Museums of communism: new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe
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| Sprache: | English |
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Bloomington, Indiana
Indiana University Press
[2020]
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| Beschreibung: | vi, 434 Seien Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780253050304 9780253050328 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS From Communist Museums to Museums of Communism: An Introduction / Stephen M. Norris exhibit a: і Hall of Genocide, Occupation, and Terror 18 і. Sovereign Pain: Liberation and Suffering in the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania / Neringa Klumbytė 22 г. Visualizing Revisionism: Europeanized Anticommunism at the House of Terror Museum in Budapest / Máté Zombory 46 3. Inside L’viv’s Loňsky Prison: Capturing Ukrainian Memory after Communism / Stephen M. Norris 78 4. Remembering the Gulag in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan / Steven A. Barnes 106 5. Riga’s Cheka House: From a Soviet Place of Terror to a Latvian Site of Remembrance? / Katja Wezel 136 exhibit в: Hall ofNational Tragedies 156 6. Sensing the Uprising: The Warsaw Uprising Museum and the Emotions of the Past / Stephen M. Norris 162 7. Enforcing National Memory, Remembering Famine’s Victims: The National Museum “Holodomor Victims Memorial” / Daria Mattingly 188 exhibit c: Hall ofEveryday Life 214 8. Ihe Czech Museum of Communism: What National Narrative for the Past? / Muriel Blaivė 218 9. Stasiland or Spreewald Pickles? The Battle over the GDR in Berlin’s DDR Museum / Stephen M. Norris 244
CONTENTS VI exhibit d : Hall ofRussian Memory 270 10. Commemorating and Forgetting Soviet Repression: Moscow’s State Museum of GULAG History / Jeffrey Hardy 274 11. The Butovskii Shooting Range: History of an Unfinished Museum / Julie Fedor and Tomas Sniegon 12. The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games: Nostalgia for a Socialist Childhood / Roman Abramov 344 exhibit E: Rotating Exhibits 370 13. A Museum of a Museum? Fused and Parallel Historical Narratives in the Joseph Stalin State Museum / Katrine Bendtsen Gotfredsen 14. Between Occupations and Freedoms: Memory, Narrative, and Practice at Vabamu in Tallinn, Estonia / A. Lorraine Weekes 400 Index 425 374 304
INDEX Abashin, Sergei, 380-81,389 Abene, Aija, 138 Act on Judicial Rehabilitations (1990), 225 Act on the Illegality of the Communist Regime and on the Resistance To It (1993), 226 affect, affective ideology, 7,27-29,36-38,124, 127,181, i86nS7,227,265Ո16,356 Ahonen, Heikki, 41s Akhmatova, Anna, 129 Alash Orda, ա, m Aleksii Il, Patriarch, 307,309,310,313 Alexander 1,137,139 Alphen, Ernst van, 206 Alzhir Museum (Museum Memorial Com plex of Victims of Political Repression and Totalitarianism ALZhIR’), 110-11,118-27, 13m6,134Ո34,135Ո44 Amalrik, Andrei, 294 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 88,93,97,102Ո43 ambiguity in museums, 37,60,316,326,34s, Arendt, Hannah, 127,227 Arnold-de Simine, Silke, 251-52) 263 Arrow Cross, 55-56,59-62,66 Ashworth, G. J., 407 Assmann, Aleida, 296,350,407,414 Association ofVictims of Political Repres sions, 308 Astra, Gunārs, 138 archives, 10,25,93,219,260,281,289,355 artifacts, 3) 7) 8, 27, 79) П2֊іЗ, 122) 123 196-99) 202-3,204,219,221, 222,228-34, 28ο, 2838տ, 286,289-91,297,34б, 375,380,403-5, 408,416,418 artwork, 118,121,123-2S, 207,231,290,323, 339mi, 349,401,402,410 “Ástak” (organization), 259-60 Atari, 347 “Attraction-71” exhibition, 348 August War (Russo-Georgian War, 2008), 380,397 Auschwitz, 116,127,191,333n4S, ՅՅ6Ո75 378,392-94 Ames, Michael, 377 Anderson, Benedict, 181 anticommunism, anticommunist, 48-31, S3-S5, 69,70,83,224-27,229 231,235, 409 Antonov- Ovseenko, Anton Vladimirovich, 279-80,296 Anušauskas, Arvydas, 36 Applebaum, Anne, 52-53, 110-11 Bach, Jonathan, 216,263 Bagais gads (see Year of Horror) Bakūnas, Algirdas, 23,38m Baldaev, Danzig, 290
Bandera, Stepan, 15,79,82,87-93,96, 99шз, 101П38 Barnes, Amy Jane, 220,222,227,233,234 Bartel, Kazimierz, 94,96 4«
42б INDEX Battleship Arcade game, USSR, 351,353,359 Baudrillard, Jean, 359-60 Becker, Wolfgang, 246,247,249-50,260,261 Belomor Canal, 286,291 Beneš, Edvard, 223,224 Berdahl, Daphne, 252-53,265Ո15 Beria, Lavrentiy, 29,385 Berlin (see DDR Museum, Berlin) Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, 246, 249,250-51 Berlin Wall, 224,24s, 247,248,253, 257) 262,263 Bernstein, Charles, 357 Besançon, Alain, 52-53,54 Białoszewski, Miron, 157-59 Bielecki, Czeslav, 55 Bitutckii, Viacheslav, 313 “blackboards,” 196 Bloodlands (see also Timothy Snyder), 82,159 Book of Memory, Kyiv, 193 Bortnyk, Rostyslav, 207 Bourdieu, Pierre, 234,235 Branitsky, Tamara, 83-84 Brezhnev, Leonid, 292,350 Brīvības iela (see Freedom Street) Brooks, David, 356 Brüggemann, Karsten, 406 Brygidki Prison (Uviv), 83 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 54,74Ո30 Bukharin, Nikolai, 122,385 Bukarina, Anna Larina, 122 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 53,55 Butovskii Shooting Range (Butovo Memo rial Research-Education Center), 272,294, 305-43 Chiger, Krystyna, 94-95 children, childhood, 4,8,34-37,43Ո54,56, 69-70,83-84,95, H2,169,173-74,175,181, 192,196,203,248,249,255-56,260,262, 297,345-46,347,348-49,351-59, 36s, 384, 408,416 Chornovil, Viacheslav, 90-91 Chukotka, 283,291 Church of the Russian Holy New Martyrs and Confessors, 307,310 civil society, 190,2391143,276-79,294, 295, 296,299Ո13,306,307-9,311,31s, 318,321,32s, 327,402 Clifford, James, 419 Cold War, 47,48,232,233-34,352 comics, 17S-77,181 commodification (of communist past), 7,128, 228-34,235-З6,346-47 computers and computer science in the USSR, 349 Corner House, Riga (see Cheka House) Courtois,
Stéphane, 53,55,59 Crane, Susan, s crimes against humanity, 421145,69,145,204, 226 critics, criticism, 11,12, isn4S, 20,26,39ուօ, 53-54, SS, s8-S9, 61-62,69-70, US-16, 152,175,179-80,181,201,203,207,232, 246-50,251,260-61,347,392,403,409-16, 418-20 Crowley, David, 232-33 Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Czechoslovak Communist Party, 223-26 Butyrka Prison, 281,283,299 Central Lenin Museum, Moscow, 2-4,5,6, 7,9 Čepaitienė, Rasa, 27-28 Cepickova, Jana, 234-35 Charter 77,224 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 384-85 Checkpoint Charlie, 260,263 cheka (Chrezvychainaia Komissiia, Soviet po litical police), 139-40,141-43 Cheka House (Corner House), Riga, 20, »37-55 Dahl, G. B., 388 “Dandy” video games, 349 Daniel’, Aleksandr, 336Ո79 Daniel, Yuli, 295 Day of Mourning and Hope, Lithuania, 24, 34,38ՈՈ3-4 Day ofOccupation and Genocide, Lithuania, 23,24,26,38Ո3 “death tourism,” 21 De Bruyn, Dieter, 176 de Peuter, Greig, 346 democratization, 130,223,316,375,419-20
427 INDEX deportations, deportees, 24,25,26-28,30, 34-37,41П24,43ՈՈ47-48,43Ո51, so, S9, 61,66,112,121,167,200,320,402,406-7, 410,412 Dianina, Katia, s dissidents, 27,28, ѕз, ss, 9L 138,224-2S, 23З, 248,251,27S, 277-79,194-95,297,4Ю, 4«, 4x8 Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Politi cal Prisoners, 277-78,281 DDR (see GDR) DDR Museum, Berlin, 216,231,245-69 Doctors’ Plot, 287,293,29s Dolinka, 107,112,113,1x7-18,130Ո4 “double victimization” (also “double geno cide”) narrative, 9-10,19,26,39Ո10,61 Dovlatov, Sergei, 1,5,7,12 Drakulić, Slavenka, 7-8,9,221 Draper, Susana, 294 Dreimane, Inese, 138,147 Drieselmann, Jörg, 259,263 Druzhba cheese, 350 Dubravnyi Corrective-Labor Camp, 294 Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 346 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 142 Dzieduszycka-Ziemilska, Małgorzata, 179-80 Fedotov, Mikhail, 319,320,325,326,337Ո82, 3381193 Fiedler, Milena, 177,178 Fighter arcade game, 353,361,362 Flige, Irina, 321 folk museums on the socialist way of life, Russia, 346 Foucault, Michel, 87, ւօօոշւ, շօւ freedom, 15,24,2S, 33,37,56,80,97, in, 120, 123-24,170-71,182,226,24s, 254,283,375, 402-3,407-8,416,417,418-20 Freedom Street, Riga, 137-39 FSB, Federal Security Service, 307,308,318, 32s Fulbrook, Mary, 262-63,264ns Funder, Anna, 246,261 gangs (Gulag), 291 Ganina Yama, Yekaterinburg, 310 Gar’kavyi, Igor’, 312,324,326,341П133 GDR (German Democratic Republic, see also DDR Museum), 6,74,216,231,245-63, 265ms, 206Ո21,267Ո28 genocide (see also “double victimization”; Ho lodomor), 9,11,20,23,24,25-27,36,39010, S3,158,190,191,199,202-6,226,27S, 298Ո2, 271,404 “e-Estonia,” 412,419 East Germany (see
GDR) Edkins, Jenny, 276,289,300Ո26 Eichmann Trial (1961), 95,227 Elis, Angela, 245-46,260 Ester-Väljaots, Betty, 415 ethnocentric narratives, problems of, 199-204 Etkind, Alexander, 11,96,111,272,276-77,296, ՅՕՕՈ21,300Ո29,326 European Commission, 137 European Union (EU), 47-49,69,137 everyday life, 11-12,35,67,126,166,196,202, 215-16,227,228,230-32,233,246-47,251-53) 255-S6,259-61,263,267Ո28,271-72,291, З46, 351 Eyal, Gil, 228,239n43 famine (see Ukrainian famine, 1932-ЗЗ! Holodomor) FED camera, USSR, 351,353 Fedorova, Evgeniia, 287,295 Georgia, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (see Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori) Gestapo, 25,28-29,41Ո30,80,83-84,94,96, 153113 Getman, Nikolai, 290 Goliash, Grygorii, 80 Good Bye, Lenin! (2003 film), 246,247-50, 260,261,263,2бѕшб, 2ббп2і, 207Ո28 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 6,275-76,278,316,349 Gori, і, 12,375-76,380,384,38s, Յ90,391, 396Ո4 Gorky, Maxim, 291 Gorky Park, Moscow, 348 Graburn, Nelson, 406 Gräzin, Igor, 416,417-18 Great Patriotic War (see World War II) Gromov, Boris, 312, ззѕпбѕ Gross, Jan, 103Ո54,182 Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 23-24 Gudkov, Lev, 279 Great Terror, 110,118,281,283-84,290,293,29s
428 INDEX guided tour, tour guides, 4,7-8,80,113,117, хи, 132Ш8,138,144,146,198,281,283,364, 378,382,384-85,388,390,392 Gulag, 27-30,34,36,60,66,107-35,145,19a, 251,272,275-303,309,312,316,319,320,327, 329116,378,392,410 Hackman, Jörg, 406 Halbwachs, Maurice, 352 Hall ofMemory, Kyiv, 193-94,198-99 Havel, Vaclav, 224,225,233-34 Hein, Hilde, 64 Helme, Mart, 403,411 Helsinki-86,149-50 Hilberg, Raul, 52 Himka, John-Paul, 82-83,87,88,99Ո20, 1041157 Hiroshima, 191,195 Hirsch, Marianne, 227 Hitler, Adolf, 137,164,223,271 Holocaust, 11,14Ո36,26-27,28,29,47-48, 49, SO, 52,54,55, Ѕб, S9֊6o, 65,67,69-70, 87,94,95, US, 163,182,203-4,20s, 227, 277,402 Holocaust denial, Holocaust negationism, 50, 87,92,182 Holocaust Museum (see United States Holo caust Memorial Museum) Holodomor, 92,189-213 Horokh, Mykolą, 197,210Ո19 House of Terror, Budapest, 20,47-77,143 Howes, David, and “sensory museology,” 168 Hubatova-Vackova, Lada, 231-32 Hung, Chang-Tai, 5 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 49-si, 60,63, 67,224 Hungary (see House of Terror) ideology, s, 7,27-28,34,36-38,54,56,62,63, 143,221-22,234,252,2ббп2і, 298,324,327, 337Ո85,346,348,350,356,376-78,380-81, 384,389,391,392,394,39бп6 Ihász, István, 58,64 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 401-2,419 Institute ofDemography at the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 207 Institute of National Memory, Ukraine, 10, 15Ո45,88,92,93 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Poland, 10 International Slavery Museum (Liverpool), 290 Jaago, Tiiu, 408 James Bond, 233-34 Jameson, Frederic, 350 Janion, Maria, 181 Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 170 Janowska Concentration Camp,
95-96 Jedwabne, “Jedwabne syndrome,” 96,182, ՅՅՅՈ48 Jews, 9,131128,14Ո36,19,26,36,50,59,60,61, 62,67,73,83-85,87-88,92,94-95,99Ո20, 103Ո57,139,148,149,167,178,182,183Ո9,202, 206,287,293,310,33ՅՈ48 Jõerüüt, Jaak, 403,409,412 John Paul II, Pope, 171,174 Jolles, Adam, 6 Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori (see also Stalinjoseph), 374-99 Judt, Tony, 8,14Ո36,19,53,152,183,271,371 Junes, Tom, 10 Jürgs, Michael, 245-46,260 Kádár, János, 49,59 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200,206 Kalanta, Romas, 27 Kalėda, Archpriest Kirill, 307,308,313,315, 323,324,327,337490 Kalvaitis, Vladas, 24 Kaplan, Jan, 221 Karaganda, 38m, 107,127-28 Karaganov, Sergei, 318,337Ո85 Karlag, Karlag Museum (official name: Mu seum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement), 20,106,107-18, 123,125,126,127,129,131Ո6,132Ш114-16, 133Ո18,290 Karp, Ivan, 376 Kasekamp, Andres, 406 Kattago, Siobhan, 406 Katyn, 30,159,164,318,334Ո53,341П139 Kazakh famine, 193Ї-ЗЗ, m Kazakhstan, 11,20,107-30,130m, 251 Kaczyński, Lech, 167-68,182 Kelam, Mari-Ann, 419,420
429 INDEX Kelam, Tunne, 404,416 Kertész, Imre, s6 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 20,2s, 28,29,34,36,96,137-39,140-41,143, 149, «о, 277,306,307 KGB Museum Latvia (see Cheka House) Khatyn’, 317 Khazanov, Anatoly, s Khmiľovs’kii, Father Mykolą, 93-94,96 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 295 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6,63,275,276,278,292, 294,29s, 298Ո3,376,38s, 388,389 Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 388-89 Kistler-Ritso, Olga, Kistler-Ritso Foundation, 404,407,408-9,410,414-15 Klement Gottwald Museum, Prague, 221 Kiima, Ivan, 215 Klymiv, Ivan, 90-91 Knabe, Hubertus, 249,251,261 Kohl, Katrin, 261 Kolar, Jiri, 233 Koiga, Marcus, 409,412-14,415 Kolyma, 278,284,286,287 Komasa, Jan, 177,178-80 Kommunarka burial site, 307,308,319, ззопіб, ՅՅՕՈ19 Kooli, Rain, 410 kopek, 3,356-58,361,365,367Ո30 Kovács, Ákos, 64 Kovács, Attila Ferenczfy, 56,58,64 Kovalevskii Forest, 316-17,328m, 335Ո75 Kowal, Paweł, 168-69 Kresty Prison, 283 Krotov, Yakov, 313 KuMu, Tallinn, 402,410 Kyrylenko, Vyacheslav, 190 Kundera, Milan, 225 kurt (cheese), 122 Kyzymovych, Maria, 80 Kyiv, 1,158-59,188,189-207 Kyivan Rus’, 191 Landsberg, Alison, 128 Lanzmann, Claude, 70 Last Address Project, 276 Latsis, Martin Ivanovich, 142 Lavine, Steven, 376 Law and Justice Party, Poland, 9-10,182 “Law of Five Ears ofWheat,” the, 192 Lebedev, Artemy, 361 legitimacy, 5,28,37,48-49. SS, 59,63,69-70, 91,92,219,221,224,22s, 134, 162, 394,41S Lehti, Marko, 406 Lenin Museum, Moscow (see Central Lenin Museum) Lenin Museum, Prague, 221 Lenin, Vladimir, 2-4,6,220,236Ո7,292,350, 380,384,38s, 388 Levada Center, Moscow, 279,350 Levashovskoe
cemetery, 324,327m, 328Ո4, 341П137 Libeňský, Stanislav, 233 liberation, 20,27,29,33,36-37,49, Si, 85,92, 93,96,159,167 libraries, 117,118,289,348 Linenthal, Edward, 116 Lives of Others (2006 film), 246,247-50,260, 261,263,264Ո6,265Ո16, շ66ոշւ Loňsky Prison Museum (National MemorialMuseum to the Victims of Occupying Regimes), L’viv, 20,78,79-104,148,251 Lörinczova, Nikola, 232 Lowenthal, David, 407 Lubyanka Prison, 112,277,299 Luchenko, Kseniia, 315 Luzhkov, Yuri, 279,309-10,312, ззопіб, ՅՅՅՈ44 L’viv, 1,11,20,78,79-97, «1 Macdonald, Sharon, 6-7,342Ո141 Magadan, 278,309 Magistral arcade game, 353 Maglakelidze, Robert, 391-92 Magnitsky, Sergei, 295 Malysheva, Svetlana, 326 maps, 3,33,163,116,278,281,284,287, Յ41Ո133, 342Ո138,384,385 Mark, James, 408 Mask of Sorrow, Magadan, 278,309 mass graves, 191,305,313,316,319-20,326, 328Ո2,334ՈՏՅ, 340Ո123 Matrix, The (film), 360 Matrosskaia Tishina Prison, 283 McBride, Jared, 10,13Ո28,1ՏՈ44,93,102Ո41 Medvedev, Dmitry, 296,307,316-18,326, ՅՅ6Ո75,337Ո85
430 INDEX Memorial Society, 276,278-79,29s, 307,308, 310,316-18,320-21,324-25,331Ո26,3371185, 338ШОЅ memoirs, 11,28,95-96,1021144,122,152,208, 276,281,286-87,289,295 memory, 6-7,8,141136,24,37,49, Si, 58,6g, 72ՈՅ, 80,82,149,158,163-66,169,174,181, 198,208,220,228,2бі, 287,296,345, зѕо, 3S2, 359,371-72,403,407,4Ю-11,416,417-18; Holocaust and, 47-48,49,52,54, SS, 59,6s, 70; lieux de memoire (sites ofmemory), 1,58, бо, ısı, 255,30s, 310,314,317,327; “memory laundering,” 86-93, ւօօոՅտ; “pieces of mem ory,” 255-59; politics of, 4,9-11,15Ո4Տ, 161151, 27,47-48,54-55,58-59,70,103ՈՏ7,138-39, 143,42,167-68,174,177-78,180,182-83, 189-90,192,201,204,216,225-28,233-36, 245-47,249,250-52,262-63,276,277,3067,308-9,312,316-19, 321,324,337Ո93,403-4, 406,411,414,419; “prosthetic memory,” 128; Russian (see also Etkind, Alexander), 12, 96-97,272,275-76,278,305-6,316-19,326; Stalinism and, 109-11,118,122,126,128-29, 131Ո6,189,194-95,199,200,297-98,305-6, 309,324-2S; “storehouses ofmemory,” 5 Meri, Lennart, 419-20 Miasto 44 (City 44,2014 film), 178-81 Mielke, Erich, 259-60 Milata, Zdenek, 234-35 Milosz, Czeslaw, 163-66,183 Mindlin, Mikhail, 309,330Ո15 Mink, András, 63 Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margaret, 276 Moldabaev, Zhenis, 124 Molotov, Viacheslav, 200,206,283,382 Monument to the Victims of Communist Crimes, L’viv, 86 MOSCOW, 2-S, 6, 12, 19, 29, 37, 42Ո40, 85,94, 112,122,129,167,191,192,206,275,277-82, 289,292-93,296-97,305,307-9,312-15,318, 325,328ns, 330ШЅ, ՅՅՅՈ44,334059, ՅՅՏՈ65, 341П137,346,348,350,351,353,354,356,361, 378,388 Moscow Regional Ministry of Culture, 314 Murakami, Haruki,
362-65 Museum at Bernauer Strasse, Berlin, 263 Museum in Memory of the Victims ofRepres sion, Tashkent, 380-81 Museum of Communism, Prague, 7-8,216, 219-42,271 Museum of Gulag History, Moscow, 272, 275-303,319 Museum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement (see Karlag) Museum ofModern Art, New York, 410 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 138 Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, Vilnius (former Museum of Genocide Victims), 18,20,23-45,60,112,141,143 Museum of Revolution, Moscow, 2,4,5,6,7,9 Museum of the Second World War, Gdansk, 182 Museum of Soviet Arcade Games, Moscow, 272,345-68 Museum of Soviet Occupation, Tbilisi, 375 music, 23,24,64,95,169,181,247,284,286, 289,291,350,384 Nachtigall Battalion, 83,87,88,101Ո40 Nagy, Imre, 49, so Nakhova, Irina, 306 Nalyvaichenko, Valentyn, 85-86 Narynov, Saken, 118,123 National Museum Holodomor Victims Me morial, the, 189-213 NATO, 34,49,412 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 110-11,118-19,120-21, 122,125,127,128,129,134Ո34 Neizvestnyi, Ernst, 278 Nemecek, Vojtech, 232-33 new museography, 64-65 Nikžentaitis, Alvydas, 27 Nintendo, 347,349 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 24,25,28,29,33,36,43Ո51, 80-81,83-8S, 87,89,91,92,93,96,112, 121,122,140-41,143,145,148,278,283, 287,328ns Nolte, Ernst, S3 Nora, Pierre, 151 Noril’sk, 278 nostalgia (see also ostalgie), 12,120,2is-i6, 222,226,232,23Տ-36,245-46,248,249-50, 256,265П15,345-46,349-54,356,358, 362-64
INDEX 431 Noviks, Alfons, 143,154Ո18 Nur-Sultan, 117,118,136,137 Nuremberg Trials, “missed Nuremberg” concept, 51-53,54,68,69,95 Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), objectivity, 5,61,64-65,251,261,263,286,378, 390-93,408 Obtułowicz, Wojciech, 168 October Revolution, 4-5,6,319,378,384 Õispuu, Leo, 410,415 01dakowski,Jan, 176,177 Orbán, Viktor, 50-51,52, s6,58 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN), 80,83,84,87-88,91-9З» 97, 99ПП12-13,99Ո20 Orthodox Church (see Russian Orthodox Church) Orwell, George, 10,248,250 Ossie, 245-46,247,261 ostalgie, 145-50,252,253,260-61,263, Polonsky, Antony, 9 postcolonialism, 11,34s, 404,407 Prague (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Prague Declaration (2008), 26 Prague Spring (1968), 224 Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights (Russian Federation), 306,32s prisons, prisoners, 10,20,24-25,26-31, 166,167,169-70,17s, 177,178,183-84Ո9 political prisoners, 20,24,25,26-28,31, 36,37,7ІПЗ, 277-78,279,292-95, 413,418 265ПШ5-16,266Ո21 Oushakine, Serguei, 407 Padvaiskas, Ričardas, 29 Paperno, Irina, 316 paradoxes, 38,164,224,262,377, Յ92,393, 398ПЮ partisans, 25,27,29-33,34,36-37,38m Paver, Chloe, 247 Pearce, Samara, 197 Penny III, H. Glenn, 5-6 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (see NKVD) Perm-36,278-79,294-95,319, 341Ո137 perpetrators, so, 54,61,65,68-69,84,86-87, 126,128-29,143,146,153,191,200,203-7, 295,306,411 Peters, Iakov Khristoforovich (also Jēkabs Peterss), 142 Petersons, Rihards, 138,143,146,150 Piipuu, Merilin, 401,402,407-8,410,414, 416-17 Piłsudski, Józef, 94,176 Pinball, 1973 (Murakami novel),
362,363-65 Plisetskaia, Maia, 122 Plisetskaia, Rakhiľ, 122 Poland, 9-ю, 11,1ՏՈ4Տ, 25,54,94,95, no, 1S9, 163-83,223,124 33-34, 35,36,37,38Ш, 63,67,79-104, 107,113,115,117-18,120,121-24,125,127-28, 129,132Ш6,137-38,144-49, ISO, 153, 1ՏՅՈՅ, 178, 2371114,246, 250-51,252, 259, 261, 263, 278-79,281, 282-83, 286, 289, 290-94, 320, 3441137, Յ80, 385, 393,404, 406,41Յ, 418 propaganda, 2,66,741130,80,88,93,97, 148-49,152,177,219,222,232-ՅՅ, 258,278, 283-84,286-87,295,301П37,348,390,395, 396Ո3 psychiatric prisons, 294 Pudhys (band), 246 Putin, Vladimir, 37,152,276,279,281,288,295, 296,297,307,310,316,319,320,325,326, ՅՅՏՈ72, 337Ո93, 341Ո132,411, 413-14 Radnóti, Sándor, 58 Radzilowski, John, 174-75 Rainer, János, 51 Razgon, Lev, 308 Red Army, 19,6o-6i, 158-59,166,191,223-24, 271,388,396Ո3 reforging, 286,291 rehabilitation, 121,126,225-26,239Ո45,287, 319, ЗЗЗП44,342П142,385,413 religion, 26,28,30,33,67,83,110,151,152,223, 226,288,294,305-6,308,310,312,319-20, 321,325,327,328ns, 332ՈՅՏ, ՅՅՕՈ7Տ, 363,38s, 390,394 Rényi, András, 58 representation, 28,48,54,55, S9,61,62-65,67, 70-71,115-16,198,208,216,222,235,263, 284, 294,375,377, Յ92-9Յ, 408
43* INDEX repressions, 49,59,9г, 107-12,118-22,128-30, ізіпб, 132Ո12,144,194,100, 20б, 220, 224, 227,262,275-76,278-79,281-84,288-89, 292-98,306,308,312,314,317,319-21,323, 32S, 377-81,385,388-90,391,395 resistance, 11,25,27-30,31,33-34,35-36,37, 49,66,80,128,157-58,159,166,167,199,200, 225,246,259,276,321,325,350,375,403,407, 418,419 retro, 229,231-35,345 revisionism, revisionist, 27,47-48,52-55,70, 231,259,411 Reynolds, Simon, 345 Rieff, David, 165 Rivera-Orraca, Lorena, 406 Roginskii, Arsemi, 337Ո8Տ Romanov, Roman Vladimirovich, 289 Rose Revolution (2003), 375-78,381,389,393 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 91 Rückei, Robert, 252,259,260,263 Rudling, Per Anders, 87,92 Russian Golgotha, 306,310,320 Russian Orthodox Church, 191,305-10,312, 315,317,321,323-25,327, ՅՅ6Ո75,38s, 393 Russo-Georgian War (see August War) Saakashvili, Mikhail, 375,376,381,393,39s Saar, Indrek, 414,416 Sabrow Commission, 251-52,259 Sadunaitė, Nijolė, 37,44Ո64 Safari arcade game, 353 Saint Petersburg, Russia, 139,278,316-17, 318-19,324,346,354,356 Sahlins, Marshall, 296 Sąjūdis, 27,30 Sakharov, Andrei, 294,297 Sakharov Center, 276,295,299П13,309 Sats, Nataľia, 122-23 Schlechter, Emanuel, 95 Schmidt, Mária, 52-53,56,61,62,65 Schwolow, Maik, 261 Senyk, Iryna, 90-91 Serebriakova, Galina, 122-23 Serhiychuk, Volodymyr, 207 Shalamov, Varlam, 287 Shcherbytskyi, Volodymyr, 189 Shukhevych, Roman, 83,87,92-93 Siberia, 28,34-36,145) З80,384,402-3, 407,408 “singing revolution,” 408 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 295 Skype, 412 “Slava Ukraini!”, 91,97 Śliwowski, Piotr, 177 Slovakia, 224,225,239Ո43 SMERSH (SMERť SHpionam, Soviet
Peo ple’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 171 Snyder, Timothy, 82,159,166,182 Sobianin, Sergei, 281 Sobolewski, Tadeusz, 180,185Ո51 Soidro, Mart, 415,418 Sokoľnikov, Grigoril, 122 Solidarity Movement (Solidarność), 167-68, 174,176) 224 Solnask, Helle, 409-10,411 Solovetsky Islands, 277-78,286,291,310 Solovetsky Stone, 278,279,281,319 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Gulag Archipelago, 113,128,316,3ՅՏՈ72 Sonnenallee (1999 film), 247,250 sovereignty, 27,28,33,36-38, SL 60,61,41I) 413-14 Soviet Lifestyle Museum, Kazan, 354 Soyuzattraktsion, 354 Spicker, Glenn, 220-22,229,233,234-ՅՏ Spiegel, Der (German magazine), 220,245,247, 248,249,250,259,260 Spitzer, Leo, 227 Spreewald pickles, 247,248,249-50,263 Stade, Ronald, 388 stagnation (zastoi), 350,362 Stakhannov, Alexander, 361 Stalin, Joseph, Stalinism, 6,9,12,80,107,110, 112,113,115,117,120-21,127,129,142,143, 144) 145) 146,152,158-59) 164, W, 200,203, 20 s, 223,224) 272) 275-76,277,279,280,283, 287,289,290,292-95,297-98,298Ո3,305, 316,327,350,351,374-95, 39 5n4,397Ո13,41З Stalin Museum (see Joseph Stalin State Mu seum, Gori) Stasi Museum, Berlin, 60,246-47,249,251-52, 259-60,261,263 Stasi Prison Museum (see Berlin-Hohen schönhausen Memorial) Stasyuk, Olesia, 197-98,207 State History Museum, Moscow, 2,5 State Museum of GULAG History (see Museum of Gulag History)
INDEX State Policy Concept of Immortalizing the Memory of the Victims of Political Repres sions, 306,319 Stola, Dariusz, 10 Stūra Māja (see Cheka House) Sudetenland, 223 Sudrabs, Jānis (see Latsis, Martin Ivanovich) suffering, 7,9,11,19,20-21,23,26-29,34-36, 37-38,41Ո2Տ, 47-48, si, 54,56,58,60,80,93, 102Ո43։ 119-20, 124,127,131Ո6,140-44,153) 158,192,204,216,226-27,271,278-79,290, 294-95/ 309/ 327,380,381,403,406-8,409, 410-13,415-16,418-20 Szczerba, Jacek, 180 Szymborska, Wisława, 164-65, ібб, 183 Tagansky Park, Moscow, 351,354 Tallinn, 1,12,400,401-20 Tamkivi, Sten, 401-2,408-9,412,415 Tankodrom arcade game, 353,359 Tarto, Enn, 410,413 terror, political (see also House of Terror Mu seum), 11,20,2S-26,27,29,30-31,34) 36) 37) 56,59-60,62-63,67, no, 117,118,140,142, 143,149,151-52) 174-75,224,226, 227,228, 249,279,280-81,283-84,289,290,293,295, ՅՕՏ, 309-10,313,316,317, Յ18,320-21,325, З26-27,363,380,412 testimony, testimonies (see also witness), 14Ո35,63, 83,144-4S, 193,202,227-28,287, 289,317,328Ո2,330Ո14,404 Tetris, 349 Thompson, Sylvia, 407-8,410,414-15,416 Tomsk, 278 Torbakov, Igor, 10-11 Torpedo attack arcade game, 359 torture, 20,24-25,27-31,33,37,58,66,80,83, 85,86,88,94-95, i°7,112-iS, 127,144-45, 150,246,280,290, 314, 380,389,406 tourism, tourists, 21,70,114,116,144,198-99, 216,219-20,232,234,246,260,271,272,3S4, З76,391-92,401 Trabant (Trabi), 220,246,250,252-56,257-58, 260 Trabold, Rudolph, 260 Trotsky, Lev, 6,384,385 truth, 24,49, S4 58-59,65,82,87,152,157-58, 159,164,170,178,227-28,234,376-78,38s, 390-92, 393-94 433 Tucker, Erica, 158,182-83 Tukhachevskaia,
Zinaida, 122 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 122 Tumarkin, Nina, 4 Ukrainian famine, 1932-33 {see elso Holodomor), 158-59,189-92,194, 196-207,208Ш, 215,320 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 87,88, 91-9Յ Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), 87 Ungváry, Krisztián, 61 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also Soviet Union, USSR), 1-2,6,25,27-28,31, 34,66,93,97,107,128-29, ИЗ, 158,192,203, 205,223,271,275,277,278-79,282-84,286, 292-94,296, 297, З48, 349, Յ51,352, 354,362, З64, З75-76,378,381,385, 389,401,402,412, 413,417 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 67,115-16,194,196,290 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Free dom, Tallinn (formerly Museum of Occu pations), 401-24 Valiahmetova, Rustem, 354 Vanagas, Ramanauskas, 29 Vanags, Aleksandrs, 139-40 Vavilov, Nikolai, 293 VDK (see KGB) Velvet Revolution (1989), 1861157,219,224,227 Verdery, Katherine, 36-37 Vergangenheitsbewältigung (“coming to terms with the past”), 245,252,277 Verkhovna Rada, 158 Veselov, Yevgeny, 349 Viatrovych, Volodymyr, 10,93,102Ո41 victims, victimhood, 8-10,12,19-20,23,25, 26-27,29,30,36-38,47, Si-56,58-61,63, 6s, 67-70,80,82,84-86,87-88,91-92, 96, 102Ո43,103Ո54,108-9, no, 112,115,119-22, 125-27,128-29,135Ո44,140,142-43, 146-49,150-52,155Ո26,158-59,167,182, 189,191-208,221,227-28,230-31,235,245, 271-72,275-77,278,280,282,284,289-90, 292-97,305-6,307,309,310,312-iS, 316-21, 324-27,328Ո2,328Ո4,330Ո16,332440, ՅՅՅՈ47, Յ41Ո132, 380,403,406-9,411, 415-18, 419
INDEX 434 video displays, 65, 67,143,283,284,286-87, 289,291,29s, 37S, 380,404 video games, 346-47,349,356; gaming in the USSR, 348 Vilnius (see also Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights), 11,20,22,23,25,29,14։ Visak, Ivo, 41s, 416 visitors, 1, s, 12,20-21,27,29-34,37) 62-65, 66-67,70-71,79-80,82,91,97, no, 113, 115-16,120,123,12s, 127,138,144,148-49, 152,158,166-74,181,183,189-90,191,192, 195-99,20S, 208,215,220,221,229,247, 251-56,261,277-78,280-84,286-88, 290-91,293,296,30s, 328ns, 342Ո142,348, 353,355-56,358,361-62,376-77,381-82, 389-92,397Ш2, 401,406,417,419 227-28,289,328Ո4, ՅՅՕՈ14 Wolle, Stefan, 252,259 World War 1,94,98Ո4,139,140,142,340Ш23 World War II, 4,8,10,14Ո36,1ՏՈ45,27-28,31, 33,36,37,59,61,80,82,88,97,137,148,166, Vladimir Central Prison, 283,299Ш9 von Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel, 246-47, 249-50, 251, 261, 2ббП21 Vozvrashchenie, 276 vyshyvanky (embroidered shirts), 197,203 Wajda, Andrzej, 30,169 Wałęsa, Lech, 168 Wallenberg, Raoul, 70 Wall of Grief (Moscow), 297,325 Wannsee Conference Memorial and Educa tion Site, 191,205,206 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 167,182 Warsaw Pact invasion (1968), 224,227 Warsaw Uprising (2014 documentary film), 177-79,180-81 Warsaw Uprising Museum, 157,159, 166-83,190՛ Watson, Sheila, 235 wax figures, 58,281,290 Weliczker, Leon, 95-96 Wende, die, 248,250 Wessie, 245-46,247,261 Wharton, Annabel Jane, 79,82,86-87 Wiesenthal, Simon, 94,102Ո44 Wilhams, Paul, 20,296 Winter, Jay, 326 witness, witnesses (see also testimony), 37, 63,83,120,144,145,147, iso, 152,191,195, 174,176,179,182,183,191,202,205,206,215,
223,245,271,276,279,298Ո4,317,319,3«, 348,364,385,388,406 Wulf, Meike, 406,416 Yad Vashem, 67,290,336Ո75 Yagodnoe, 278 Yanukovych, Viktor, 85,93 Year of Horror (Latvia), 149,152 Yeltsin, Boris, 276,278,309 Yushchenko, Viktor, 92-93,190 Zabuzhko, Oksana, 8 Zamarstyniv Street Prison (Lviv), 83 Zaryts’ka, Kateryna, 90-91 Žemaitis, Jonas, 30,33 Zhanaozen, 111,120 Zhiguli beer, 350 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J
CONTENTS From Communist Museums to Museums of Communism: An Introduction / Stephen M. Norris exhibit a: і Hall of Genocide, Occupation, and Terror 18 і. Sovereign Pain: Liberation and Suffering in the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania / Neringa Klumbytė 22 г. Visualizing Revisionism: Europeanized Anticommunism at the House of Terror Museum in Budapest / Máté Zombory 46 3. Inside L’viv’s Loňsky Prison: Capturing Ukrainian Memory after Communism / Stephen M. Norris 78 4. Remembering the Gulag in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan / Steven A. Barnes 106 5. Riga’s Cheka House: From a Soviet Place of Terror to a Latvian Site of Remembrance? / Katja Wezel 136 exhibit в: Hall ofNational Tragedies 156 6. Sensing the Uprising: The Warsaw Uprising Museum and the Emotions of the Past / Stephen M. Norris 162 7. Enforcing National Memory, Remembering Famine’s Victims: The National Museum “Holodomor Victims Memorial” / Daria Mattingly 188 exhibit c: Hall ofEveryday Life 214 8. Ihe Czech Museum of Communism: What National Narrative for the Past? / Muriel Blaivė 218 9. Stasiland or Spreewald Pickles? The Battle over the GDR in Berlin’s DDR Museum / Stephen M. Norris 244
CONTENTS VI exhibit d : Hall ofRussian Memory 270 10. Commemorating and Forgetting Soviet Repression: Moscow’s State Museum of GULAG History / Jeffrey Hardy 274 11. The Butovskii Shooting Range: History of an Unfinished Museum / Julie Fedor and Tomas Sniegon 12. The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games: Nostalgia for a Socialist Childhood / Roman Abramov 344 exhibit E: Rotating Exhibits 370 13. A Museum of a Museum? Fused and Parallel Historical Narratives in the Joseph Stalin State Museum / Katrine Bendtsen Gotfredsen 14. Between Occupations and Freedoms: Memory, Narrative, and Practice at Vabamu in Tallinn, Estonia / A. Lorraine Weekes 400 Index 425 374 304
INDEX Abashin, Sergei, 380-81,389 Abene, Aija, 138 Act on Judicial Rehabilitations (1990), 225 Act on the Illegality of the Communist Regime and on the Resistance To It (1993), 226 affect, affective ideology, 7,27-29,36-38,124, 127,181, i86nS7,227,265Ո16,356 Ahonen, Heikki, 41s Akhmatova, Anna, 129 Alash Orda, ա, m Aleksii Il, Patriarch, 307,309,310,313 Alexander 1,137,139 Alphen, Ernst van, 206 Alzhir Museum (Museum Memorial Com plex of Victims of Political Repression and Totalitarianism ALZhIR’), 110-11,118-27, 13m6,134Ո34,135Ո44 Amalrik, Andrei, 294 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 88,93,97,102Ո43 ambiguity in museums, 37,60,316,326,34s, Arendt, Hannah, 127,227 Arnold-de Simine, Silke, 251-52) 263 Arrow Cross, 55-56,59-62,66 Ashworth, G. J., 407 Assmann, Aleida, 296,350,407,414 Association ofVictims of Political Repres sions, 308 Astra, Gunārs, 138 archives, 10,25,93,219,260,281,289,355 artifacts, 3) 7) 8, 27, 79) П2֊іЗ, 122) 123 196-99) 202-3,204,219,221, 222,228-34, 28ο, 2838տ, 286,289-91,297,34б, 375,380,403-5, 408,416,418 artwork, 118,121,123-2S, 207,231,290,323, 339mi, 349,401,402,410 “Ástak” (organization), 259-60 Atari, 347 “Attraction-71” exhibition, 348 August War (Russo-Georgian War, 2008), 380,397 Auschwitz, 116,127,191,333n4S, ՅՅ6Ո75 378,392-94 Ames, Michael, 377 Anderson, Benedict, 181 anticommunism, anticommunist, 48-31, S3-S5, 69,70,83,224-27,229 231,235, 409 Antonov- Ovseenko, Anton Vladimirovich, 279-80,296 Anušauskas, Arvydas, 36 Applebaum, Anne, 52-53, 110-11 Bach, Jonathan, 216,263 Bagais gads (see Year of Horror) Bakūnas, Algirdas, 23,38m Baldaev, Danzig, 290
Bandera, Stepan, 15,79,82,87-93,96, 99шз, 101П38 Barnes, Amy Jane, 220,222,227,233,234 Bartel, Kazimierz, 94,96 4«
42б INDEX Battleship Arcade game, USSR, 351,353,359 Baudrillard, Jean, 359-60 Becker, Wolfgang, 246,247,249-50,260,261 Belomor Canal, 286,291 Beneš, Edvard, 223,224 Berdahl, Daphne, 252-53,265Ո15 Beria, Lavrentiy, 29,385 Berlin (see DDR Museum, Berlin) Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, 246, 249,250-51 Berlin Wall, 224,24s, 247,248,253, 257) 262,263 Bernstein, Charles, 357 Besançon, Alain, 52-53,54 Białoszewski, Miron, 157-59 Bielecki, Czeslav, 55 Bitutckii, Viacheslav, 313 “blackboards,” 196 Bloodlands (see also Timothy Snyder), 82,159 Book of Memory, Kyiv, 193 Bortnyk, Rostyslav, 207 Bourdieu, Pierre, 234,235 Branitsky, Tamara, 83-84 Brezhnev, Leonid, 292,350 Brīvības iela (see Freedom Street) Brooks, David, 356 Brüggemann, Karsten, 406 Brygidki Prison (Uviv), 83 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 54,74Ո30 Bukharin, Nikolai, 122,385 Bukarina, Anna Larina, 122 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 53,55 Butovskii Shooting Range (Butovo Memo rial Research-Education Center), 272,294, 305-43 Chiger, Krystyna, 94-95 children, childhood, 4,8,34-37,43Ո54,56, 69-70,83-84,95, H2,169,173-74,175,181, 192,196,203,248,249,255-56,260,262, 297,345-46,347,348-49,351-59, 36s, 384, 408,416 Chornovil, Viacheslav, 90-91 Chukotka, 283,291 Church of the Russian Holy New Martyrs and Confessors, 307,310 civil society, 190,2391143,276-79,294, 295, 296,299Ո13,306,307-9,311,31s, 318,321,32s, 327,402 Clifford, James, 419 Cold War, 47,48,232,233-34,352 comics, 17S-77,181 commodification (of communist past), 7,128, 228-34,235-З6,346-47 computers and computer science in the USSR, 349 Corner House, Riga (see Cheka House) Courtois,
Stéphane, 53,55,59 Crane, Susan, s crimes against humanity, 421145,69,145,204, 226 critics, criticism, 11,12, isn4S, 20,26,39ուօ, 53-54, SS, s8-S9, 61-62,69-70, US-16, 152,175,179-80,181,201,203,207,232, 246-50,251,260-61,347,392,403,409-16, 418-20 Crowley, David, 232-33 Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Czechoslovak Communist Party, 223-26 Butyrka Prison, 281,283,299 Central Lenin Museum, Moscow, 2-4,5,6, 7,9 Čepaitienė, Rasa, 27-28 Cepickova, Jana, 234-35 Charter 77,224 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 384-85 Checkpoint Charlie, 260,263 cheka (Chrezvychainaia Komissiia, Soviet po litical police), 139-40,141-43 Cheka House (Corner House), Riga, 20, »37-55 Dahl, G. B., 388 “Dandy” video games, 349 Daniel’, Aleksandr, 336Ո79 Daniel, Yuli, 295 Day of Mourning and Hope, Lithuania, 24, 34,38ՈՈ3-4 Day ofOccupation and Genocide, Lithuania, 23,24,26,38Ո3 “death tourism,” 21 De Bruyn, Dieter, 176 de Peuter, Greig, 346 democratization, 130,223,316,375,419-20
427 INDEX deportations, deportees, 24,25,26-28,30, 34-37,41П24,43ՈՈ47-48,43Ո51, so, S9, 61,66,112,121,167,200,320,402,406-7, 410,412 Dianina, Katia, s dissidents, 27,28, ѕз, ss, 9L 138,224-2S, 23З, 248,251,27S, 277-79,194-95,297,4Ю, 4«, 4x8 Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Politi cal Prisoners, 277-78,281 DDR (see GDR) DDR Museum, Berlin, 216,231,245-69 Doctors’ Plot, 287,293,29s Dolinka, 107,112,113,1x7-18,130Ո4 “double victimization” (also “double geno cide”) narrative, 9-10,19,26,39Ո10,61 Dovlatov, Sergei, 1,5,7,12 Drakulić, Slavenka, 7-8,9,221 Draper, Susana, 294 Dreimane, Inese, 138,147 Drieselmann, Jörg, 259,263 Druzhba cheese, 350 Dubravnyi Corrective-Labor Camp, 294 Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 346 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 142 Dzieduszycka-Ziemilska, Małgorzata, 179-80 Fedotov, Mikhail, 319,320,325,326,337Ո82, 3381193 Fiedler, Milena, 177,178 Fighter arcade game, 353,361,362 Flige, Irina, 321 folk museums on the socialist way of life, Russia, 346 Foucault, Michel, 87, ւօօոշւ, շօւ freedom, 15,24,2S, 33,37,56,80,97, in, 120, 123-24,170-71,182,226,24s, 254,283,375, 402-3,407-8,416,417,418-20 Freedom Street, Riga, 137-39 FSB, Federal Security Service, 307,308,318, 32s Fulbrook, Mary, 262-63,264ns Funder, Anna, 246,261 gangs (Gulag), 291 Ganina Yama, Yekaterinburg, 310 Gar’kavyi, Igor’, 312,324,326,341П133 GDR (German Democratic Republic, see also DDR Museum), 6,74,216,231,245-63, 265ms, 206Ո21,267Ո28 genocide (see also “double victimization”; Ho lodomor), 9,11,20,23,24,25-27,36,39010, S3,158,190,191,199,202-6,226,27S, 298Ո2, 271,404 “e-Estonia,” 412,419 East Germany (see
GDR) Edkins, Jenny, 276,289,300Ո26 Eichmann Trial (1961), 95,227 Elis, Angela, 245-46,260 Ester-Väljaots, Betty, 415 ethnocentric narratives, problems of, 199-204 Etkind, Alexander, 11,96,111,272,276-77,296, ՅՕՕՈ21,300Ո29,326 European Commission, 137 European Union (EU), 47-49,69,137 everyday life, 11-12,35,67,126,166,196,202, 215-16,227,228,230-32,233,246-47,251-53) 255-S6,259-61,263,267Ո28,271-72,291, З46, 351 Eyal, Gil, 228,239n43 famine (see Ukrainian famine, 1932-ЗЗ! Holodomor) FED camera, USSR, 351,353 Fedorova, Evgeniia, 287,295 Georgia, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (see Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori) Gestapo, 25,28-29,41Ո30,80,83-84,94,96, 153113 Getman, Nikolai, 290 Goliash, Grygorii, 80 Good Bye, Lenin! (2003 film), 246,247-50, 260,261,263,2бѕшб, 2ббп2і, 207Ո28 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 6,275-76,278,316,349 Gori, і, 12,375-76,380,384,38s, Յ90,391, 396Ո4 Gorky, Maxim, 291 Gorky Park, Moscow, 348 Graburn, Nelson, 406 Gräzin, Igor, 416,417-18 Great Patriotic War (see World War II) Gromov, Boris, 312, ззѕпбѕ Gross, Jan, 103Ո54,182 Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 23-24 Gudkov, Lev, 279 Great Terror, 110,118,281,283-84,290,293,29s
428 INDEX guided tour, tour guides, 4,7-8,80,113,117, хи, 132Ш8,138,144,146,198,281,283,364, 378,382,384-85,388,390,392 Gulag, 27-30,34,36,60,66,107-35,145,19a, 251,272,275-303,309,312,316,319,320,327, 329116,378,392,410 Hackman, Jörg, 406 Halbwachs, Maurice, 352 Hall ofMemory, Kyiv, 193-94,198-99 Havel, Vaclav, 224,225,233-34 Hein, Hilde, 64 Helme, Mart, 403,411 Helsinki-86,149-50 Hilberg, Raul, 52 Himka, John-Paul, 82-83,87,88,99Ո20, 1041157 Hiroshima, 191,195 Hirsch, Marianne, 227 Hitler, Adolf, 137,164,223,271 Holocaust, 11,14Ո36,26-27,28,29,47-48, 49, SO, 52,54,55, Ѕб, S9֊6o, 65,67,69-70, 87,94,95, US, 163,182,203-4,20s, 227, 277,402 Holocaust denial, Holocaust negationism, 50, 87,92,182 Holocaust Museum (see United States Holo caust Memorial Museum) Holodomor, 92,189-213 Horokh, Mykolą, 197,210Ո19 House of Terror, Budapest, 20,47-77,143 Howes, David, and “sensory museology,” 168 Hubatova-Vackova, Lada, 231-32 Hung, Chang-Tai, 5 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 49-si, 60,63, 67,224 Hungary (see House of Terror) ideology, s, 7,27-28,34,36-38,54,56,62,63, 143,221-22,234,252,2ббп2і, 298,324,327, 337Ո85,346,348,350,356,376-78,380-81, 384,389,391,392,394,39бп6 Ihász, István, 58,64 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 401-2,419 Institute ofDemography at the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 207 Institute of National Memory, Ukraine, 10, 15Ո45,88,92,93 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Poland, 10 International Slavery Museum (Liverpool), 290 Jaago, Tiiu, 408 James Bond, 233-34 Jameson, Frederic, 350 Janion, Maria, 181 Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 170 Janowska Concentration Camp,
95-96 Jedwabne, “Jedwabne syndrome,” 96,182, ՅՅՅՈ48 Jews, 9,131128,14Ո36,19,26,36,50,59,60,61, 62,67,73,83-85,87-88,92,94-95,99Ո20, 103Ո57,139,148,149,167,178,182,183Ո9,202, 206,287,293,310,33ՅՈ48 Jõerüüt, Jaak, 403,409,412 John Paul II, Pope, 171,174 Jolles, Adam, 6 Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori (see also Stalinjoseph), 374-99 Judt, Tony, 8,14Ո36,19,53,152,183,271,371 Junes, Tom, 10 Jürgs, Michael, 245-46,260 Kádár, János, 49,59 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200,206 Kalanta, Romas, 27 Kalėda, Archpriest Kirill, 307,308,313,315, 323,324,327,337490 Kalvaitis, Vladas, 24 Kaplan, Jan, 221 Karaganda, 38m, 107,127-28 Karaganov, Sergei, 318,337Ո85 Karlag, Karlag Museum (official name: Mu seum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement), 20,106,107-18, 123,125,126,127,129,131Ո6,132Ш114-16, 133Ո18,290 Karp, Ivan, 376 Kasekamp, Andres, 406 Kattago, Siobhan, 406 Katyn, 30,159,164,318,334Ո53,341П139 Kazakh famine, 193Ї-ЗЗ, m Kazakhstan, 11,20,107-30,130m, 251 Kaczyński, Lech, 167-68,182 Kelam, Mari-Ann, 419,420
429 INDEX Kelam, Tunne, 404,416 Kertész, Imre, s6 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 20,2s, 28,29,34,36,96,137-39,140-41,143, 149, «о, 277,306,307 KGB Museum Latvia (see Cheka House) Khatyn’, 317 Khazanov, Anatoly, s Khmiľovs’kii, Father Mykolą, 93-94,96 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 295 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6,63,275,276,278,292, 294,29s, 298Ո3,376,38s, 388,389 Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 388-89 Kistler-Ritso, Olga, Kistler-Ritso Foundation, 404,407,408-9,410,414-15 Klement Gottwald Museum, Prague, 221 Kiima, Ivan, 215 Klymiv, Ivan, 90-91 Knabe, Hubertus, 249,251,261 Kohl, Katrin, 261 Kolar, Jiri, 233 Koiga, Marcus, 409,412-14,415 Kolyma, 278,284,286,287 Komasa, Jan, 177,178-80 Kommunarka burial site, 307,308,319, ззопіб, ՅՅՕՈ19 Kooli, Rain, 410 kopek, 3,356-58,361,365,367Ո30 Kovács, Ákos, 64 Kovács, Attila Ferenczfy, 56,58,64 Kovalevskii Forest, 316-17,328m, 335Ո75 Kowal, Paweł, 168-69 Kresty Prison, 283 Krotov, Yakov, 313 KuMu, Tallinn, 402,410 Kyrylenko, Vyacheslav, 190 Kundera, Milan, 225 kurt (cheese), 122 Kyzymovych, Maria, 80 Kyiv, 1,158-59,188,189-207 Kyivan Rus’, 191 Landsberg, Alison, 128 Lanzmann, Claude, 70 Last Address Project, 276 Latsis, Martin Ivanovich, 142 Lavine, Steven, 376 Law and Justice Party, Poland, 9-10,182 “Law of Five Ears ofWheat,” the, 192 Lebedev, Artemy, 361 legitimacy, 5,28,37,48-49. SS, 59,63,69-70, 91,92,219,221,224,22s, 134, 162, 394,41S Lehti, Marko, 406 Lenin Museum, Moscow (see Central Lenin Museum) Lenin Museum, Prague, 221 Lenin, Vladimir, 2-4,6,220,236Ո7,292,350, 380,384,38s, 388 Levada Center, Moscow, 279,350 Levashovskoe
cemetery, 324,327m, 328Ո4, 341П137 Libeňský, Stanislav, 233 liberation, 20,27,29,33,36-37,49, Si, 85,92, 93,96,159,167 libraries, 117,118,289,348 Linenthal, Edward, 116 Lives of Others (2006 film), 246,247-50,260, 261,263,264Ո6,265Ո16, շ66ոշւ Loňsky Prison Museum (National MemorialMuseum to the Victims of Occupying Regimes), L’viv, 20,78,79-104,148,251 Lörinczova, Nikola, 232 Lowenthal, David, 407 Lubyanka Prison, 112,277,299 Luchenko, Kseniia, 315 Luzhkov, Yuri, 279,309-10,312, ззопіб, ՅՅՅՈ44 L’viv, 1,11,20,78,79-97, «1 Macdonald, Sharon, 6-7,342Ո141 Magadan, 278,309 Magistral arcade game, 353 Maglakelidze, Robert, 391-92 Magnitsky, Sergei, 295 Malysheva, Svetlana, 326 maps, 3,33,163,116,278,281,284,287, Յ41Ո133, 342Ո138,384,385 Mark, James, 408 Mask of Sorrow, Magadan, 278,309 mass graves, 191,305,313,316,319-20,326, 328Ո2,334ՈՏՅ, 340Ո123 Matrix, The (film), 360 Matrosskaia Tishina Prison, 283 McBride, Jared, 10,13Ո28,1ՏՈ44,93,102Ո41 Medvedev, Dmitry, 296,307,316-18,326, ՅՅ6Ո75,337Ո85
430 INDEX Memorial Society, 276,278-79,29s, 307,308, 310,316-18,320-21,324-25,331Ո26,3371185, 338ШОЅ memoirs, 11,28,95-96,1021144,122,152,208, 276,281,286-87,289,295 memory, 6-7,8,141136,24,37,49, Si, 58,6g, 72ՈՅ, 80,82,149,158,163-66,169,174,181, 198,208,220,228,2бі, 287,296,345, зѕо, 3S2, 359,371-72,403,407,4Ю-11,416,417-18; Holocaust and, 47-48,49,52,54, SS, 59,6s, 70; lieux de memoire (sites ofmemory), 1,58, бо, ısı, 255,30s, 310,314,317,327; “memory laundering,” 86-93, ւօօոՅտ; “pieces of mem ory,” 255-59; politics of, 4,9-11,15Ո4Տ, 161151, 27,47-48,54-55,58-59,70,103ՈՏ7,138-39, 143,42,167-68,174,177-78,180,182-83, 189-90,192,201,204,216,225-28,233-36, 245-47,249,250-52,262-63,276,277,3067,308-9,312,316-19, 321,324,337Ո93,403-4, 406,411,414,419; “prosthetic memory,” 128; Russian (see also Etkind, Alexander), 12, 96-97,272,275-76,278,305-6,316-19,326; Stalinism and, 109-11,118,122,126,128-29, 131Ո6,189,194-95,199,200,297-98,305-6, 309,324-2S; “storehouses ofmemory,” 5 Meri, Lennart, 419-20 Miasto 44 (City 44,2014 film), 178-81 Mielke, Erich, 259-60 Milata, Zdenek, 234-35 Milosz, Czeslaw, 163-66,183 Mindlin, Mikhail, 309,330Ո15 Mink, András, 63 Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margaret, 276 Moldabaev, Zhenis, 124 Molotov, Viacheslav, 200,206,283,382 Monument to the Victims of Communist Crimes, L’viv, 86 MOSCOW, 2-S, 6, 12, 19, 29, 37, 42Ո40, 85,94, 112,122,129,167,191,192,206,275,277-82, 289,292-93,296-97,305,307-9,312-15,318, 325,328ns, 330ШЅ, ՅՅՅՈ44,334059, ՅՅՏՈ65, 341П137,346,348,350,351,353,354,356,361, 378,388 Moscow Regional Ministry of Culture, 314 Murakami, Haruki,
362-65 Museum at Bernauer Strasse, Berlin, 263 Museum in Memory of the Victims ofRepres sion, Tashkent, 380-81 Museum of Communism, Prague, 7-8,216, 219-42,271 Museum of Gulag History, Moscow, 272, 275-303,319 Museum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement (see Karlag) Museum ofModern Art, New York, 410 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 138 Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, Vilnius (former Museum of Genocide Victims), 18,20,23-45,60,112,141,143 Museum of Revolution, Moscow, 2,4,5,6,7,9 Museum of the Second World War, Gdansk, 182 Museum of Soviet Arcade Games, Moscow, 272,345-68 Museum of Soviet Occupation, Tbilisi, 375 music, 23,24,64,95,169,181,247,284,286, 289,291,350,384 Nachtigall Battalion, 83,87,88,101Ո40 Nagy, Imre, 49, so Nakhova, Irina, 306 Nalyvaichenko, Valentyn, 85-86 Narynov, Saken, 118,123 National Museum Holodomor Victims Me morial, the, 189-213 NATO, 34,49,412 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 110-11,118-19,120-21, 122,125,127,128,129,134Ո34 Neizvestnyi, Ernst, 278 Nemecek, Vojtech, 232-33 new museography, 64-65 Nikžentaitis, Alvydas, 27 Nintendo, 347,349 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 24,25,28,29,33,36,43Ո51, 80-81,83-8S, 87,89,91,92,93,96,112, 121,122,140-41,143,145,148,278,283, 287,328ns Nolte, Ernst, S3 Nora, Pierre, 151 Noril’sk, 278 nostalgia (see also ostalgie), 12,120,2is-i6, 222,226,232,23Տ-36,245-46,248,249-50, 256,265П15,345-46,349-54,356,358, 362-64
INDEX 431 Noviks, Alfons, 143,154Ո18 Nur-Sultan, 117,118,136,137 Nuremberg Trials, “missed Nuremberg” concept, 51-53,54,68,69,95 Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), objectivity, 5,61,64-65,251,261,263,286,378, 390-93,408 Obtułowicz, Wojciech, 168 October Revolution, 4-5,6,319,378,384 Õispuu, Leo, 410,415 01dakowski,Jan, 176,177 Orbán, Viktor, 50-51,52, s6,58 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN), 80,83,84,87-88,91-9З» 97, 99ПП12-13,99Ո20 Orthodox Church (see Russian Orthodox Church) Orwell, George, 10,248,250 Ossie, 245-46,247,261 ostalgie, 145-50,252,253,260-61,263, Polonsky, Antony, 9 postcolonialism, 11,34s, 404,407 Prague (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Prague Declaration (2008), 26 Prague Spring (1968), 224 Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights (Russian Federation), 306,32s prisons, prisoners, 10,20,24-25,26-31, 166,167,169-70,17s, 177,178,183-84Ո9 political prisoners, 20,24,25,26-28,31, 36,37,7ІПЗ, 277-78,279,292-95, 413,418 265ПШ5-16,266Ո21 Oushakine, Serguei, 407 Padvaiskas, Ričardas, 29 Paperno, Irina, 316 paradoxes, 38,164,224,262,377, Յ92,393, 398ПЮ partisans, 25,27,29-33,34,36-37,38m Paver, Chloe, 247 Pearce, Samara, 197 Penny III, H. Glenn, 5-6 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (see NKVD) Perm-36,278-79,294-95,319, 341Ո137 perpetrators, so, 54,61,65,68-69,84,86-87, 126,128-29,143,146,153,191,200,203-7, 295,306,411 Peters, Iakov Khristoforovich (also Jēkabs Peterss), 142 Petersons, Rihards, 138,143,146,150 Piipuu, Merilin, 401,402,407-8,410,414, 416-17 Piłsudski, Józef, 94,176 Pinball, 1973 (Murakami novel),
362,363-65 Plisetskaia, Maia, 122 Plisetskaia, Rakhiľ, 122 Poland, 9-ю, 11,1ՏՈ4Տ, 25,54,94,95, no, 1S9, 163-83,223,124 33-34, 35,36,37,38Ш, 63,67,79-104, 107,113,115,117-18,120,121-24,125,127-28, 129,132Ш6,137-38,144-49, ISO, 153, 1ՏՅՈՅ, 178, 2371114,246, 250-51,252, 259, 261, 263, 278-79,281, 282-83, 286, 289, 290-94, 320, 3441137, Յ80, 385, 393,404, 406,41Յ, 418 propaganda, 2,66,741130,80,88,93,97, 148-49,152,177,219,222,232-ՅՅ, 258,278, 283-84,286-87,295,301П37,348,390,395, 396Ո3 psychiatric prisons, 294 Pudhys (band), 246 Putin, Vladimir, 37,152,276,279,281,288,295, 296,297,307,310,316,319,320,325,326, ՅՅՏՈ72, 337Ո93, 341Ո132,411, 413-14 Radnóti, Sándor, 58 Radzilowski, John, 174-75 Rainer, János, 51 Razgon, Lev, 308 Red Army, 19,6o-6i, 158-59,166,191,223-24, 271,388,396Ո3 reforging, 286,291 rehabilitation, 121,126,225-26,239Ո45,287, 319, ЗЗЗП44,342П142,385,413 religion, 26,28,30,33,67,83,110,151,152,223, 226,288,294,305-6,308,310,312,319-20, 321,325,327,328ns, 332ՈՅՏ, ՅՅՕՈ7Տ, 363,38s, 390,394 Rényi, András, 58 representation, 28,48,54,55, S9,61,62-65,67, 70-71,115-16,198,208,216,222,235,263, 284, 294,375,377, Յ92-9Յ, 408
43* INDEX repressions, 49,59,9г, 107-12,118-22,128-30, ізіпб, 132Ո12,144,194,100, 20б, 220, 224, 227,262,275-76,278-79,281-84,288-89, 292-98,306,308,312,314,317,319-21,323, 32S, 377-81,385,388-90,391,395 resistance, 11,25,27-30,31,33-34,35-36,37, 49,66,80,128,157-58,159,166,167,199,200, 225,246,259,276,321,325,350,375,403,407, 418,419 retro, 229,231-35,345 revisionism, revisionist, 27,47-48,52-55,70, 231,259,411 Reynolds, Simon, 345 Rieff, David, 165 Rivera-Orraca, Lorena, 406 Roginskii, Arsemi, 337Ո8Տ Romanov, Roman Vladimirovich, 289 Rose Revolution (2003), 375-78,381,389,393 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 91 Rückei, Robert, 252,259,260,263 Rudling, Per Anders, 87,92 Russian Golgotha, 306,310,320 Russian Orthodox Church, 191,305-10,312, 315,317,321,323-25,327, ՅՅ6Ո75,38s, 393 Russo-Georgian War (see August War) Saakashvili, Mikhail, 375,376,381,393,39s Saar, Indrek, 414,416 Sabrow Commission, 251-52,259 Sadunaitė, Nijolė, 37,44Ո64 Safari arcade game, 353 Saint Petersburg, Russia, 139,278,316-17, 318-19,324,346,354,356 Sahlins, Marshall, 296 Sąjūdis, 27,30 Sakharov, Andrei, 294,297 Sakharov Center, 276,295,299П13,309 Sats, Nataľia, 122-23 Schlechter, Emanuel, 95 Schmidt, Mária, 52-53,56,61,62,65 Schwolow, Maik, 261 Senyk, Iryna, 90-91 Serebriakova, Galina, 122-23 Serhiychuk, Volodymyr, 207 Shalamov, Varlam, 287 Shcherbytskyi, Volodymyr, 189 Shukhevych, Roman, 83,87,92-93 Siberia, 28,34-36,145) З80,384,402-3, 407,408 “singing revolution,” 408 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 295 Skype, 412 “Slava Ukraini!”, 91,97 Śliwowski, Piotr, 177 Slovakia, 224,225,239Ո43 SMERSH (SMERť SHpionam, Soviet
Peo ple’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 171 Snyder, Timothy, 82,159,166,182 Sobianin, Sergei, 281 Sobolewski, Tadeusz, 180,185Ո51 Soidro, Mart, 415,418 Sokoľnikov, Grigoril, 122 Solidarity Movement (Solidarność), 167-68, 174,176) 224 Solnask, Helle, 409-10,411 Solovetsky Islands, 277-78,286,291,310 Solovetsky Stone, 278,279,281,319 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Gulag Archipelago, 113,128,316,3ՅՏՈ72 Sonnenallee (1999 film), 247,250 sovereignty, 27,28,33,36-38, SL 60,61,41I) 413-14 Soviet Lifestyle Museum, Kazan, 354 Soyuzattraktsion, 354 Spicker, Glenn, 220-22,229,233,234-ՅՏ Spiegel, Der (German magazine), 220,245,247, 248,249,250,259,260 Spitzer, Leo, 227 Spreewald pickles, 247,248,249-50,263 Stade, Ronald, 388 stagnation (zastoi), 350,362 Stakhannov, Alexander, 361 Stalin, Joseph, Stalinism, 6,9,12,80,107,110, 112,113,115,117,120-21,127,129,142,143, 144) 145) 146,152,158-59) 164, W, 200,203, 20 s, 223,224) 272) 275-76,277,279,280,283, 287,289,290,292-95,297-98,298Ո3,305, 316,327,350,351,374-95, 39 5n4,397Ո13,41З Stalin Museum (see Joseph Stalin State Mu seum, Gori) Stasi Museum, Berlin, 60,246-47,249,251-52, 259-60,261,263 Stasi Prison Museum (see Berlin-Hohen schönhausen Memorial) Stasyuk, Olesia, 197-98,207 State History Museum, Moscow, 2,5 State Museum of GULAG History (see Museum of Gulag History)
INDEX State Policy Concept of Immortalizing the Memory of the Victims of Political Repres sions, 306,319 Stola, Dariusz, 10 Stūra Māja (see Cheka House) Sudetenland, 223 Sudrabs, Jānis (see Latsis, Martin Ivanovich) suffering, 7,9,11,19,20-21,23,26-29,34-36, 37-38,41Ո2Տ, 47-48, si, 54,56,58,60,80,93, 102Ո43։ 119-20, 124,127,131Ո6,140-44,153) 158,192,204,216,226-27,271,278-79,290, 294-95/ 309/ 327,380,381,403,406-8,409, 410-13,415-16,418-20 Szczerba, Jacek, 180 Szymborska, Wisława, 164-65, ібб, 183 Tagansky Park, Moscow, 351,354 Tallinn, 1,12,400,401-20 Tamkivi, Sten, 401-2,408-9,412,415 Tankodrom arcade game, 353,359 Tarto, Enn, 410,413 terror, political (see also House of Terror Mu seum), 11,20,2S-26,27,29,30-31,34) 36) 37) 56,59-60,62-63,67, no, 117,118,140,142, 143,149,151-52) 174-75,224,226, 227,228, 249,279,280-81,283-84,289,290,293,295, ՅՕՏ, 309-10,313,316,317, Յ18,320-21,325, З26-27,363,380,412 testimony, testimonies (see also witness), 14Ո35,63, 83,144-4S, 193,202,227-28,287, 289,317,328Ո2,330Ո14,404 Tetris, 349 Thompson, Sylvia, 407-8,410,414-15,416 Tomsk, 278 Torbakov, Igor, 10-11 Torpedo attack arcade game, 359 torture, 20,24-25,27-31,33,37,58,66,80,83, 85,86,88,94-95, i°7,112-iS, 127,144-45, 150,246,280,290, 314, 380,389,406 tourism, tourists, 21,70,114,116,144,198-99, 216,219-20,232,234,246,260,271,272,3S4, З76,391-92,401 Trabant (Trabi), 220,246,250,252-56,257-58, 260 Trabold, Rudolph, 260 Trotsky, Lev, 6,384,385 truth, 24,49, S4 58-59,65,82,87,152,157-58, 159,164,170,178,227-28,234,376-78,38s, 390-92, 393-94 433 Tucker, Erica, 158,182-83 Tukhachevskaia,
Zinaida, 122 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 122 Tumarkin, Nina, 4 Ukrainian famine, 1932-33 {see elso Holodomor), 158-59,189-92,194, 196-207,208Ш, 215,320 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 87,88, 91-9Յ Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), 87 Ungváry, Krisztián, 61 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also Soviet Union, USSR), 1-2,6,25,27-28,31, 34,66,93,97,107,128-29, ИЗ, 158,192,203, 205,223,271,275,277,278-79,282-84,286, 292-94,296, 297, З48, 349, Յ51,352, 354,362, З64, З75-76,378,381,385, 389,401,402,412, 413,417 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 67,115-16,194,196,290 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Free dom, Tallinn (formerly Museum of Occu pations), 401-24 Valiahmetova, Rustem, 354 Vanagas, Ramanauskas, 29 Vanags, Aleksandrs, 139-40 Vavilov, Nikolai, 293 VDK (see KGB) Velvet Revolution (1989), 1861157,219,224,227 Verdery, Katherine, 36-37 Vergangenheitsbewältigung (“coming to terms with the past”), 245,252,277 Verkhovna Rada, 158 Veselov, Yevgeny, 349 Viatrovych, Volodymyr, 10,93,102Ո41 victims, victimhood, 8-10,12,19-20,23,25, 26-27,29,30,36-38,47, Si-56,58-61,63, 6s, 67-70,80,82,84-86,87-88,91-92, 96, 102Ո43,103Ո54,108-9, no, 112,115,119-22, 125-27,128-29,135Ո44,140,142-43, 146-49,150-52,155Ո26,158-59,167,182, 189,191-208,221,227-28,230-31,235,245, 271-72,275-77,278,280,282,284,289-90, 292-97,305-6,307,309,310,312-iS, 316-21, 324-27,328Ո2,328Ո4,330Ո16,332440, ՅՅՅՈ47, Յ41Ո132, 380,403,406-9,411, 415-18, 419
INDEX 434 video displays, 65, 67,143,283,284,286-87, 289,291,29s, 37S, 380,404 video games, 346-47,349,356; gaming in the USSR, 348 Vilnius (see also Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights), 11,20,22,23,25,29,14։ Visak, Ivo, 41s, 416 visitors, 1, s, 12,20-21,27,29-34,37) 62-65, 66-67,70-71,79-80,82,91,97, no, 113, 115-16,120,123,12s, 127,138,144,148-49, 152,158,166-74,181,183,189-90,191,192, 195-99,20S, 208,215,220,221,229,247, 251-56,261,277-78,280-84,286-88, 290-91,293,296,30s, 328ns, 342Ո142,348, 353,355-56,358,361-62,376-77,381-82, 389-92,397Ш2, 401,406,417,419 227-28,289,328Ո4, ՅՅՕՈ14 Wolle, Stefan, 252,259 World War 1,94,98Ո4,139,140,142,340Ш23 World War II, 4,8,10,14Ո36,1ՏՈ45,27-28,31, 33,36,37,59,61,80,82,88,97,137,148,166, Vladimir Central Prison, 283,299Ш9 von Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel, 246-47, 249-50, 251, 261, 2ббП21 Vozvrashchenie, 276 vyshyvanky (embroidered shirts), 197,203 Wajda, Andrzej, 30,169 Wałęsa, Lech, 168 Wallenberg, Raoul, 70 Wall of Grief (Moscow), 297,325 Wannsee Conference Memorial and Educa tion Site, 191,205,206 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 167,182 Warsaw Pact invasion (1968), 224,227 Warsaw Uprising (2014 documentary film), 177-79,180-81 Warsaw Uprising Museum, 157,159, 166-83,190՛ Watson, Sheila, 235 wax figures, 58,281,290 Weliczker, Leon, 95-96 Wende, die, 248,250 Wessie, 245-46,247,261 Wharton, Annabel Jane, 79,82,86-87 Wiesenthal, Simon, 94,102Ո44 Wilhams, Paul, 20,296 Winter, Jay, 326 witness, witnesses (see also testimony), 37, 63,83,120,144,145,147, iso, 152,191,195, 174,176,179,182,183,191,202,205,206,215,
223,245,271,276,279,298Ո4,317,319,3«, 348,364,385,388,406 Wulf, Meike, 406,416 Yad Vashem, 67,290,336Ո75 Yagodnoe, 278 Yanukovych, Viktor, 85,93 Year of Horror (Latvia), 149,152 Yeltsin, Boris, 276,278,309 Yushchenko, Viktor, 92-93,190 Zabuzhko, Oksana, 8 Zamarstyniv Street Prison (Lviv), 83 Zaryts’ka, Kateryna, 90-91 Žemaitis, Jonas, 30,33 Zhanaozen, 111,120 Zhiguli beer, 350 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J |
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CONTENTS From Communist Museums to Museums of Communism: An Introduction / Stephen M. Norris exhibit a: і Hall of Genocide, Occupation, and Terror 18 і. Sovereign Pain: Liberation and Suffering in the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania / Neringa Klumbytė 22 г. Visualizing Revisionism: Europeanized Anticommunism at the House of Terror Museum in Budapest / Máté Zombory 46 3. Inside L’viv’s Loňsky Prison: Capturing Ukrainian Memory after Communism / Stephen M. Norris 78 4. Remembering the Gulag in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan / Steven A. Barnes 106 5. Riga’s Cheka House: From a Soviet Place of Terror to a Latvian Site of Remembrance? / Katja Wezel 136 exhibit в: Hall ofNational Tragedies 156 6. Sensing the Uprising: The Warsaw Uprising Museum and the Emotions of the Past / Stephen M. Norris 162 7. Enforcing National Memory, Remembering Famine’s Victims: The National Museum “Holodomor Victims Memorial” / Daria Mattingly 188 exhibit c: Hall ofEveryday Life 214 8. Ihe Czech Museum of Communism: What National Narrative for the Past? / Muriel Blaivė 218 9. Stasiland or Spreewald Pickles? The Battle over the GDR in Berlin’s DDR Museum / Stephen M. Norris 244
CONTENTS VI exhibit d : Hall ofRussian Memory 270 10. Commemorating and Forgetting Soviet Repression: Moscow’s State Museum of GULAG History / Jeffrey Hardy 274 11. The Butovskii Shooting Range: History of an Unfinished Museum / Julie Fedor and Tomas Sniegon 12. The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games: Nostalgia for a Socialist Childhood / Roman Abramov 344 exhibit E: Rotating Exhibits 370 13. A Museum of a Museum? Fused and Parallel Historical Narratives in the Joseph Stalin State Museum / Katrine Bendtsen Gotfredsen 14. Between Occupations and Freedoms: Memory, Narrative, and Practice at Vabamu in Tallinn, Estonia / A. Lorraine Weekes 400 Index 425 374 304
INDEX Abashin, Sergei, 380-81,389 Abene, Aija, 138 Act on Judicial Rehabilitations (1990), 225 Act on the Illegality of the Communist Regime and on the Resistance To It (1993), 226 affect, affective ideology, 7,27-29,36-38,124, 127,181, i86nS7,227,265Ո16,356 Ahonen, Heikki, 41s Akhmatova, Anna, 129 Alash Orda, ա, m Aleksii Il, Patriarch, 307,309,310,313 Alexander 1,137,139 Alphen, Ernst van, 206 Alzhir Museum (Museum Memorial Com plex of Victims of Political Repression and Totalitarianism ALZhIR’), 110-11,118-27, 13m6,134Ո34,135Ո44 Amalrik, Andrei, 294 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 88,93,97,102Ո43 ambiguity in museums, 37,60,316,326,34s, Arendt, Hannah, 127,227 Arnold-de Simine, Silke, 251-52) 263 Arrow Cross, 55-56,59-62,66 Ashworth, G. J., 407 Assmann, Aleida, 296,350,407,414 Association ofVictims of Political Repres sions, 308 Astra, Gunārs, 138 archives, 10,25,93,219,260,281,289,355 artifacts, 3) 7) 8, 27, 79) П2֊іЗ, 122) 123 196-99) 202-3,204,219,221, 222,228-34, 28ο, 2838տ, 286,289-91,297,34б, 375,380,403-5, 408,416,418 artwork, 118,121,123-2S, 207,231,290,323, 339mi, 349,401,402,410 “Ástak” (organization), 259-60 Atari, 347 “Attraction-71” exhibition, 348 August War (Russo-Georgian War, 2008), 380,397 Auschwitz, 116,127,191,333n4S, ՅՅ6Ո75 378,392-94 Ames, Michael, 377 Anderson, Benedict, 181 anticommunism, anticommunist, 48-31, S3-S5, 69,70,83,224-27,229 231,235, 409 Antonov- Ovseenko, Anton Vladimirovich, 279-80,296 Anušauskas, Arvydas, 36 Applebaum, Anne, 52-53, 110-11 Bach, Jonathan, 216,263 Bagais gads (see Year of Horror) Bakūnas, Algirdas, 23,38m Baldaev, Danzig, 290
Bandera, Stepan, 15,79,82,87-93,96, 99шз, 101П38 Barnes, Amy Jane, 220,222,227,233,234 Bartel, Kazimierz, 94,96 4«
42б INDEX Battleship Arcade game, USSR, 351,353,359 Baudrillard, Jean, 359-60 Becker, Wolfgang, 246,247,249-50,260,261 Belomor Canal, 286,291 Beneš, Edvard, 223,224 Berdahl, Daphne, 252-53,265Ո15 Beria, Lavrentiy, 29,385 Berlin (see DDR Museum, Berlin) Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, 246, 249,250-51 Berlin Wall, 224,24s, 247,248,253, 257) 262,263 Bernstein, Charles, 357 Besançon, Alain, 52-53,54 Białoszewski, Miron, 157-59 Bielecki, Czeslav, 55 Bitutckii, Viacheslav, 313 “blackboards,” 196 Bloodlands (see also Timothy Snyder), 82,159 Book of Memory, Kyiv, 193 Bortnyk, Rostyslav, 207 Bourdieu, Pierre, 234,235 Branitsky, Tamara, 83-84 Brezhnev, Leonid, 292,350 Brīvības iela (see Freedom Street) Brooks, David, 356 Brüggemann, Karsten, 406 Brygidki Prison (Uviv), 83 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 54,74Ո30 Bukharin, Nikolai, 122,385 Bukarina, Anna Larina, 122 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 53,55 Butovskii Shooting Range (Butovo Memo rial Research-Education Center), 272,294, 305-43 Chiger, Krystyna, 94-95 children, childhood, 4,8,34-37,43Ո54,56, 69-70,83-84,95, H2,169,173-74,175,181, 192,196,203,248,249,255-56,260,262, 297,345-46,347,348-49,351-59, 36s, 384, 408,416 Chornovil, Viacheslav, 90-91 Chukotka, 283,291 Church of the Russian Holy New Martyrs and Confessors, 307,310 civil society, 190,2391143,276-79,294, 295, 296,299Ո13,306,307-9,311,31s, 318,321,32s, 327,402 Clifford, James, 419 Cold War, 47,48,232,233-34,352 comics, 17S-77,181 commodification (of communist past), 7,128, 228-34,235-З6,346-47 computers and computer science in the USSR, 349 Corner House, Riga (see Cheka House) Courtois,
Stéphane, 53,55,59 Crane, Susan, s crimes against humanity, 421145,69,145,204, 226 critics, criticism, 11,12, isn4S, 20,26,39ուօ, 53-54, SS, s8-S9, 61-62,69-70, US-16, 152,175,179-80,181,201,203,207,232, 246-50,251,260-61,347,392,403,409-16, 418-20 Crowley, David, 232-33 Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Czechoslovak Communist Party, 223-26 Butyrka Prison, 281,283,299 Central Lenin Museum, Moscow, 2-4,5,6, 7,9 Čepaitienė, Rasa, 27-28 Cepickova, Jana, 234-35 Charter 77,224 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 384-85 Checkpoint Charlie, 260,263 cheka (Chrezvychainaia Komissiia, Soviet po litical police), 139-40,141-43 Cheka House (Corner House), Riga, 20, »37-55 Dahl, G. B., 388 “Dandy” video games, 349 Daniel’, Aleksandr, 336Ո79 Daniel, Yuli, 295 Day of Mourning and Hope, Lithuania, 24, 34,38ՈՈ3-4 Day ofOccupation and Genocide, Lithuania, 23,24,26,38Ո3 “death tourism,” 21 De Bruyn, Dieter, 176 de Peuter, Greig, 346 democratization, 130,223,316,375,419-20
427 INDEX deportations, deportees, 24,25,26-28,30, 34-37,41П24,43ՈՈ47-48,43Ո51, so, S9, 61,66,112,121,167,200,320,402,406-7, 410,412 Dianina, Katia, s dissidents, 27,28, ѕз, ss, 9L 138,224-2S, 23З, 248,251,27S, 277-79,194-95,297,4Ю, 4«, 4x8 Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Politi cal Prisoners, 277-78,281 DDR (see GDR) DDR Museum, Berlin, 216,231,245-69 Doctors’ Plot, 287,293,29s Dolinka, 107,112,113,1x7-18,130Ո4 “double victimization” (also “double geno cide”) narrative, 9-10,19,26,39Ո10,61 Dovlatov, Sergei, 1,5,7,12 Drakulić, Slavenka, 7-8,9,221 Draper, Susana, 294 Dreimane, Inese, 138,147 Drieselmann, Jörg, 259,263 Druzhba cheese, 350 Dubravnyi Corrective-Labor Camp, 294 Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 346 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 142 Dzieduszycka-Ziemilska, Małgorzata, 179-80 Fedotov, Mikhail, 319,320,325,326,337Ո82, 3381193 Fiedler, Milena, 177,178 Fighter arcade game, 353,361,362 Flige, Irina, 321 folk museums on the socialist way of life, Russia, 346 Foucault, Michel, 87, ւօօոշւ, շօւ freedom, 15,24,2S, 33,37,56,80,97, in, 120, 123-24,170-71,182,226,24s, 254,283,375, 402-3,407-8,416,417,418-20 Freedom Street, Riga, 137-39 FSB, Federal Security Service, 307,308,318, 32s Fulbrook, Mary, 262-63,264ns Funder, Anna, 246,261 gangs (Gulag), 291 Ganina Yama, Yekaterinburg, 310 Gar’kavyi, Igor’, 312,324,326,341П133 GDR (German Democratic Republic, see also DDR Museum), 6,74,216,231,245-63, 265ms, 206Ո21,267Ո28 genocide (see also “double victimization”; Ho lodomor), 9,11,20,23,24,25-27,36,39010, S3,158,190,191,199,202-6,226,27S, 298Ո2, 271,404 “e-Estonia,” 412,419 East Germany (see
GDR) Edkins, Jenny, 276,289,300Ո26 Eichmann Trial (1961), 95,227 Elis, Angela, 245-46,260 Ester-Väljaots, Betty, 415 ethnocentric narratives, problems of, 199-204 Etkind, Alexander, 11,96,111,272,276-77,296, ՅՕՕՈ21,300Ո29,326 European Commission, 137 European Union (EU), 47-49,69,137 everyday life, 11-12,35,67,126,166,196,202, 215-16,227,228,230-32,233,246-47,251-53) 255-S6,259-61,263,267Ո28,271-72,291, З46, 351 Eyal, Gil, 228,239n43 famine (see Ukrainian famine, 1932-ЗЗ! Holodomor) FED camera, USSR, 351,353 Fedorova, Evgeniia, 287,295 Georgia, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (see Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori) Gestapo, 25,28-29,41Ո30,80,83-84,94,96, 153113 Getman, Nikolai, 290 Goliash, Grygorii, 80 Good Bye, Lenin! (2003 film), 246,247-50, 260,261,263,2бѕшб, 2ббп2і, 207Ո28 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 6,275-76,278,316,349 Gori, і, 12,375-76,380,384,38s, Յ90,391, 396Ո4 Gorky, Maxim, 291 Gorky Park, Moscow, 348 Graburn, Nelson, 406 Gräzin, Igor, 416,417-18 Great Patriotic War (see World War II) Gromov, Boris, 312, ззѕпбѕ Gross, Jan, 103Ո54,182 Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 23-24 Gudkov, Lev, 279 Great Terror, 110,118,281,283-84,290,293,29s
428 INDEX guided tour, tour guides, 4,7-8,80,113,117, хи, 132Ш8,138,144,146,198,281,283,364, 378,382,384-85,388,390,392 Gulag, 27-30,34,36,60,66,107-35,145,19a, 251,272,275-303,309,312,316,319,320,327, 329116,378,392,410 Hackman, Jörg, 406 Halbwachs, Maurice, 352 Hall ofMemory, Kyiv, 193-94,198-99 Havel, Vaclav, 224,225,233-34 Hein, Hilde, 64 Helme, Mart, 403,411 Helsinki-86,149-50 Hilberg, Raul, 52 Himka, John-Paul, 82-83,87,88,99Ո20, 1041157 Hiroshima, 191,195 Hirsch, Marianne, 227 Hitler, Adolf, 137,164,223,271 Holocaust, 11,14Ո36,26-27,28,29,47-48, 49, SO, 52,54,55, Ѕб, S9֊6o, 65,67,69-70, 87,94,95, US, 163,182,203-4,20s, 227, 277,402 Holocaust denial, Holocaust negationism, 50, 87,92,182 Holocaust Museum (see United States Holo caust Memorial Museum) Holodomor, 92,189-213 Horokh, Mykolą, 197,210Ո19 House of Terror, Budapest, 20,47-77,143 Howes, David, and “sensory museology,” 168 Hubatova-Vackova, Lada, 231-32 Hung, Chang-Tai, 5 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 49-si, 60,63, 67,224 Hungary (see House of Terror) ideology, s, 7,27-28,34,36-38,54,56,62,63, 143,221-22,234,252,2ббп2і, 298,324,327, 337Ո85,346,348,350,356,376-78,380-81, 384,389,391,392,394,39бп6 Ihász, István, 58,64 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 401-2,419 Institute ofDemography at the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 207 Institute of National Memory, Ukraine, 10, 15Ո45,88,92,93 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Poland, 10 International Slavery Museum (Liverpool), 290 Jaago, Tiiu, 408 James Bond, 233-34 Jameson, Frederic, 350 Janion, Maria, 181 Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 170 Janowska Concentration Camp,
95-96 Jedwabne, “Jedwabne syndrome,” 96,182, ՅՅՅՈ48 Jews, 9,131128,14Ո36,19,26,36,50,59,60,61, 62,67,73,83-85,87-88,92,94-95,99Ո20, 103Ո57,139,148,149,167,178,182,183Ո9,202, 206,287,293,310,33ՅՈ48 Jõerüüt, Jaak, 403,409,412 John Paul II, Pope, 171,174 Jolles, Adam, 6 Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori (see also Stalinjoseph), 374-99 Judt, Tony, 8,14Ո36,19,53,152,183,271,371 Junes, Tom, 10 Jürgs, Michael, 245-46,260 Kádár, János, 49,59 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200,206 Kalanta, Romas, 27 Kalėda, Archpriest Kirill, 307,308,313,315, 323,324,327,337490 Kalvaitis, Vladas, 24 Kaplan, Jan, 221 Karaganda, 38m, 107,127-28 Karaganov, Sergei, 318,337Ո85 Karlag, Karlag Museum (official name: Mu seum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement), 20,106,107-18, 123,125,126,127,129,131Ո6,132Ш114-16, 133Ո18,290 Karp, Ivan, 376 Kasekamp, Andres, 406 Kattago, Siobhan, 406 Katyn, 30,159,164,318,334Ո53,341П139 Kazakh famine, 193Ї-ЗЗ, m Kazakhstan, 11,20,107-30,130m, 251 Kaczyński, Lech, 167-68,182 Kelam, Mari-Ann, 419,420
429 INDEX Kelam, Tunne, 404,416 Kertész, Imre, s6 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 20,2s, 28,29,34,36,96,137-39,140-41,143, 149, «о, 277,306,307 KGB Museum Latvia (see Cheka House) Khatyn’, 317 Khazanov, Anatoly, s Khmiľovs’kii, Father Mykolą, 93-94,96 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 295 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6,63,275,276,278,292, 294,29s, 298Ո3,376,38s, 388,389 Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 388-89 Kistler-Ritso, Olga, Kistler-Ritso Foundation, 404,407,408-9,410,414-15 Klement Gottwald Museum, Prague, 221 Kiima, Ivan, 215 Klymiv, Ivan, 90-91 Knabe, Hubertus, 249,251,261 Kohl, Katrin, 261 Kolar, Jiri, 233 Koiga, Marcus, 409,412-14,415 Kolyma, 278,284,286,287 Komasa, Jan, 177,178-80 Kommunarka burial site, 307,308,319, ззопіб, ՅՅՕՈ19 Kooli, Rain, 410 kopek, 3,356-58,361,365,367Ո30 Kovács, Ákos, 64 Kovács, Attila Ferenczfy, 56,58,64 Kovalevskii Forest, 316-17,328m, 335Ո75 Kowal, Paweł, 168-69 Kresty Prison, 283 Krotov, Yakov, 313 KuMu, Tallinn, 402,410 Kyrylenko, Vyacheslav, 190 Kundera, Milan, 225 kurt (cheese), 122 Kyzymovych, Maria, 80 Kyiv, 1,158-59,188,189-207 Kyivan Rus’, 191 Landsberg, Alison, 128 Lanzmann, Claude, 70 Last Address Project, 276 Latsis, Martin Ivanovich, 142 Lavine, Steven, 376 Law and Justice Party, Poland, 9-10,182 “Law of Five Ears ofWheat,” the, 192 Lebedev, Artemy, 361 legitimacy, 5,28,37,48-49. SS, 59,63,69-70, 91,92,219,221,224,22s, 134, 162, 394,41S Lehti, Marko, 406 Lenin Museum, Moscow (see Central Lenin Museum) Lenin Museum, Prague, 221 Lenin, Vladimir, 2-4,6,220,236Ո7,292,350, 380,384,38s, 388 Levada Center, Moscow, 279,350 Levashovskoe
cemetery, 324,327m, 328Ո4, 341П137 Libeňský, Stanislav, 233 liberation, 20,27,29,33,36-37,49, Si, 85,92, 93,96,159,167 libraries, 117,118,289,348 Linenthal, Edward, 116 Lives of Others (2006 film), 246,247-50,260, 261,263,264Ո6,265Ո16, շ66ոշւ Loňsky Prison Museum (National MemorialMuseum to the Victims of Occupying Regimes), L’viv, 20,78,79-104,148,251 Lörinczova, Nikola, 232 Lowenthal, David, 407 Lubyanka Prison, 112,277,299 Luchenko, Kseniia, 315 Luzhkov, Yuri, 279,309-10,312, ззопіб, ՅՅՅՈ44 L’viv, 1,11,20,78,79-97, «1 Macdonald, Sharon, 6-7,342Ո141 Magadan, 278,309 Magistral arcade game, 353 Maglakelidze, Robert, 391-92 Magnitsky, Sergei, 295 Malysheva, Svetlana, 326 maps, 3,33,163,116,278,281,284,287, Յ41Ո133, 342Ո138,384,385 Mark, James, 408 Mask of Sorrow, Magadan, 278,309 mass graves, 191,305,313,316,319-20,326, 328Ո2,334ՈՏՅ, 340Ո123 Matrix, The (film), 360 Matrosskaia Tishina Prison, 283 McBride, Jared, 10,13Ո28,1ՏՈ44,93,102Ո41 Medvedev, Dmitry, 296,307,316-18,326, ՅՅ6Ո75,337Ո85
430 INDEX Memorial Society, 276,278-79,29s, 307,308, 310,316-18,320-21,324-25,331Ո26,3371185, 338ШОЅ memoirs, 11,28,95-96,1021144,122,152,208, 276,281,286-87,289,295 memory, 6-7,8,141136,24,37,49, Si, 58,6g, 72ՈՅ, 80,82,149,158,163-66,169,174,181, 198,208,220,228,2бі, 287,296,345, зѕо, 3S2, 359,371-72,403,407,4Ю-11,416,417-18; Holocaust and, 47-48,49,52,54, SS, 59,6s, 70; lieux de memoire (sites ofmemory), 1,58, бо, ısı, 255,30s, 310,314,317,327; “memory laundering,” 86-93, ւօօոՅտ; “pieces of mem ory,” 255-59; politics of, 4,9-11,15Ո4Տ, 161151, 27,47-48,54-55,58-59,70,103ՈՏ7,138-39, 143,42,167-68,174,177-78,180,182-83, 189-90,192,201,204,216,225-28,233-36, 245-47,249,250-52,262-63,276,277,3067,308-9,312,316-19, 321,324,337Ո93,403-4, 406,411,414,419; “prosthetic memory,” 128; Russian (see also Etkind, Alexander), 12, 96-97,272,275-76,278,305-6,316-19,326; Stalinism and, 109-11,118,122,126,128-29, 131Ո6,189,194-95,199,200,297-98,305-6, 309,324-2S; “storehouses ofmemory,” 5 Meri, Lennart, 419-20 Miasto 44 (City 44,2014 film), 178-81 Mielke, Erich, 259-60 Milata, Zdenek, 234-35 Milosz, Czeslaw, 163-66,183 Mindlin, Mikhail, 309,330Ո15 Mink, András, 63 Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margaret, 276 Moldabaev, Zhenis, 124 Molotov, Viacheslav, 200,206,283,382 Monument to the Victims of Communist Crimes, L’viv, 86 MOSCOW, 2-S, 6, 12, 19, 29, 37, 42Ո40, 85,94, 112,122,129,167,191,192,206,275,277-82, 289,292-93,296-97,305,307-9,312-15,318, 325,328ns, 330ШЅ, ՅՅՅՈ44,334059, ՅՅՏՈ65, 341П137,346,348,350,351,353,354,356,361, 378,388 Moscow Regional Ministry of Culture, 314 Murakami, Haruki,
362-65 Museum at Bernauer Strasse, Berlin, 263 Museum in Memory of the Victims ofRepres sion, Tashkent, 380-81 Museum of Communism, Prague, 7-8,216, 219-42,271 Museum of Gulag History, Moscow, 272, 275-303,319 Museum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement (see Karlag) Museum ofModern Art, New York, 410 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 138 Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, Vilnius (former Museum of Genocide Victims), 18,20,23-45,60,112,141,143 Museum of Revolution, Moscow, 2,4,5,6,7,9 Museum of the Second World War, Gdansk, 182 Museum of Soviet Arcade Games, Moscow, 272,345-68 Museum of Soviet Occupation, Tbilisi, 375 music, 23,24,64,95,169,181,247,284,286, 289,291,350,384 Nachtigall Battalion, 83,87,88,101Ո40 Nagy, Imre, 49, so Nakhova, Irina, 306 Nalyvaichenko, Valentyn, 85-86 Narynov, Saken, 118,123 National Museum Holodomor Victims Me morial, the, 189-213 NATO, 34,49,412 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 110-11,118-19,120-21, 122,125,127,128,129,134Ո34 Neizvestnyi, Ernst, 278 Nemecek, Vojtech, 232-33 new museography, 64-65 Nikžentaitis, Alvydas, 27 Nintendo, 347,349 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 24,25,28,29,33,36,43Ո51, 80-81,83-8S, 87,89,91,92,93,96,112, 121,122,140-41,143,145,148,278,283, 287,328ns Nolte, Ernst, S3 Nora, Pierre, 151 Noril’sk, 278 nostalgia (see also ostalgie), 12,120,2is-i6, 222,226,232,23Տ-36,245-46,248,249-50, 256,265П15,345-46,349-54,356,358, 362-64
INDEX 431 Noviks, Alfons, 143,154Ո18 Nur-Sultan, 117,118,136,137 Nuremberg Trials, “missed Nuremberg” concept, 51-53,54,68,69,95 Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), objectivity, 5,61,64-65,251,261,263,286,378, 390-93,408 Obtułowicz, Wojciech, 168 October Revolution, 4-5,6,319,378,384 Õispuu, Leo, 410,415 01dakowski,Jan, 176,177 Orbán, Viktor, 50-51,52, s6,58 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN), 80,83,84,87-88,91-9З» 97, 99ПП12-13,99Ո20 Orthodox Church (see Russian Orthodox Church) Orwell, George, 10,248,250 Ossie, 245-46,247,261 ostalgie, 145-50,252,253,260-61,263, Polonsky, Antony, 9 postcolonialism, 11,34s, 404,407 Prague (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Prague Declaration (2008), 26 Prague Spring (1968), 224 Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights (Russian Federation), 306,32s prisons, prisoners, 10,20,24-25,26-31, 166,167,169-70,17s, 177,178,183-84Ո9 political prisoners, 20,24,25,26-28,31, 36,37,7ІПЗ, 277-78,279,292-95, 413,418 265ПШ5-16,266Ո21 Oushakine, Serguei, 407 Padvaiskas, Ričardas, 29 Paperno, Irina, 316 paradoxes, 38,164,224,262,377, Յ92,393, 398ПЮ partisans, 25,27,29-33,34,36-37,38m Paver, Chloe, 247 Pearce, Samara, 197 Penny III, H. Glenn, 5-6 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (see NKVD) Perm-36,278-79,294-95,319, 341Ո137 perpetrators, so, 54,61,65,68-69,84,86-87, 126,128-29,143,146,153,191,200,203-7, 295,306,411 Peters, Iakov Khristoforovich (also Jēkabs Peterss), 142 Petersons, Rihards, 138,143,146,150 Piipuu, Merilin, 401,402,407-8,410,414, 416-17 Piłsudski, Józef, 94,176 Pinball, 1973 (Murakami novel),
362,363-65 Plisetskaia, Maia, 122 Plisetskaia, Rakhiľ, 122 Poland, 9-ю, 11,1ՏՈ4Տ, 25,54,94,95, no, 1S9, 163-83,223,124 33-34, 35,36,37,38Ш, 63,67,79-104, 107,113,115,117-18,120,121-24,125,127-28, 129,132Ш6,137-38,144-49, ISO, 153, 1ՏՅՈՅ, 178, 2371114,246, 250-51,252, 259, 261, 263, 278-79,281, 282-83, 286, 289, 290-94, 320, 3441137, Յ80, 385, 393,404, 406,41Յ, 418 propaganda, 2,66,741130,80,88,93,97, 148-49,152,177,219,222,232-ՅՅ, 258,278, 283-84,286-87,295,301П37,348,390,395, 396Ո3 psychiatric prisons, 294 Pudhys (band), 246 Putin, Vladimir, 37,152,276,279,281,288,295, 296,297,307,310,316,319,320,325,326, ՅՅՏՈ72, 337Ո93, 341Ո132,411, 413-14 Radnóti, Sándor, 58 Radzilowski, John, 174-75 Rainer, János, 51 Razgon, Lev, 308 Red Army, 19,6o-6i, 158-59,166,191,223-24, 271,388,396Ո3 reforging, 286,291 rehabilitation, 121,126,225-26,239Ո45,287, 319, ЗЗЗП44,342П142,385,413 religion, 26,28,30,33,67,83,110,151,152,223, 226,288,294,305-6,308,310,312,319-20, 321,325,327,328ns, 332ՈՅՏ, ՅՅՕՈ7Տ, 363,38s, 390,394 Rényi, András, 58 representation, 28,48,54,55, S9,61,62-65,67, 70-71,115-16,198,208,216,222,235,263, 284, 294,375,377, Յ92-9Յ, 408
43* INDEX repressions, 49,59,9г, 107-12,118-22,128-30, ізіпб, 132Ո12,144,194,100, 20б, 220, 224, 227,262,275-76,278-79,281-84,288-89, 292-98,306,308,312,314,317,319-21,323, 32S, 377-81,385,388-90,391,395 resistance, 11,25,27-30,31,33-34,35-36,37, 49,66,80,128,157-58,159,166,167,199,200, 225,246,259,276,321,325,350,375,403,407, 418,419 retro, 229,231-35,345 revisionism, revisionist, 27,47-48,52-55,70, 231,259,411 Reynolds, Simon, 345 Rieff, David, 165 Rivera-Orraca, Lorena, 406 Roginskii, Arsemi, 337Ո8Տ Romanov, Roman Vladimirovich, 289 Rose Revolution (2003), 375-78,381,389,393 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 91 Rückei, Robert, 252,259,260,263 Rudling, Per Anders, 87,92 Russian Golgotha, 306,310,320 Russian Orthodox Church, 191,305-10,312, 315,317,321,323-25,327, ՅՅ6Ո75,38s, 393 Russo-Georgian War (see August War) Saakashvili, Mikhail, 375,376,381,393,39s Saar, Indrek, 414,416 Sabrow Commission, 251-52,259 Sadunaitė, Nijolė, 37,44Ո64 Safari arcade game, 353 Saint Petersburg, Russia, 139,278,316-17, 318-19,324,346,354,356 Sahlins, Marshall, 296 Sąjūdis, 27,30 Sakharov, Andrei, 294,297 Sakharov Center, 276,295,299П13,309 Sats, Nataľia, 122-23 Schlechter, Emanuel, 95 Schmidt, Mária, 52-53,56,61,62,65 Schwolow, Maik, 261 Senyk, Iryna, 90-91 Serebriakova, Galina, 122-23 Serhiychuk, Volodymyr, 207 Shalamov, Varlam, 287 Shcherbytskyi, Volodymyr, 189 Shukhevych, Roman, 83,87,92-93 Siberia, 28,34-36,145) З80,384,402-3, 407,408 “singing revolution,” 408 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 295 Skype, 412 “Slava Ukraini!”, 91,97 Śliwowski, Piotr, 177 Slovakia, 224,225,239Ո43 SMERSH (SMERť SHpionam, Soviet
Peo ple’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 171 Snyder, Timothy, 82,159,166,182 Sobianin, Sergei, 281 Sobolewski, Tadeusz, 180,185Ո51 Soidro, Mart, 415,418 Sokoľnikov, Grigoril, 122 Solidarity Movement (Solidarność), 167-68, 174,176) 224 Solnask, Helle, 409-10,411 Solovetsky Islands, 277-78,286,291,310 Solovetsky Stone, 278,279,281,319 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Gulag Archipelago, 113,128,316,3ՅՏՈ72 Sonnenallee (1999 film), 247,250 sovereignty, 27,28,33,36-38, SL 60,61,41I) 413-14 Soviet Lifestyle Museum, Kazan, 354 Soyuzattraktsion, 354 Spicker, Glenn, 220-22,229,233,234-ՅՏ Spiegel, Der (German magazine), 220,245,247, 248,249,250,259,260 Spitzer, Leo, 227 Spreewald pickles, 247,248,249-50,263 Stade, Ronald, 388 stagnation (zastoi), 350,362 Stakhannov, Alexander, 361 Stalin, Joseph, Stalinism, 6,9,12,80,107,110, 112,113,115,117,120-21,127,129,142,143, 144) 145) 146,152,158-59) 164, W, 200,203, 20 s, 223,224) 272) 275-76,277,279,280,283, 287,289,290,292-95,297-98,298Ո3,305, 316,327,350,351,374-95, 39 5n4,397Ո13,41З Stalin Museum (see Joseph Stalin State Mu seum, Gori) Stasi Museum, Berlin, 60,246-47,249,251-52, 259-60,261,263 Stasi Prison Museum (see Berlin-Hohen schönhausen Memorial) Stasyuk, Olesia, 197-98,207 State History Museum, Moscow, 2,5 State Museum of GULAG History (see Museum of Gulag History)
INDEX State Policy Concept of Immortalizing the Memory of the Victims of Political Repres sions, 306,319 Stola, Dariusz, 10 Stūra Māja (see Cheka House) Sudetenland, 223 Sudrabs, Jānis (see Latsis, Martin Ivanovich) suffering, 7,9,11,19,20-21,23,26-29,34-36, 37-38,41Ո2Տ, 47-48, si, 54,56,58,60,80,93, 102Ո43։ 119-20, 124,127,131Ո6,140-44,153) 158,192,204,216,226-27,271,278-79,290, 294-95/ 309/ 327,380,381,403,406-8,409, 410-13,415-16,418-20 Szczerba, Jacek, 180 Szymborska, Wisława, 164-65, ібб, 183 Tagansky Park, Moscow, 351,354 Tallinn, 1,12,400,401-20 Tamkivi, Sten, 401-2,408-9,412,415 Tankodrom arcade game, 353,359 Tarto, Enn, 410,413 terror, political (see also House of Terror Mu seum), 11,20,2S-26,27,29,30-31,34) 36) 37) 56,59-60,62-63,67, no, 117,118,140,142, 143,149,151-52) 174-75,224,226, 227,228, 249,279,280-81,283-84,289,290,293,295, ՅՕՏ, 309-10,313,316,317, Յ18,320-21,325, З26-27,363,380,412 testimony, testimonies (see also witness), 14Ո35,63, 83,144-4S, 193,202,227-28,287, 289,317,328Ո2,330Ո14,404 Tetris, 349 Thompson, Sylvia, 407-8,410,414-15,416 Tomsk, 278 Torbakov, Igor, 10-11 Torpedo attack arcade game, 359 torture, 20,24-25,27-31,33,37,58,66,80,83, 85,86,88,94-95, i°7,112-iS, 127,144-45, 150,246,280,290, 314, 380,389,406 tourism, tourists, 21,70,114,116,144,198-99, 216,219-20,232,234,246,260,271,272,3S4, З76,391-92,401 Trabant (Trabi), 220,246,250,252-56,257-58, 260 Trabold, Rudolph, 260 Trotsky, Lev, 6,384,385 truth, 24,49, S4 58-59,65,82,87,152,157-58, 159,164,170,178,227-28,234,376-78,38s, 390-92, 393-94 433 Tucker, Erica, 158,182-83 Tukhachevskaia,
Zinaida, 122 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 122 Tumarkin, Nina, 4 Ukrainian famine, 1932-33 {see elso Holodomor), 158-59,189-92,194, 196-207,208Ш, 215,320 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 87,88, 91-9Յ Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), 87 Ungváry, Krisztián, 61 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also Soviet Union, USSR), 1-2,6,25,27-28,31, 34,66,93,97,107,128-29, ИЗ, 158,192,203, 205,223,271,275,277,278-79,282-84,286, 292-94,296, 297, З48, 349, Յ51,352, 354,362, З64, З75-76,378,381,385, 389,401,402,412, 413,417 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 67,115-16,194,196,290 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Free dom, Tallinn (formerly Museum of Occu pations), 401-24 Valiahmetova, Rustem, 354 Vanagas, Ramanauskas, 29 Vanags, Aleksandrs, 139-40 Vavilov, Nikolai, 293 VDK (see KGB) Velvet Revolution (1989), 1861157,219,224,227 Verdery, Katherine, 36-37 Vergangenheitsbewältigung (“coming to terms with the past”), 245,252,277 Verkhovna Rada, 158 Veselov, Yevgeny, 349 Viatrovych, Volodymyr, 10,93,102Ո41 victims, victimhood, 8-10,12,19-20,23,25, 26-27,29,30,36-38,47, Si-56,58-61,63, 6s, 67-70,80,82,84-86,87-88,91-92, 96, 102Ո43,103Ո54,108-9, no, 112,115,119-22, 125-27,128-29,135Ո44,140,142-43, 146-49,150-52,155Ո26,158-59,167,182, 189,191-208,221,227-28,230-31,235,245, 271-72,275-77,278,280,282,284,289-90, 292-97,305-6,307,309,310,312-iS, 316-21, 324-27,328Ո2,328Ո4,330Ո16,332440, ՅՅՅՈ47, Յ41Ո132, 380,403,406-9,411, 415-18, 419
INDEX 434 video displays, 65, 67,143,283,284,286-87, 289,291,29s, 37S, 380,404 video games, 346-47,349,356; gaming in the USSR, 348 Vilnius (see also Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights), 11,20,22,23,25,29,14։ Visak, Ivo, 41s, 416 visitors, 1, s, 12,20-21,27,29-34,37) 62-65, 66-67,70-71,79-80,82,91,97, no, 113, 115-16,120,123,12s, 127,138,144,148-49, 152,158,166-74,181,183,189-90,191,192, 195-99,20S, 208,215,220,221,229,247, 251-56,261,277-78,280-84,286-88, 290-91,293,296,30s, 328ns, 342Ո142,348, 353,355-56,358,361-62,376-77,381-82, 389-92,397Ш2, 401,406,417,419 227-28,289,328Ո4, ՅՅՕՈ14 Wolle, Stefan, 252,259 World War 1,94,98Ո4,139,140,142,340Ш23 World War II, 4,8,10,14Ո36,1ՏՈ45,27-28,31, 33,36,37,59,61,80,82,88,97,137,148,166, Vladimir Central Prison, 283,299Ш9 von Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel, 246-47, 249-50, 251, 261, 2ббП21 Vozvrashchenie, 276 vyshyvanky (embroidered shirts), 197,203 Wajda, Andrzej, 30,169 Wałęsa, Lech, 168 Wallenberg, Raoul, 70 Wall of Grief (Moscow), 297,325 Wannsee Conference Memorial and Educa tion Site, 191,205,206 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 167,182 Warsaw Pact invasion (1968), 224,227 Warsaw Uprising (2014 documentary film), 177-79,180-81 Warsaw Uprising Museum, 157,159, 166-83,190՛ Watson, Sheila, 235 wax figures, 58,281,290 Weliczker, Leon, 95-96 Wende, die, 248,250 Wessie, 245-46,247,261 Wharton, Annabel Jane, 79,82,86-87 Wiesenthal, Simon, 94,102Ո44 Wilhams, Paul, 20,296 Winter, Jay, 326 witness, witnesses (see also testimony), 37, 63,83,120,144,145,147, iso, 152,191,195, 174,176,179,182,183,191,202,205,206,215,
223,245,271,276,279,298Ո4,317,319,3«, 348,364,385,388,406 Wulf, Meike, 406,416 Yad Vashem, 67,290,336Ո75 Yagodnoe, 278 Yanukovych, Viktor, 85,93 Year of Horror (Latvia), 149,152 Yeltsin, Boris, 276,278,309 Yushchenko, Viktor, 92-93,190 Zabuzhko, Oksana, 8 Zamarstyniv Street Prison (Lviv), 83 Zaryts’ka, Kateryna, 90-91 Žemaitis, Jonas, 30,33 Zhanaozen, 111,120 Zhiguli beer, 350 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J
CONTENTS From Communist Museums to Museums of Communism: An Introduction / Stephen M. Norris exhibit a: і Hall of Genocide, Occupation, and Terror 18 і. Sovereign Pain: Liberation and Suffering in the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights in Lithuania / Neringa Klumbytė 22 г. Visualizing Revisionism: Europeanized Anticommunism at the House of Terror Museum in Budapest / Máté Zombory 46 3. Inside L’viv’s Loňsky Prison: Capturing Ukrainian Memory after Communism / Stephen M. Norris 78 4. Remembering the Gulag in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan / Steven A. Barnes 106 5. Riga’s Cheka House: From a Soviet Place of Terror to a Latvian Site of Remembrance? / Katja Wezel 136 exhibit в: Hall ofNational Tragedies 156 6. Sensing the Uprising: The Warsaw Uprising Museum and the Emotions of the Past / Stephen M. Norris 162 7. Enforcing National Memory, Remembering Famine’s Victims: The National Museum “Holodomor Victims Memorial” / Daria Mattingly 188 exhibit c: Hall ofEveryday Life 214 8. Ihe Czech Museum of Communism: What National Narrative for the Past? / Muriel Blaivė 218 9. Stasiland or Spreewald Pickles? The Battle over the GDR in Berlin’s DDR Museum / Stephen M. Norris 244
CONTENTS VI exhibit d : Hall ofRussian Memory 270 10. Commemorating and Forgetting Soviet Repression: Moscow’s State Museum of GULAG History / Jeffrey Hardy 274 11. The Butovskii Shooting Range: History of an Unfinished Museum / Julie Fedor and Tomas Sniegon 12. The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games: Nostalgia for a Socialist Childhood / Roman Abramov 344 exhibit E: Rotating Exhibits 370 13. A Museum of a Museum? Fused and Parallel Historical Narratives in the Joseph Stalin State Museum / Katrine Bendtsen Gotfredsen 14. Between Occupations and Freedoms: Memory, Narrative, and Practice at Vabamu in Tallinn, Estonia / A. Lorraine Weekes 400 Index 425 374 304
INDEX Abashin, Sergei, 380-81,389 Abene, Aija, 138 Act on Judicial Rehabilitations (1990), 225 Act on the Illegality of the Communist Regime and on the Resistance To It (1993), 226 affect, affective ideology, 7,27-29,36-38,124, 127,181, i86nS7,227,265Ո16,356 Ahonen, Heikki, 41s Akhmatova, Anna, 129 Alash Orda, ա, m Aleksii Il, Patriarch, 307,309,310,313 Alexander 1,137,139 Alphen, Ernst van, 206 Alzhir Museum (Museum Memorial Com plex of Victims of Political Repression and Totalitarianism ALZhIR’), 110-11,118-27, 13m6,134Ո34,135Ո44 Amalrik, Andrei, 294 Amar, Tarik Cyril, 88,93,97,102Ո43 ambiguity in museums, 37,60,316,326,34s, Arendt, Hannah, 127,227 Arnold-de Simine, Silke, 251-52) 263 Arrow Cross, 55-56,59-62,66 Ashworth, G. J., 407 Assmann, Aleida, 296,350,407,414 Association ofVictims of Political Repres sions, 308 Astra, Gunārs, 138 archives, 10,25,93,219,260,281,289,355 artifacts, 3) 7) 8, 27, 79) П2֊іЗ, 122) 123 196-99) 202-3,204,219,221, 222,228-34, 28ο, 2838տ, 286,289-91,297,34б, 375,380,403-5, 408,416,418 artwork, 118,121,123-2S, 207,231,290,323, 339mi, 349,401,402,410 “Ástak” (organization), 259-60 Atari, 347 “Attraction-71” exhibition, 348 August War (Russo-Georgian War, 2008), 380,397 Auschwitz, 116,127,191,333n4S, ՅՅ6Ո75 378,392-94 Ames, Michael, 377 Anderson, Benedict, 181 anticommunism, anticommunist, 48-31, S3-S5, 69,70,83,224-27,229 231,235, 409 Antonov- Ovseenko, Anton Vladimirovich, 279-80,296 Anušauskas, Arvydas, 36 Applebaum, Anne, 52-53, 110-11 Bach, Jonathan, 216,263 Bagais gads (see Year of Horror) Bakūnas, Algirdas, 23,38m Baldaev, Danzig, 290
Bandera, Stepan, 15,79,82,87-93,96, 99шз, 101П38 Barnes, Amy Jane, 220,222,227,233,234 Bartel, Kazimierz, 94,96 4«
42б INDEX Battleship Arcade game, USSR, 351,353,359 Baudrillard, Jean, 359-60 Becker, Wolfgang, 246,247,249-50,260,261 Belomor Canal, 286,291 Beneš, Edvard, 223,224 Berdahl, Daphne, 252-53,265Ո15 Beria, Lavrentiy, 29,385 Berlin (see DDR Museum, Berlin) Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, 246, 249,250-51 Berlin Wall, 224,24s, 247,248,253, 257) 262,263 Bernstein, Charles, 357 Besançon, Alain, 52-53,54 Białoszewski, Miron, 157-59 Bielecki, Czeslav, 55 Bitutckii, Viacheslav, 313 “blackboards,” 196 Bloodlands (see also Timothy Snyder), 82,159 Book of Memory, Kyiv, 193 Bortnyk, Rostyslav, 207 Bourdieu, Pierre, 234,235 Branitsky, Tamara, 83-84 Brezhnev, Leonid, 292,350 Brīvības iela (see Freedom Street) Brooks, David, 356 Brüggemann, Karsten, 406 Brygidki Prison (Uviv), 83 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 54,74Ո30 Bukharin, Nikolai, 122,385 Bukarina, Anna Larina, 122 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 53,55 Butovskii Shooting Range (Butovo Memo rial Research-Education Center), 272,294, 305-43 Chiger, Krystyna, 94-95 children, childhood, 4,8,34-37,43Ո54,56, 69-70,83-84,95, H2,169,173-74,175,181, 192,196,203,248,249,255-56,260,262, 297,345-46,347,348-49,351-59, 36s, 384, 408,416 Chornovil, Viacheslav, 90-91 Chukotka, 283,291 Church of the Russian Holy New Martyrs and Confessors, 307,310 civil society, 190,2391143,276-79,294, 295, 296,299Ո13,306,307-9,311,31s, 318,321,32s, 327,402 Clifford, James, 419 Cold War, 47,48,232,233-34,352 comics, 17S-77,181 commodification (of communist past), 7,128, 228-34,235-З6,346-47 computers and computer science in the USSR, 349 Corner House, Riga (see Cheka House) Courtois,
Stéphane, 53,55,59 Crane, Susan, s crimes against humanity, 421145,69,145,204, 226 critics, criticism, 11,12, isn4S, 20,26,39ուօ, 53-54, SS, s8-S9, 61-62,69-70, US-16, 152,175,179-80,181,201,203,207,232, 246-50,251,260-61,347,392,403,409-16, 418-20 Crowley, David, 232-33 Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Czechoslovak Communist Party, 223-26 Butyrka Prison, 281,283,299 Central Lenin Museum, Moscow, 2-4,5,6, 7,9 Čepaitienė, Rasa, 27-28 Cepickova, Jana, 234-35 Charter 77,224 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 384-85 Checkpoint Charlie, 260,263 cheka (Chrezvychainaia Komissiia, Soviet po litical police), 139-40,141-43 Cheka House (Corner House), Riga, 20, »37-55 Dahl, G. B., 388 “Dandy” video games, 349 Daniel’, Aleksandr, 336Ո79 Daniel, Yuli, 295 Day of Mourning and Hope, Lithuania, 24, 34,38ՈՈ3-4 Day ofOccupation and Genocide, Lithuania, 23,24,26,38Ո3 “death tourism,” 21 De Bruyn, Dieter, 176 de Peuter, Greig, 346 democratization, 130,223,316,375,419-20
427 INDEX deportations, deportees, 24,25,26-28,30, 34-37,41П24,43ՈՈ47-48,43Ո51, so, S9, 61,66,112,121,167,200,320,402,406-7, 410,412 Dianina, Katia, s dissidents, 27,28, ѕз, ss, 9L 138,224-2S, 23З, 248,251,27S, 277-79,194-95,297,4Ю, 4«, 4x8 Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Politi cal Prisoners, 277-78,281 DDR (see GDR) DDR Museum, Berlin, 216,231,245-69 Doctors’ Plot, 287,293,29s Dolinka, 107,112,113,1x7-18,130Ո4 “double victimization” (also “double geno cide”) narrative, 9-10,19,26,39Ո10,61 Dovlatov, Sergei, 1,5,7,12 Drakulić, Slavenka, 7-8,9,221 Draper, Susana, 294 Dreimane, Inese, 138,147 Drieselmann, Jörg, 259,263 Druzhba cheese, 350 Dubravnyi Corrective-Labor Camp, 294 Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 346 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 142 Dzieduszycka-Ziemilska, Małgorzata, 179-80 Fedotov, Mikhail, 319,320,325,326,337Ո82, 3381193 Fiedler, Milena, 177,178 Fighter arcade game, 353,361,362 Flige, Irina, 321 folk museums on the socialist way of life, Russia, 346 Foucault, Michel, 87, ւօօոշւ, շօւ freedom, 15,24,2S, 33,37,56,80,97, in, 120, 123-24,170-71,182,226,24s, 254,283,375, 402-3,407-8,416,417,418-20 Freedom Street, Riga, 137-39 FSB, Federal Security Service, 307,308,318, 32s Fulbrook, Mary, 262-63,264ns Funder, Anna, 246,261 gangs (Gulag), 291 Ganina Yama, Yekaterinburg, 310 Gar’kavyi, Igor’, 312,324,326,341П133 GDR (German Democratic Republic, see also DDR Museum), 6,74,216,231,245-63, 265ms, 206Ո21,267Ո28 genocide (see also “double victimization”; Ho lodomor), 9,11,20,23,24,25-27,36,39010, S3,158,190,191,199,202-6,226,27S, 298Ո2, 271,404 “e-Estonia,” 412,419 East Germany (see
GDR) Edkins, Jenny, 276,289,300Ո26 Eichmann Trial (1961), 95,227 Elis, Angela, 245-46,260 Ester-Väljaots, Betty, 415 ethnocentric narratives, problems of, 199-204 Etkind, Alexander, 11,96,111,272,276-77,296, ՅՕՕՈ21,300Ո29,326 European Commission, 137 European Union (EU), 47-49,69,137 everyday life, 11-12,35,67,126,166,196,202, 215-16,227,228,230-32,233,246-47,251-53) 255-S6,259-61,263,267Ո28,271-72,291, З46, 351 Eyal, Gil, 228,239n43 famine (see Ukrainian famine, 1932-ЗЗ! Holodomor) FED camera, USSR, 351,353 Fedorova, Evgeniia, 287,295 Georgia, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (see Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori) Gestapo, 25,28-29,41Ո30,80,83-84,94,96, 153113 Getman, Nikolai, 290 Goliash, Grygorii, 80 Good Bye, Lenin! (2003 film), 246,247-50, 260,261,263,2бѕшб, 2ббп2і, 207Ո28 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 6,275-76,278,316,349 Gori, і, 12,375-76,380,384,38s, Յ90,391, 396Ո4 Gorky, Maxim, 291 Gorky Park, Moscow, 348 Graburn, Nelson, 406 Gräzin, Igor, 416,417-18 Great Patriotic War (see World War II) Gromov, Boris, 312, ззѕпбѕ Gross, Jan, 103Ո54,182 Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 23-24 Gudkov, Lev, 279 Great Terror, 110,118,281,283-84,290,293,29s
428 INDEX guided tour, tour guides, 4,7-8,80,113,117, хи, 132Ш8,138,144,146,198,281,283,364, 378,382,384-85,388,390,392 Gulag, 27-30,34,36,60,66,107-35,145,19a, 251,272,275-303,309,312,316,319,320,327, 329116,378,392,410 Hackman, Jörg, 406 Halbwachs, Maurice, 352 Hall ofMemory, Kyiv, 193-94,198-99 Havel, Vaclav, 224,225,233-34 Hein, Hilde, 64 Helme, Mart, 403,411 Helsinki-86,149-50 Hilberg, Raul, 52 Himka, John-Paul, 82-83,87,88,99Ո20, 1041157 Hiroshima, 191,195 Hirsch, Marianne, 227 Hitler, Adolf, 137,164,223,271 Holocaust, 11,14Ո36,26-27,28,29,47-48, 49, SO, 52,54,55, Ѕб, S9֊6o, 65,67,69-70, 87,94,95, US, 163,182,203-4,20s, 227, 277,402 Holocaust denial, Holocaust negationism, 50, 87,92,182 Holocaust Museum (see United States Holo caust Memorial Museum) Holodomor, 92,189-213 Horokh, Mykolą, 197,210Ո19 House of Terror, Budapest, 20,47-77,143 Howes, David, and “sensory museology,” 168 Hubatova-Vackova, Lada, 231-32 Hung, Chang-Tai, 5 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 49-si, 60,63, 67,224 Hungary (see House of Terror) ideology, s, 7,27-28,34,36-38,54,56,62,63, 143,221-22,234,252,2ббп2і, 298,324,327, 337Ո85,346,348,350,356,376-78,380-81, 384,389,391,392,394,39бп6 Ihász, István, 58,64 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 401-2,419 Institute ofDemography at the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 207 Institute of National Memory, Ukraine, 10, 15Ո45,88,92,93 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Poland, 10 International Slavery Museum (Liverpool), 290 Jaago, Tiiu, 408 James Bond, 233-34 Jameson, Frederic, 350 Janion, Maria, 181 Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 170 Janowska Concentration Camp,
95-96 Jedwabne, “Jedwabne syndrome,” 96,182, ՅՅՅՈ48 Jews, 9,131128,14Ո36,19,26,36,50,59,60,61, 62,67,73,83-85,87-88,92,94-95,99Ո20, 103Ո57,139,148,149,167,178,182,183Ո9,202, 206,287,293,310,33ՅՈ48 Jõerüüt, Jaak, 403,409,412 John Paul II, Pope, 171,174 Jolles, Adam, 6 Joseph Stalin State Museum, Gori (see also Stalinjoseph), 374-99 Judt, Tony, 8,14Ո36,19,53,152,183,271,371 Junes, Tom, 10 Jürgs, Michael, 245-46,260 Kádár, János, 49,59 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200,206 Kalanta, Romas, 27 Kalėda, Archpriest Kirill, 307,308,313,315, 323,324,327,337490 Kalvaitis, Vladas, 24 Kaplan, Jan, 221 Karaganda, 38m, 107,127-28 Karaganov, Sergei, 318,337Ո85 Karlag, Karlag Museum (official name: Mu seum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement), 20,106,107-18, 123,125,126,127,129,131Ո6,132Ш114-16, 133Ո18,290 Karp, Ivan, 376 Kasekamp, Andres, 406 Kattago, Siobhan, 406 Katyn, 30,159,164,318,334Ո53,341П139 Kazakh famine, 193Ї-ЗЗ, m Kazakhstan, 11,20,107-30,130m, 251 Kaczyński, Lech, 167-68,182 Kelam, Mari-Ann, 419,420
429 INDEX Kelam, Tunne, 404,416 Kertész, Imre, s6 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 20,2s, 28,29,34,36,96,137-39,140-41,143, 149, «о, 277,306,307 KGB Museum Latvia (see Cheka House) Khatyn’, 317 Khazanov, Anatoly, s Khmiľovs’kii, Father Mykolą, 93-94,96 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 295 Khrushchev, Nikita, 6,63,275,276,278,292, 294,29s, 298Ո3,376,38s, 388,389 Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 388-89 Kistler-Ritso, Olga, Kistler-Ritso Foundation, 404,407,408-9,410,414-15 Klement Gottwald Museum, Prague, 221 Kiima, Ivan, 215 Klymiv, Ivan, 90-91 Knabe, Hubertus, 249,251,261 Kohl, Katrin, 261 Kolar, Jiri, 233 Koiga, Marcus, 409,412-14,415 Kolyma, 278,284,286,287 Komasa, Jan, 177,178-80 Kommunarka burial site, 307,308,319, ззопіб, ՅՅՕՈ19 Kooli, Rain, 410 kopek, 3,356-58,361,365,367Ո30 Kovács, Ákos, 64 Kovács, Attila Ferenczfy, 56,58,64 Kovalevskii Forest, 316-17,328m, 335Ո75 Kowal, Paweł, 168-69 Kresty Prison, 283 Krotov, Yakov, 313 KuMu, Tallinn, 402,410 Kyrylenko, Vyacheslav, 190 Kundera, Milan, 225 kurt (cheese), 122 Kyzymovych, Maria, 80 Kyiv, 1,158-59,188,189-207 Kyivan Rus’, 191 Landsberg, Alison, 128 Lanzmann, Claude, 70 Last Address Project, 276 Latsis, Martin Ivanovich, 142 Lavine, Steven, 376 Law and Justice Party, Poland, 9-10,182 “Law of Five Ears ofWheat,” the, 192 Lebedev, Artemy, 361 legitimacy, 5,28,37,48-49. SS, 59,63,69-70, 91,92,219,221,224,22s, 134, 162, 394,41S Lehti, Marko, 406 Lenin Museum, Moscow (see Central Lenin Museum) Lenin Museum, Prague, 221 Lenin, Vladimir, 2-4,6,220,236Ո7,292,350, 380,384,38s, 388 Levada Center, Moscow, 279,350 Levashovskoe
cemetery, 324,327m, 328Ո4, 341П137 Libeňský, Stanislav, 233 liberation, 20,27,29,33,36-37,49, Si, 85,92, 93,96,159,167 libraries, 117,118,289,348 Linenthal, Edward, 116 Lives of Others (2006 film), 246,247-50,260, 261,263,264Ո6,265Ո16, շ66ոշւ Loňsky Prison Museum (National MemorialMuseum to the Victims of Occupying Regimes), L’viv, 20,78,79-104,148,251 Lörinczova, Nikola, 232 Lowenthal, David, 407 Lubyanka Prison, 112,277,299 Luchenko, Kseniia, 315 Luzhkov, Yuri, 279,309-10,312, ззопіб, ՅՅՅՈ44 L’viv, 1,11,20,78,79-97, «1 Macdonald, Sharon, 6-7,342Ո141 Magadan, 278,309 Magistral arcade game, 353 Maglakelidze, Robert, 391-92 Magnitsky, Sergei, 295 Malysheva, Svetlana, 326 maps, 3,33,163,116,278,281,284,287, Յ41Ո133, 342Ո138,384,385 Mark, James, 408 Mask of Sorrow, Magadan, 278,309 mass graves, 191,305,313,316,319-20,326, 328Ո2,334ՈՏՅ, 340Ո123 Matrix, The (film), 360 Matrosskaia Tishina Prison, 283 McBride, Jared, 10,13Ո28,1ՏՈ44,93,102Ո41 Medvedev, Dmitry, 296,307,316-18,326, ՅՅ6Ո75,337Ո85
430 INDEX Memorial Society, 276,278-79,29s, 307,308, 310,316-18,320-21,324-25,331Ո26,3371185, 338ШОЅ memoirs, 11,28,95-96,1021144,122,152,208, 276,281,286-87,289,295 memory, 6-7,8,141136,24,37,49, Si, 58,6g, 72ՈՅ, 80,82,149,158,163-66,169,174,181, 198,208,220,228,2бі, 287,296,345, зѕо, 3S2, 359,371-72,403,407,4Ю-11,416,417-18; Holocaust and, 47-48,49,52,54, SS, 59,6s, 70; lieux de memoire (sites ofmemory), 1,58, бо, ısı, 255,30s, 310,314,317,327; “memory laundering,” 86-93, ւօօոՅտ; “pieces of mem ory,” 255-59; politics of, 4,9-11,15Ո4Տ, 161151, 27,47-48,54-55,58-59,70,103ՈՏ7,138-39, 143,42,167-68,174,177-78,180,182-83, 189-90,192,201,204,216,225-28,233-36, 245-47,249,250-52,262-63,276,277,3067,308-9,312,316-19, 321,324,337Ո93,403-4, 406,411,414,419; “prosthetic memory,” 128; Russian (see also Etkind, Alexander), 12, 96-97,272,275-76,278,305-6,316-19,326; Stalinism and, 109-11,118,122,126,128-29, 131Ո6,189,194-95,199,200,297-98,305-6, 309,324-2S; “storehouses ofmemory,” 5 Meri, Lennart, 419-20 Miasto 44 (City 44,2014 film), 178-81 Mielke, Erich, 259-60 Milata, Zdenek, 234-35 Milosz, Czeslaw, 163-66,183 Mindlin, Mikhail, 309,330Ո15 Mink, András, 63 Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margaret, 276 Moldabaev, Zhenis, 124 Molotov, Viacheslav, 200,206,283,382 Monument to the Victims of Communist Crimes, L’viv, 86 MOSCOW, 2-S, 6, 12, 19, 29, 37, 42Ո40, 85,94, 112,122,129,167,191,192,206,275,277-82, 289,292-93,296-97,305,307-9,312-15,318, 325,328ns, 330ШЅ, ՅՅՅՈ44,334059, ՅՅՏՈ65, 341П137,346,348,350,351,353,354,356,361, 378,388 Moscow Regional Ministry of Culture, 314 Murakami, Haruki,
362-65 Museum at Bernauer Strasse, Berlin, 263 Museum in Memory of the Victims ofRepres sion, Tashkent, 380-81 Museum of Communism, Prague, 7-8,216, 219-42,271 Museum of Gulag History, Moscow, 272, 275-303,319 Museum of Memory ofVictims of Repression in the Dolinka Settlement (see Karlag) Museum ofModern Art, New York, 410 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 138 Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, Vilnius (former Museum of Genocide Victims), 18,20,23-45,60,112,141,143 Museum of Revolution, Moscow, 2,4,5,6,7,9 Museum of the Second World War, Gdansk, 182 Museum of Soviet Arcade Games, Moscow, 272,345-68 Museum of Soviet Occupation, Tbilisi, 375 music, 23,24,64,95,169,181,247,284,286, 289,291,350,384 Nachtigall Battalion, 83,87,88,101Ո40 Nagy, Imre, 49, so Nakhova, Irina, 306 Nalyvaichenko, Valentyn, 85-86 Narynov, Saken, 118,123 National Museum Holodomor Victims Me morial, the, 189-213 NATO, 34,49,412 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 110-11,118-19,120-21, 122,125,127,128,129,134Ո34 Neizvestnyi, Ernst, 278 Nemecek, Vojtech, 232-33 new museography, 64-65 Nikžentaitis, Alvydas, 27 Nintendo, 347,349 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 24,25,28,29,33,36,43Ո51, 80-81,83-8S, 87,89,91,92,93,96,112, 121,122,140-41,143,145,148,278,283, 287,328ns Nolte, Ernst, S3 Nora, Pierre, 151 Noril’sk, 278 nostalgia (see also ostalgie), 12,120,2is-i6, 222,226,232,23Տ-36,245-46,248,249-50, 256,265П15,345-46,349-54,356,358, 362-64
INDEX 431 Noviks, Alfons, 143,154Ո18 Nur-Sultan, 117,118,136,137 Nuremberg Trials, “missed Nuremberg” concept, 51-53,54,68,69,95 Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), objectivity, 5,61,64-65,251,261,263,286,378, 390-93,408 Obtułowicz, Wojciech, 168 October Revolution, 4-5,6,319,378,384 Õispuu, Leo, 410,415 01dakowski,Jan, 176,177 Orbán, Viktor, 50-51,52, s6,58 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN), 80,83,84,87-88,91-9З» 97, 99ПП12-13,99Ո20 Orthodox Church (see Russian Orthodox Church) Orwell, George, 10,248,250 Ossie, 245-46,247,261 ostalgie, 145-50,252,253,260-61,263, Polonsky, Antony, 9 postcolonialism, 11,34s, 404,407 Prague (see Museum of Communism, Prague) Prague Declaration (2008), 26 Prague Spring (1968), 224 Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights (Russian Federation), 306,32s prisons, prisoners, 10,20,24-25,26-31, 166,167,169-70,17s, 177,178,183-84Ո9 political prisoners, 20,24,25,26-28,31, 36,37,7ІПЗ, 277-78,279,292-95, 413,418 265ПШ5-16,266Ո21 Oushakine, Serguei, 407 Padvaiskas, Ričardas, 29 Paperno, Irina, 316 paradoxes, 38,164,224,262,377, Յ92,393, 398ПЮ partisans, 25,27,29-33,34,36-37,38m Paver, Chloe, 247 Pearce, Samara, 197 Penny III, H. Glenn, 5-6 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (see NKVD) Perm-36,278-79,294-95,319, 341Ո137 perpetrators, so, 54,61,65,68-69,84,86-87, 126,128-29,143,146,153,191,200,203-7, 295,306,411 Peters, Iakov Khristoforovich (also Jēkabs Peterss), 142 Petersons, Rihards, 138,143,146,150 Piipuu, Merilin, 401,402,407-8,410,414, 416-17 Piłsudski, Józef, 94,176 Pinball, 1973 (Murakami novel),
362,363-65 Plisetskaia, Maia, 122 Plisetskaia, Rakhiľ, 122 Poland, 9-ю, 11,1ՏՈ4Տ, 25,54,94,95, no, 1S9, 163-83,223,124 33-34, 35,36,37,38Ш, 63,67,79-104, 107,113,115,117-18,120,121-24,125,127-28, 129,132Ш6,137-38,144-49, ISO, 153, 1ՏՅՈՅ, 178, 2371114,246, 250-51,252, 259, 261, 263, 278-79,281, 282-83, 286, 289, 290-94, 320, 3441137, Յ80, 385, 393,404, 406,41Յ, 418 propaganda, 2,66,741130,80,88,93,97, 148-49,152,177,219,222,232-ՅՅ, 258,278, 283-84,286-87,295,301П37,348,390,395, 396Ո3 psychiatric prisons, 294 Pudhys (band), 246 Putin, Vladimir, 37,152,276,279,281,288,295, 296,297,307,310,316,319,320,325,326, ՅՅՏՈ72, 337Ո93, 341Ո132,411, 413-14 Radnóti, Sándor, 58 Radzilowski, John, 174-75 Rainer, János, 51 Razgon, Lev, 308 Red Army, 19,6o-6i, 158-59,166,191,223-24, 271,388,396Ո3 reforging, 286,291 rehabilitation, 121,126,225-26,239Ո45,287, 319, ЗЗЗП44,342П142,385,413 religion, 26,28,30,33,67,83,110,151,152,223, 226,288,294,305-6,308,310,312,319-20, 321,325,327,328ns, 332ՈՅՏ, ՅՅՕՈ7Տ, 363,38s, 390,394 Rényi, András, 58 representation, 28,48,54,55, S9,61,62-65,67, 70-71,115-16,198,208,216,222,235,263, 284, 294,375,377, Յ92-9Յ, 408
43* INDEX repressions, 49,59,9г, 107-12,118-22,128-30, ізіпб, 132Ո12,144,194,100, 20б, 220, 224, 227,262,275-76,278-79,281-84,288-89, 292-98,306,308,312,314,317,319-21,323, 32S, 377-81,385,388-90,391,395 resistance, 11,25,27-30,31,33-34,35-36,37, 49,66,80,128,157-58,159,166,167,199,200, 225,246,259,276,321,325,350,375,403,407, 418,419 retro, 229,231-35,345 revisionism, revisionist, 27,47-48,52-55,70, 231,259,411 Reynolds, Simon, 345 Rieff, David, 165 Rivera-Orraca, Lorena, 406 Roginskii, Arsemi, 337Ո8Տ Romanov, Roman Vladimirovich, 289 Rose Revolution (2003), 375-78,381,389,393 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 91 Rückei, Robert, 252,259,260,263 Rudling, Per Anders, 87,92 Russian Golgotha, 306,310,320 Russian Orthodox Church, 191,305-10,312, 315,317,321,323-25,327, ՅՅ6Ո75,38s, 393 Russo-Georgian War (see August War) Saakashvili, Mikhail, 375,376,381,393,39s Saar, Indrek, 414,416 Sabrow Commission, 251-52,259 Sadunaitė, Nijolė, 37,44Ո64 Safari arcade game, 353 Saint Petersburg, Russia, 139,278,316-17, 318-19,324,346,354,356 Sahlins, Marshall, 296 Sąjūdis, 27,30 Sakharov, Andrei, 294,297 Sakharov Center, 276,295,299П13,309 Sats, Nataľia, 122-23 Schlechter, Emanuel, 95 Schmidt, Mária, 52-53,56,61,62,65 Schwolow, Maik, 261 Senyk, Iryna, 90-91 Serebriakova, Galina, 122-23 Serhiychuk, Volodymyr, 207 Shalamov, Varlam, 287 Shcherbytskyi, Volodymyr, 189 Shukhevych, Roman, 83,87,92-93 Siberia, 28,34-36,145) З80,384,402-3, 407,408 “singing revolution,” 408 Sinyavsky, Andrei, 295 Skype, 412 “Slava Ukraini!”, 91,97 Śliwowski, Piotr, 177 Slovakia, 224,225,239Ո43 SMERSH (SMERť SHpionam, Soviet
Peo ple’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 171 Snyder, Timothy, 82,159,166,182 Sobianin, Sergei, 281 Sobolewski, Tadeusz, 180,185Ո51 Soidro, Mart, 415,418 Sokoľnikov, Grigoril, 122 Solidarity Movement (Solidarność), 167-68, 174,176) 224 Solnask, Helle, 409-10,411 Solovetsky Islands, 277-78,286,291,310 Solovetsky Stone, 278,279,281,319 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Gulag Archipelago, 113,128,316,3ՅՏՈ72 Sonnenallee (1999 film), 247,250 sovereignty, 27,28,33,36-38, SL 60,61,41I) 413-14 Soviet Lifestyle Museum, Kazan, 354 Soyuzattraktsion, 354 Spicker, Glenn, 220-22,229,233,234-ՅՏ Spiegel, Der (German magazine), 220,245,247, 248,249,250,259,260 Spitzer, Leo, 227 Spreewald pickles, 247,248,249-50,263 Stade, Ronald, 388 stagnation (zastoi), 350,362 Stakhannov, Alexander, 361 Stalin, Joseph, Stalinism, 6,9,12,80,107,110, 112,113,115,117,120-21,127,129,142,143, 144) 145) 146,152,158-59) 164, W, 200,203, 20 s, 223,224) 272) 275-76,277,279,280,283, 287,289,290,292-95,297-98,298Ո3,305, 316,327,350,351,374-95, 39 5n4,397Ո13,41З Stalin Museum (see Joseph Stalin State Mu seum, Gori) Stasi Museum, Berlin, 60,246-47,249,251-52, 259-60,261,263 Stasi Prison Museum (see Berlin-Hohen schönhausen Memorial) Stasyuk, Olesia, 197-98,207 State History Museum, Moscow, 2,5 State Museum of GULAG History (see Museum of Gulag History)
INDEX State Policy Concept of Immortalizing the Memory of the Victims of Political Repres sions, 306,319 Stola, Dariusz, 10 Stūra Māja (see Cheka House) Sudetenland, 223 Sudrabs, Jānis (see Latsis, Martin Ivanovich) suffering, 7,9,11,19,20-21,23,26-29,34-36, 37-38,41Ո2Տ, 47-48, si, 54,56,58,60,80,93, 102Ո43։ 119-20, 124,127,131Ո6,140-44,153) 158,192,204,216,226-27,271,278-79,290, 294-95/ 309/ 327,380,381,403,406-8,409, 410-13,415-16,418-20 Szczerba, Jacek, 180 Szymborska, Wisława, 164-65, ібб, 183 Tagansky Park, Moscow, 351,354 Tallinn, 1,12,400,401-20 Tamkivi, Sten, 401-2,408-9,412,415 Tankodrom arcade game, 353,359 Tarto, Enn, 410,413 terror, political (see also House of Terror Mu seum), 11,20,2S-26,27,29,30-31,34) 36) 37) 56,59-60,62-63,67, no, 117,118,140,142, 143,149,151-52) 174-75,224,226, 227,228, 249,279,280-81,283-84,289,290,293,295, ՅՕՏ, 309-10,313,316,317, Յ18,320-21,325, З26-27,363,380,412 testimony, testimonies (see also witness), 14Ո35,63, 83,144-4S, 193,202,227-28,287, 289,317,328Ո2,330Ո14,404 Tetris, 349 Thompson, Sylvia, 407-8,410,414-15,416 Tomsk, 278 Torbakov, Igor, 10-11 Torpedo attack arcade game, 359 torture, 20,24-25,27-31,33,37,58,66,80,83, 85,86,88,94-95, i°7,112-iS, 127,144-45, 150,246,280,290, 314, 380,389,406 tourism, tourists, 21,70,114,116,144,198-99, 216,219-20,232,234,246,260,271,272,3S4, З76,391-92,401 Trabant (Trabi), 220,246,250,252-56,257-58, 260 Trabold, Rudolph, 260 Trotsky, Lev, 6,384,385 truth, 24,49, S4 58-59,65,82,87,152,157-58, 159,164,170,178,227-28,234,376-78,38s, 390-92, 393-94 433 Tucker, Erica, 158,182-83 Tukhachevskaia,
Zinaida, 122 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 122 Tumarkin, Nina, 4 Ukrainian famine, 1932-33 {see elso Holodomor), 158-59,189-92,194, 196-207,208Ш, 215,320 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 87,88, 91-9Յ Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), 87 Ungváry, Krisztián, 61 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (also Soviet Union, USSR), 1-2,6,25,27-28,31, 34,66,93,97,107,128-29, ИЗ, 158,192,203, 205,223,271,275,277,278-79,282-84,286, 292-94,296, 297, З48, 349, Յ51,352, 354,362, З64, З75-76,378,381,385, 389,401,402,412, 413,417 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 67,115-16,194,196,290 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Free dom, Tallinn (formerly Museum of Occu pations), 401-24 Valiahmetova, Rustem, 354 Vanagas, Ramanauskas, 29 Vanags, Aleksandrs, 139-40 Vavilov, Nikolai, 293 VDK (see KGB) Velvet Revolution (1989), 1861157,219,224,227 Verdery, Katherine, 36-37 Vergangenheitsbewältigung (“coming to terms with the past”), 245,252,277 Verkhovna Rada, 158 Veselov, Yevgeny, 349 Viatrovych, Volodymyr, 10,93,102Ո41 victims, victimhood, 8-10,12,19-20,23,25, 26-27,29,30,36-38,47, Si-56,58-61,63, 6s, 67-70,80,82,84-86,87-88,91-92, 96, 102Ո43,103Ո54,108-9, no, 112,115,119-22, 125-27,128-29,135Ո44,140,142-43, 146-49,150-52,155Ո26,158-59,167,182, 189,191-208,221,227-28,230-31,235,245, 271-72,275-77,278,280,282,284,289-90, 292-97,305-6,307,309,310,312-iS, 316-21, 324-27,328Ո2,328Ո4,330Ո16,332440, ՅՅՅՈ47, Յ41Ո132, 380,403,406-9,411, 415-18, 419
INDEX 434 video displays, 65, 67,143,283,284,286-87, 289,291,29s, 37S, 380,404 video games, 346-47,349,356; gaming in the USSR, 348 Vilnius (see also Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights), 11,20,22,23,25,29,14։ Visak, Ivo, 41s, 416 visitors, 1, s, 12,20-21,27,29-34,37) 62-65, 66-67,70-71,79-80,82,91,97, no, 113, 115-16,120,123,12s, 127,138,144,148-49, 152,158,166-74,181,183,189-90,191,192, 195-99,20S, 208,215,220,221,229,247, 251-56,261,277-78,280-84,286-88, 290-91,293,296,30s, 328ns, 342Ո142,348, 353,355-56,358,361-62,376-77,381-82, 389-92,397Ш2, 401,406,417,419 227-28,289,328Ո4, ՅՅՕՈ14 Wolle, Stefan, 252,259 World War 1,94,98Ո4,139,140,142,340Ш23 World War II, 4,8,10,14Ո36,1ՏՈ45,27-28,31, 33,36,37,59,61,80,82,88,97,137,148,166, Vladimir Central Prison, 283,299Ш9 von Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel, 246-47, 249-50, 251, 261, 2ббП21 Vozvrashchenie, 276 vyshyvanky (embroidered shirts), 197,203 Wajda, Andrzej, 30,169 Wałęsa, Lech, 168 Wallenberg, Raoul, 70 Wall of Grief (Moscow), 297,325 Wannsee Conference Memorial and Educa tion Site, 191,205,206 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 167,182 Warsaw Pact invasion (1968), 224,227 Warsaw Uprising (2014 documentary film), 177-79,180-81 Warsaw Uprising Museum, 157,159, 166-83,190՛ Watson, Sheila, 235 wax figures, 58,281,290 Weliczker, Leon, 95-96 Wende, die, 248,250 Wessie, 245-46,247,261 Wharton, Annabel Jane, 79,82,86-87 Wiesenthal, Simon, 94,102Ո44 Wilhams, Paul, 20,296 Winter, Jay, 326 witness, witnesses (see also testimony), 37, 63,83,120,144,145,147, iso, 152,191,195, 174,176,179,182,183,191,202,205,206,215,
223,245,271,276,279,298Ո4,317,319,3«, 348,364,385,388,406 Wulf, Meike, 406,416 Yad Vashem, 67,290,336Ո75 Yagodnoe, 278 Yanukovych, Viktor, 85,93 Year of Horror (Latvia), 149,152 Yeltsin, Boris, 276,278,309 Yushchenko, Viktor, 92-93,190 Zabuzhko, Oksana, 8 Zamarstyniv Street Prison (Lviv), 83 Zaryts’ka, Kateryna, 90-91 Žemaitis, Jonas, 30,33 Zhanaozen, 111,120 Zhiguli beer, 350 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1226600772 (DE-599)BVBBV046986428 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV046986428 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:51:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-03T00:13:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253050304 9780253050328 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032394393 |
| oclc_num | 1226600772 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 |
| physical | vi, 434 Seien Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210129 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Stephen M. Norris Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2020] © 2020 vi, 434 Seien Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus Motiv (DE-588)4181963-9 gnd rswk-swf Gedenkstätte (DE-588)4019622-7 gnd rswk-swf Kommunismus Motiv (DE-588)4164819-5 gnd rswk-swf Museum (DE-588)4040795-0 gnd rswk-swf Historisches Museum (DE-588)4160032-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Historisches Museum (DE-588)4160032-0 s Gedenkstätte (DE-588)4019622-7 s Sozialismus Motiv (DE-588)4181963-9 s Kommunismus Motiv (DE-588)4164819-5 s DE-604 Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 s Museum (DE-588)4040795-0 s Norris, Stephen M. 1972- Sonstige (DE-588)138272840 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, web PDF 978-0-253-05031-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Sozialismus Motiv (DE-588)4181963-9 gnd Gedenkstätte (DE-588)4019622-7 gnd Kommunismus Motiv (DE-588)4164819-5 gnd Museum (DE-588)4040795-0 gnd Historisches Museum (DE-588)4160032-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031892-8 (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4181963-9 (DE-588)4019622-7 (DE-588)4164819-5 (DE-588)4040795-0 (DE-588)4160032-0 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_full | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Stephen M. Norris |
| title_fullStr | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Stephen M. Norris |
| title_full_unstemmed | Museums of communism new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Stephen M. Norris |
| title_short | Museums of communism |
| title_sort | museums of communism new memory sites in central and eastern europe |
| title_sub | new memory sites in Central and Eastern Europe |
| topic | Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Sozialismus Motiv (DE-588)4181963-9 gnd Gedenkstätte (DE-588)4019622-7 gnd Kommunismus Motiv (DE-588)4164819-5 gnd Museum (DE-588)4040795-0 gnd Historisches Museum (DE-588)4160032-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunismus Sozialismus Sozialismus Motiv Gedenkstätte Kommunismus Motiv Museum Historisches Museum Osteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032394393&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT norrisstephenm museumsofcommunismnewmemorysitesincentralandeasterneurope |
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