Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Durham ; London
Duke University Press
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | History of political economy. Annual supplement
volume 51 |
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| ISBN: | 9781478009375 |
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| adam_text | Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching.. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching.. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching.. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
Contents Economic Knowledge in Socialism, 1945-89: Editors’ Introduction 1 TILL DÜPPE AND IVAN BOLDYREV Part I: Discourses “From Each according to Their Ability, to Each according to Their Need”: Calorie Money and Technical Norms in Mid-Twentieth-Century Hungary 7 MARTHA LAMPLAND By Force of Power: On the Relationship between Social Science Knowledge and Political Power in Economics in Communist Hungary 30 GYÖRGY PÉTERI The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism: Czechoslovak Public Economics and Economic Reform in the Prague Spring Era 52 VÍTĚZSLAV SOMMER Part II: Doctrines “Commodity Sui Generis”: The Discourses of Soviet Political Economy of Socialism 75 OLEG ANANYIN AND DENIS MELNIK
vi Contents “The Honest Marxist”: Yakov Kronrod and the Politics of Cold War Economics in the Post-Stalin USSR 100 YAKOV FEYGIN Administrative Monsters: Yurii Yaremenko’s Critique of the Late Soviet State 127 ADAM E. LEEDS Part III: Techniques The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE) 155 RICHARD E. ERICSON From Pattern Recognition to Economic Disequilibrium: Emmanuil Braverman’s Theory of Control of the Soviet Economy 180 OLESSIA KIRTCHIK Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge: Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism 204 EGLĖ RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ Part IV: The International The Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: How the Soviet Union Lost Faith State-Led Economic Development 231 CHRIS MILLER The Struggle over Structural Adjustment: Socialist Revolution ve Capitalist Counterrevolution in Yugoslavia and the World 253 JOHANNA BOCKMAN Shestidesyatniki Economics, the Idea of Convergence, and Perestroika 277 JOACHIM ZWEYNERT Contributors Index 303 300
Index Abalkin, Leonid, 122, 282, 290-92 Aganbegyan, Abel, 176, 281-82 Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180, 187-90,191n21,192,199 All-Union Systems Research Institute (VNIISI), 208-14 Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 Ang, Yuen, 205, 221 Arbatov, Georgy, 238, 250 Arrow, Kenneth, 256, 270-71 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich, 277 Atlas, Zachary, 106 Atzler, Edgar, 12 the Austrian school, 257, 259, 262nl3 Babb, Sarah, 267nl7 background ideas, 282-83 Baikov, Vladimir, 37 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 75nl Barnes, Ralph, 22-23 Béréi, Andor, 34 Berg, Aksel, 184 Bernend, Iván T., 36-37 Biernacki, Richard, 10-11 bionics, 188 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevism and Bogdanov, Alexander, 86n6 October revolution, 79 and planning, 157,159-60,162, 174 political economy of socialism, 79-80 book overview, 3-4 Braverman, Emmanuil and Aizerman, Mark Aronovich, 180,187,189 cancer research, 191 career of, 187 control, research on, 196-99 History of Political Economy 51 (annual suppi.) DOI 10.1215/00182702-7903360 Copyright 2019 by Duke University Press
304 Index Braverman, Emmanuil (continued) data structure analysis research, 190 economics work, 191-93,196,198 education of, 189 engineering specialties, 182 and Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 192 at Laboratory 25,187, 189-90 and Levin, Mark, 195-97 and Muchnik, Ilya, 190 pattern recognition work, 182, 187, 189-90,193,197-99 publications of, 189-90,193 and Rozonoer, Lev, 189 and self-learning systems, 187-90, 199-200 theory of socialist economy and block decomposition approaches, 195 calculation difficulties, 194 control in, 195-98 and cybernetics, 181-82 goals of, 194 importance of, 193 influence of, 198-99 intellectual contexts, 181-82,197 as learning system, 196-98 novelty of, 193 political contexts, 180-81 prices in, 195 problems addressed, 195 profit-maximizing behavior, 195 rationing as regulator, 194-95 theoretical sources, 193 Bregel, Enokh, 285-87 Brezhnev, Leonid developed socialism declaration, 77,120 mentioned, 118,167, 238, 250, 278, 284, 295 political economy discourses under, 92-93 reform concessions, 282 support for Soviet clients, 231-32 Brezhnev era, 278,281,284,295 Bródy, Andras, 44-45,49 Brus, Włodzimierz, 55 Brutents, Karen, 238,245-50 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80, 82-83 Bulganin, Nikolai, 112 bureaucratic bourgeoisie, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 Burma, 236 Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (CEMI). See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy the Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-33 and computerization, 162 EMM journal, 161,166 Fedorenko, Nikolai at, 110, 130-31,160-61 founding of, 110,160
Katsenelinboigen, Aron at, 191-92 Nemchinov, Vasily at, 110,160 scientists hired by, 161 seminars, multidisciplinary, 191-92 and shestidesyatniki generation, 161 tasks of, 162 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129, 131-32 Cheprakov, Viktor, 286-87 Chemyaev, Anatoly, 238,250,288-89 Collier, Stephen, 206 commodity-money relations debate. See political economy of socialism Computer Center, Soviet Academy of Sciences, 209, 212-13, 215-16,218
Index control sciences, Soviet overview of, 182-83 and biology, 188 and cybernetics, 185,187 development, post-Stalin, 183 as governance theory, 185 Institute of Control Sciences, 186, 192 Laboratory 25,187-90,199 as modern, 199-200 qualitative theories of, 196 theory of control in complex systems, 187 convergence theory 1960s, 283-87 1970s, 287-89 Abalkin, Leonid on, 291 Ashurbeyli, Igor Raufovich on, 277 Bregel, Enokh on, 285-87 capitalist-socialist coexistence, 287 Cheprakov, Viktor on, 286-87 and Chernyaev, Anatoly, 288-89 conferences on, 286 criticisms of, 283-85, 288-89,293 Dalin, Sergei on, 284-85 and decentralization discussions, 283 deligitimization attempts, 284 and détente, 287-89 economic, 279-81, 294 end of, 293-94 and foreground versus background ideas, 282-83 Galbraith’s influence on, 281, 285-86, 288,292 Goslov, Viktor E on, 288 andIMEMO, 284 impact of, 278 intellectual, 277 Kapista, Piotr on, 287-88 Khavina, Seva on, 283-84 Mileykovskiy, Abram G. on, 288 305 Mitin, Mark B. on, 286-87 normative/political, 279-80, 294 origins of, 294 peak of, 290 and perestroika, 277-79, 288-90, 294 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 Prague Spring, similarities to, 287 and Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 and shestidesyatniki generation, 278-81 Shishkov, Yuriy on, 290 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278, 280, 283, 286, 294 Soviet ideology, as challenging, 283 Soviet reception of, 278, 283-90, 294 and within-system reformers, 278 Yakovlev, Aleksandr on, 289 Cuba, 205, 215-17 Cullaher, Nick, 13n3 cybernetic control versus top-down governance, 197-98 cybernetics in Braverman’s economic theory,
181-82 and computerization, 184 and control sciences, 185,187 definitions of, 186 economic, 155-56,159,163,185 and governance, 185-86 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 institutionalization of, 184-85 intellectual influence of, 184, 185n6 Kotov, Ivan on, 196-97 multidisciplinary seminars, 184 proponents of, 184 as rhetorical device, 183 technical, 185-86 Western influences, 184
306 Index Czechoslovakia capitalism, writings on, 63-67 censorship in, 54, 61, 68 consolidation policy, 68 economists and Marxism, 54-55 everyday life, economics of, 54-58 humanist turn in, 56 management studies in, 54, 66-68 ownership debates, 55 post-Stalinism, 55-56 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 public economic writings in Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 journalistic, 58-59 reformist, 56, 61,66-69 Selucký’s, 57-58 reform economics and capitalism, 65, 67 and critical economic journalism, 58-59 Economic Review journal, 59-63, 68 entrepreneurship promotion, 64 equalization, 60 goals of, 59, 61 growth and social goals, 60-61 living standards, 58, 60 market socialism, 67 new socialism, calls for, 63 overview of, 55-56 ownership, debate over, 55, 62 public debate over, 59 socialist economy criticism, 61-62 Stalinism, challenges to, 63 suppression of, 68 reform economists and capitalism, 64-67 Klaus, Václav, 62 knowledge sharing, 53-54, 56 and perestroika, 68-69 and Prague Spring, 54 prominent figures, 56, 60-61 public writings of, 56,61, 66-69 Remeš, Alois, 62 roundtable discussions, 60-61 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65ո7 and Stalinism, 56 Šulc, Zdislav, 59, 61, 63, 68 Sviták, Ivan, 56 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 the West, writings on, 66 Zikeš, František, 62 sociology, 56, 64-65 Stalinist economists, 54-55 Warsaw Pact invasion, 58n2, 68 the West, depictions of, 64-66 Dalin, Sergei V, 284-85 Darst, Robert, 215 decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 developing country cooperation, 265 development theory, structuralist versus neoclassical, 269nl9
Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 Dickinson, H. D., 256 dissensus, 204, 206, 212-14, 221-22 Division for Trade with Socialist Countries, UNCTAD, 264-65 Djilas, Milovan, 240 Dlin, N. A., 248 Dorodnitsyn, Anatoliy, 212 Dubská, Irena, 65 economic knowledge, 1-2, 52 economic knowledge, Soviet. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Central Economics and Mathematics Institute; Fedorenko, Nikolai; Khrushchev, Nikita;
Index Kronrod, Yakov; Nemchinov, Vasily; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy; System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy Anchishkin, Aleksandr I., 130-32 Andropov, Yuri, 127, 232, 238 applied, 157 Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108, 110 Blyumin, Izrail, 109 Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 cybernetics, economic, 155-56, 159,163 deceleration, problem of, 138-39 development, intensive versus extensive, 139 Diachenko, Vasily, 108-9 disequilibrium models, 193 domestic research, 108-9 econometrics, 110 elites, discussion among, 128 engineers involved with, 191-92 Ershov, Emil B., 130-31 Gatovsky, Lev, 111-13,119 growth theory, 139 indicators, language of, 111-12 Institute of Economics, 117, 121-22 intellectual freedom, lack of, 128 investment-related issues, 110 isolation of, 199 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapustin, Alexei, 122 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 163 Kosygin reforms, 116-18 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 157 Liberman, Evsey G., 159,181 market socialism, 165 307 mathematical, 155,160,170, 191-93 Mikoyan, Anastas, 108 New Economic Policy, 80 NIEI Gosplan, 130-31 Novozhilov, Viktor, 105 Palchev, Aleksander, 107 and policy, engagement with, 108-9 and policy, industrial, 105 postwar publications, 105 and postwar reconstruction, 156 prestige of, 157 prices, 111-14 reformist combines proposal, 117 forecasting, 130-32 high point of, 162-63 IMEMO, 108-9,186, 245 and input-output modeling, 130 intellectuals and public engagement, 181 Khrushchev’s, 158-59 and law of value, 113-14 and optimization theory, 130 origins of, 106-10 political
implications, 117-18 post-Khrushchev, 117 prices, 111-13,117 regional decentralization, 158-59 Soviet state, attachment to, 122 and Twentieth Party Congress, 112-13,116,130 Rumyantsev, Alexey, 112 Section of Economic Sciences, 109 Shepilov, Dmitri, 106-7,109 Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 109 socialism, questions regarding, 159 socialism, transition to, 78, 80-81 socialist economy dilemma, 104 spare parts supply, 192n25 statistical analysis debate, 102-5
308 Index economic knowledge, Soviet (icontinued) Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 subjectivism in, 119 traditional, absence of, 158 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Varga, Eugen, 103 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167, 170-71 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 economists as knowledge translators, 52-53 energy and labor, 9-10 Entov, Revold, 192 Ethiopia, 231-32 experts and public domain interventions, 52 Fedorenko, Nikolai atCEMI, 110, 130-31, 160-61 combine proposal, 117 and constructive political economy, 163 and forecasting, 130-31 Kronrod, conflicts with, 100-1,117 reform recommendations, 118 and SOFE, 155-56,159,161,163, 166,169,172 at Soviet Academy of Sciences, 101 Fel’dman, Grigorii A., 139,159, 257n6 Filipec, Jindřich, 64-65 Fisher, Allan G. B., 258 Fomin, Genadii, 211 foreground ideas, 282-83 foreign aid and development theory, Soviet academics and policy, 234 Andreev, M. A., 235-36 big push method, 249, 259 Brutents, Karen, 238, 245-50 bureaucratic bourgeoisie concept, 238, 240,243-45, 248-50 Burlatsky, Fedor, 239-44, 250 and Burma, 236 capital infusions, 232 class analysis, 237 of corruption, 235-36, 247, 249-50 and Cuba, 205, 215-17 and decolonization, 233-34, 246, 249 and Egypt, 237 and Indonesia, 235-36, 246 industry nationalization, 242 institutions contributing to, 245 and Khrushchev’s rise, 233 militarism, 241 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 modernization, skepticism regarding, 232, 237-38, 249 new wave of, 238-39 and political experts, 244-45 regulation, 241 revolutionary potentials, 234 social science, calls for, 239 state managers as class, 238,240 states and
governments in bourgeois power shaping, 237 changes in, reasons for, 248-49 and class conflict, 234-37 ideologies of, 241 origins of, 243 as problem-causing, 243-44, 249 progressive, 236-37 research on, 238 as unimportant, 232-33 and systems analysis, 208, 214-21 third-world countries, attitudes toward, 233-34, 249-50 Ulianovsky, Rotislav A., 236, 250 Western socialists, 242
Index foreign development aid, Soviet to Cuba, 215-17 to Ethiopia, 231-32 to Guinea, 231 to Vietnam, 217-20 Friedman, Milton, 261 Friss, István agitprop, resistance to, 35, 37, 39-40 and Béréi, Andor, 34 and Bródy, András, 44-45,49 and CC economic policy department, 32, 34, 38,40, 43-44 colleagues, protection of, 33-35, 42-43 complex persona of, 32 economics, scientific approach to, 33,43 education of, 32-33 and Hungarian Communist Party, 32, 34, 37-38 importance of, 31 and Institute of Economics attacks on, 38-39 defenses of, 36, 38-41 directorship of, 33-34,43-44 expulsion of scholars, 41-42 fondness for, 44-45,49 founding of, 33 goals of, 33 investigation into, 38, 40-41 Kádár, János’s criticism of, 38 and Kornai, János patronage relationship, 35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45,49 and Máriás, Antal, 41-42 and Nagy, András, 41-42,49 and Nagy, Tamás, 35 and Orbán, László, 39-40 and patron’s dilemma, 34-35 309 and Péter, György, 35,43 political allies, 39-40 reformism of, 33-34 reputation of, 32 revisionism lecture, 34-38, 44 on wages and norms, 20 Gaidar, Yegor, 128, 293 Galbraith, John K. and Abalkin, Leonid, 291-92 and convergence theory, 281, 285-86, 288, 292 Czechoslovak interest in, 55 and Gorbachev, 289n20 influence of, 279,281, 292 New Industrial State, 285,288, 291 Soviet Union trips, 292 Gastev, Alexei, 19nl9 Germany, 10-12, 57 Gewirtz, Julian, 220 Glushkov, Victor, 117,162,183, 210 Gorbachev, Mikhail and Chernyev, Anatoly, 288 economic advisers, 281 and expert advice, 279n3 and Galbraith, 289n20 glasnost, 214 mentioned, 101,127, 232, 238, 250
perestroika announcement, 175 Goslov, Viktor F. on, 288 Gosplan and automated management systems, 166 economists working in, 105 input-output models, 171 planning, publicization of, 157 and SOFE, 174 Voznesensky, Nikolai at, 102,105 Yaremenko, Yurii at, 129,145 Great Britain, 10
310 Index Guinea, 231 Gutnov, Aleksei, 211 Gvishiani, Dzhermen, 192n26, 211 Harvey, David, 255n3 Háy, László, 38-40 Hayek, Friedrich von, 257-58, - 270-71 Helmholtz, Hermann, 9 Hetényi, István, 46-47 Hewett, Ed A., 291 Hungary. See also Friss, István; Komai, János agitprop, 35, 37,39-40 book publishing, 35 Communist Party of, 18-20, 26 economic planning, 8,19, 26 economic research in, 31-32 economic revisionism, attacks against, 35 food provisioning, postwar, 14-15 Hungarian Economic Association, 32 inflation, postwar, 12,14, 17-18 Institute of Economics, 32-33,41 labor power, conceptions of, 8, 10-11, 27 land reform, 10-11,13n4,15 Ministry of Agriculture, 24n27 “New Course” policies, 31-32 nutrition science, 7-8,13-14 serfdom, abolition of, 10-11 sharecropping, 15-16, 25 socialism, transition to, 8, 18-20, 26 and Soviet Union, 12,17 state farm employment, 24-25 Supreme Economic Council, 14-16,18 wages piece-rate, 19-20, 26 setting of, 7-8,19-20 wages, calorie money system overviews of, 8,15 difficulties with, 16-18 and factory owners, 15-17 goals of, 8-9 historical contexts, 12-15, 26 and inflation, 17-18 name clarification, 15nl0 versus sharecropping, 15-16 wages, technical norms system overview of, 8 in agriculture, 20-22 exertion factor versus fatigue, 23 historical contexts, 18-20, 26 laborer resistance to, 24 problems with, 23,25 scientific design of, 18-23 wage discrepancies, 23-24 work science in under communism, 26 exertion factor, 22-23 fatigue, 23 and Germany, 19nl9 laborer involvement in, 24 precision, commitment to, 23-24 productivity measurements, 9 research
conducted, 8 time and motion studies, 21i, 22,27 and wage-setting, 19-20 Work Science and Rationalization Institute, 19 Indonesia, 235-36, 246 infrastructural knowledge, 205 infrastructural projects, 204,221 infrastructural projects, Soviet. See also OGAS; systems analysis, Soviet; systems scientists, Soviet computerization, 207, 209-10 costs of, 221-22 definition of, 208
Index electrical grid, 207 Friendship oil pipeline, 210 incremental nature of, 209-10 and planning, 206 and pollution, 214-15 Inozemtsev, Nikolay, 284 Institute of Cybernetics, 210 Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Arzoumanian, Anoushavan, 108 and convergence theory, 284, 293 founding of, 108 Inozemtsev, Nikolay at, 284 meetings at, 186-87, 245 and reformist economics, 108-9, 186, 245,278 tasks of, 108-9,245, 284 the International Monetary Fund and structural adjustment Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68,271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 Ivory Coast, 246 Jamal, Amir H., 267 Kádár, János, 37-40,44 Kalecki, Michał, 55 Kalocsay, Ferenc, 25 Kantorovich, Leonid, 3,103,114, 159,163-64 Kapista, Pitor, 287-88 Karpinskiy, Len, 290 Katsenelinboigen, Aron, 191-92 Khachaturov, Vladimir R., 215-18 Khavina, Seva, 283-85 311 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Khrushchev, Nikita on agricultural production, 107-8 doctrine of, 108 foreign aid beliefs, 232-33 incentives, emphasis on, 111-12 Malenkov, attack on, 107,110-11 policies of, 107 regional decentralization reform, 158-59 removal of, 77,117-18 socio-political thaw, 90,155, 238-39 Toure, praise of, 231 at Twentieth Party Congress, 108, 281 Kiel Institute for World Economy, 256-59 Klaus, Václav, 62 Kolmogorov, Andrey, 184 Koopmans, Tjalling, 103 Korizmics, László, 11 Komai, János Anti-Equilibrium, 47-48, 193 attacks on, 39 and Friss, István gratitude toward, 48-49 patronage relationship,
35-36, 41-42,45-48 personal relationship, 44-45, 49 statements on, 32, 36-37, 43-44 and Hetényi, István, 46-47 Institute of Economics, removal from, 41 and Marxism, 41 memoirs of, 30-32, 36-37,41,48 Overcentralization of Economic Management, 39, 43-44 Rush versus Harmonic Growth, 45-48 socialism of, 41-42
312 Index Kostitsyn, Vladimir, 213 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130, 211 Kosygin reforms, 91,116-18,167, 186,195ո32 Koteľnikov, Vladimir A., 131 Kotov, Ivan, 196-87 Kozlova, Kama Borisovna, 285-86, 291 Kožušník, Čestmír, 55 Kronrod, Yakov and Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Atlas, debates with, 106 attacks on, 111, 118-20,122 career, political contexts of, 101-2, 117 Central Committee report, 114,117 disillusionment of, 119-21 downfall of, 120-21 economics of, 110-11,115-16, 118,121 Fedorenko, conflicts with, 100-1, 117 on forecasting models, 116 importance of, 101,121-22 institutionalist critique, 102 and law of value, 112-13 Laws of the Political Economy of Socialism, 117-18 Marxism of, 101-2 mixed economy proposal, 115-16 Nemchinov, debates with, 102-3, 106,112 political economy of socialism, 93-94, 102 post-USSR, 121 on price setting, 111-12,114 as reformist, 101,118 research methods, 103 “The Role of Prices and Price Formation under Socialism,” 111-13 on the ruble and gold prices, 106 and scientific technical revolution, 120-21 on socialist economies, 110-11, 115,117-18 Socialist Reproduction, 110-11 on Soviet economics, 100 on statistical approaches, 102-3 Thoughts on the Socio-Economic Development of the Twentieth Century, 121 Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Kupriianov, Nikolai, 218 Kuusinen, Otto, 238-39 labor power, 8-12 labor theory of value, 9 Lange, Oskar, 3,55,115-16 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value, 105, 112-14. See also political economy of socialism Lenin, Vladimir, 79-83 Leontif, Wassily, 130, 256 Leontyev, Lev, 86,87n7 Levin, Mark, 194-97,199 liberalization,
Krueger’s concept of, 268-69 Liberia, 246 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92, 283 Löwe, Adolph, 256-59, 268 . Lyapunov, Alexey, 184 machine learning, 190nl7 Malenkov, Georgy, 106-7,110-11 management studies, Czechoslovak, 54, 66-68 managerial revolution discourse, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 240 Máriás, Antal, 41-42
Index markets capitalism, as needing, 270-71 commodities without, 92 and planning, Soviet, 163 in political economy of socialism, 92-94 and privatization, 271 pure, 256 market socialism, 67,165 Marx, Karl on commodities, 79 on distribution of goods, 19 interpretation debates, 81 on labor measurement, 22 and labor power, 11 labor power concept, 9-11 and labor theory of value, 9 mentioned, 261 on prices, 13 SOFE, influence on, 159 and thermodynamics, 9 and two-sector growth model, 139 Marxism and commodity-money relations debate, 81-82 and Czechoslovak economists, 54-55 and Komái, János, 41 of Kronrod, Yakov, 101-2 moral depreciation, 112 and socialist economics, 104 in socialist regimes, 2 states as classes, 238 and state socialism, 123 technological obsolescence in, 112 McNamara, Robert S., 268nl8 measurement without theory debate, 103-4 Mertonian imagery of Science, 30 Milles, Dietrich, 12 Mirskii, Georgy, 237, 250 313 Mises, Ludwig von, 55 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 103 models. See also System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy computer, 207, 212-14 disequilibrium, 193 forecasting, 116 input-output, 130,171 mathematical, 160,169-70,174 two-sector growth, 139 Moiseev, Nikita, 213-14, 217-20 Molnár, Endre, 35, 37, 39-40,43 monetary instruments and caloric need, 13n3. See also Hungary Mordvinov, Vladimir V., 264 Morocco, 246 Muchnik, Ilya, 190 Nagy, András, 41-42,49 Nagy, Tamás, 35 Nemchinov, Vasily career of, 160 CEMI founding, 110,160 commodity without market approach, 92 and economic cybernetics, 159 on economists in policymaking, 109 and Fedorenko, 160 Kronrod, debates
with, 102-3, 106,112 and law of value, 114 and mathematical modeling, 160 mentioned, 171 and perestroika, 175 policy recommendations, 165nl0 and probability theory, 103 and SOFE, 159-60, 169 and statistical analysis debate, 102-3 neoclassical counterrevolution, 269
314 Index neoclassical economics critiques of, 255 Hayek’s rejection of, 258 pure markets, 256 and socialism, 255-57, 259, 269-72 UNCTAD’s use of, 264-66 and Yugoslav economists, 261-63 neoliberalism, 253-54, 255n3, 267, 271n21 Nurkse, Ragnar, 259,261 nutrition science, 7,12 OGAS overview of, 183 failure of, 209-10 and infrastructural projects, 210 SOFE and, 162,166-67,171,173 and Soviet governmentality, 183 optimization, 130,164,168-69,174, 195n33 Orbán, László, 39-40 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 Perceptron, 189nl5 perestroika and convergence theory, 277-79, 288-90, 294 and Czechoslovak reformists, 68-69 failure of, 277-78 Gorbachev’s announcement, 175 mentioned, 173, 232 socialism, as rescuing, 176 and SOFE, 156,175-76 sources for, 101 and Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Péter, György, 35,43 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70, 176, 281-82 Pevzner, Yakov, 293 piece-rate wages, 19-20, 26 Piyasheva, Larisa on, 293 planning, Hungarian, 8,19, 26 planning, Soviet. See also Gosplan Bolshevik, 157,159-60,162,174 difficulties with, 158 dual valuations in, 163 and infrastructural projects, 206 infrastructure in, 206 market-oriented, 163 as optimization problem, 163 and political economy of socialism, 91-92,94-95,122 at SOFE, 162-63, 165-68, 170-71 Stalin on, 104-5 Pokataeva, Tatiana, 237 . political economy of socialism. See also Fedorenko, Nikolai; Kronrod, Yakov; Yaremenko, Yurii Abalkin, Leonid, 122 Andropov, Yuri, 127 authoritative discourse of, 76-78, 91, 93, 97 Bogdanov, Alexander, 82, 86n6 Bolshevik, 79-80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 79-80,82-83 commodity-money relations
debate Bolshevist theory, 79-80 commodity production, 80-81, 83, 87, 89-92,104 discursive origins, 76 economic ties, 94 enthusiasm for, 163 idealist approach, 81-82 importance of, 76 and Lenin’s theories, 79-81 markets in, 92-94 Marx, interpretations of, 81-82 mechanist approach, 81-82 MSU versus Institute of Economics theories, 93-95 and New Economic Policy, 80
Index post-Stalin, 90-95 and reform economics, 91 and socialism, views of, 96 and social relationships, 81 and Stalin, 83-84, 89 “Teaching. .”journal article, 87-88 and textbooks, 85,90-91 two regulators theory, 80-81 war communism, 80 constructive versus descriptive, 163,165 Course on Political Economy, 119 education in, 84-85, 87 infrastructure in, 206 Khmelnitskaya, Elizaveta, 86 Kronrod, Yakov, 93-94 Kulikov, Vsevolod, 95 Lapidus, Iosif, 86 law of value conservative position on, 113 cost of labor school of, 113 debates over, 90-92,119 engineering school of, 113-14 mathematical school on, 114 MSU conferences on, 113 questions regarding, 104 in socialism, 88-89, 91 in Soviet economy, 87 Stalin on, 86, 89,106 Tsagolov on, 94 leading economists’ roles in, 78 and Lenin, Vladimir, 82-83 Leontyev, Lev, 86, 87n7 Liberman, Évsei, 91 Lisichkin, Gennady, 92 long-term versus short-term discourses, 78-79 markets, 92-94 mathematical economists, 92 and mature socialism concept, 93 Ostrovityanov, Konstantin, 86 Pashkov, Anatoly, 120 315 planning, 91-92,94-95,122 Political Economy: A Short Course, 88 Political Economy: The Textbook, 90-91 postrevolutionary economy, 84 post-Soviet era, 122 post-Stalin, 75-76,96 and Prague Spring, 93 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 prestige of, 157 as puzzling, 75 and reformist economics, 91-93 role of, 119 Rubin, Isaak, 82 shortcomings of, 157 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 and SOFE, 163,165-66,170,172 Stalin’s involvement in and Bukharin, 82-83 CMR debates, 83-84, 89-91 on commodity production, 104-5 discourse control, 83,96 indoctrination of students,
84-85 Notes, 88-89 on planning, 104-5 textbook, 85-90, 95,104 supply and demand, 91 teaching article, 87 textbook on All-Union Economics Conference, 106 commissioning of, 104 legacy of, 96 mentioned, 76 writing of, 85-91, 95 transition economy, 84 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Yurchak, Alexey on, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120
316 Index Polterovich, Victor, 169, 189,192 Popkov, Iurii, 211 Posokhin, Mikhail, 211 Prague Spring, 53-54, 63, 69,156, 165, 282, 286 Prebisch, Raúl, 254, 261, 264 Preobrazhensky, Evgeny, 79-81 productivity, views of, 12 Rabinbach, Anson, 9-10, 12nl, 23 Remeš, Alois, 62 Ricardo, David, 9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, 259, 261 Rossi, Pellegrino, 9 Rozonoer, Lev, 189, 191n21,192n23 Rubin, Isaak, 82 Rubner, Max, 12 Sakharov, Andrei, 278, 280, 283, 287, 294 Sándor, József, 37 Schrenk, Martin, 269-70 scientific rationality, 4 secret police, 1 Selucký, Radoslav, 56-59, 65n7 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 238-39, 250 Shatalin, Stansilav, 212 shestidesyatniki generation overviews of, 155, 281 Abalkin, Leonid and, 281-82 and CEMI, 161 and convergence theory, 278-81 historical contexts, 281-82 idealism of, 281 as intellectual movement, 155-57, 161,175 and mathematical economics, 155 and Petrakov, Nikolai, 281 reform debates, 282-83 and SOFE, 155-56,161,175 and Twentieth Party Congress, 281 Sheynis, Viktor, 293 Shishkov, Yuri, 290 Šik, Ota, 55, 59 Siklós, Pierre, 14n7 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 82 Slobodian, Quinn, 258, 271n21 socialism. See also political economy of socialism collapse of Soviet, 176 of Komái, János, 41-42 market, 67,165 and neoclassical economics, 255-57, 259, 269-72 public spheres in, 53 questions regarding, Soviet, 159 structural adjustment policies, 254 transition to, Hungarian, 8,18-20, 26 transition to, Soviet, 78, 80-81 socialist economies. See also Braverman, Emmanuil; Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy criticism of, 61-62 dilemma of, 104 histories, 9 Kronrod, Yakov
on, 110-11,115, 117-18 trade between, 265 social science, 31,128, 239 Sorokin, Pitrim, 278,280,283, 286, 294 Soviet Academy of Sciences, Economics Section, 100-1 the Soviet Union capitalism, rivalry with, 102, 108 capitalism, transition to, 128-29 Novocherkassk massacre, 120 October revolution, 79 party program of 1961,91 planning, difficulty of, 158 post-Stalin era, 78,107-8
Index scientific and technical revolution (STR), 132,139-40, 206 scientific technocracy in, 205 shestidesyatniki intellectual movement, 155-57,161,175 social science in, 128 technoscientific expertise in, 221-22 university system, 85 Stalin, Joseph. See also political economy of socialism capitalism, rivalry with, 102 death of, 75-76,78, 130,155 economic laws, emphasis on, 54-55 The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 106, 108 irrigation plans, 212 mentioned, 77 reformist economics, 102 and the third world, 232-33 Stalinism, 56, 63, 239 structural adjustment, see also the International Monetary Fund; the World Bank The Berg report, 267nl7 capital for, 259, 266 capitalist counterrevolution, 270-72 conflicts over, 254 criticisms of, 267 definition of, 259 of developing countries, 265-66 global, 258-59 Hayekian, 257-58, 270-71 and the IMF / World Bank Brady Plan, 269 and capitalist control, 255 and capitalist counterrevolution, 254, 267-68, 271 criticism of, 263, 267 developing countries, individual, 268 317 loans for, 253 versus UNCTAD, 268 and Kiel Institute, 256-58 in Latin America, 254-55 loans for, 253 neoliberal capitalism, creating, 267 in the nonaligned movement, 255 policies, 253-54 shock therapy approach, 270-71 and socialism, 255, 257,269-71 Soviet model, 259 term confusion, 254, 268, 271-72 UNCTAD’s proposals for, 264-66 of the world economy, 264-65, 267,272 Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) overview of, 127-28 arms race, 144-45,147 the Communist Party, 144 compensation, 136-37,140, 142-43,145 data set for, 133 demandin, 134
development, 138-42 econometric work, 133,134nl6 economy, Soviet Union lacking, 145-46 esoteric theory of institutional transformations, 144-47 exoteric theory of development, 134-44 Gosplan, 145 growth, 139-41 inflation, 143 mass goods, 134, 139 military industries, 144-45,147 model of sectoral interactions, 134 multilevel economy theory, 135, 140 objective requirements, 141 overstrain of the economy, 145
318 Index Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (Yaremenko) (icontinued) planned development, 136 priority ordering, 135-36 priority versus nonpriority production, 139 prior work, 133 production, microstructure of, 141-42 quality goods, 134-36,139,143 relative economic isolation, 142 residency permit system, 147 Russian people, treatment of, 146-47 social environment hierarchy, 146-47 socialist development theory, 134 Soviet firms, peculiarities of, 141 and Soviet growth deceleration, 138 the Soviet Union, as unmentioned, 143 specific technologies, 141 structural shifts, 135,137-38 structural stagnation, 142-43 structure of, 133-34 substitution effects and flows, 136-37 universal technologies, 141 Strumilin, Stanislav, 105 Suslov, Mikhail, 118 Sviták, Ivan, 56 System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy (SOFE) overview of, 156-57 algorithm development, 166,171 and ASUs, 166,168,171 attacks on, 165,171-73 automation, 170 Baranov, Eduard F., 167 central control recommendations, 166 compendium of research and reports on, 167-70 complexity difficulties, 173-74 and computerization, 162,166-67, 171,173 Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor, 168,170 decline of, 170-73 early years of, 162-63 and economic cybernetics, 159 Faerman, Efim, 169 failure of, 173-74 Fedorenko and, 155-56,159,161, 163,166,169,172 Frenkel’, Mikhail G., 167 Geronimus, Boris L., 168 goals of, 157,159,166,176 and Gosplan, 174 historical contexts for, 157-61 and incentives, 163,166,169, 171-74 and Kantorovich, Leonid, 159-60, 169 Katsenelinboigen, 169-70 Khrutskii, Evgenii A., 168 Lakhman, Iosif L., 167 and
Largescale Economic Experiment, 172-73 legacy of, 175 and linear programming, 159-60, 164 models abstract, 166 branch planning, 167-68 dynamic, 167 growth, 162 insufficient synthesis of, 169 mathematical, 169-70,174 optimization, 168-69,174 planning, 170-71 programming, 166 Movshovich, Solomon, 169 negative impacts of, 174-75
Index 319 Nemichinov, Vasily, 159-60,169 Novozhilov, Viktor, 159-60 objective functions, 164 and OGAS, 162,166-67,171,173 optimality criteria, 169-70 Ovsienko, Yuri, 169 and perestroika, 156,175-76 Petrakov, Nikolai, 169-70,176 and planning, 162-63, 166-68, 170-71 policy recommendations, 164-65, 169.171 and political economy, 163,165-66, 170.172 political support for, 161,166 Polterovich, Victor, 169 prime period, 165-70 problems faced, major, 173 research directions, 167-70 research summary report, 172 Rimashevskaya, Natalya M., 167 rise of, 161-65 and shestidesyatniki intellectuals, 155-56,161,175 social objective function debate, 170 and SOOI, 166, 171,173 status quo system support, 171 success, lack of, 156-57,172 successes of, 171 tenets of, 163-64 utility functions, use of, 170 Volkonskii, Victor, 167,170-71 systems analysis, Soviet Computer Center, Academy of Science, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 218 and computer modeling, 207, 212-14 definition of, 207 and development policy, 208, 214-21 and dissensus, 214,222 and economic growth, 207-8 and governability, 221 as infrastructural knowledge, 221-22 in infrastructural projects classifications of, 206 computerization, 210-11 developing countries, 216-17, 220 and dissensus, 212-13 electrical grid, 207 incremental nature of, 209 international cooperation, 208 origins of, 207 roles in, 206 theory-reality gaps, 217 and infrastructure, 205 and scientific-technical revolution, 206 secrecy of, 208-9 successful applications of, 209 as technocratic activity, 205 and technological transfers, 207 urban macrosystem model, 211 systems
scientists, Soviet authority and autonomy of, 211-12, 221 backgrounds of, 207, 210 and computerization, 210-11 computer models, uses of, 212-13 and development policy, 215-17, 221 dissensus among, 212, 214, 221 and infrastructural failures, 214 and infrastructural projects, 212-13, 216-17 and international organizations, 208 prestige of, 211,215 problem-solving success of, 211 VNIISI, 208-14
320 Index Taylor, Frederick, 12 thermodynamics and labor power, 9-Ю third-world countries. See also foreign aid and development theory, Soviet decolonization, 108, 231, 233, 247, 249, 255, 258 governments tried by, 237 time and motion studies, 22-23 top-down governance versus cybernetic control, 197-98 Touré, Ahmed Sekou, 231 Trapeznikov, Vadim, 181 Travin, Dmitriy, 285 Trotsky, Leon, 240 Tsagolov, Nikolai, 93-94,119-20 Tsipko, Aleksandr S., 293 Tumanova, L. K., 248 Turetsky, Shamay, 92 Twentieth Party Congress Khrushchev’s doctrine at, 108 and reformist economics, 112-13, 116,130 and shestidesyatniki generation, 281 Stalin’s authority, collapse of, 90, 130 Ulianovsky, Rostislav A., 236, 250 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 261, 263-66, 271-72 the United Nations full employment committee, 258 the United States, 12, 22-23 USSR. See the Soviet Union Vaag, Leonid, 114,117 Vácha, Stanislav, 62 Vápnik, Vladimir, 190nl7 Varga, Eugen, 103 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 213 Vietnam, 217-20 VNIISI, 208-14 Volkonskii, Victor, 163,167,170-71, 192 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 102,105 Washington Consensus, 258 Weindling, Paul, 12 work science, 22-23. See also Hungary the World Bank Krueger, Anne O., 268-69 mentioned, 260 and structural adjustment, 253-55, 267-69, 271 Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 289 Yaremenko, Yurii. See also Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy biographical overview, 129 at CEMI, 129,131-32 China, interest in, 129n5 collaborators, 129n3 and Complex Program for Scientific and Technical Progress, 131-32 critique of Soviet system, 128 education of, 129
and forecasting, 130 at Gosplan, 129 influence of, 128-29 at Institute for the Forecasting of Scientific and Technical Progress, 129 macrostructural reform plans, 148 and reforms, Soviet, 147-48 the Soviet Union, perspective on, 144
Index on technocratic delusion, 147-48 theory of, 127-28, 132-33 writings of, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, 128 Yugoslav economists Avramović, Dragoslav, 260-62, 266nl5 capital shortage problems, 262-63 and developing world economists, 261-62 and development literature, 261 and equilibrium models, 261 Glišić, Vladimir, 262-63 in global discussions, 260 Lađević, Đorđe, 262-63 Lang, Rikard, 260-63 321 Milenkovič, Vladislav, 262 neoclassical theory use, 261-63 socialism and international finance, 263 Stamenković, Radoš, 166nl5, 260-63 state capitalism, rejections of, 262 and structural adjustment, 262-63 and UNCTAD, 263-66,271 world economy, calls for, 262-63 Yugoslavia, 255, 260-62 Yurchak, Alexey, 75-76 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 120,190 Zikeš, František, 62 Zweynert, Joachim, 122 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostblock |
| id | DE-604.BV047002979 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:57:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:59:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781478009375 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032410553 |
| oclc_num | 1194947056 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | vi, 321 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210108 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Duke University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | History of political economy. Annual supplement |
| series2 | History of political economy. Annual supplement |
| spelling | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 edited by Till Düppe and Ivan Boldyrev Durham ; London Duke University Press 2019 vi, 321 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier History of political economy. Annual supplement volume 51 Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 s Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Geschichte 1945-1989 z DE-604 Düppe, Till 1977- (DE-588)1020085886 edt Boldyrev, Ivan A. 1984- (DE-588)1047427923 edt History of political economy. Annual supplement volume 51 (DE-604)BV004623771 51 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 History of political economy. Annual supplement Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066528-8 (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4075730-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 |
| title_auth | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 |
| title_exact_search | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 |
| title_full | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 edited by Till Düppe and Ivan Boldyrev |
| title_fullStr | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 edited by Till Düppe and Ivan Boldyrev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 edited by Till Düppe and Ivan Boldyrev |
| title_short | Economic knowledge in socialism, 1945-89 |
| title_sort | economic knowledge in socialism 1945 89 |
| topic | Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftswissenschaften Sozialismus Ostblock Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032410553&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004623771 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT duppetill economicknowledgeinsocialism194589 AT boldyrevivana economicknowledgeinsocialism194589 |
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