apfelbaum, Emil, ed., Choroba głodowa, Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku (1942) (Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee, 1946). ______ , ed., Maladie de Famine: Recherches Cliniques sur La Famine Exécutées dans Le Ghetto de Varsovie en 1942 (Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee, 1946). Arad, Yitzhak, Israel Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust, Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981). Auerbach, Rachel, Behutzot Varsha: 1939-1943 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1954). Ben-Sefer, Ellen, and Linda Shields, “Courage under Adversity: Luba Bielicka-Blum (1906-1973) and the Nursing School of the Warsaw Ghetto,” Health and History: Medicine in the Shadow of the Holocaust: Australian Reflections, 18:2 (January 2016), pp. 27-39. Berg, Mary, The Diary ofMary Berg: Growing Up in the Warsaw Ghetto, edited by Susan Lee Pentlin (London: One World, 2006). Blady Szwajger, Adina, I Remember Nothing More: The Warsaw Childrens Hospital and the Jewish Resistance (New York: Pantheon, 1990). Blatman, Daniel, Geto Varsha—Sipur Itona’i: Mivhar Me’itonut Hamahteret, 1940-1943 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2002). Blum-Bielicka, Luba, “Vegn di ‘aktsye’ in varshever yidishn shpitol dem 18 Yanuar
1943,” Bieterfar geshikhte (Yiddish), 1:3-4 (AugustDecember, 1948), pp. 211-221. Blumental, Nachman, and Joseph Kermish, eds., Hameri Vehamered Begeto Varsha (Hebrew) - (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1965). Czerniaków, Adam, The Warsaw Diary ofAdam Czerniaków: Prelude to Doom, edited by Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staroń, and Josef Kermish, (New York: Stein and Day, 1979).
Bibliography · 661 ______, Yoman Geto Varsha: 9/6/1939-7/23/1942 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1970). Edelman, Marek, The Ghetto Fights: Warsaw 1939-1945 (London: Bookmarks, 2013). Huberband, Szymon, Kiddush Hashem: Ktavim Miymei Hashoah (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Zachor, 1969). Kaplan, Chaim Aron, Megilat Yisurin: Yoman Geto Varsha Chaim Aron Kaplan (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv and Jerusalem: Am Oved and Yad Vashem, 1966). ______, Scroll ofAgony: Warsaw Ghetto Diary, edited and translated by Abraham I. Katsh (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999). Kassow, Samuel, ed., In Those Nightmarish Days: The Ghetto Reportage ofPeretz Opoczyński and JosefZelkowicz (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2015). Kermish, Joseph, ed., To Live with Honor and Die with Honor! Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.” (Oneg Shabbat) (Jerusalem:Yad Vashem, 1986). Korczak, Janusz, “Shnei Aronot Metim Birehov Smucha Uvirehov Shliska,” in Shevach Eden, Israel Gutman, Adir Cohen, and Yaacov, Rotem, eds., Iyunim Bemorashto Shel Yanush Korchak: Meķorot Hadashim Mehageto (Hebrew), voi. 4, pp. 140-142. Lewin, Abraham, A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto (London: Fontana, 1988). Neustadt, Melech, ed., Húrban UmeredShel Yehudei Varsha: Sefer Eduyot Ve’azkarot (Hebrew), 2nd ed. (Tel Aviv: Executive Committee of the General Federation of Labor, 1947). Opochinsky, Peretz, Reshimot Migeto Varsha (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakkibutz Hameuchad, 1970). Perechodnik, Calei, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996). ______ , Hatafkid
Heatzuv Shel Hati’ud: Yoman Mahbo (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Keter, 1993). Рік, Aaron “Reshimot Migai Hahariga”: Zihronot Ktuvim Bageto HaShavla’i (Lita) Bishnot 1942, 1943, 1944 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Igud Yotzei Lita, 1998). Piotrowski, Stanislaw, Hans Franks Diary (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1961).
662 · White Coats in the Ghetto Polish Government-in-Exile, Ministry of Information, The German New Order in Poland (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1942). Polisiuk, Adolf, “Hamatzor Ha’aharon” in Nachman Blumental and Joseph Kermish, Hamert Vehamered Begeto Varsha (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1965), pp. 310-317. Ringelblum, Emanuel, Ktavim Aharonim: Yahasei Polanim-Yehudim, Yamar 1943-April 1944 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1994). ______ , Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto (New York: Ibook, 2006). ______,Polish֊Jewish Relations during the Second World War, editedby Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1974). ______, Yoman Vereshimot Mitkufat Hamilhama: Geto Varsha September 1939 Detzember 1942 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1993). Rosen, N., “The Problem of Work in the Jewish Quarter, July 1942,” in Joseph Kermish, To Live with Honor and Die with Honor! Selected Documentsfrom the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.” (Oneg Shabbath) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986), pp. 251-262. Schatz-Weinkranz, Naomi, Halaflm Haesh: ReshimotAl Geto Varsha Shenihtevu Bamahvo (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003). Temkin-Berman, Batya, IrBetoh Ir (Hebrew) (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Yad Vashem and Am Oved, 2008). Turków, Jonas, Hayo Hayta Varsha Yehudit (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Tarbut V’chinuch, 1969). Zylberberg, Michael, A Warsaw Diary 1939-1945 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 1969). Films, Plays, and Newspaper Articles Braude, Chaim, “Hihrihu Oti Lihyot Malah Hamavet,” Yediot Aharonot (Hebrew), Special issue for Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Day, May 2, 2000, p. 9.
Meredith, Anne, Out of the Ashes, film directed by Joseph Sargent (Buckinghamshire: Ardent Productions, 2003). Milch-Sheriff, Ella, Baruchs Schweigen (Braunschweig, 2010), https:// www.ellamilchsheriff.com/baruchs-schweigen. Milner, Iris, “Shfanei Nisayon Shel Atsmam,” Haaretz (Hebrew), April 28, 2000, p. 9.
Bibliography · 663 Nadav, Daniel, “Limed Anatomiya Begeto Varsha, Nitzel Kshehithaze Lekatoli Nehe,” Haaretz (Hebrew), April 16,2004, p. 10. Negev, Ayelet, and Yehuda Koren, “Nisuyim Bivnei Adam,” Yediot Aharonot (Hebrew), Weekend Supplement, April 25,2003, pp. 53-56. Nelson, Tim Blake, The Gray Zone, film directed by Tim Blake Nelson (Santa Monica, CA: Lionsgate, 2001). Nesher, Avi, Past Life (Tel Aviv: Metro Communications in co-production with Poland’s Opus Film, 2016), https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/ Past-and-present-with-director-Avi-Nesher-467239. Offer, Miriam, “Rohm Yehudim Ne’eltzu Laharog Bageto Tinokot Yehudim,” Ma’ariv (Hebrew), Weekend Supplement, Special Edition for Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Day, April 8, 1994, pp. 16-19. Rappaport, Merőn, “Hamahpehan MiNes Tziona,” Haaretz (Hebrew), Supplement, February 11, 2005, pp. 44-46. Sobol, Joshua, Ghetto (London: Nick Hern Books, 1989). ______ , Ватаг tef (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Or Am, 1990). Trauban, Tamara, “Im Kvar Anahnu Bageto, Lefahot Nahkor Et Hara’av, Ha’aretz (Hebrew), March 11, 2005, p. 10b. Weiss, Arik, “Mered Intelektuali: Hamehkar Hamahtarti Shel Rofim Yehudim Begeto Varsha,” Israeli Television, Channel 13, May 4, 2019, https://13newsco.il/item/news/abroad/europe/ ghetto-research-235861/. Research Literature—Books and Articles Aaronson, Shlomo, “Heydrich Reinhard,” in Gutman, Israel, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan, 1990). Aldor, Leah, “Aspektiin Shel Moderna Bashtetl Hapolani: Hatatzlumim Benosei Harefu’a Vehasport Besifrei Hazikaron” (Hebrew) (Master’s thesis, The
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664 · White Coats in the Ghetto Brutality of Nazi Doctors’ Response to Typhus,” Slate, August 5,2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/08/ typhus_and_lice_in_jewish_ghettos_nazi_doctors_perverse_ groupthink.html. Aly, Götz, “Final SolutionNazi Population Policy and the Murder of European Jews (London: Arnold, 1999). Amorosa, Judith Korek, Dina Gabaeff, Julia Nagy Fülöp, Marta Fekete Schwartz, and Judith Gönczi, “Tragedy in the Radiology Department of the Jewish Hospital, Budapest, Hungary,” Radiographies, 16 (1996), pp. 503-508. Annas, George J., “Military Medical Ethics: Physician First, Last, Always,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 359:11 (2008), pp. 1,087-1,090. Anolik, Benjamin, “Rofim Polanim Hasidei Umot Habiam” (Hebrew) (paper presented at the Eighth Nahariya Conference on Morbidity and Medicine in the Holocaust, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, May 20, 2007). Arad, Yitzhak, Vilna Hayehudit Berndavak Uvekhilyon (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv and Jerusalem: Sifriat Poalim and Yad Vashem, 1976). Aran, Lydia, Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts (New York: Routledge, 2004). Arbus, Isak, “Memoirs of Heroic Deeds by Jewish Medical Personnel in the Camps,” in Michael A. Grodin, ed., Jewish Medical Resistance in the Holocaust (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2014), pp. 219-226. Aricha, Ahuva, “Hasherut Hameditzini Bethum Briyut Hatzibor Bere’i Hahistoriya Haklalit Vehayehudit Ufo’alo Begeto Varsha, Kehelek Mipe’ilut Maarehet Habriyut Al Irguneha Umosdoteha Hashonim” (Hebrew) (Masters thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2002).
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Bibliography · 665 Avineri, Shlomo, Reshut Harabım: Sihot Al Mahshava Medinit (Hebrew) (Merhavia: Sifriat Poalim, 1966). Bacharach, Walter Zwi, Gizanut Besherut Hapolitika: Min Hamonizm El Hanatzizm (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1984). ______ , Tfisat Haadam Ba’idiologiya Hanatzit (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Broadcast University, 1996). Bacon, Gershon, “Hatzlaha Helkit, Hesegim Gdolim: Al Haotonomiya Hayehudit BePolin Beyn Shtei Milhamot Habiam,” in Israel Bartai, ed., Kehal Yisrael: Hashilton Ha’atzmi Hayehudi Ledorotav (Hebrew), voi. 3, (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 2004). Bankier, David, and Dan Michman, eds., Holocaust Historiography in Context: Emergence, Challenges Polemics, and Achievements (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008). Bańkowska, Aleksandra, “Jewish Social Welfare Institutions and Facilities in the General Government from 1939 to 1944: A Preliminary Study,” Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 53 (2018), pp. 129-167. Baron, Shalom, “Kavim Lekoroteihem Shel Yehudei Eropa Bein Shtei Milhamot Habiam: Edut Bemishpat Eichmann,” in Israel Gutman and Livia Rothkirchen, Shoat Yehudei Eropa: Reka, Korot, Mashma’ut (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1973). Bartai, Israel, and Israel Gutman, eds., Kiyum Veshever: Yehudei Polin Ledoroteihem (Hebrew), 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center, 1997 and 2001). Batawia, Stanislaw, “Zagłada chorych psychicznie,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich v Polsce, 3 (1947), pp. 91-106. Bauer, Yehuda, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939-1945 (Detroit:
Wayne State University Press, 1981). ______ ,My Brothers Keeper: A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929-1939 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974). ______ , Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 116-117. Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).
666 · White Coats in the Ghetto Baumslag, Naomi, Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2005). ______ , and Barry Shmookler, “Typhus Epidemic Containment as Resistance to Nazi Genocide,” in Michael A. Grodin, ed., Jewish Medical Resistance in the Holocaust (New York, Oxford: Berghahn, 2014), pp. 39^18. Beddies, Thomas, Susanne Doetz, and Christoph Корке, eds., Jüdische Ärztinnen und Ärzte im Nationalsozialismus·. Entrechtung, Vertreibung Ermordung (Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2014). Beinfeld, Solon, “Health Care in the Vilna Ghetto,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 12 (1998), pp. 66-98. Ben-Sasson, Havi, “Christians in the Ghetto: All Saints’ Church, Birth of the Holy Virgin Mary Church, and the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto,” Yad Vashem Studies, 31 (2003), pp. 153-173. ______ , and Amos Goldberg, Shnot Ra’inu Raa: Prakim Betoldot Hayahadut Hadatit Bitkufat Hashoah (Hebrew), voi. 3, (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2006). ______ , and Lea Prais, “Twilight Days: Missing Pages from Avraham Lewin’s Warsaw Ghetto Diary, May-July 1942,” Yad Vashem Studies, 33 (2005), pp. 7-60. Ben-Sefer, Ellen, “Gemilat Chesed and Moral Behavior at Westerbork: Lessons from the Past to Remember for the Future,” in Elisabeth Maxwell and John Roth, eds., Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (Basingstoke: Paigrave, 2001), pp. 35-53. Ben-Shalom, David, Ha’ezra Haatzmit Hayehudit Kemisgeret Lepe’ilut Vaadet Habatim Begeto Varsha (Hebrew) (Masters thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1995), pp. 29, 35. Ben-Shem, Reuven,
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Medycyny, 21 (1958), pp. 355-356.
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and page numbers ending with t refer to tables. Adler, Stanisław, 425, 594 Aharonson, Yehoshua Moshe, 497, 498 Aleksandrów, 630, 631 Aleksiun, Natalia, 67n49 Amiel, Moshe Avigdor, 58-59 Amsterdam, 197 Amsterdamski, David, 200,201, 262,579-580 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 224n228 Apfelbaum, Emil, 150-151, 348, 35ІПІ5, 362, 375-377, 400,444 Arit, Fritz, 302t, 488 Auerbach, Rachel, 150 Auerswald, Heinz, 106,126-127, 171,196, 326, 411-412, 489, 555556, 557-558 Auschwitz, 38, 265n342, 354n27 Baatz, Rudolf, 144,145 Bakban, Meir, 259 Balin, Marek, 250,402, 599-600 Bartai, Israel, 58 Bauer, Yehuda, 25ո7,137ո95,210211, 636ո8 Bełżec, 330 Ben-Shem, Reuven, 65 Berg, Mary, 227, 333, 367-368, 695 452-453,461,463, 504,515 Berlin, 36n26, 38, 77n73,110n23, 114,118n40,n41, 125,137, 138n98, 371, 491, 638, 648 Berman, Adolf Abraham, 85,164, 165nl0 Bernstein (TOZ worker), 178 Białystok, 177 Bielenki, Owsiej, 167,173ո36, 213ПІ65, 232, 315, 556, 561 Bielsko, 183ո66 Bliach, Uka (Rachel), 100 Blum-Bielicka, Luba, 89, 90nl 14, 93-94, 348-349, 353-354, 399, 607, 647 Boehringer, Robert, 293-294,297 Borenstein, Paul, 178, 357ո39 Borkowski, Aleksander, 35ІПІ5, 598 Bormann, Martin, 121,492 Brack, Viktor, 493 Brandt, Karl, 118n40 Brandt, Karl Georg, 252,445,602, 604-606 Brandwein, Maurycy, 255n305, 262Ո331,401 Braude, Yehudit, 87nl07, 313 Braude-Heller, Anna, 87-88,89, 173,180n56,242,266-267,268269, 272, 278, 280, 368, 375-376, 385t2,398, 399, 561, 584, 607-609 Brockman, Wacław, 173n36 Broszat, Martin, 129
696 White Coats in the Ghetto Browning, Christopher, 109-110, 129, 137,140, 645-646 Budapest, 639nl8, 514nl08 Biihler, Josef, 216 Centnerszvwer, Mieszysław, 357 Chmelnicka (TOZ worker), 178 Ciesielska, Maria, 39,41 Cohen, Dr., 377 Conti, Leonardo, 118,384tl, 385t2, 491 Cracow (Kraków), 62,65,105, 118n41,120,123,139,141,156,177, 214ПІ71,286,292-298, 300,354 Czerniaków, Adam, 132,142-143, 144-147,164,164-165Ш0, 166, 167, 168,170-172, 205, 208-217, 222, 242-243, 244, 277, 285-286, 288-289, 307, 324ո23,331, 334, 349, 355-357, 362, 366, 385է2, 386-389, 397, 412, 415, 417, 424425, 427, 436, 444, 449, 453, 461, 470, 474, 488-489, 495, 496ո27, 504, 514, 516, 555-556, 557-558 Czerski, R, 180ո56 Częstochowa, 177,354 Czubalski, Franciszek, 363 Dachau, 265n342 Dawidowicz (lawyer, member of the First Aid Station management), 303Ո449 Dawidowicz, Lucy, 512 Dawidzon, Josef, 69 Dengei, Oscar Rudolf, 126n56 209, 215 Dina (TOZ worker), 178 Dolev, Eran, 611 Domb, Mr., 296 Drozdowicz, Adam (Adam Henryk Gutgisser), 358-359Ո42,477-478 Durkheim, Émile, 512-513, 575 Dworzecki, Mark Meir, 21-22, 28, 28nl2, 31, 32, 97,492,499n35, 512ПІ00, 634 Dziedzic, Bolesław (fake name of Ludwik Stabholz), 581 Edelman, Marek, 224-225,254,327, 371-372, 398, 451, 518, 607, 608, 609-610, 612-613,617 Eichmann, Adolf, 45-46,108-109 Einhorn, Chaim, 133,150,155,157, 183-184, 246, 254, 261, 315, 345, 368,442,460,467,468,497ո28, 650 Einstein, Albert, 77ո73 Ekerman, Ajzyk Ber, 216,385t2 Elbaum-Dornbus, Chaya, 281-282, 505 Enge!, David, 644n29 Engel, Helena 497n28 Epstein (Jewish colonel in the Polish engineering battalion),
581n9 Fajgenblat, Simon, 376 Fajncyn, Zygmunt, 334 Fejgin, Bronisława, 348,463 Felix, Arthur, 370 Fenigstein, Henry, 357n39,365, 382,454 Finkelstein, Nechemia, 178,180n56, 18ІП58 First, Izrael, 243 Fischer, Ludwig, 141,147-148, 259, 408-409, 412, 508 Flatau, Edward, 64-65, 85,20ІПІ09 Fleck, Ludwik, 65n41 Fleischman (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Fliederbaum, Ignacy, 166,211,243, 385t2 Fliederbaum, Julian, 362, 375-378, 475 Frank, Hans, 104,106-110,120֊ 122,127,130,137,139,141-143, 411-413 Frankfurt, 62 Fried (nurse), 258,262, 599 Friedberg, Michael, 173n36
Index Friedländer, Saul, 114-115,122, 573 Friedman, David Aryeh, 72-73, 103,104,115, 364 Friszman, Dr., 220 Funk (TOZ worker), 178 Gane (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Gane, Tadeusz, 169,173ո36,195, 324ո23, 385է2, 543 Gancwajch, Abraham, 289,307 Garwolin, 221ո212 Gelbfisch (TOZ worker), 178 Geneva, 77ո73,93,181,199,292293, 295, 298, 300, 302t Gepner, Abraham, 165,385t2,423, 561 Gitler, Jozef, 85 Gitterman, Yitzhak, 74-75, 214ПІ73, 433 Goląb-Grynberg, Ala, 255-256, 402, 567, 582 Goldberg, Amos, 337,634-635 Gold, Dr., 543, 546-547 Goldenburg, M., 181 Goldflam, Samuel, 64, 88 Goldman-Wiik, Maria, 35ІПІ5 Goldszmit, Henryk (Janusz Korczak), 84, 87,352,474, 583 Goldwasser, Dr., 546-547 Gołębiowski, Józef Chajn, 172, 173n36, 180n56,181n58,195, 198ПІ00, 301, 385t2, 561 Golomb, Ella, 93nl26 Gorbowicz, Chai, 562-563 Göring, Hermann, 106,645 Göttingen, 62 Gottlieb, Dr., 303ո449 Graubart (TOZ worker), 178 Greenwald, Amalia, 90,92,93 Greifelt, Ulrich, 109 Grodin, Michael, 38,45n54 Grodno, 177 Gronowski, Tadeusz, 478 Grszelak, Bronisław, 260-261 697 Grumbach, A., 297 Grupińska, Anka, 615-616 Gumpert, Martin, 27n9 Gurewicz, Dr., 220, 394t3 Giirfinkel-Glocer, Sabina, 207,258, 263-264, 401, 579-580, 581-582, 652 Gutgisser, Adam Henryk (Adam Drozdowicz), 477-478 Gutman, Israel, 58,137,162-163, 454 Guzik, David, 214nl73, 350 Hagen, Wilhelm, 122-129,153, 168,194, 209ПІ45, 229, 319, 356, 362, 367, 384tl, 385t2, 408-409, 411-412,445-446, 447-448, 453, 458, 498, 526, 534-538, 552-553, 555,646-647 Hecht, G„ 120-121, 489-490, 574 Heller, Arik, 608 Heller, Zelig, 289 Hermann, Dr., 35ІПІ5
Herszenhorn, Dr., 199nl01 Heydrich, Reinhard, 105,109, 645 Hilberg, Raul, 104-105n3, 517nl21, 633 Hilkovitch (TOZ worker), 179 Himmler, Heinrich, 105,109-110, 489,491 Hirschbein (TOZ worker), 178 Hirshovits, Ben Zion, 104-105 Hirszfeld, Anna, 277, 323 Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 138,149,167, 168,169,171-172,195, 222-223, 232, 294, 299, 316-317, 323, 324ո23, 327, 331, 337, 355-357, 360-361, 362-363, 366-367, 370, 386, 398,418, 435, 441-442,449, 453ո54, 457, 460, 462, 464, 465, 472, 474, 535-536, 548-549, 553, 555-556, 558-560, 563, 585-587, 592, 617-618, 651 Hirszfeld, Marysia, 323 Hirszfeld, Maudei, 64
698 White Coats in the Ghetto Hitler, Adolf, 105,106,491 Hoffman, Ruth, 90 Höppner, Rolf Heinz, 495 Hornsztejn (TOZ worker), 243 Horton, Richard, 42 Huberband, Szymon, 496,499n34 Hüttner, Lisa, 354n27 Irka, Dr., 518 Jäger, Karl, 493-494 Jotkowitz, Alan, 45n54 Judt, Dr. J. M. (TOZ worker), 75n69,178 Kaliska (TOZ worker), 178 Kalisz, 630, 631 Kaminski (German physician), 143 Kaminski, S., 333 Kanabus, Feliks Zenon, 478-479 Kanabus, Irena, 479 Kaplan, Chaim Aron, 132,134n89, 145, 147,148, 176, 210, 215, 219220, 327-328, 413,415, 425, 513514, 515, 520, 563-564, 648-650 Kaunas (Kovno), 490nll Keilson, Hela, 277 Kermish, Joseph, 430,561 Kesselberg, Baila, 427nl31 Kielce, 354 Kiekon, Hella, 518 Kobryner, Edward, 165,290, 385t2 Kobyliński, Dr., 257,301 Kocen, Mieszysław, 375-376 KoenigStein, M., 180ո56, 181, 395է4 Kohn, Moris, 289 Kon, Mieczysław, 169,173ո36, 194-195 Kon, Moritz, 324ո23, 385t2, 604 Konopacki, Dr., 362 Kopel (TOZ worker), 178 Kopyczyńce, 500ո39 Korczak, Janusz (Henryk Goldszmit), 84, 87,352,474, 583 Korman, Łajb, 344 Kott, Andrzej Kazimierz, 212-213 Kovno (Kaunas), 490nll Kraków (Cracow), 62,65,105,177, 292-298, 300, 354 Krall, Hanna, 608,612-613, 617 Kraust (SS officer), 603 Kroll, Werner, 117-118,121,385t2 Krüger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 122123,125n53,130,156 Krumey, Hermann, 494 Kudicke, Heinrich, 447,560 Kulick, Mechel, 178-179 Kutno, 117 Kwiet, Konrad, 517nl21 Lacks, Hilai, 357 Lambrecht, Arnold, 141, 330 Landau, Jerzy, 324n23 Laschtoviczka, Karol, 214nl71 Laski, Dr., 552 Lederman, Simcha, 402 Leist, Ludwig, 126, 143-144,146 Lemkin, Raphael, 635 Lensky, Mordechai,
64,206,217, 220, 222, 224, 249, 262n331, 314, 319-320, 323-324, 328, 332, 333, 338, 343-344,401,416, 433,443, 457, 470-471, 511, 513, 518, 521, 529, 536, 549n51, 569-570, 589591, 593, 594,608,626 Leshchinsky, Jacob (historian), 482, 487, 488, 502, 525 Lévai, Jenő, 639η 18 Lewenfisz-Wojnarowski, Henryk, 357n39 Lewin, Abraham, 505, 515-516, 613 Lewin, Gershon, 75-76, 81n85,100, 178,179,180,410,518 Lichtenbaum, Marek, 259,303n449, 606 Lichtenberg, Izak, 518 Lichtenstein (businessman, First Aid Station secretary), 303ո449 Lifszyc, Sonja, 313 Lin (TOZ worker), 179
Index Lindenthal (researcher), 513 Linder, Menachem, 409,445-446, 508-509 Lipno, 630 Lipsztat, Abraham Paweł, 221,400, 448 Lipsztat, Aleksander (Olek Netzer), 22ІП212 Lipsztat-Muszkat, Natalia Julia, 22ІП212, 400 Liwska (TOZ worker), 178 Lodź, 108nl7,169,177,181ո58, 214, 289, 320, 344, 376, 430, 467nl 14,472nl41, 476nl55,490, 494, 500n39, 630, 631 Loth, Edward, 301,331n55, 358, 361-362, 581 Lublin, 105,108, 137,141,177,187, 500n39 Lubowska, Nina, 93-94,93nl26, 349 Lwów, 65, 177, 581n9 Mahler, Raphael (historian), 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 487, 642 Majdanek, 265ո342,370-371 Makower, Henryk, 173, 277, 281, 357n39, 385t2 Margolis, Anna, 173n37,271, 303n449, 350, 385t2, 468, 615 Markusfeld, Dr., 601,606 Martini, Paul, 449 Matz (TOZ secretary in Vilna), 178 Mayer, Saly, 292,302t Mazor, Albert, 181n58 Medem, Vladimir, 197n93 Mejlachowicz, Dr., 334 Melodysta, T, 81ո86 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 642-643 Mendelsohn, Shloyme, 151, 530 Menuhin, Naomi, 39 Mesh, Dr. M„ 180n56,181, 395t4 Michman, Dan, 135-136, 517nl21, 647 Milejkowski, Israel, 11,13,27,39, 699 52, 81-82Ո86,130n69, 161,165169,172n36,173, 194, 211, 222, 228,232,242, 263, 322, 332-333, 355-357, 364, 366, 368, 371-377, 382-383, 385t2, 386, 389-393, 396, 397,449, 518, 538, 552, 556, 560-561, 602 Miłosna, 581n9 Mine, Dr., 35ІПІ5 Minkowski, Mieczysław, 65 Mirocznik, Liza, 93, 93nl26, 354n27 Miszurski, Dr., 97,188 Mitz, Dr., 180n56, 181, 395t4 Mooser, Hermann, 293-294,295, 296,298-299, 302t Moscisker, Emma, 35 In 15 Munwes, Jakob, 239-242,402 Muszkat, Aleksander (Krolek), 22ІП212 Muszkat, Shmuel, 221n212 Nadav, Daniel, 37,43, 581n9
Nagel, Thomas, 577, 625 Natansohn, Ludwik, 64, 82n87 Nauck, Ernst Georg, 119 Netzer, Olek (Aleksander Lipsztat), 22ІП212 Neustadt, Leib, 180ո56, 214nl73 Nisko, 108 Nordau, Мах, 60ո29 Ofer, Dalia, 36-37 Offer, Chaim, 12 Offer, Shulamit, 12 Ohry, Avraham (Avi), 43 Opochinsky, Peretz, 335-336,337, 468,511,512, 536, 564 Orłowski, Witold, 362,375 Orzechowski, Konrad, 216 Padua, 61-62 Paśniczek, Franciszek, 221ո212 Patt, Emanuel, 180,181, 395,407ո9, 443ո6, 565, 567
700 White Coats in the Ghetto Penson, Jakub, 27,368-370 Piątkowski ( Volksdeutsch), 203-204 Рік, Aaron, 12,23,135 Piłsudski, Jozef Klemens, 54 Pinkert, Mottl, 521-522 Pinsker, Judah (Leo), 60n29 Plötz, Alfred, 113n28 Polisiuk, Adolf, 204nl28,247,266267,417, 503, 518, 577, 580-581, 583-584,603-607, 627 Poniatowa, 582 Poniatowski, Stanisław, 62 Porozów, 58 Portner, Szymon, 87 Poznań, 108nl7, 630 Priel, Yisrael, 611 Przedborski, Jan, 35ІПІ5 Przewarski, B., 181 Pshitz, J. L., 181 Rabinowitz (TOZ worker), 178 Rachmilewitch (TOZ worker), 178 Raciaz, 631 Radom, 105,187 Rausching, Hermann, 491 Regelman, Maurycy, 567 Reis, Shmuel, 45n54 Remba, Nachům, 243,256,267 Rheinfeld (TOZ worker), 178 Richter, Wilhelm, 133,209,442443, 542 Riga, 495 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 61,67n49, 73-74,132,133,146,147,149, 172, 217, 222, 227,241-242, 256, 285,286,318,321-322, 325, 328, 330-331, 336,407,411, 412,417, 423, 429-430, 433,436-437, 445, 450, 452,454, 460,463, 470, 472476,490, 494, 495, 496-497, 500, 501, 506, 507, 509, 514, 517, 523֊ 524, 534, 562, 568, 583, 594-595 Roland, Charles, 35-36,139,364365, 412, 528-529 Rom, Israel (Rotbalsam), 204nl28, 376-377Ո88,436,457-458,471, 501 Rosenberg, Alfred, 121,492 Rosenheim, Jacob, 299,302t Rosnicki, J., 180n56 Ross, Jerzy (Rosenberg), 305,306, 516,609 Rotbalsam, Israel (Rom), 204nl28, 376-377Ո88,436,457-458,471, 501 Rothaupt, Dr., 203 Rotstadt, Julian, 201,202-203, 601, 606-607 Rotsztajn (member of the First Aid Station management), 303n449, 306, 337 Rotsztajn, Halina, 583-584 Rouge, B. de, 294 Rozenblum, Jakob, 178,180, 180n56,181,185,263,316, 395t4, 518,
566 Rubinstein, Jakob, 181n58 Rumkowski, Chaim Mordechai, 320, 500n39 Saar, Yitzhak, 472nl41 Sachsenhausen, 265n342 Salerno, 61 Sauckel, Fritz, 110-111 Schipper, Yitzhak-Ignacy, 241-242, 385t2,561 Schmerling (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Schneerson, Fiszel, 71-72 Schön, Waldemar, 140,146,216217 Schrempf, Kurt, 125,132-133,153, 202,205, 206-207, 208,209, 216218, 272, 326, 366, 384tl, 385t2, 448,498, 522, 533-534, 555, 646 Seidelman, William, 45n54 Seidengart (TOZ worker), 178 Seraphim, Peter-Heinz, 66n45 Sewering, Hans Joachim, 42
Index Shapira, Chanina Lipa, 500n39 Shasha, Shaul, 44-45 Shavli (Šiauliai), 12,23,135,490nll Shvarts, Shifra, 45n54,78n79 Šiauliai (Shavli), 12,23,135,490nll Sierota, Dr., 307 Sierpc, 631 Sikorski, Henryk, 205 Simchowitz, Teofil, 65 Simon, W., 297 Sochaczew, 221n212 Sollmann, Max, 122-125,128ո60, 156 Soloveichik, Aharon, 66n47, 98, 81n85,188 Spenser, Julian Thomas (Tomi), 37, 45n54 Spielberg, Steven, 34 Spiwak (driver), 305, 306 St. Petersburg, 77n73, 365n52 Stabholz (warehouse worker), 261-262, 587 Stabholz, Henryk, 200,201,331n55, 579 Stabholz, Ignacy, 244 Stabholz, Ludwik, 330-331, 357ո39, 358, 361-362, 363, 400, 581 Stabholz, Miriam, 331n55 Stabholz, Thaddeus, 264-265, 331n55 Stajnsapir, Dr., 605 Starzyński, Stefan, 164 Stawki, 219,224,226,228,232t, 241, 243-245, 248, 250-252, 256Ո313, 257, 281, 282, 332, 345, 351, 375, 417n66, 583, 589, 604, 606-607 Steier, Shmuel (Tommy), 45 Stein, Josef, 173n36, 203-204, 213, 228, 233-234, 239, 242, 244, 252, 257, 265, 266-267, 324n23, 348, 35ІПІ5, 356, 357n39, 368, 371, 376-377, 382, 385t2, 552, 561, 597, 598-602 Stein, Rachel, 85 701 Steinberg, Avraham, 616 Sterling, Władysław, 357n39 Sternbuch, Elias, 293-299, 302t Stroop, Jürgen, 143 Studencki, Mosze, 64 Syrkin Binstein, Sara Zofia, 173n36, 183,191,194,195, 263, 35ІПІ5, 385t2, 397, 518, 553, 556 Szac-Wajnkranc, Noemi (Maria Tass), 255,618-619 Szajnman, Michael, 376 Szandler, Irena, 221n212 Szefner, Helena, 610 Szejnman, Mieczysław, 35ІПІ5 Szeniszer, Dr., 322, 598 Szenwic, Wilhelm, 324n23 Szereszewska, Helena, 351-352, 463,613 Szeryński, Józef Andrzej, 425 Szindler, Sabina, 93,
93nl26 Szniolis, Aleksander, 560 Szwajcer, Jakob, 85, 90nll4 Szwajger, Adina Blady, 256,269, 270, 276, 281, 282, 284, 323, 340, 368, 401,465-466, 506, 518, 584585, 591, 608, 613-617, 619-620, 651-652 Szwalbe, M., 180ո56,181ո58, 566 Tarnopol, 500ո39 Tass, Maria (Noemi SzacWajnkranc), 255, 618-619 Teichner, Isidor, 518 Tel Aviv, 52 Temkin-Berman, Batya, 506 Tenenbaum, Mrs., 518-519 Tombak, Jakob, 613 Trawniki, 167nl 7 Treblinka, 89,123,124,171, 180ո52,183ո66,198,20ІПІ09, 204, 22ІП212, 239ո262, 248, 258, 263, 265Ո342, 280, 287, 305, 334, 352, 370, 373, 376-377, 569, 583, 597, 602-604, 608 Trojanowski, Andrzej, 478-479
702 White Coats itt the Ghetto Trunk, Isaiah, 30,138-139,175n40, 199nl02, 230,239,290,408, 434ПІ81,470, 528-529, 535 Tschlenoff, Boris, 199nl01,292, 293,298, 300, 302t, 394t3 Turków, Jonas, 181n58,255,514, 516, 530 Tursch (TOZ worker), 178 Túrsz, Moshe, 147,150,180ո56, 181ո58,198, 204, 256-257, 269, 457, 518, 554, 566, 592 Tzeder, Shulamit, 255n305,262n331 Uryson, Akiwa, 173n37, 385t2 Vilna, 22,62,65, 83,177, 354, 490nll, 495, 512nl00 Vinower, A., 181 Wetzel, Ernst, 120-121,489-490, 492, 574 Wielikowski, Gustaw, 165,385t2 Wiik, Seweryn, 283 Williams, Cicely, 379 Winick, Myron, 33, 372, 381, 467 Winter, Shmuel, 165, 385t2 Włocławek, 203nll7,206nl36,224 Wohl, Dr., 180n56,181 Wolf, Maurycy, 518 Wertman, Dr., 266 Wroński, E, 179-180 Wulf, Josef, 128-129 Wulman, Leon (Lejb), 31n7, 51-52, 73, 76,178, 180 Wyszewiański, Szymon, 173n36, 180n56,195, 385t2 Yodaiken, Ralph, 616-617 Wagner, Gerhard, 71n58 Wajłowna, Regina, 344 Wajsblat, Adolf, 90,92,348,349 Waksman, Bernard, 357n39 Walbaum, Jost, 118-119,121,128, 141, 143,153, 384tl, 385t2 Waller, Shmuel Stanisław, 203, 204, 239, 259, 583-584, 597-598, 600-602, 607 Wasserman, Dr., 313 Wdowiński, Dawid, 35ІПІ5 Weichert, Michael, 293,295-296, 298, 299-300, 302t Weigl, Rudolf, 297,462 Weil, Edmund, 370 Werthajm, Aleksander, 173n37,201, 203ПІ17, 322-323, 385t2 Zamenhof, Adam, 201,202-203 Zamenhof, Ludwik Eliezer, 201nl 10 Zaorski, Jan, 355 Zenderman, Sabina, 88nll0, 354n27 Żmigrider-Konopkowa, Dr., 348, 35ІПІ5 Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek), 224Ո228 Zundelewicz (lawyer, businessman), 303Ո449 Zweibaum, Juliusz (Julian), 355357, 360, 364, 398
Zyi, Dr., 585 Zylberberg, Michael, 344, 345, 523
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Table of Contents Preface 11 Acknowledgments 15 Introduction 21 Part One Jewish Medicine in Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust and the Onset of the Nazi Occupation Chapter One: The Jewish Medical System in Interwar Warsaw and Its Collapse under Nazi Occupation Important Processes in Independent Poland and Their Impact on Jewish Life History of Jewish Medicine in Poland Jewish Health Care Institutions in the Interwar Period Jewish Tradition of Medical Aid up to the Twentieth Century The Medical Situation of the Jews in Poland after World War I JDC Actions for the Development of Health Care and Medical Infrastructures TOZ—The Jewish Health Care Organization ZLRP—Association of Jewish Physicians in Poland CENTOS—An Umbrella for Organizations that Sheltered Jewish Children Czyste Hospital 51 53 58 68 68 70 73 75 81 84 85
Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital Friends of Children Society Jewish School of Nursing 87 89 89 Chapter Two: The German Occupation Authorities’ Policy on Jewish Medicine in Warsaw 103 Anti-Jewish Policy in the General Government 104 Health Policy in the General Government 111 German Health Care System in Warsaw 122 Medical Aspects of the Anti-Jewish Strictures in Warsaw before the Sealing of the Ghetto 129 How the Jews of Warsaw Perceived Their Ghettoization 144 Part Two The Jewish Medical System in Warsaw in the Face of Unprecedented Conditions Its Organization and Challenges Chapter Three: Organizing the Ghetto Medical System Judenrat Health Care Services TOZ—The Jewish Health Care Organization Czyste Hospital Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital Medical Institutions in Otwock—Brijus Sanatorium for Tuberculosis and Zofiówka Psychiatric Hospital Pharmacies and Medicines First Aid Station Clinics and Laboratories Miscellaneous Private and Clandestine Institutions Chapter Four: Doctors and Nurses at Work Medical Service Personnel—Number, Composition, and Working Relations Status of Doctors—Working Conditions, Livelihood, Decrees, and Special Characteristics Bribery in the War on Infectious Diseases 161 162 177 199 267 284 288 303 308 317 319 319 325 335
Difficulties and Hazards of the Work of Medical Staff 339 Chapter Five: Medical Studies and Research in the Ghetto Nursing School Underground Medical School Library, Lectures, and Courses for the Medical Community Typhus Research in the Ghetto Research on Starvation in the Ghetto 347 347 354 366 368 371 Part Three The Challenges to the Medical Profession Living Conditions, Diseases, and Ethical Dilemmas Chapter Six: Factors Affecting Illness and Health Crowding and Hygiene Nutrition Effect of Cold Weather Refugees 405 406 411 427 430 Chapter Seven: Diseases and Medical Care Typhoid Fever Typhus Childrens Diseases at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital Tuberculosis Exhaustion Meningitis Rickets and Malnutrition Mental Illness Gastrointestinal Diseases Other Illnesses Treatments Foreskin Restoration 441 442 444 464 466 470 471 472 472 473 475 476 477 Chapter Eight: Fertility and Mortality Natural Growth of the Jewish Population of Warsaw 487 487
German Policy on Childbirth, Abortion, and Mortality Marriage and Conjugal Life Births Mortality Suicide Funerals and Burial 488 495 501 506 512 519 Chapter Nine: The Fight against Epidemics German Policy on Typhus Anti-Epidemic Measures by the Judenrat TOZs Epidemic Prevention Activities Residents’ Response to Medical Edicts 533 533 554 565 569 Chapter Ten: Ethical Dilemmas in the Work of Medical Staff Abandoning Patients to Save Themselves Risking Infection from Patients or Withholding Care Reporting Typhus Patients to the Authorities Medical Authority to Determine the Fate of Those Sent to Forced Labor Camps Compulsory Participation in Selections—Determining Who Will Live and Who Will Die Whom to Rescue First? Euthanasia by Doctors and Nurses during the Aktionen Killing One to Rescue Many 596 608 612 618 Conclusion 633 Bibliography 653 Index 695 577 579 588 592 593
Bibliography Archive Sources Yad Vashem Archives (YVA) M.10.AR.1/31 - Thoughts of a Member of a Disinfection Unit, May 23-30,1942 (Polish). M.10.AR.1/85 - Memoranda by Jewish doctors to the Germans addressing the causes of typhus and proposals to combat it (German). M.10.AR.1/191 - Report from Chemical-Bacteriological Institute of the Judenrat, July-December 1941 (Polish). M. 10.AR. 1/204 - Plan for educational work at food distribution centers (Yiddish). M.10.AR.1/291 - Sanitation operation at 29 Krochmalna St. (Polish). M.10.AR.1/315 - Anonymous public appeal from doctors and public figures concerning the state of the hospital, June 1941. M. 10.AR. 1/470 - Baila Kesselberg testimony, a nurse who posed as a patient at the hospital in Warsaw (Polish). M.10.AR.1/1099 - Testimony of an anonymous nurse at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital (Yiddish). M.l.E/934 - Prof. Tadeusz Stabholz testimony (Yiddish). M.49.E/5883 - Sabina Sanderman testimony, a nurse in Warsaw (Polish). M.49.E/4510 - Dr. Emil Apfelbaum testimony, history of Czyste Hospital (Polish). M.49.E/4264 - Luba Bielicka-Blum testimony. M.49.E/5865 - Luba Bielicka-Blum testimony. 0.33/6403 - Luba Bielicka-Blum autobiography. 0.3/392 - Esther Braude-Grodzinski testimony about her sister, Dr. Braude-Heller (Polish). 0.3/398 - Władysław-Wolf Glocer testimony, husband of the nurse Sabina Giirfinkel-Glocer (Polish). 653
654 · White Coats in the Ghetto 0.3/438 - Dr. Moshe Túrsz testimony about TOZ activity in Warsaw (Polish). 0.3/441 - Dr. Marek Balin testimony (Polish). 0.3/1836 - Dr. Chaim Einhorn testimony (Polish). 0.3/2355 - Dr. Józef Chajn Gołębiowski testimony, member of TOZ board of directors and secretary of the Anti-Tuberculosis League (Polish). 0.3/2357 - Dr. Israel Rom (Rotbalsam) testimony, physician at Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital (Polish). 0.3/2358 - Dr. Shmuel Stanisław Waller testimony, physician at Czyste Hospital (Polish). 0.3/2360 - Yehudit Braude testimony about her sister, Dr. Anna Braude-Heller, director of Berson-Bauman Childrens Hospital (Polish). 0.3/3647 - Prof. Adam Drozdowicz testimony; he was a bacteriologist who worked in the ghetto laboratory, the Food and Medicines Inspection Institute, under Prof. Mieczysław Centnerszwer (Polish). 0.33/648 - Prof. Tadeusz Stabholz testimony about the medical school (Polish). 0.33/1074 - Dr. Henry Fenigstein, Varshever yid. Shpital betn nazi-rezhim, aroysgegebn durkh farlag Ibergang bey der federatsiye fun poylishe yidn in deytshland, amerikaner zane, 1948, https://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/object/ macrepo%3A81178#page/l/mode/2up (Yiddish). O. 33/1558 ֊ Dr. Emil Apfelbaum testimony, history of Czyste Hospital (English translation from Polish). P. 10/38 - Letter from Dr. Dworzecki to the Medical Association about the establishment of the research institute on medicine and the Holocaust. (Hebrew). M.21/1-17 - Paula Zofia Sanek testimony about Dr. Hagens criminal actions (Polish). 0.4/515 ֊ The Wulf-Hagen
affair: Dr. Hagen versus Jewish historian Josef Wulf, extensive correspondence among Yad Vashem, Wulf, and various elements in an attempt to gather evidence against Hagen; media pieces, and legal documents (Polish, German, Yiddish, Hebrew). M.49.E./5061 - Dr. Adolf Polisiuk testimony.
Bibliography · 655 Ghetto Fighters’ House Museum Archive (GFH) 1145 - Weichert report, including medical aspects of the JUS (German). 1160 - Letter from Michael Weichert to SS and police leader regarding medicines for prisoners (German). 1186 - Letters from Weichert to the Committee for Aid to Jewish War Casualties in Geneva concerning provision to Jewish war casualties (German). 1194 - Report by Dr. Tschlenoff on OSE and TOZ activities regarding shipments of medicines to Poland. 1349 - Dr. Peter-Heinz Seraphim, On the Economic Role of the Jews in Poland,” Ost-Europa Markt, December 1938. 1933 - Correspondence from Dr. Michael Weichert to Dr. Sternbuch of Bikur Holim Society, Switzerland, regarding shipments of medicines to the General Government, 1941-1944 (German). 3182 - Diaries of Dr. Polisiuk: 1. Pawiak—prison memoir; 2. “Square”— memoir from the hospital on Leszno St. (Polish). 3909 - Judenrat report to Dr. Auerswald on the Warsaw Jewish quarter under the Kommissars rule, May 15, 1941-May 15,1942. 4102 - Correspondence between Dr. Weichert and Bikur Holim Society, Switzerland; letters from Dr. Weichert to SS and police officials in General Government (German). 4368 - Report from counselors at children’s clubs, December 1941 (Polish). 5214 - Dr. Einhorn testimony against Dr. Hagen; directive from Hagen concerning punishment by flogging for those leaving the ghetto. 5223 ֊ Envelope containing a list of about 500 doctors who reactivated TOZ in Poland after the war. 6141 - Call for assistance from doctors and intellectuals in Trawniki (Polish). 7783 - Letter from Max
Soliman, SS officer and police and SS commander in Warsaw, to Wilhelm Krieger, supreme police and SS commander in the General Government, concerning the tuberculosis plague in the General Government, which he blamed on Hagen; bill for the stay of a certain Jew in the Jewish psychiatric hospital from the Kommissar for Jewish Affairs to chairman of Judenrat in Warsaw (German).
656 · White Coats in the Ghetto 9574 - Confirmation of the delivery of doses of vaccines from the Red Cross and from Dr. Weichert (German). 11250 ֊ Judenrat Statistics Department report, February 1942 (Polish). 19852 - Criticism of Dr. Weichert by representatives of the Jewish National Committee in a letter sent from Warsaw to London (German). 19765 - A physicians testimony about doctors like himself who did not accept any payment for their medical work. 21338 - Letters from Jacob Rosenheim, president of Agudath Israel World Organization in New York, to Elias Sternbuch, Switzerland (German). 21339 - Letters from Prof. Mooser at the Institute of Hygiene of the University of Zurich to Elias Sternbuch, St. Gallen, Switzerland (German). 21342 - Letter from Bikur Holim, Switzerland, to the Jewish Social Self-Help, Warsaw (Polish). 21344 - Correspondence between JUS, Cracow, and Bikur Holim, Switzerland (German). 21351 - Correspondence between the International Red Cross Rescue Committee, Geneva, and Elias Sternbuch, Bikur Holim, Switzerland (German). 21352 ֊ Correspondence between the International Red Cross, Geneva, and Bikur Holim Society, St. Gallen (German). 21356 - Letter from Bikur Holim Society, St. Gallen, to the Jewish Social Self-Help, Cracow (German). 21368 - Letter from the president of Bikur Holim to Lisbon concerning shipment of food and vitamins (German). Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (Jewish Historical Institute) (AŻIH) 301/2225 - Maria Zadziewicz testimony. 301/2947 - Anonymous testimony about Dr. Anna Braude-Heller, Berson-Bauman Children’s Hospital (Yiddish).
370 - Toporol, Ltd. Report, July 1940-December 1941. 4368 - Reports from childrens clubs. ARI.7 - Letter from Dr. Jakub Munwes to the Czyste Hospital Administration Committee (Polish).
Bibliography · 657 ARI.32 - Bulletin of the the Jewish Social Self-Help Statistics Department, November 1941 (Polish). ARI.81 - Statistical report on the Jewish population of Warsaw, 1939-1941 (Polish). ARI.84 - Report on the medical situation at refugee centers (Polish). ARI.85 - Memoranda by Jewish doctors to the Germans addressing the causes of typhus and proposals to combat it (German). ARI.93 - Testimony about a sanitation Aktion on Krochmalna St., March 29,1942. ARI. 102 - Dr. Chai Gorbowicz, a doctor in Warsaw, “The Struggle against Epidemics” (Yiddish). ARI.191 - Report from Chemical-Bacteriological Institute of the Judenrat, July-December 1941 (Polish). ARI. 195 - Regina Wajlowna memoir, nurse at Czyste Hospital, 1939-1941, February 1941 (Polish). ARI. 196 - Nurse Regina Wajlowna testimony, “History of One Case, 1941,” (Polish). ARI.203 - Quarantine on Nalewki St., April 5,1942 (Polish). ARI.214 - Health Department report on the fight against tuberculosis, June 28,1941 (Polish). ARI.221 - First course for Jewish disinfectors, November 1, 1940 (Polish). ARI.223 - Mortality in the Warsaw ghetto, 1941 (Polish). ARI.260 - Health Office Weekly, no. 1, to all Health Office workers, March 8,1942 (Polish). ARI.268 - Memoirs of a disinfector (Polish). ARI.270 - The testimony of an anonymous physician concerning typhus, July 1942 (Polish). ARI.295 - A document relating to social insurance in Warsaw, 1942 (Polish). ARI.363 - Report by an anonymous doctor on the war on typhus, March 1942 (Polish). ARI.428 - Report on various aspects of life in the ghetto (Polish). ARI.989 -
Photos of Berson-Bauman Childrens Hospital (Yiddish). ARI.1069 - Testimony of an anonymous doctor regarding the deportees from Grójec in isolation on Leszno St, 194! (Polish).
658 · White Coats in the Ghetto ARI. 1099 - Testimony of an anonymous nurse at Bersohn and Bauman Childrens Hospital (Yiddish). ARIL 17 ֊ Jewish Social Self-Help report on the doctors’ activities in the war on the typhus epidemic in Warsaw, July-August 1940 (Polish). ARII.43 - Protocol on “Health Month,” February 25, 1942 (Polish and Yiddish). ARII.92 - Jewish Social Self-Help report on TOZ activity, March 1942 (Polish). ARII.133 - Judenrat Statistics Department Bulletin, May 1940 (Polish). ARIL 161 - Sanitary conditions at the time of high mortality among refugees (Yiddish). ARII.262 - Notice concerning “Cleanup Week,” January 1943 (Polish). ARII.280 - Report from the hospital and the postal service after the Aktion in 1942 (Polish). Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), New York AR.33-44, file 814 - Report from Dr. Emanuel Patt on welfare activity for the Jews of Poland, March 1941, JDC, based on Judenrat reports to the Germans and data on the TOZ healthcare system during the war. AR.33-44, file 815 - “The Jewish Situation in Poland during October, November, and December 1937,” AJDC bulletin, no. 10,1938. AR.33-44, file 821 - TOZ Budget Report, April 1,1936-March 31,1937. AR.33-44, file 822 - CENTOS in Poland report, August 1938. AR.33-44, file 840 - TOZ reports and correspondence concerning aid for Jews of Warsaw, 1937-1941; correspondence among various players in JDC and elsewhere concerning medical situation in Poland, in general, and in Warsaw, in particular, and concerning budget for feeding and purchase of medicines and inoculations,
1940-1941; report from Mendelsohn, September 1941, on state of health in the Warsaw ghetto; anonymous letter about the epidemic in Warsaw; letters from Elias Sternbuch to president of Agudath Israel concerning inoculations; letter from Dr. Rozenblum and Dr. Koenigstein to the International Red Cross regarding medicines, May 1940; letter from Dr. Rozenblum and Dr. Koenigstein to Wulman about urgent assistance in food and medicines; letter
Bibliography · 659 from TOZ Warsaw to Metz, secretary of TOZ Vilna, October 1939; TOZ activity report, May 1940; JDC correspondence with the president of Agudath Israel concerning medicines for Poland, December 1941. AR.33-44, file 841 ֊ Letter from Henrietta K. Buchman, JDC Poland, to Mr. M. J. Kellner, JDC New York, about TOZ activities in Warsaw at the beginning of the war, November 9, 1939. YIVO Archives, New York Poland Collection RG-116-3.1 - Ludvig Korn, “Hunger-krankhayt kolektive arbet fun yidishe doktoyrim in varshever geto,” (Yiddish). RG-116-5.3 - Spreading of epidemics in Warsaw, December 1939; Warsaw Ghetto; Population, Mortality, and Welfare, 1938-July 1941. National Library of Israel 002127713 ֊ Lensky, Mordechai, Der Doktor: Tzvei Vokhen Blat For Popolerer Meditzin un Higyene (Yiddish). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) 2002.74.1 - Debora’s Diary, 1943. Archive of the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, Vilnius, Lithuania Aaron Рік, Shavli Ghetto Diary, manuscript, (Yiddish) (copy in the authors possession). Private Collections and Interviews Aviva Blum, survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, daughter of Luba BlumBielicka, director of the nursing school in the Warsaw Ghetto, interview by author, Jerusalem, Israel, November 18, 2007. Prof. Yaacov Lensky, survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, son of Dr. Mordechai Lensky, a physician who survived the Warsaw ghetto, interviews by author and correspondence with Prof. Yaacov Lensky, and his wife, Dr. Miri Lensky, Rehovot, Israel, May 2011-June 2012. Shulamit Tzeder testimony, survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, daughter of
Dr. Maurycy Brandwajn, a physician at Czyste Hospital before
660 White Coats in the Ghetto the war and in the Warsaw ghetto, interview by author, Kibbutz Meggido, Israel, 2007 and 2009. Printed Sources Adler, Stanislaw, In the Warsaw Ghetto, 1940-1943: An Account of a Witness (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1982). Apfelbaum, Emil, ed., Choroba głodowa, Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku (1942) (Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee, 1946). _ , ed., Maladie de Famine: Recherches Cliniques sur La Famine Exécutées dans Le Ghetto de Varsovie en 1942 (Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee, 1946). Arad, Yitzhak, Israel Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust, Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981). Auerbach, Rachel, Behutzot Varsha: 1939-1943 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1954). Ben-Sefer, Ellen, and Linda Shields, “Courage under Adversity: Luba Bielicka-Blum (1906-1973) and the Nursing School of the Warsaw Ghetto,” Health and History: Medicine in the Shadow of the Holocaust: Australian Reflections, 18:2 (January 2016), pp. 27-39. Berg, Mary, The Diary ofMary Berg: Growing Up in the Warsaw Ghetto, edited by Susan Lee Pentlin (London: One World, 2006). Blady Szwajger, Adina, I Remember Nothing More: The Warsaw Childrens Hospital and the Jewish Resistance (New York: Pantheon, 1990). Blatman, Daniel, Geto Varsha—Sipur Itona’i: Mivhar Me’itonut Hamahteret, 1940-1943 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2002). Blum-Bielicka, Luba, “Vegn di ‘aktsye’ in varshever yidishn shpitol dem 18 Yanuar
1943,” Bieterfar geshikhte (Yiddish), 1:3-4 (AugustDecember, 1948), pp. 211-221. Blumental, Nachman, and Joseph Kermish, eds., Hameri Vehamered Begeto Varsha (Hebrew) - (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1965). Czerniaków, Adam, The Warsaw Diary ofAdam Czerniaków: Prelude to Doom, edited by Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staroń, and Josef Kermish, (New York: Stein and Day, 1979).
Bibliography · 661 _, Yoman Geto Varsha: 9/6/1939-7/23/1942 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1970). Edelman, Marek, The Ghetto Fights: Warsaw 1939-1945 (London: Bookmarks, 2013). Huberband, Szymon, Kiddush Hashem: Ktavim Miymei Hashoah (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Zachor, 1969). Kaplan, Chaim Aron, Megilat Yisurin: Yoman Geto Varsha Chaim Aron Kaplan (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv and Jerusalem: Am Oved and Yad Vashem, 1966). _, Scroll ofAgony: Warsaw Ghetto Diary, edited and translated by Abraham I. Katsh (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999). Kassow, Samuel, ed., In Those Nightmarish Days: The Ghetto Reportage ofPeretz Opoczyński and JosefZelkowicz (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2015). Kermish, Joseph, ed., To Live with Honor and Die with Honor! Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.” (Oneg Shabbat) (Jerusalem:Yad Vashem, 1986). Korczak, Janusz, “Shnei Aronot Metim Birehov Smucha Uvirehov Shliska,” in Shevach Eden, Israel Gutman, Adir Cohen, and Yaacov, Rotem, eds., Iyunim Bemorashto Shel Yanush Korchak: Meķorot Hadashim Mehageto (Hebrew), voi. 4, pp. 140-142. Lewin, Abraham, A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto (London: Fontana, 1988). Neustadt, Melech, ed., Húrban UmeredShel Yehudei Varsha: Sefer Eduyot Ve’azkarot (Hebrew), 2nd ed. (Tel Aviv: Executive Committee of the General Federation of Labor, 1947). Opochinsky, Peretz, Reshimot Migeto Varsha (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakkibutz Hameuchad, 1970). Perechodnik, Calei, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996). _ , Hatafkid
Heatzuv Shel Hati’ud: Yoman Mahbo (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Keter, 1993). Рік, Aaron “Reshimot Migai Hahariga”: Zihronot Ktuvim Bageto HaShavla’i (Lita) Bishnot 1942, 1943, 1944 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Igud Yotzei Lita, 1998). Piotrowski, Stanislaw, Hans Franks Diary (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1961).
662 · White Coats in the Ghetto Polish Government-in-Exile, Ministry of Information, The German New Order in Poland (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1942). Polisiuk, Adolf, “Hamatzor Ha’aharon” in Nachman Blumental and Joseph Kermish, Hamert Vehamered Begeto Varsha (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1965), pp. 310-317. Ringelblum, Emanuel, Ktavim Aharonim: Yahasei Polanim-Yehudim, Yamar 1943-April 1944 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1994). _ , Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto (New York: Ibook, 2006). _,Polish֊Jewish Relations during the Second World War, editedby Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1974). _, Yoman Vereshimot Mitkufat Hamilhama: Geto Varsha September 1939 Detzember 1942 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1993). Rosen, N., “The Problem of Work in the Jewish Quarter, July 1942,” in Joseph Kermish, To Live with Honor and Die with Honor! Selected Documentsfrom the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.” (Oneg Shabbath) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986), pp. 251-262. Schatz-Weinkranz, Naomi, Halaflm Haesh: ReshimotAl Geto Varsha Shenihtevu Bamahvo (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003). Temkin-Berman, Batya, IrBetoh Ir (Hebrew) (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Yad Vashem and Am Oved, 2008). Turków, Jonas, Hayo Hayta Varsha Yehudit (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Tarbut V’chinuch, 1969). Zylberberg, Michael, A Warsaw Diary 1939-1945 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 1969). Films, Plays, and Newspaper Articles Braude, Chaim, “Hihrihu Oti Lihyot Malah Hamavet,” Yediot Aharonot (Hebrew), Special issue for Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Day, May 2, 2000, p. 9.
Meredith, Anne, Out of the Ashes, film directed by Joseph Sargent (Buckinghamshire: Ardent Productions, 2003). Milch-Sheriff, Ella, Baruchs Schweigen (Braunschweig, 2010), https:// www.ellamilchsheriff.com/baruchs-schweigen. Milner, Iris, “Shfanei Nisayon Shel Atsmam,” Haaretz (Hebrew), April 28, 2000, p. 9.
Bibliography · 663 Nadav, Daniel, “Limed Anatomiya Begeto Varsha, Nitzel Kshehithaze Lekatoli Nehe,” Haaretz (Hebrew), April 16,2004, p. 10. Negev, Ayelet, and Yehuda Koren, “Nisuyim Bivnei Adam,” Yediot Aharonot (Hebrew), Weekend Supplement, April 25,2003, pp. 53-56. Nelson, Tim Blake, The Gray Zone, film directed by Tim Blake Nelson (Santa Monica, CA: Lionsgate, 2001). Nesher, Avi, Past Life (Tel Aviv: Metro Communications in co-production with Poland’s Opus Film, 2016), https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/ Past-and-present-with-director-Avi-Nesher-467239. Offer, Miriam, “Rohm Yehudim Ne’eltzu Laharog Bageto Tinokot Yehudim,” Ma’ariv (Hebrew), Weekend Supplement, Special Edition for Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’ Remembrance Day, April 8, 1994, pp. 16-19. Rappaport, Merőn, “Hamahpehan MiNes Tziona,” Haaretz (Hebrew), Supplement, February 11, 2005, pp. 44-46. Sobol, Joshua, Ghetto (London: Nick Hern Books, 1989). _ , Ватаг tef (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Or Am, 1990). Trauban, Tamara, “Im Kvar Anahnu Bageto, Lefahot Nahkor Et Hara’av, Ha’aretz (Hebrew), March 11, 2005, p. 10b. Weiss, Arik, “Mered Intelektuali: Hamehkar Hamahtarti Shel Rofim Yehudim Begeto Varsha,” Israeli Television, Channel 13, May 4, 2019, https://13newsco.il/item/news/abroad/europe/ ghetto-research-235861/. Research Literature—Books and Articles Aaronson, Shlomo, “Heydrich Reinhard,” in Gutman, Israel, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan, 1990). Aldor, Leah, “Aspektiin Shel Moderna Bashtetl Hapolani: Hatatzlumim Benosei Harefu’a Vehasport Besifrei Hazikaron” (Hebrew) (Master’s thesis, The
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664 · White Coats in the Ghetto Brutality of Nazi Doctors’ Response to Typhus,” Slate, August 5,2014, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/08/ typhus_and_lice_in_jewish_ghettos_nazi_doctors_perverse_ groupthink.html. Aly, Götz, “Final SolutionNazi Population Policy and the Murder of European Jews (London: Arnold, 1999). Amorosa, Judith Korek, Dina Gabaeff, Julia Nagy Fülöp, Marta Fekete Schwartz, and Judith Gönczi, “Tragedy in the Radiology Department of the Jewish Hospital, Budapest, Hungary,” Radiographies, 16 (1996), pp. 503-508. Annas, George J., “Military Medical Ethics: Physician First, Last, Always,” The New England Journal of Medicine, 359:11 (2008), pp. 1,087-1,090. Anolik, Benjamin, “Rofim Polanim Hasidei Umot Habiam” (Hebrew) (paper presented at the Eighth Nahariya Conference on Morbidity and Medicine in the Holocaust, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, May 20, 2007). Arad, Yitzhak, Vilna Hayehudit Berndavak Uvekhilyon (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv and Jerusalem: Sifriat Poalim and Yad Vashem, 1976). Aran, Lydia, Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts (New York: Routledge, 2004). Arbus, Isak, “Memoirs of Heroic Deeds by Jewish Medical Personnel in the Camps,” in Michael A. Grodin, ed., Jewish Medical Resistance in the Holocaust (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2014), pp. 219-226. Aricha, Ahuva, “Hasherut Hameditzini Bethum Briyut Hatzibor Bere’i Hahistoriya Haklalit Vehayehudit Ufo’alo Begeto Varsha, Kehelek Mipe’ilut Maarehet Habriyut Al Irguneha Umosdoteha Hashonim” (Hebrew) (Masters thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2002).
Auerbach, Rachel, Tzavaot Varsha: Mifgashim, Ma’asim, Goralot, 1933-1943 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Moreshet, 1985). Auron, Yair, Genocide: Reflections on the Inconceivable, Theoretical Aspects in Genocide Studies (Tel Aviv: Contento De Semerik and the Open University, 2015). _ , The Pain of Knowledge: Holocaust and Genocide Issues in Education (London: Routledge, 2018).
Bibliography · 665 Avineri, Shlomo, Reshut Harabım: Sihot Al Mahshava Medinit (Hebrew) (Merhavia: Sifriat Poalim, 1966). Bacharach, Walter Zwi, Gizanut Besherut Hapolitika: Min Hamonizm El Hanatzizm (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1984). _ , Tfisat Haadam Ba’idiologiya Hanatzit (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Broadcast University, 1996). Bacon, Gershon, “Hatzlaha Helkit, Hesegim Gdolim: Al Haotonomiya Hayehudit BePolin Beyn Shtei Milhamot Habiam,” in Israel Bartai, ed., Kehal Yisrael: Hashilton Ha’atzmi Hayehudi Ledorotav (Hebrew), voi. 3, (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 2004). Bankier, David, and Dan Michman, eds., Holocaust Historiography in Context: Emergence, Challenges Polemics, and Achievements (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2008). Bańkowska, Aleksandra, “Jewish Social Welfare Institutions and Facilities in the General Government from 1939 to 1944: A Preliminary Study,” Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 53 (2018), pp. 129-167. Baron, Shalom, “Kavim Lekoroteihem Shel Yehudei Eropa Bein Shtei Milhamot Habiam: Edut Bemishpat Eichmann,” in Israel Gutman and Livia Rothkirchen, Shoat Yehudei Eropa: Reka, Korot, Mashma’ut (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1973). Bartai, Israel, and Israel Gutman, eds., Kiyum Veshever: Yehudei Polin Ledoroteihem (Hebrew), 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center, 1997 and 2001). Batawia, Stanislaw, “Zagłada chorych psychicznie,” Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich v Polsce, 3 (1947), pp. 91-106. Bauer, Yehuda, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939-1945 (Detroit:
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Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and page numbers ending with t refer to tables. Adler, Stanisław, 425, 594 Aharonson, Yehoshua Moshe, 497, 498 Aleksandrów, 630, 631 Aleksiun, Natalia, 67n49 Amiel, Moshe Avigdor, 58-59 Amsterdam, 197 Amsterdamski, David, 200,201, 262,579-580 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 224n228 Apfelbaum, Emil, 150-151, 348, 35ІПІ5, 362, 375-377, 400,444 Arit, Fritz, 302t, 488 Auerbach, Rachel, 150 Auerswald, Heinz, 106,126-127, 171,196, 326, 411-412, 489, 555556, 557-558 Auschwitz, 38, 265n342, 354n27 Baatz, Rudolf, 144,145 Bakban, Meir, 259 Balin, Marek, 250,402, 599-600 Bartai, Israel, 58 Bauer, Yehuda, 25ո7,137ո95,210211, 636ո8 Bełżec, 330 Ben-Shem, Reuven, 65 Berg, Mary, 227, 333, 367-368, 695 452-453,461,463, 504,515 Berlin, 36n26, 38, 77n73,110n23, 114,118n40,n41, 125,137, 138n98, 371, 491, 638, 648 Berman, Adolf Abraham, 85,164, 165nl0 Bernstein (TOZ worker), 178 Białystok, 177 Bielenki, Owsiej, 167,173ո36, 213ПІ65, 232, 315, 556, 561 Bielsko, 183ո66 Bliach, Uka (Rachel), 100 Blum-Bielicka, Luba, 89, 90nl 14, 93-94, 348-349, 353-354, 399, 607, 647 Boehringer, Robert, 293-294,297 Borenstein, Paul, 178, 357ո39 Borkowski, Aleksander, 35ІПІ5, 598 Bormann, Martin, 121,492 Brack, Viktor, 493 Brandt, Karl, 118n40 Brandt, Karl Georg, 252,445,602, 604-606 Brandwein, Maurycy, 255n305, 262Ո331,401 Braude, Yehudit, 87nl07, 313 Braude-Heller, Anna, 87-88,89, 173,180n56,242,266-267,268269, 272, 278, 280, 368, 375-376, 385t2,398, 399, 561, 584, 607-609 Brockman, Wacław, 173n36 Broszat, Martin, 129
696 White Coats in the Ghetto Browning, Christopher, 109-110, 129, 137,140, 645-646 Budapest, 639nl8, 514nl08 Biihler, Josef, 216 Centnerszvwer, Mieszysław, 357 Chmelnicka (TOZ worker), 178 Ciesielska, Maria, 39,41 Cohen, Dr., 377 Conti, Leonardo, 118,384tl, 385t2, 491 Cracow (Kraków), 62,65,105, 118n41,120,123,139,141,156,177, 214ПІ71,286,292-298, 300,354 Czerniaków, Adam, 132,142-143, 144-147,164,164-165Ш0, 166, 167, 168,170-172, 205, 208-217, 222, 242-243, 244, 277, 285-286, 288-289, 307, 324ո23,331, 334, 349, 355-357, 362, 366, 385է2, 386-389, 397, 412, 415, 417, 424425, 427, 436, 444, 449, 453, 461, 470, 474, 488-489, 495, 496ո27, 504, 514, 516, 555-556, 557-558 Czerski, R, 180ո56 Częstochowa, 177,354 Czubalski, Franciszek, 363 Dachau, 265n342 Dawidowicz (lawyer, member of the First Aid Station management), 303Ո449 Dawidowicz, Lucy, 512 Dawidzon, Josef, 69 Dengei, Oscar Rudolf, 126n56 209, 215 Dina (TOZ worker), 178 Dolev, Eran, 611 Domb, Mr., 296 Drozdowicz, Adam (Adam Henryk Gutgisser), 358-359Ո42,477-478 Durkheim, Émile, 512-513, 575 Dworzecki, Mark Meir, 21-22, 28, 28nl2, 31, 32, 97,492,499n35, 512ПІ00, 634 Dziedzic, Bolesław (fake name of Ludwik Stabholz), 581 Edelman, Marek, 224-225,254,327, 371-372, 398, 451, 518, 607, 608, 609-610, 612-613,617 Eichmann, Adolf, 45-46,108-109 Einhorn, Chaim, 133,150,155,157, 183-184, 246, 254, 261, 315, 345, 368,442,460,467,468,497ո28, 650 Einstein, Albert, 77ո73 Ekerman, Ajzyk Ber, 216,385t2 Elbaum-Dornbus, Chaya, 281-282, 505 Enge!, David, 644n29 Engel, Helena 497n28 Epstein (Jewish colonel in the Polish engineering battalion),
581n9 Fajgenblat, Simon, 376 Fajncyn, Zygmunt, 334 Fejgin, Bronisława, 348,463 Felix, Arthur, 370 Fenigstein, Henry, 357n39,365, 382,454 Finkelstein, Nechemia, 178,180n56, 18ІП58 First, Izrael, 243 Fischer, Ludwig, 141,147-148, 259, 408-409, 412, 508 Flatau, Edward, 64-65, 85,20ІПІ09 Fleck, Ludwik, 65n41 Fleischman (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Fliederbaum, Ignacy, 166,211,243, 385t2 Fliederbaum, Julian, 362, 375-378, 475 Frank, Hans, 104,106-110,120֊ 122,127,130,137,139,141-143, 411-413 Frankfurt, 62 Fried (nurse), 258,262, 599 Friedberg, Michael, 173n36
Index Friedländer, Saul, 114-115,122, 573 Friedman, David Aryeh, 72-73, 103,104,115, 364 Friszman, Dr., 220 Funk (TOZ worker), 178 Gane (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Gane, Tadeusz, 169,173ո36,195, 324ո23, 385է2, 543 Gancwajch, Abraham, 289,307 Garwolin, 221ո212 Gelbfisch (TOZ worker), 178 Geneva, 77ո73,93,181,199,292293, 295, 298, 300, 302t Gepner, Abraham, 165,385t2,423, 561 Gitler, Jozef, 85 Gitterman, Yitzhak, 74-75, 214ПІ73, 433 Goląb-Grynberg, Ala, 255-256, 402, 567, 582 Goldberg, Amos, 337,634-635 Gold, Dr., 543, 546-547 Goldenburg, M., 181 Goldflam, Samuel, 64, 88 Goldman-Wiik, Maria, 35ІПІ5 Goldszmit, Henryk (Janusz Korczak), 84, 87,352,474, 583 Goldwasser, Dr., 546-547 Gołębiowski, Józef Chajn, 172, 173n36, 180n56,181n58,195, 198ПІ00, 301, 385t2, 561 Golomb, Ella, 93nl26 Gorbowicz, Chai, 562-563 Göring, Hermann, 106,645 Göttingen, 62 Gottlieb, Dr., 303ո449 Graubart (TOZ worker), 178 Greenwald, Amalia, 90,92,93 Greifelt, Ulrich, 109 Grodin, Michael, 38,45n54 Grodno, 177 Gronowski, Tadeusz, 478 Grszelak, Bronisław, 260-261 697 Grumbach, A., 297 Grupińska, Anka, 615-616 Gumpert, Martin, 27n9 Gurewicz, Dr., 220, 394t3 Giirfinkel-Glocer, Sabina, 207,258, 263-264, 401, 579-580, 581-582, 652 Gutgisser, Adam Henryk (Adam Drozdowicz), 477-478 Gutman, Israel, 58,137,162-163, 454 Guzik, David, 214nl73, 350 Hagen, Wilhelm, 122-129,153, 168,194, 209ПІ45, 229, 319, 356, 362, 367, 384tl, 385t2, 408-409, 411-412,445-446, 447-448, 453, 458, 498, 526, 534-538, 552-553, 555,646-647 Hecht, G„ 120-121, 489-490, 574 Heller, Arik, 608 Heller, Zelig, 289 Hermann, Dr., 35ІПІ5
Herszenhorn, Dr., 199nl01 Heydrich, Reinhard, 105,109, 645 Hilberg, Raul, 104-105n3, 517nl21, 633 Hilkovitch (TOZ worker), 179 Himmler, Heinrich, 105,109-110, 489,491 Hirschbein (TOZ worker), 178 Hirshovits, Ben Zion, 104-105 Hirszfeld, Anna, 277, 323 Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 138,149,167, 168,169,171-172,195, 222-223, 232, 294, 299, 316-317, 323, 324ո23, 327, 331, 337, 355-357, 360-361, 362-363, 366-367, 370, 386, 398,418, 435, 441-442,449, 453ո54, 457, 460, 462, 464, 465, 472, 474, 535-536, 548-549, 553, 555-556, 558-560, 563, 585-587, 592, 617-618, 651 Hirszfeld, Marysia, 323 Hirszfeld, Maudei, 64
698 White Coats in the Ghetto Hitler, Adolf, 105,106,491 Hoffman, Ruth, 90 Höppner, Rolf Heinz, 495 Hornsztejn (TOZ worker), 243 Horton, Richard, 42 Huberband, Szymon, 496,499n34 Hüttner, Lisa, 354n27 Irka, Dr., 518 Jäger, Karl, 493-494 Jotkowitz, Alan, 45n54 Judt, Dr. J. M. (TOZ worker), 75n69,178 Kaliska (TOZ worker), 178 Kalisz, 630, 631 Kaminski (German physician), 143 Kaminski, S., 333 Kanabus, Feliks Zenon, 478-479 Kanabus, Irena, 479 Kaplan, Chaim Aron, 132,134n89, 145, 147,148, 176, 210, 215, 219220, 327-328, 413,415, 425, 513514, 515, 520, 563-564, 648-650 Kaunas (Kovno), 490nll Keilson, Hela, 277 Kermish, Joseph, 430,561 Kesselberg, Baila, 427nl31 Kielce, 354 Kiekon, Hella, 518 Kobryner, Edward, 165,290, 385t2 Kobyliński, Dr., 257,301 Kocen, Mieszysław, 375-376 KoenigStein, M., 180ո56, 181, 395է4 Kohn, Moris, 289 Kon, Mieczysław, 169,173ո36, 194-195 Kon, Moritz, 324ո23, 385t2, 604 Konopacki, Dr., 362 Kopel (TOZ worker), 178 Kopyczyńce, 500ո39 Korczak, Janusz (Henryk Goldszmit), 84, 87,352,474, 583 Korman, Łajb, 344 Kott, Andrzej Kazimierz, 212-213 Kovno (Kaunas), 490nll Kraków (Cracow), 62,65,105,177, 292-298, 300, 354 Krall, Hanna, 608,612-613, 617 Kraust (SS officer), 603 Kroll, Werner, 117-118,121,385t2 Krüger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 122123,125n53,130,156 Krumey, Hermann, 494 Kudicke, Heinrich, 447,560 Kulick, Mechel, 178-179 Kutno, 117 Kwiet, Konrad, 517nl21 Lacks, Hilai, 357 Lambrecht, Arnold, 141, 330 Landau, Jerzy, 324n23 Laschtoviczka, Karol, 214nl71 Laski, Dr., 552 Lederman, Simcha, 402 Leist, Ludwig, 126, 143-144,146 Lemkin, Raphael, 635 Lensky, Mordechai,
64,206,217, 220, 222, 224, 249, 262n331, 314, 319-320, 323-324, 328, 332, 333, 338, 343-344,401,416, 433,443, 457, 470-471, 511, 513, 518, 521, 529, 536, 549n51, 569-570, 589591, 593, 594,608,626 Leshchinsky, Jacob (historian), 482, 487, 488, 502, 525 Lévai, Jenő, 639η 18 Lewenfisz-Wojnarowski, Henryk, 357n39 Lewin, Abraham, 505, 515-516, 613 Lewin, Gershon, 75-76, 81n85,100, 178,179,180,410,518 Lichtenbaum, Marek, 259,303n449, 606 Lichtenberg, Izak, 518 Lichtenstein (businessman, First Aid Station secretary), 303ո449 Lifszyc, Sonja, 313 Lin (TOZ worker), 179
Index Lindenthal (researcher), 513 Linder, Menachem, 409,445-446, 508-509 Lipno, 630 Lipsztat, Abraham Paweł, 221,400, 448 Lipsztat, Aleksander (Olek Netzer), 22ІП212 Lipsztat-Muszkat, Natalia Julia, 22ІП212, 400 Liwska (TOZ worker), 178 Lodź, 108nl7,169,177,181ո58, 214, 289, 320, 344, 376, 430, 467nl 14,472nl41, 476nl55,490, 494, 500n39, 630, 631 Loth, Edward, 301,331n55, 358, 361-362, 581 Lublin, 105,108, 137,141,177,187, 500n39 Lubowska, Nina, 93-94,93nl26, 349 Lwów, 65, 177, 581n9 Mahler, Raphael (historian), 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 487, 642 Majdanek, 265ո342,370-371 Makower, Henryk, 173, 277, 281, 357n39, 385t2 Margolis, Anna, 173n37,271, 303n449, 350, 385t2, 468, 615 Markusfeld, Dr., 601,606 Martini, Paul, 449 Matz (TOZ secretary in Vilna), 178 Mayer, Saly, 292,302t Mazor, Albert, 181n58 Medem, Vladimir, 197n93 Mejlachowicz, Dr., 334 Melodysta, T, 81ո86 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 642-643 Mendelsohn, Shloyme, 151, 530 Menuhin, Naomi, 39 Mesh, Dr. M„ 180n56,181, 395t4 Michman, Dan, 135-136, 517nl21, 647 Milejkowski, Israel, 11,13,27,39, 699 52, 81-82Ո86,130n69, 161,165169,172n36,173, 194, 211, 222, 228,232,242, 263, 322, 332-333, 355-357, 364, 366, 368, 371-377, 382-383, 385t2, 386, 389-393, 396, 397,449, 518, 538, 552, 556, 560-561, 602 Miłosna, 581n9 Mine, Dr., 35ІПІ5 Minkowski, Mieczysław, 65 Mirocznik, Liza, 93, 93nl26, 354n27 Miszurski, Dr., 97,188 Mitz, Dr., 180n56, 181, 395t4 Mooser, Hermann, 293-294,295, 296,298-299, 302t Moscisker, Emma, 35 In 15 Munwes, Jakob, 239-242,402 Muszkat, Aleksander (Krolek), 22ІП212 Muszkat, Shmuel, 221n212 Nadav, Daniel, 37,43, 581n9
Nagel, Thomas, 577, 625 Natansohn, Ludwik, 64, 82n87 Nauck, Ernst Georg, 119 Netzer, Olek (Aleksander Lipsztat), 22ІП212 Neustadt, Leib, 180ո56, 214nl73 Nisko, 108 Nordau, Мах, 60ո29 Ofer, Dalia, 36-37 Offer, Chaim, 12 Offer, Shulamit, 12 Ohry, Avraham (Avi), 43 Opochinsky, Peretz, 335-336,337, 468,511,512, 536, 564 Orłowski, Witold, 362,375 Orzechowski, Konrad, 216 Padua, 61-62 Paśniczek, Franciszek, 221ո212 Patt, Emanuel, 180,181, 395,407ո9, 443ո6, 565, 567
700 White Coats in the Ghetto Penson, Jakub, 27,368-370 Piątkowski ( Volksdeutsch), 203-204 Рік, Aaron, 12,23,135 Piłsudski, Jozef Klemens, 54 Pinkert, Mottl, 521-522 Pinsker, Judah (Leo), 60n29 Plötz, Alfred, 113n28 Polisiuk, Adolf, 204nl28,247,266267,417, 503, 518, 577, 580-581, 583-584,603-607, 627 Poniatowa, 582 Poniatowski, Stanisław, 62 Porozów, 58 Portner, Szymon, 87 Poznań, 108nl7, 630 Priel, Yisrael, 611 Przedborski, Jan, 35ІПІ5 Przewarski, B., 181 Pshitz, J. L., 181 Rabinowitz (TOZ worker), 178 Rachmilewitch (TOZ worker), 178 Raciaz, 631 Radom, 105,187 Rausching, Hermann, 491 Regelman, Maurycy, 567 Reis, Shmuel, 45n54 Remba, Nachům, 243,256,267 Rheinfeld (TOZ worker), 178 Richter, Wilhelm, 133,209,442443, 542 Riga, 495 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 61,67n49, 73-74,132,133,146,147,149, 172, 217, 222, 227,241-242, 256, 285,286,318,321-322, 325, 328, 330-331, 336,407,411, 412,417, 423, 429-430, 433,436-437, 445, 450, 452,454, 460,463, 470, 472476,490, 494, 495, 496-497, 500, 501, 506, 507, 509, 514, 517, 523֊ 524, 534, 562, 568, 583, 594-595 Roland, Charles, 35-36,139,364365, 412, 528-529 Rom, Israel (Rotbalsam), 204nl28, 376-377Ո88,436,457-458,471, 501 Rosenberg, Alfred, 121,492 Rosenheim, Jacob, 299,302t Rosnicki, J., 180n56 Ross, Jerzy (Rosenberg), 305,306, 516,609 Rotbalsam, Israel (Rom), 204nl28, 376-377Ո88,436,457-458,471, 501 Rothaupt, Dr., 203 Rotstadt, Julian, 201,202-203, 601, 606-607 Rotsztajn (member of the First Aid Station management), 303n449, 306, 337 Rotsztajn, Halina, 583-584 Rouge, B. de, 294 Rozenblum, Jakob, 178,180, 180n56,181,185,263,316, 395t4, 518,
566 Rubinstein, Jakob, 181n58 Rumkowski, Chaim Mordechai, 320, 500n39 Saar, Yitzhak, 472nl41 Sachsenhausen, 265n342 Salerno, 61 Sauckel, Fritz, 110-111 Schipper, Yitzhak-Ignacy, 241-242, 385t2,561 Schmerling (officer in the Jewish police), 561 Schneerson, Fiszel, 71-72 Schön, Waldemar, 140,146,216217 Schrempf, Kurt, 125,132-133,153, 202,205, 206-207, 208,209, 216218, 272, 326, 366, 384tl, 385t2, 448,498, 522, 533-534, 555, 646 Seidelman, William, 45n54 Seidengart (TOZ worker), 178 Seraphim, Peter-Heinz, 66n45 Sewering, Hans Joachim, 42
Index Shapira, Chanina Lipa, 500n39 Shasha, Shaul, 44-45 Shavli (Šiauliai), 12,23,135,490nll Shvarts, Shifra, 45n54,78n79 Šiauliai (Shavli), 12,23,135,490nll Sierota, Dr., 307 Sierpc, 631 Sikorski, Henryk, 205 Simchowitz, Teofil, 65 Simon, W., 297 Sochaczew, 221n212 Sollmann, Max, 122-125,128ո60, 156 Soloveichik, Aharon, 66n47, 98, 81n85,188 Spenser, Julian Thomas (Tomi), 37, 45n54 Spielberg, Steven, 34 Spiwak (driver), 305, 306 St. Petersburg, 77n73, 365n52 Stabholz (warehouse worker), 261-262, 587 Stabholz, Henryk, 200,201,331n55, 579 Stabholz, Ignacy, 244 Stabholz, Ludwik, 330-331, 357ո39, 358, 361-362, 363, 400, 581 Stabholz, Miriam, 331n55 Stabholz, Thaddeus, 264-265, 331n55 Stajnsapir, Dr., 605 Starzyński, Stefan, 164 Stawki, 219,224,226,228,232t, 241, 243-245, 248, 250-252, 256Ո313, 257, 281, 282, 332, 345, 351, 375, 417n66, 583, 589, 604, 606-607 Steier, Shmuel (Tommy), 45 Stein, Josef, 173n36, 203-204, 213, 228, 233-234, 239, 242, 244, 252, 257, 265, 266-267, 324n23, 348, 35ІПІ5, 356, 357n39, 368, 371, 376-377, 382, 385t2, 552, 561, 597, 598-602 Stein, Rachel, 85 701 Steinberg, Avraham, 616 Sterling, Władysław, 357n39 Sternbuch, Elias, 293-299, 302t Stroop, Jürgen, 143 Studencki, Mosze, 64 Syrkin Binstein, Sara Zofia, 173n36, 183,191,194,195, 263, 35ІПІ5, 385t2, 397, 518, 553, 556 Szac-Wajnkranc, Noemi (Maria Tass), 255,618-619 Szajnman, Michael, 376 Szandler, Irena, 221n212 Szefner, Helena, 610 Szejnman, Mieczysław, 35ІПІ5 Szeniszer, Dr., 322, 598 Szenwic, Wilhelm, 324n23 Szereszewska, Helena, 351-352, 463,613 Szeryński, Józef Andrzej, 425 Szindler, Sabina, 93,
93nl26 Szniolis, Aleksander, 560 Szwajcer, Jakob, 85, 90nll4 Szwajger, Adina Blady, 256,269, 270, 276, 281, 282, 284, 323, 340, 368, 401,465-466, 506, 518, 584585, 591, 608, 613-617, 619-620, 651-652 Szwalbe, M., 180ո56,181ո58, 566 Tarnopol, 500ո39 Tass, Maria (Noemi SzacWajnkranc), 255, 618-619 Teichner, Isidor, 518 Tel Aviv, 52 Temkin-Berman, Batya, 506 Tenenbaum, Mrs., 518-519 Tombak, Jakob, 613 Trawniki, 167nl 7 Treblinka, 89,123,124,171, 180ո52,183ո66,198,20ІПІ09, 204, 22ІП212, 239ո262, 248, 258, 263, 265Ո342, 280, 287, 305, 334, 352, 370, 373, 376-377, 569, 583, 597, 602-604, 608 Trojanowski, Andrzej, 478-479
702 White Coats itt the Ghetto Trunk, Isaiah, 30,138-139,175n40, 199nl02, 230,239,290,408, 434ПІ81,470, 528-529, 535 Tschlenoff, Boris, 199nl01,292, 293,298, 300, 302t, 394t3 Turków, Jonas, 181n58,255,514, 516, 530 Tursch (TOZ worker), 178 Túrsz, Moshe, 147,150,180ո56, 181ո58,198, 204, 256-257, 269, 457, 518, 554, 566, 592 Tzeder, Shulamit, 255n305,262n331 Uryson, Akiwa, 173n37, 385t2 Vilna, 22,62,65, 83,177, 354, 490nll, 495, 512nl00 Vinower, A., 181 Wetzel, Ernst, 120-121,489-490, 492, 574 Wielikowski, Gustaw, 165,385t2 Wiik, Seweryn, 283 Williams, Cicely, 379 Winick, Myron, 33, 372, 381, 467 Winter, Shmuel, 165, 385t2 Włocławek, 203nll7,206nl36,224 Wohl, Dr., 180n56,181 Wolf, Maurycy, 518 Wertman, Dr., 266 Wroński, E, 179-180 Wulf, Josef, 128-129 Wulman, Leon (Lejb), 31n7, 51-52, 73, 76,178, 180 Wyszewiański, Szymon, 173n36, 180n56,195, 385t2 Yodaiken, Ralph, 616-617 Wagner, Gerhard, 71n58 Wajłowna, Regina, 344 Wajsblat, Adolf, 90,92,348,349 Waksman, Bernard, 357n39 Walbaum, Jost, 118-119,121,128, 141, 143,153, 384tl, 385t2 Waller, Shmuel Stanisław, 203, 204, 239, 259, 583-584, 597-598, 600-602, 607 Wasserman, Dr., 313 Wdowiński, Dawid, 35ІПІ5 Weichert, Michael, 293,295-296, 298, 299-300, 302t Weigl, Rudolf, 297,462 Weil, Edmund, 370 Werthajm, Aleksander, 173n37,201, 203ПІ17, 322-323, 385t2 Zamenhof, Adam, 201,202-203 Zamenhof, Ludwik Eliezer, 201nl 10 Zaorski, Jan, 355 Zenderman, Sabina, 88nll0, 354n27 Żmigrider-Konopkowa, Dr., 348, 35ІПІ5 Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek), 224Ո228 Zundelewicz (lawyer, businessman), 303Ո449 Zweibaum, Juliusz (Julian), 355357, 360, 364, 398
Zyi, Dr., 585 Zylberberg, Michael, 344, 345, 523 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Offer, Miriam 1960- |
| author2 | Greenwood, Naftali |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | n g ng |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1076510221 |
| author_facet | Offer, Miriam 1960- Greenwood, Naftali |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Offer, Miriam 1960- |
| author_variant | m o mo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047021073 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1249683115 (DE-599)BVBBV047021073 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1943 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1943 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Warschau |
| id | DE-604.BV047021073 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:59:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:00:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789653086029 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032428550 |
| oclc_num | 1249683115 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | 702 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Faksimiles, Porträts 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210416 DHB_BSB_FID DHB_IFZ |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Yad Vashem, The International Institute for Holocaust Research |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Yad Vashem publications |
| spelling | Offer, Miriam 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1076510221 aut Ḥaluḳ lavan ba-geṭo White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust Miriam Offer ; translated from the Hebrew by Naftali Greenwood Jerusalem Yad Vashem, The International Institute for Holocaust Research [2020] 702 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Faksimiles, Porträts 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Yad Vashem publications First published in Hebrew by Yad Vashem, 2016 White Coats in the Ghetto narrates the struggle of the Jews to survive in the Warsaw ghetto while also preserving their humanity during the Holocaust. Based on a vast quantity of official and personal documents, it describes the elaborate medical system that the Jews established in the ghetto to cope with the lethal conditions imposed on them by the Nazis, and the tragic ethical dilemmas that the medical teams confronted under German occupation. -- Publisher description Geschichte 1918-1943 gnd rswk-swf Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd rswk-swf Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd rswk-swf Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Medicine / Poland / Warsaw / History / 20th century Medical care / Poland / Warsaw / History / 20th century Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Medical care / Poland / Warsaw World War, 1939-1945 / Medical care / Poland / Warsaw Medical ethics / Poland / Warsaw / History Jews / Medicine Medical care Medical ethics Poland / Warsaw 1900-1999 History Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 g Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 s Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 s Geschichte 1918-1943 z DE-604 Greenwood, Naftali trl Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personen- und Ortsregister |
| spellingShingle | Offer, Miriam 1960- White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003157-3 (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4038270-9 (DE-588)4079048-4 |
| title | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust |
| title_alt | Ḥaluḳ lavan ba-geṭo |
| title_auth | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust |
| title_full | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust Miriam Offer ; translated from the Hebrew by Naftali Greenwood |
| title_fullStr | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust Miriam Offer ; translated from the Hebrew by Naftali Greenwood |
| title_full_unstemmed | White coats in the ghetto Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust Miriam Offer ; translated from the Hebrew by Naftali Greenwood |
| title_short | White coats in the ghetto |
| title_sort | white coats in the ghetto jewish medicine in poland during the holocaust |
| title_sub | Jewish medicine in Poland during the Holocaust |
| topic | Arzt (DE-588)4003157-3 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Arzt Getto Juden Medizinische Versorgung Warschau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032428550&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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