Russia and the Middle East: viewpoints, policies, strategies
This collection of articles and essays centers around Vladimir Putin's Middle East foreign policy since 2001. Many of these pieces are written by officials who played a direct part in crafting Russian policy in this region: from Yevgeny Primakov, the first prime minister of the Putin era; to lo...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Minneapolis, MN
East View Press
2019
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | This collection of articles and essays centers around Vladimir Putin's Middle East foreign policy since 2001. Many of these pieces are written by officials who played a direct part in crafting Russian policy in this region: from Yevgeny Primakov, the first prime minister of the Putin era; to longtime Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, UN adviser Vladimir Orlov, and Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak. This collection also features independent research articles from reputable scholars. The content is divided into three thematic parts: (1) regional issues, including Islamist movements and natural resources; (2) military concerns, including strategies to combat terrorism; and (3)politics and governance, including reflections on the Arab Spring and the Middle East's role in a future world order. |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 364 Seiten Diagramme 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781879944756 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgments ix xiii xvii PART ONE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Strategy: Regional Problems in Global Perspective 1.1. Decades of International Insecurity The United Nations: Challenges of Our Time Yevgeny Primakov 5 The Fundamental Conflict Yevgeny Primakov 14 The Modern Era and the Crisis of the 1970s Aleksandr Dynkin and Vladimir Pantin 25 The Glass Menagerie of Non-Proliferation Vladimir Orlov 35 1.2. Islam and Islamist Movements Landmarks on the Road to Jihad Aleksei Malashenko 51 The Modernization of Islam: How Plausible Is It? Rafael Khakimov 60 Islam as We See It Aleksei Malashenko 72 The Islamic State: Alternative Statehood? Vasily Kuznetsov 85 1.3. Energy and Natural Resources Oil Prices: Action Strategy Needed Andrei Baklanov 97
Old Goals, New Tasks Aleksandr Novak 103 Water and Peace Anastasia Likhachova 114 PART TWO Tactics and Interactions: Falling Into the Same Traps 2.1. Countering Terrorism Learning to Fight International Terrorism Anatoly Adamishin 133 A No-Compromise War Yevgeny Satanovsky 142 Demography and Terrorist Threats Anatoly Vishnevsky 151 2.2. À la Guerre Comme à la Guerre (Military Analysis) Warfare Against the Rules Aleksandr Golts 173 Winning a War Without Losing the Peace Aleksei Arbatov 183 A Proving Ground for the Future Ruslan Pukhov 197 The Limits of Capabilities Prokhor Tebin 213 PART THREE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The Middle East as a Factor of World Order (and Disorder) 3.1. The Arab Spring: Democracy and Revolution Revolutions and Democracy in the Islamic World Yevgeny Satanovsky 227
A Different Democracy Veronika Kostenko, Eduard Ponarin and Pavel Kuzmichov 244 Listening to the Music of Revolution? Aleksandr Aksenyonok and Irina Zvyagelskaya 254 3.2. Prospects for Stability in the Region Democracy, International Governance, and the Future World Order Sergei Lavrov 269 The Middle East: À la Versailles or à la Westphalia? Pyotr Stegny 278 Between Crisis and Catastrophe Yevgeny Satanovsky 294 Harass and Hold Out Andrej Krickovic and Yuval Weber 305 3.3. Emerging Geopolitical Balances By the Waters of Babylon Dmitry Yefremenko 319 Russia: The Power Broker in the Middle East? Andrei Kortun ov 333 Will US Pullout from Syria Increase Risk of Conflict With Russia? Fyodor Lukyanov About the Contributors Index 338 343 347
346 I ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Sergei Lavrov—Graduate of MGIMO. Former Russian representative to the UN and president of the UN Security Council. Currently Min ister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Pyotr Stegny—Doctor of Sciences in History. Ambassador Extraordi nary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation; member of the Russian International Affairs Council. INDEX Andrej Krickovic—Ph.D. in Political Science, UC Berkeley. Assistant Professor, Department of World Economy and World Politics, NRUHSE. Yuval Weber—Ph.D. in Government, UT Austin. Inaugural DMGS- Kennan Institute Fellow, Daniel Morgan Graduate School. Dmitry Yefremenko—Doctor of Sciences in Political Science. Deputy Director, Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Rus sian Academy of Sciences. Andrei Kortunov—Graduate of MGIMO. Director General, Russian International Affairs Council. Member of expert and supervisory committees and boards of trustees of several Russian and interna tional organizations. AFGHANISTAN Counterterrorist coalition, 134 Drug export problems, 134, 302 Extremism, 55 Forcible democratization, 285 Islamic threat, 55 Lessons drawn from wars in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on in warfare, 188 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 US war strategy, 173 AIR OPERATIONS IN SYRIA See Warfare AL QAEDA Arab-Israeli conflict and, 17 Black September responsibility, 184 Credit claims for terrorist activities, 134 Goals, 5 Iraqi invasion and, 260 ISIS compared, 87 Organizations operating under brand name, 148 Revolutions,
support for, 227 Separatism, 6 Terrorism stereotyping based on, 139 AL-JAZEERA, 241 ALGERIA, 241, 262 ARAB SPRING Generally, 224 et seq. See also·. Democracy, Revolution (entries below) Arab-Israeli conflict and, 234, 289 Authoritarian regime collapses as stage of democratic process, 293 Destabilizing factors for international politics, 245 Egypt, catalysts in, 118,125 Established regimes swept away by, 278 Ethnic antagonisms heightened by, 279 Extent prediction, 292 Future alliances, potentials for, 289 Historical background, 279 Horizontal and vertical aspects, 291 Informal alliances and conflicts, 297 Iranian support, 289 Iraqi war as cause, 320 Regimes swept away by, 278 Religious antagonisms heightened by, 279 Social-political phenomenon, treat ment as, 258 Stability impacts, generally, 334 Sunni-Shiite alliance, potentials for, 289 Syrian civil war Generally, 278 See also Syria (entry below) 347
348 I INDEX Terrorists’ appropriation, 283 US-Iraqi war as cause, 320 Vertical and horizontal aspects, 291 ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT Generally, 14 et seq. Arab Spring and, 234, 289 Birth rates and two-state solution, 14,19 Cold War end, effects, 15, 281 Continuity need in settlement process, 22 Egyptian resolution efforts, 23 Historical background, 14 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 191 Iran and, 16 Iran-Jordan tensions affecting, 236 Jerusalem Generally, 21 East Jerusalem settlements, 289 Madrid Peace Conference resolution proposals, 20 Military solution possibilities, 18 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Obama administrations attitude toward, 229 Oil market impacts, 18 Peace settlement process, failure of, 303 Resolution mechanisms, three forms, 22 Right of return issues, 21 Russian resolution efforts, 24 Saudi Arabian resolution efforts, 23 Settlement possibilities, 18 Superpowers roles in, 15 Syrian issues, 21 Terrorism aspects, 17 Two-state solution, birth rates and, 14,19 US resolution efforts, 22 West Bank settlements, 21, 236 ASTRAKHAN, 53 AZERBAIJAN Islamic threat, 53 Regional conflicts, 29 Russia’s relations with, 192 BALANCE OF POWER Shifts post Cold War, 294 BIRTH RATES Generally, 153 Arab-Israeli conflict, two-state solu tions, 14,19 Demography and terrorist threats. See Terrorism (entry below) CHECHNYA Hostage taking, 191 Islamic threat, 54, 56 Lessons drawn from wars in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on in warfare, 188 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 Russian views of Islam and Muslims Generally, 73
Chechnya terrorists affecting, 78 Russian war strategy, 174 Separatism, 55,194 Terrorism responses, 144,148,184 Terrorists affecting Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 78 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 COLD WAR Anti-imperialism, 281 Arab-Israeli conflict as element, 15, 281 Balance of power shifts after, 294 Chaotization of world politics, 255 Collapse of the bipolar system after, 255 Differing worldviews affecting US post Cold War policy toward Russia, 311 Disruption of Cold War bloc discipline, 273 Domestic political factors impacting US policy after, 308, 314 Extremism, US involvement with, 136 Instability after, 254, International relations in wake of, 254 et seq. Nation-building after, 259
INDEX Political climate affecting US post policy after, 310 Rules of the game during, 255 Russian influence in the Arab world after, 334 Sovereignty in post Cold War world, 255 Sphere of influence issues, 312 Stability impacts at end of, 254 Syrian issues in US post Cold War policy, 314 Territorial integrity in post Cold War world, 255 Terrorism problems after Chechnya, Afghanistan and Iraq, 270 Learning to fight international terrorism, 133,136 Threats analyses, US post policy after, 311 Ukraine crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 US involvement with extremism during, 136 US post Cold War policy Generally, 305 et seq. Containment era policy distin guished, 305, 313 Differing worldviews, 311 Domestic political factors impacting, 308, 314 Historical background, 306 Power disparity affecting, 307 Sphere of influence issues, 312 Structural factors, 307 Syrian issues, 314 Threats analyses, 311 Ukrainian issues, 314 US political climate affecting, 310 WMD problems after, 270 World politics chaotization after, 255 DEMOCRACY Generally, 227 et seq. See also Arab Spring (entry above) Afghanistan, forcible democratization in, 285 Antiglobalization movement, 234 Arab understanding of democracy, fundamental problems, 244 I 349 Arab-Israeli conflict issues, 234 Attempts to democratize politically immature societies, 262 Authoritarian regime collapses as stage of democratic process, 293 Authoritarianism Collapses of regimes as stage of democratic process, 293 Compared, 335 Cold War, instability after, 254 Egypt Algeria tensions, 241 Military coup following popular revolution, 263
Elections, limitations of, 262 External attempts to impose, 269, 277 et seq. Foreign interference and winds of change, 263 Formal processes, West’s reliance on, 262 Future world order, international governance and, 269 et seq. Gender equality support comparisons, 250 Illusions, democratic, revolutions shaking, 263 International community help in creation, 269 International governance and the future world order, 269 et seq. Iraq, forcible democratization in, 285 Israel, consolidation against as factor, 234 Libya Algeria tensions, 241 Civil war, 242 Middle East style of democracy, 232 Minorities protection issues, 233 Multiculturalism issues, 234 Muslim Brotherhood power, 284 et seq. Persian Gulf monarchies repression of, 279 Politically immature societies, attempts to democratize, 262 Popular attitudes towards, 245 Revolutions shaking democratic
350 I INDEX illusions, 263 Self determination, forms of, 255 Self developed vs externally mandated, 278 et seq. Stable and democratic world order, path to, 271 Syrian democratization efforts, negative effects of, 287 Terrorism, democratic standards impacting war on, 275 Tools of democracy, limitations of, 262 Tunisia-Algeria tensions, 241 Turkey, 238 West’s reliance on formal processes of, 262 Western values tensions, 233 Winds of change and foreign interfer ence, 263 World politics chaotization post Cold War, 255 Youths’ demands for civil liberties, 259 DISARMAMENT RADICALS Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 40,46 EGYPT Arab Spring catalysts, 118,125 Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 23 Democracy (see entry above) Muslim Brotherhood, 228 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 41, 46 Revolution (see entry below) END OF HISTORY Francis Fukuyama, 232, 258, 295 ENERGY See Petroleum Resources EUROPEAN UNION Petroleum resources, anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 Refugee crises, 296 Revolutions in the Islamic world, Western politicians support for, 227 Soviet republics admission issues, 256 Syria, external parties involved in, 287 Terrorism, soft force approach of war against, 136 EXTREMISM Afghanistan, 55 Fundamentalism distinguished, 6 Russian views of Islam and Muslims, extremism impacting, 73 Separatism and, 270 Terrorists’ extremist goals, 134,194 US involvement with during cold war, 136 FAILED STATES ISIS military defeat triggering, 320 Terrorism relationships, 6 GAS See Petroleum Resources GENDER EQUALITY Generally, 62, 244 et seq. Age affecting attitudes toward,
252 Age groups, support varying across, 248 Democracy support comparisons, 250 Education affecting attitudes toward, 252 Higher education influencing views, 244 Historical background, 62 Living standards increase effects, 248 Modernization of Islam, 62, 69 Political preferences affecting attitudes toward, 252 Popular support for, 247 Revolutionary processes comparisons, 249 Saudi Arabia, 244 Soviet satellite Arab countries, 244, 249 GEORGIA See Warfare GLOBALIZATION 1970s and 2000s compared, 25 Advantages and shortcomings, 32
INDEX Antiglobalization movement, 234 Contradictory nature of, 270 Definition, 134 Interdependence of states and, 269 International relations and, 269 Middle east conflict threats, 14 Terrorism uses, 6 GULF MONARCHIES, 241 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION Sovereignty tensions, 275 Ukraine, 262 INDONESIA, 139 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Balance of power shifts post Cold War, 294 Between crisis and catastrophe, 294 et seq. Collective mechanisms for addressing global problems, 272 Double standards complicating, 276 Globalization and, 269 Multilateral cooperation, improving mechanisms of, 272 Reforming international law, 274 Refugee crises affecting, 296 Unilateral responses to threats, failures of, 271 IRAN Arab Spring support, 289 Arab-Israeli conflict and, 16 Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 Demography and terrorist threats, 155 Military vs ayatollahs, 237 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 38, 231 Nuclear weapon concerns, 237,290 Revolutions 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Iran as supporter of other revolu tions, 227 Military vs ayatollahs, 237 j 351 Syria investments, 287 Syria political settlement, role in, 328 Terrorism, demography, and terrorist threats, 155 US-Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 IRAQ Al Qaeda creation, Iraqi invasion and, 260 Arab Spring, US-Iraqi war as cause, 320 Baath party dissolution, 260 Forcible democratization in, 285 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 191 Islamic State (see entry below) Kurdish question and future of Middle East, 323 Lessons drawn from war in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance
on in warfare, 189 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Refugees, 236, 239 Reliance on local forces in warfare, 189 Russian-German-French coalition opposing US invasion, 334 ”Sunnistan” possibilities, 329 US failure to obtain UN support for war, 271 US invasion damages, 259 US strategy. See Warfare (entry below) US Vietnam war failures compared, 187 US-Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 ISIS See Islamic State ISLAM Fiction, Islam depictions in, 79 Israel, consolidation of Islamic world against, 234 Modernization of Islam (see entry below) Terrorism, regional conflicts relation ships, 6
352 I INDEX ISLAMIC REFORM Indonesia, Turkey, and Malaysia as examples, 139 ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS) Generally, 85 et seq. Administrative structure, Iraqi domination of, 93 Air operations in Syria countering, 204 Air vs naval operations combatting, 213 Al Qaeda compared, 87 Alternatives models to statehood generally, 85 et seq. Ba’ath party relationship, 86 Baya elements, 88, 90 Borders issue, 93 Dawla concept, 90, 91 Downside of defeat of, 337 Duality of the territorial identity of ISIS, 92 Formation, 86 Imam elements, 88 et seq. Immigrant volunteers, 86 Iraqi domination of administrative structure, 93 Jihad elements, 88, 90 Military defeat triggering failed states, 320 Military successes, US reaction, 261 Nation-state and Islamic state concepts distinguished, 88 Naval vs air operations combatting, 213 Non-territoriality, 91 Paradigm of the umma-dawla relation ship, 92 Population controlled, 86 Real vs Islamic statehood concepts, 87 Salari tradition, 87 Sovereignty issue, 92 Statehood problems, 93 Success of, 86 Syrian aír operations countering, 204 Syrian alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Syrian conflict impacts, 86 Syrian de-escalation scenarios postISIS, 326 Territorial control, 86 Umma elements, 88 et seq. ISLAMIC THREAT Generally, 51 Afghanistan, 55 Astrakhan, 53 Azerbaijan, 53 Chechnya, 54, 56 Consolidation of Islamists, 55 Definitional issues, 51 Influence of Islamists, 52 Kazakhstan, 52, 53 Kyrgyzstan, 56 Organization of Islamists, 55 Party of Islamic Liberation, 56 Power of Islamists, 52 Reaction and suppression era, 54 September 11 attack and, 57 Tajikistan, 52, 54
Taliban, 55 Turkey, 55 Turkmenistan, 53 Uzbekistan, 52, 56, 58 ISLAMOPHOBIA 9/11, Islamophobia after, 70 ”Americanophobia” distinguished, 76 Popular media references, 78 ISRAEL Arab-Israeli Conflict (see entry above) Islamic world consolidation against, 234 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 36, 44, 46 Russian air operations in Syria, Israeli view, 303 Russian and Israeli antiterrorism efforts compared, 149 JORDAN, 236 KAZAKHSTAN, 52, 53 KOSOVO Separatism, 276 Terrorism, 134
INDEX KURDS Autonomy pressures, 260 Future of Middle East, Kurdish ques tion and, 323 Russian relations with, 326 Syrian alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Syrian suppression, 239 Turkey’s Kurdish issues, 238, 298 KUWAIT, 240 KYRGYZSTAN Islamic threat, 56 Uzbekistan conflict, 56, 58 LEBANON, 239 LIBYA Revolution (see entry below) Stability generally, 242 MADRID PEACE CONFERENCE Arab-Israeli conflict resolution propos als, 20 MALAYSIA, 139 MAURITANIA, 242 MILITARY ACTIONS See Warfare MODERNIZATION OF ISLAM Generally, 60 et seq. Arabic vs national language speakers, 67 Euro-Islam, 66 Gender Equality (see entry above) Historical background, 60 Learning, rituals and rites tensions, 68 National language vs Arabic speakers, 67 Pluralism, 63 Polygamy, 69 Rites and rituals Generally, 67 Learning tensions, 68 Slavery, 62 Social vs private aspects of religion, 68 I 353 Socialism, 63 Tatars, 65 Toleration, 69 War against the unfaithful era, 64 MOROCCO, 242 MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD Generally, 228 Democratic strength, 284 et seq. Regional alliance goals, 288 NATIONAL LIBERATION POLICIES Russia’s war against terrorism and, 146 NAVAL OPERATIONS IN SYRIA See Warfare NON-PROLIFERATION AND DISARMAMENT INITIATIVE, 40 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION TREATY(NPT) Generally, 35 et seq. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signatories, 38, 43 Disarmament radicals, 40, 46 Effectiveness, 36 Egypt and, 41, 46 Importance of, 36 Iran’s violation, 231 Iranian issues, 38 Israel and, 36, 44,46 Non-aligned movement and, 40 Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative and, 40 Nuclear-free zones, establishment, 45 Review
conferences, 36 et seq. Russia and, 37 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 US and, 37 WMD propaganda issues, 37 NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTS Technologies, 108 Turkey, 300
354 I INDEX NUCLEAR WEAPONS Air-to-ground nuclear cruise missile attacks, 175 Iranian activity concerns, 237, 290 Proliferation, 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 Saudi Arabia financing of Pakistan’s efforts, 302 Terrorism threats, 9, 32 OIL See Petroleum Resources OMAN, 240 PALESTINIANS See Arab-Israeli Conflict Refugee crises, 21, 303 PETROLEUM RESOURCES Generally, 97 et seq. Arab markets for extraction and processing infrastructure, 112 Arab-Israeli conflict, oil market impacts, 18 China market, international energy cooperation proposals, 112 Competitiveness of Russia, 107 Electrification trends, 105 Energy storage technologies, 106 EU’s anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 Extraction and processing infrastruc ture, 112 History of Russian pricing policy, 100 India market, international energy cooperation proposals, 112 International energy cooperation proposals Generally, 103 China market, 112 Competitiveness of Russia, 107 Electrification trends, 105 Energy storage technologies, 106 EU’s anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 India market, 112 Long-term trends, 105 Multilateral cooperation, 109 Nuclear power technologies, 108 Pipeline projects, 110 Politics vs markets, 110 Price slump impacts, 106 Priorities of energy cooperation, 109 Renewable energy technologies impacts, 105 Search for market balance, 104 Long-term trends, 105 Multilateral cooperation, 109 Nuclear power technologies, 108 OPEC and OAPEC roles in oil price policy, 98 Pipeline projects, 110 Pipeline wars in Central Asia, 300 Politics vs markets, 110 Price slump impacts, 106 Pricing policies, 97 et seq.
Priorities of energy cooperation, 109 Renewable energy technologies impacts, 105 Reserve fund issues, 101 Russian extraction and processing infrastructure, markets for, 112 Search for market balance, 104 Seven Sisters era, 101 Soviet era pricing policy, 98 Speculative component of oil price, 100 Water resources, oil and gas industry uses impacting, 121 Western monopolies era, 101 REFUGEE CRISES Generally 242, 296 Iraq, 236, 239 Islam and Muslims, refugee prejudices affecting views of, 74 Jordan, Iraqi refugees in, 236 Palestinians, 21, 303 Serbs, 276 Syria, Iraqi refugees in, 239 Water refugees, 115 REGIONAL CONFLICTS 1970s and 2000s compared, 29
INDEX Arab-Israeli Conflict (see entry above) Azerbaijan, 29 Georgia, 29 Globalization threats, 14 Kurdish question and future of Middle East, 323 Syrian civil war as latent regional conflict, 287 Ukraine crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 REVOLUTION Generally, 227 et seq. See also: Arab Spring (entry above) Al Qaeda support for, 227 Causes, 227 Challenges, revolutionary, 254 Cold War, instability after end of, 254 Collapse of the bipolar system after end of Cold War, 255 Crisis of the unitary state model in Ukraine, 262 Democracy, external attempts to impose, 269, 277 Democratic illusions, revolutions shaking, 263 Economic factors creating popular unrest, 259 Egypt Military coup following popular revolution, 263 US mistakes, 228 Established regimes swept away by Arab Spring, 278 Ethnic and religious antagonisms heightened by Arab Spring, 279 External attempts to impose democ racy, 269, 277 Gender equality, revolutionary processes comparisons, 249 International relations, revolutions influencing, 264 Iran (see entry above) Libya Civil war, 242 Seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 Nature of modern revolutions, views I 355 of, 264 Outdated state and political systems causing, 262 Persian Gulf monarchies repression of, 279 Power vacuums causing, 242 Refugees flooding Europe, 242 Regime changes under democratic slogans, 263 Regimes swept away by Arab Spring, 278 Rules of international behavior in the context of revolutionary challenges, 265 Russian support for, 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Social factors creating popular unrest, 259 Sovereignty in post Cold War world,
255 Syrian civil war created by, 278 Territorial integrity in post Cold War world, 255 Tunisia, seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 Twitter revolution of middle class, 279 US mistakes, 228 US support for, 227 Western politicians support for, 227 World politics chaotization post Cold War, 255 World wide impacts of revolutionary challenges, 262 Yemen, seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 RUSSIA Air operations in Syria. See Warfare Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 24 Azerbaijan, relations with, 192 Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 Chechnya (see entry above) Cold War (see entry above) Counterterrorist efforts, coordination with US, 137
356 I INDEX Extremism impacting Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 73 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world and war against terrorism, 147 Georgia conflict, warfare reforms stimulated by, 209 Honest broker role in Middle East negotiations, 333, 337 Immigrant prejudices affecting views of Islam and Muslims, 74 Islam and Muslims, Russian views of, 72 et seq. Kurds, relations with, 326 Naval operations in Syria. See Warfare Negative media images affecting Rus sian views of Islam and Muslims, 77 New Entente proposals in Russia’s war against terrorism, 147 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 37 Policy goals in Middle East, 330 Power broker in Middle East, Russia as, 333 et seq. Power disparity affecting US relations, 307 Refugee prejudices affecting views of Islam and Muslims, 74 Religious freedom policy and war against terrorism, 145 Revolutions, support for, 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Soviet birth rate control policies, 154 Soviet breakup, technology issues in air force, 198 Soviet nationalities policy and combat ting terrorism, 145 State armaments program for 20112020 (SAP-2020), 201 Syria (see entry below) Tatars, 65 Threat perceptions and views of Islam and Muslims, 77 Union with the West issues in Russia’s war against terrorism, 147 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 Upheavals predictions, 296 US and Russian air operations compared, 208 US birth rate control policies com pared, 154 US pullout from Syria as increasing risk of conflict with Russia, 338 et seq. Water resources, export proposals, 114, 122 Xenophobia and Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 72, 75 SAUDI
ARABIA Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 23 Democracy, repression of, 279 Gender equality, 244 SEPARATISM Al Qaeda, 6 Basque, 144 Chechnya, 55,194 Double standards re separatist policies, 276 Extremism and, 270 Kosovo, 276 Terrorism relationships, 6,194 SEXUAL EQUALITY See Gender Equality SOVEREIGNTY Humanitarian intervention tensions, 275 ISIS sovereignty issue Generally, 92 Territorial control, 86 Rights of, 255 SOVIET UNION See Russia STABILITY Arab Spring impacting, generally, 334 STATEHOOD Real vs Islamic State concepts, 87 SYRIA Alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Arab Spring, civil war created by, 278
INDEX Arab-Israeli conflict, Syrian issues, 21 Civil war as latent regional conflict, 287 De-escalation scenarios, 326 Democratization efforts, negative effects of, 287 External parties involved in, 287, 320 Georgian and Syrian air operations compared, 198 Iranian investments in, 287 Iranian role in political settlement, 328 Iraqi refugees in, 239 Islamic quartet solution, 288 Islamic State (see entry above) Israeli view of Russian air operations, 303 Latent regional conflict, civil war as, 287 Political settlement, Russian role in, 328 Political solution, search for, 327 Russian involvement Generally, 287, 320 See also Air Operations in Syria (entry above), Warfare (entry below) Exit strategy, 319 Relationship with West and, 336 Risk of conflict with US, 338 et seq. Role in political settlement, 328 Support for Assad, 204 US collaboration, 338 Stability generally, 238 ”Sunnistan” possibilities, 329 US involvement Long-term strategy questions, 321, Mistakes in, 261 Post Cold War policy toward Russia, Syrian issues, 314 Risk of conflict with Russia, 338 et seq. Russian collaboration, 338 TAJIKISTAN, 52, 54 TALIBAN Countries supporting, 301 Islamic threat, 55 Terrorism, 134 TATARSTAN Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 73 I 357 TERRORISM 1970s and 2000s compared, 25 9/11 attack Al Qaeda responsibility claims, 184 Islamophobia after, 70 Regional symbolism, 283 Afghanistan, counterterrorist coalition, 134 Al Qaeda (see entry above) Arab Spring appropriation by terrorists, 283 Arab-Israeli conflict, terrorism aspects, 17 Birth rate changes and terrorist threats, 152 Black
September of 2001,184 Boko Haram, 165 Chechnya (see entry above) Citizen efforts in Russia’s war against, 150 Civil rights impacts of war against, 150 Cold war era, terrorism problems after, 270 Cold war preoccupations, learning to fight international terrorism, 133, 136 Combatting ethnic and religious paranoia, 143 Coordinating states’ efforts, organiza tional frameworks for, 140 Coordination of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Coordination of national laws, 138 Counter-Terrorism Committee Reform proposals, 141 Reorganization, 12 Counterterrorism experience, 149 Counterterrorist coalition in Afghani stan, 134 Democratic standards impacting war on, 275 Demography and terrorist threats Generally, 151 et seq. Birthrates, 152, 157, 163 Change effects, 162 Foreseeability, 151 Geopolitics, 159
358 INDEX International terrorism, definitional problems, 151 Iran, 155 Median age issues, 162 Migration issues, 166 Modernization of Third World countries, 161 Overhang, demographic, 168 Population explosion, 152 Third World countries, moderniza tion of, 161 World asymmetry, 156 Discrimination nurturing, 8 Domestic and international terrorism distinguished, 193 Double standard applied to terrorists in Russia, 146 Ethnic paranoia, combatting, 143 Extremist goals, 134,194 Failed states relationships, 6 Fertility rate in Arab and Middle East countries, 157 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world and war against terrorism, 147 Funds access of terrorists, 148 Geopolitics, demography and terrorist threats, 159 Globalization, terrorism uses, 6 Green international offensive, Russia’s war against, 143 Hard and soft threats to security, 7 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 190 International terrorism Definitional problems, 135,151 Domestic terrorism distinguished, 193 Interrelated threats, 8 Iran, demography and terrorist threats, 155 Islamic State (see entry above) Israel and Russian antiterrorism efforts compared, 149 Khmer Rouge, 165 Kosovo, 134 Learning to fight Generally, 133 et seq. Cold war preoccupations, 133,136 Coordinating states’ efforts, organi zational frameworks for, 140 Coordination of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Coordination of national laws, 138 Mergers of separate terrorist groups, 135 Military action, limitations of, 140 Organizational frameworks for coordinating states’ efforts, 140 Regional terrorism, 135 Religious fanaticism, recognizing, 139
Roots of terrorism, addressing, 140 Soft force approach of Europeans, 136 Stereotyping based on Al Qaeda, 139 Suicide bombers, 138 UN’s role, 140 US priorities, 136 Vagueness of the enemy problems, 134 Median age issues and terrorist threats, 162 Mergers of separate terrorist groups, 135 Migration, demography and terrorist threats, 166 Military action, limitations of, 140 Modernization of Third World countries, demography and terrorist threats, 161 Multilateral counteracting mechanism, effectiveness, 8 Multilateral vs unilateral responses, 275 Mutual mistrust impeding Russia’s war against, 142 Narcotics trafficking financing, 6 National liberation movement policies complicating Russia’s war against, 146 Negotiating with terrorists, 190 New Entente proposals in Russia’s war against, 147 Nonstate military groups, strategy of fighting, 188 Nuclear arms threats, 9, 32 Organizational frameworks for coordinating states’ efforts, 140
INDEX Population explosion. Demography and terrorist threats, above Poverty and, 8 Preventive use of force by UN, 9 Regional conflicts relationships, 6 Regional terrorism, 135 Religious fanaticism, recognizing, 139 Religious freedom policy and Russia’s war against, 145 Religious paranoia, combatting, 143 Roots of terrorism, addressing, 140 Russia’s war against Generally, 142 et seq. See also Chechnya (entry above) Citizen efforts in, 150 Civil rights impacts, 150 Coordination with US, 137 Counterterrorism experience, 149 Double standard applied to terror ists, 146 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world, 147 Funds access of terrorists, 148 Green international offensive, 143 Israeli efforts compared, 149 Main line of resistance, 144 Mutual mistrust impeding, 142 National liberation movement policies complicating, 146 New Entente proposals, 147 Religious freedom policy, 145 Soviet nationalities policy, effects of, 145 Union with the West issues, 147 US, coordination with, 137 Russian views of Islam and Muslims impacted by, 74 Security Council resolutions re WMD access, 275 Separatism relationships, 6,194 Soviet nationalities policy, effects of, 145 Stereotyping based on Al Qaeda, 139 Strategy of fighting nonstate military groups, 188 Suicide bombers, 138 Syrian conflict, US mistakes in, 261 Taliban, 134 I 359 Third World countries Modernization, demography, and terrorist threats, 161 Population growth and terrorist threats, 152 Undeveloped countries, 157,163 United Nations (see entry below) US involvement with extremists during cold war, 136 US priorities in war against
Generally, 136 Coordination with Russia, 137 Vagueness of the enemy problems, 134 Vicious terrorist circle, 17 War on, democratic standards impact ing, 275 Warfare, realizing terrorism role, 193 Weak vs strong and inevitability of terrorist acts, 133,148 WMD proliferation relationships Generally, 6 Security Council resolutions, 275 TUNISIA See Revolution TURKEY Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 European refugee crisis involvement, 296 Foreign policy, 299 Islamic reform examples, 139 Islamic threat, 55 Kurdish issues, 238 Kurds and, 298 NATO membership, 238 Nuclear power projects, 300 TURKMENISTAN, 53 UKRAINE Crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 Humanitarian crisis, 262 US post Cold War policy toward Russia and, 314 Young people’s demands for civil liberties, 259
360 I INDEX UNITED NATIONS Adapting to new threats, 10 Counter-Terrorism Committee Reform proposals, 141 Reorganization, 12 International terrorism, definitional problems, 135 Iraq deadlock, UN solutions, 8 Iraq war, US failure to obtain UN support, 271 Military resources, 12 Preventive use of force by to counter terrorism, 9 Racial discrimination committee, 276 Reform needs, 140 Security Council Evolution of, 10 Permanent member veto problems, 11 WMD access resolutions, 275 Stable and democratic world order, path to, 271 Syria, external parties involved in, 287 Terrorism International terrorism, definitional problems, 135 Role in fighting, 140 Security Council role in countering, 5 et seq. Use of force sanctions, 187 Warfare, UN Security Council support, 185 WMD access, Security Council resolu tions re, 275 Yugoslavia, military action in, 10, 256 UNITED STATES 1970s and 2000s roles compared, 27 Afghanistan war strategy, 173 Arab Spring, Iraqi war as cause, 320 Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 22 Birth rate control policies, 154 Cold War (see entry above) Counterterrorist efforts, coordination with Russia, 137 Extremists, US involvement with during cold war, 136 Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 Iraq (see entry above) ISIS military successes, US reaction, 261 Islamophobia and “Americanophobia” distinguished, 76 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 37 Political climate affecting post Cold War policy, 310 Power disparity affecting Russian relations, 307 Quagmire resulting from Iraq war, 185 Revolutions in the Islamic world Mistakes, 228 Support for,
227 Russian air operations compared, 208 Russian birth rate control policies compared, 154 Syria (see entry above) Terrorism Coordination with Russia of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Priorities in war against, 136 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 Vietnam defeat impacts, 29 Yugoslavia and US war strategy, 173 UZBEKISTAN Islamic threat, 52, 56, 58 Kyrgyzstan conflict, 56, 58 WARFARE Generally, 171 et seq. Aerospace Defense Forces creation, 200 Afghanistan and US/Russian strategies, 173-174 Afghanistan war, lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Air operations in Syria Generally, 197 et seq., 213 et seq. Aerospace Defense Forces, 200 Assessments, 207 Combat aviation priorities, 201 Combat losses, 197, 207 Combat readiness Demonstration, 208
INDEX Naval operations compared, 213 Cruise missile employment, 207 Damage inflicted, 208 Deployment, 205 Effectiveness, 209 Enhancement of forces, 205 Experience gained, 205 Georgian operations compared, 198 Ground forces supporting air bases, 206 Helicopters, 209 Hmeimim air base, ground forces protecting, 206 Intervention decisions, 204 Iraqi operations compared, 208 ISIS threats, countering, 204 Israeli view of, 303 Logistics, 206 Long-range bomber operations, 207 Modern requirements established, 198 Naval operations compared, 213 New equipment procurement preceding, 201 Operational losses, 197, 207 Platan electro-optical targeting system, 209 Precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, 206, 208 Preparations for, 201-202 Problems complicating reforms, 203 Proving ground use, 197, 209 Purposes of reorganization preced ing, 200 Reconnaissance capabilities, 209 Reforms preceding, 198 Results, 207 Russia and US air superiority compared, 175 Satellite-aided guidance system, 208 Sortie counts, 206 Strategic importance, 197 Support for President Bashar Assad, 204 US Iraqi operations compared, 208 Air-to-ground nuclear cruise missile attacks, 175 Aircraft carriers requirements, 220 I 361 Airspace issues raised by cruise missile operations, 219 Anticipating postwar settlement issues, 193 Ballistic missile submarines, 214 Black Sea Fleet, 216 Boundaries of armed conflict, sealing, 192 Chechnya wars Lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 Choosing enemies, Iraq war and US strategy, 174 Civilian mistreatment effects, 188 Coalition of the
willing, 189 Combat aviation priorities, 201 Combat readiness demonstration, 208 Combat training failures, Iraqi, 182 Conscription, 181 Crime control, 186 Cruise missile operations Airspace issues raised by, 219 Syria, 207 Damage inflicted in Syria, 208 Destroyer construction, 220 Deterrence against potential enemies, naval operations in Syria, 214 Georgia conflict Generally, 29 Air operations, friendly fire casual ties, 198 Reforms stimulated by, 209 Syrian air operations compared, 198 Ground force deployments, Russia and US strategies compared, 174,176 High-precision weapons, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Hmeimim air base Generally, 220 Ground forces protecting, 206 Integrated information and control systems, 177 Intelligence resources, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Intervention decisions, air operations in Syria, 204
362 I INDEX Iraq war and US strategy Generally, 173 et seq. Afghanistan, Russia’s strategy compared, 174 Air operations, Russian operations in Syria compared, 208 Air superiority, 175 Chechnya, Russia’s strategy com pared, 174 Choosing enemies, 174 Coalition of the willing, 189 Combat training failures, 182 Fog of war issues, 176 Ground force deployments, 174,176 High-precision weapons, 178 Integrated information and control systems, 177 Intelligence resources, 178 Lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Logistics, 178 Misinformation tactics, 179 Morale issues, 188 Passivity of Iraqi soldiers, 176 Popular support failures, 187 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Psychological warfare, 179 Quagmire resulting from, 185 Revolution in military affairs, 173 Russian war strategy compared, 173 Space communications and recon naissance systems, 180 Special operations forces, 179 Troop mobility, 178 UN sanctions, 187 UN support, failure to attain, 271 Vietnam war failure compared, 187 WMD issues, 187 ISIS threats, air operations in Syria countering, 204 Learning to fight international terror ism, 140 Legitimacy principles, 185 Lessons drawn from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Iraq wars, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on, 188 Local government formation issues, 190 Logistics Air operations in Syria, 206 Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Naval operations in Syria, 214 Long-range bomber operations, Syria, 207 Long-range sea-launched cruise missiles, 218 Losing the peace dangers, 183,193 Mediterranean Task Force, 215 Military action against terrorism, limitations of, 140
Misinformation tactics, 179 Missile corvettes, 219 Mistral-class amphibious assault ships, 221 Mobilization capability, Russian war strategy, 181 Morale of soldiers Generally, 185 Iraqi war, 188 Multipurpose landing ship require ments, Syria, 220 Naval operations in Syria Air operations compared, 213 Aircraft carriers requirements, 220 Airspace issues raised by cruise missile operations, 219 Black Sea Fleet, 216 Combat readiness, air operations compared, 213 Cruise missile operations, 219 Destroyer construction, 220 Deterrence against potential enemies, 214 Logistic roles, 214, 215 Long arm of the fleet, 218 Long-range sea-launched cruise missiles, 218 Mediterranean Task Force, 215 Missile corvettes, 219 Mistral-class amphibious assault ships, 221 Multipurpose landing ship require ments, 220 Optimistic conclusions, 215 Quantity vs quality issues, 220
INDEX Routine tasks of the Russian Navy, 214 Sea bridge activities, 215 Shortage of ships demonstrated by, 213,215 Nonstate military groups, strategy of fighting, 188 Peace time missions of navy, 214 Platan electro-optical targeting system, 209 Politicians’ duties, 184 Postwar settlement issues, anticipating, 193 Postwar stabilization issues, 189 Precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, 206, 208 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Proving ground use of air operations in Syria, 197, 209 Psychological warfare, Iraq war and US strategy, 179 Public opinion considerations Generally, 185 Iraqi war, 188 Purposes, clear understanding of, 185 Quagmire resulting from Iraq war, 185 Quantity vs quality issues, naval opera tions in Syria, 220 Reconnaissance capabilities, air opera tions in Syria, 209 Reform of the Russian air force, 198 Reliance on local forces, 188 Revolution in warfare Iraq war and US strategy, 173 Russian preparation for, 179 Russian war strategy Generally, 173 et seq., 197 et seq. Air operations in Syria, above Chechnya, 174 Conscription, 181 Ground force deployments US strategies compared, 174,176 Iraq war and US strategy analysis, 173 Mobilization capability, 181 Naval operations in Syria, above Nonstate military groups, combat ting, 188 I 363 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Revolution in warfare, Russian preparation for, 179 Space communications and recon naissance systems, 180 West-99 exercise, 175,180 Satellite-aided guidance systems, 208 Sealing boundaries of armed conflict, 192 Selective use of force against local
populations, 188 Shortage of ships demonstrated by naval operations in Syria, 213, 215 Soviet breakup and technology issues in air force, 198 Space communications and reconnais sance systems, 180 Special operations forces, Iraq war and US strategy, 179 State armaments program for 20112020 (SAP-2020), 201 State of emergency declarations, 185 Statesmen’s duties, 184 Strategic importance of air operations in Syria, 197 Strategy of fighting nonstate military groups, 188 Structural reforms preceding air opera tions in Syria, 199 Syria See Air operations in Syria, above See Naval operations in Syria, above Technology issues, air force, 198 Terrorism Limitations of military action against, 140 Negotiating with terrorists, 190 Role in conflicts, realizing, 193 Troop mobility, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 UN Security Council support, 185 UN use of force sanctions, 187 US and Russian air operations compared, 208 Vietnam and Iraqi war failures compared, 187
364 I INDEX West-99 exercise and Russian war strategy, 175,180 Yugoslavia Generally, 10 US war strategy, 173 WATER RESOURCES Generally, 114 et seq. 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 Advanced technologies, investment strategies, 127 Agricultural productivity and water use, 125 Dams, upstream-/downstream-country tensions, 115 Export proposals, 114 Global challenges Generally, 114 Competition for water, 115 Responses, 116 Industry and power engineering, virtual water in, 121 International relations impacts of shortages, 115 International strategy, water use potential in, 122 Investment strategies in advanced technologies, 127 Nile, Sudan-Egypt tensions, 235 Petroleum industry uses, 121 Quasi-colonization and virtual water, 115 et seq. Refugees, water, 115 Responses to global water challenge, 116 Russian export proposals, 114 Table of water intake and uses by countries, 124 Trade in virtual water, 117 Upstream-/downstream֊country tensions Generally, 115 Cooperation potential, 122 Virtual water Definition, 117 Industry and power engineering, 121 Quasi-colonization, 115 et seq. Russian uses, 125 Trade in, 117 Yemen stability generally, 239 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) Black nuclear market, 230 Chemical and biological weapons bans, 41 Cold war era, WMD problems after, 270 Iraq war and US strategy, WMD issues, 187 Modernization of Islam and the WMD era, 64 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and WMD propaganda issues, 37 Terrorism Security Council resolutions re, 275 WMD proliferation relationships, 6 WOMEN’S RIGHTS See Gender Equality YEMEN, 239 YUGOSLAVIA Serb refugees, 276 UN
authorization of military action in, 10, 256 US war strategy, 173,176 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
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CONTENTS Foreword Preface Acknowledgments ix xiii xvii PART ONE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Strategy: Regional Problems in Global Perspective 1.1. Decades of International Insecurity The United Nations: Challenges of Our Time Yevgeny Primakov 5 The Fundamental Conflict Yevgeny Primakov 14 The Modern Era and the Crisis of the 1970s Aleksandr Dynkin and Vladimir Pantin 25 The Glass Menagerie of Non-Proliferation Vladimir Orlov 35 1.2. Islam and Islamist Movements Landmarks on the Road to Jihad Aleksei Malashenko 51 The Modernization of Islam: How Plausible Is It? Rafael Khakimov 60 Islam as We See It Aleksei Malashenko 72 The Islamic State: Alternative Statehood? Vasily Kuznetsov 85 1.3. Energy and Natural Resources Oil Prices: Action Strategy Needed Andrei Baklanov 97
Old Goals, New Tasks Aleksandr Novak 103 Water and Peace Anastasia Likhachova 114 PART TWO Tactics and Interactions: Falling Into the Same Traps 2.1. Countering Terrorism Learning to Fight International Terrorism Anatoly Adamishin 133 A No-Compromise War Yevgeny Satanovsky 142 Demography and Terrorist Threats Anatoly Vishnevsky 151 2.2. À la Guerre Comme à la Guerre (Military Analysis) Warfare Against the Rules Aleksandr Golts 173 Winning a War Without Losing the Peace Aleksei Arbatov 183 A Proving Ground for the Future Ruslan Pukhov 197 The Limits of Capabilities Prokhor Tebin 213 PART THREE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The Middle East as a Factor of World Order (and Disorder) 3.1. The Arab Spring: Democracy and Revolution Revolutions and Democracy in the Islamic World Yevgeny Satanovsky 227
A Different Democracy Veronika Kostenko, Eduard Ponarin and Pavel Kuzmichov 244 Listening to the Music of Revolution? Aleksandr Aksenyonok and Irina Zvyagelskaya 254 3.2. Prospects for Stability in the Region Democracy, International Governance, and the Future World Order Sergei Lavrov 269 The Middle East: À la Versailles or à la Westphalia? Pyotr Stegny 278 Between Crisis and Catastrophe Yevgeny Satanovsky 294 Harass and Hold Out Andrej Krickovic and Yuval Weber 305 3.3. Emerging Geopolitical Balances By the Waters of Babylon Dmitry Yefremenko 319 Russia: The Power Broker in the Middle East? Andrei Kortun ov 333 Will US Pullout from Syria Increase Risk of Conflict With Russia? Fyodor Lukyanov About the Contributors Index 338 343 347
346 I ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Sergei Lavrov—Graduate of MGIMO. Former Russian representative to the UN and president of the UN Security Council. Currently Min ister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Pyotr Stegny—Doctor of Sciences in History. Ambassador Extraordi nary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation; member of the Russian International Affairs Council. INDEX Andrej Krickovic—Ph.D. in Political Science, UC Berkeley. Assistant Professor, Department of World Economy and World Politics, NRUHSE. Yuval Weber—Ph.D. in Government, UT Austin. Inaugural DMGS- Kennan Institute Fellow, Daniel Morgan Graduate School. Dmitry Yefremenko—Doctor of Sciences in Political Science. Deputy Director, Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Rus sian Academy of Sciences. Andrei Kortunov—Graduate of MGIMO. Director General, Russian International Affairs Council. Member of expert and supervisory committees and boards of trustees of several Russian and interna tional organizations. AFGHANISTAN Counterterrorist coalition, 134 Drug export problems, 134, 302 Extremism, 55 Forcible democratization, 285 Islamic threat, 55 Lessons drawn from wars in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on in warfare, 188 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 US war strategy, 173 AIR OPERATIONS IN SYRIA See Warfare AL QAEDA Arab-Israeli conflict and, 17 Black September responsibility, 184 Credit claims for terrorist activities, 134 Goals, 5 Iraqi invasion and, 260 ISIS compared, 87 Organizations operating under brand name, 148 Revolutions,
support for, 227 Separatism, 6 Terrorism stereotyping based on, 139 AL-JAZEERA, 241 ALGERIA, 241, 262 ARAB SPRING Generally, 224 et seq. See also·. Democracy, Revolution (entries below) Arab-Israeli conflict and, 234, 289 Authoritarian regime collapses as stage of democratic process, 293 Destabilizing factors for international politics, 245 Egypt, catalysts in, 118,125 Established regimes swept away by, 278 Ethnic antagonisms heightened by, 279 Extent prediction, 292 Future alliances, potentials for, 289 Historical background, 279 Horizontal and vertical aspects, 291 Informal alliances and conflicts, 297 Iranian support, 289 Iraqi war as cause, 320 Regimes swept away by, 278 Religious antagonisms heightened by, 279 Social-political phenomenon, treat ment as, 258 Stability impacts, generally, 334 Sunni-Shiite alliance, potentials for, 289 Syrian civil war Generally, 278 See also Syria (entry below) 347
348 I INDEX Terrorists’ appropriation, 283 US-Iraqi war as cause, 320 Vertical and horizontal aspects, 291 ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT Generally, 14 et seq. Arab Spring and, 234, 289 Birth rates and two-state solution, 14,19 Cold War end, effects, 15, 281 Continuity need in settlement process, 22 Egyptian resolution efforts, 23 Historical background, 14 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 191 Iran and, 16 Iran-Jordan tensions affecting, 236 Jerusalem Generally, 21 East Jerusalem settlements, 289 Madrid Peace Conference resolution proposals, 20 Military solution possibilities, 18 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Obama administrations attitude toward, 229 Oil market impacts, 18 Peace settlement process, failure of, 303 Resolution mechanisms, three forms, 22 Right of return issues, 21 Russian resolution efforts, 24 Saudi Arabian resolution efforts, 23 Settlement possibilities, 18 Superpowers roles in, 15 Syrian issues, 21 Terrorism aspects, 17 Two-state solution, birth rates and, 14,19 US resolution efforts, 22 West Bank settlements, 21, 236 ASTRAKHAN, 53 AZERBAIJAN Islamic threat, 53 Regional conflicts, 29 Russia’s relations with, 192 BALANCE OF POWER Shifts post Cold War, 294 BIRTH RATES Generally, 153 Arab-Israeli conflict, two-state solu tions, 14,19 Demography and terrorist threats. See Terrorism (entry below) CHECHNYA Hostage taking, 191 Islamic threat, 54, 56 Lessons drawn from wars in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on in warfare, 188 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 Russian views of Islam and Muslims Generally, 73
Chechnya terrorists affecting, 78 Russian war strategy, 174 Separatism, 55,194 Terrorism responses, 144,148,184 Terrorists affecting Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 78 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 COLD WAR Anti-imperialism, 281 Arab-Israeli conflict as element, 15, 281 Balance of power shifts after, 294 Chaotization of world politics, 255 Collapse of the bipolar system after, 255 Differing worldviews affecting US post Cold War policy toward Russia, 311 Disruption of Cold War bloc discipline, 273 Domestic political factors impacting US policy after, 308, 314 Extremism, US involvement with, 136 Instability after, 254, International relations in wake of, 254 et seq. Nation-building after, 259
INDEX Political climate affecting US post policy after, 310 Rules of the game during, 255 Russian influence in the Arab world after, 334 Sovereignty in post Cold War world, 255 Sphere of influence issues, 312 Stability impacts at end of, 254 Syrian issues in US post Cold War policy, 314 Territorial integrity in post Cold War world, 255 Terrorism problems after Chechnya, Afghanistan and Iraq, 270 Learning to fight international terrorism, 133,136 Threats analyses, US post policy after, 311 Ukraine crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 US involvement with extremism during, 136 US post Cold War policy Generally, 305 et seq. Containment era policy distin guished, 305, 313 Differing worldviews, 311 Domestic political factors impacting, 308, 314 Historical background, 306 Power disparity affecting, 307 Sphere of influence issues, 312 Structural factors, 307 Syrian issues, 314 Threats analyses, 311 Ukrainian issues, 314 US political climate affecting, 310 WMD problems after, 270 World politics chaotization after, 255 DEMOCRACY Generally, 227 et seq. See also Arab Spring (entry above) Afghanistan, forcible democratization in, 285 Antiglobalization movement, 234 Arab understanding of democracy, fundamental problems, 244 I 349 Arab-Israeli conflict issues, 234 Attempts to democratize politically immature societies, 262 Authoritarian regime collapses as stage of democratic process, 293 Authoritarianism Collapses of regimes as stage of democratic process, 293 Compared, 335 Cold War, instability after, 254 Egypt Algeria tensions, 241 Military coup following popular revolution, 263
Elections, limitations of, 262 External attempts to impose, 269, 277 et seq. Foreign interference and winds of change, 263 Formal processes, West’s reliance on, 262 Future world order, international governance and, 269 et seq. Gender equality support comparisons, 250 Illusions, democratic, revolutions shaking, 263 International community help in creation, 269 International governance and the future world order, 269 et seq. Iraq, forcible democratization in, 285 Israel, consolidation against as factor, 234 Libya Algeria tensions, 241 Civil war, 242 Middle East style of democracy, 232 Minorities protection issues, 233 Multiculturalism issues, 234 Muslim Brotherhood power, 284 et seq. Persian Gulf monarchies repression of, 279 Politically immature societies, attempts to democratize, 262 Popular attitudes towards, 245 Revolutions shaking democratic
350 I INDEX illusions, 263 Self determination, forms of, 255 Self developed vs externally mandated, 278 et seq. Stable and democratic world order, path to, 271 Syrian democratization efforts, negative effects of, 287 Terrorism, democratic standards impacting war on, 275 Tools of democracy, limitations of, 262 Tunisia-Algeria tensions, 241 Turkey, 238 West’s reliance on formal processes of, 262 Western values tensions, 233 Winds of change and foreign interfer ence, 263 World politics chaotization post Cold War, 255 Youths’ demands for civil liberties, 259 DISARMAMENT RADICALS Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 40,46 EGYPT Arab Spring catalysts, 118,125 Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 23 Democracy (see entry above) Muslim Brotherhood, 228 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 41, 46 Revolution (see entry below) END OF HISTORY Francis Fukuyama, 232, 258, 295 ENERGY See Petroleum Resources EUROPEAN UNION Petroleum resources, anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 Refugee crises, 296 Revolutions in the Islamic world, Western politicians support for, 227 Soviet republics admission issues, 256 Syria, external parties involved in, 287 Terrorism, soft force approach of war against, 136 EXTREMISM Afghanistan, 55 Fundamentalism distinguished, 6 Russian views of Islam and Muslims, extremism impacting, 73 Separatism and, 270 Terrorists’ extremist goals, 134,194 US involvement with during cold war, 136 FAILED STATES ISIS military defeat triggering, 320 Terrorism relationships, 6 GAS See Petroleum Resources GENDER EQUALITY Generally, 62, 244 et seq. Age affecting attitudes toward,
252 Age groups, support varying across, 248 Democracy support comparisons, 250 Education affecting attitudes toward, 252 Higher education influencing views, 244 Historical background, 62 Living standards increase effects, 248 Modernization of Islam, 62, 69 Political preferences affecting attitudes toward, 252 Popular support for, 247 Revolutionary processes comparisons, 249 Saudi Arabia, 244 Soviet satellite Arab countries, 244, 249 GEORGIA See Warfare GLOBALIZATION 1970s and 2000s compared, 25 Advantages and shortcomings, 32
INDEX Antiglobalization movement, 234 Contradictory nature of, 270 Definition, 134 Interdependence of states and, 269 International relations and, 269 Middle east conflict threats, 14 Terrorism uses, 6 GULF MONARCHIES, 241 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION Sovereignty tensions, 275 Ukraine, 262 INDONESIA, 139 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Balance of power shifts post Cold War, 294 Between crisis and catastrophe, 294 et seq. Collective mechanisms for addressing global problems, 272 Double standards complicating, 276 Globalization and, 269 Multilateral cooperation, improving mechanisms of, 272 Reforming international law, 274 Refugee crises affecting, 296 Unilateral responses to threats, failures of, 271 IRAN Arab Spring support, 289 Arab-Israeli conflict and, 16 Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 Demography and terrorist threats, 155 Military vs ayatollahs, 237 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 38, 231 Nuclear weapon concerns, 237,290 Revolutions 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Iran as supporter of other revolu tions, 227 Military vs ayatollahs, 237 j 351 Syria investments, 287 Syria political settlement, role in, 328 Terrorism, demography, and terrorist threats, 155 US-Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 IRAQ Al Qaeda creation, Iraqi invasion and, 260 Arab Spring, US-Iraqi war as cause, 320 Baath party dissolution, 260 Forcible democratization in, 285 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 191 Islamic State (see entry below) Kurdish question and future of Middle East, 323 Lessons drawn from war in, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance
on in warfare, 189 Negotiating with terrorists, 191 Refugees, 236, 239 Reliance on local forces in warfare, 189 Russian-German-French coalition opposing US invasion, 334 ”Sunnistan” possibilities, 329 US failure to obtain UN support for war, 271 US invasion damages, 259 US strategy. See Warfare (entry below) US Vietnam war failures compared, 187 US-Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 ISIS See Islamic State ISLAM Fiction, Islam depictions in, 79 Israel, consolidation of Islamic world against, 234 Modernization of Islam (see entry below) Terrorism, regional conflicts relation ships, 6
352 I INDEX ISLAMIC REFORM Indonesia, Turkey, and Malaysia as examples, 139 ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS) Generally, 85 et seq. Administrative structure, Iraqi domination of, 93 Air operations in Syria countering, 204 Air vs naval operations combatting, 213 Al Qaeda compared, 87 Alternatives models to statehood generally, 85 et seq. Ba’ath party relationship, 86 Baya elements, 88, 90 Borders issue, 93 Dawla concept, 90, 91 Downside of defeat of, 337 Duality of the territorial identity of ISIS, 92 Formation, 86 Imam elements, 88 et seq. Immigrant volunteers, 86 Iraqi domination of administrative structure, 93 Jihad elements, 88, 90 Military defeat triggering failed states, 320 Military successes, US reaction, 261 Nation-state and Islamic state concepts distinguished, 88 Naval vs air operations combatting, 213 Non-territoriality, 91 Paradigm of the umma-dawla relation ship, 92 Population controlled, 86 Real vs Islamic statehood concepts, 87 Salari tradition, 87 Sovereignty issue, 92 Statehood problems, 93 Success of, 86 Syrian aír operations countering, 204 Syrian alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Syrian conflict impacts, 86 Syrian de-escalation scenarios postISIS, 326 Territorial control, 86 Umma elements, 88 et seq. ISLAMIC THREAT Generally, 51 Afghanistan, 55 Astrakhan, 53 Azerbaijan, 53 Chechnya, 54, 56 Consolidation of Islamists, 55 Definitional issues, 51 Influence of Islamists, 52 Kazakhstan, 52, 53 Kyrgyzstan, 56 Organization of Islamists, 55 Party of Islamic Liberation, 56 Power of Islamists, 52 Reaction and suppression era, 54 September 11 attack and, 57 Tajikistan, 52, 54
Taliban, 55 Turkey, 55 Turkmenistan, 53 Uzbekistan, 52, 56, 58 ISLAMOPHOBIA 9/11, Islamophobia after, 70 ”Americanophobia” distinguished, 76 Popular media references, 78 ISRAEL Arab-Israeli Conflict (see entry above) Islamic world consolidation against, 234 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 36, 44, 46 Russian air operations in Syria, Israeli view, 303 Russian and Israeli antiterrorism efforts compared, 149 JORDAN, 236 KAZAKHSTAN, 52, 53 KOSOVO Separatism, 276 Terrorism, 134
INDEX KURDS Autonomy pressures, 260 Future of Middle East, Kurdish ques tion and, 323 Russian relations with, 326 Syrian alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Syrian suppression, 239 Turkey’s Kurdish issues, 238, 298 KUWAIT, 240 KYRGYZSTAN Islamic threat, 56 Uzbekistan conflict, 56, 58 LEBANON, 239 LIBYA Revolution (see entry below) Stability generally, 242 MADRID PEACE CONFERENCE Arab-Israeli conflict resolution propos als, 20 MALAYSIA, 139 MAURITANIA, 242 MILITARY ACTIONS See Warfare MODERNIZATION OF ISLAM Generally, 60 et seq. Arabic vs national language speakers, 67 Euro-Islam, 66 Gender Equality (see entry above) Historical background, 60 Learning, rituals and rites tensions, 68 National language vs Arabic speakers, 67 Pluralism, 63 Polygamy, 69 Rites and rituals Generally, 67 Learning tensions, 68 Slavery, 62 Social vs private aspects of religion, 68 I 353 Socialism, 63 Tatars, 65 Toleration, 69 War against the unfaithful era, 64 MOROCCO, 242 MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD Generally, 228 Democratic strength, 284 et seq. Regional alliance goals, 288 NATIONAL LIBERATION POLICIES Russia’s war against terrorism and, 146 NAVAL OPERATIONS IN SYRIA See Warfare NON-PROLIFERATION AND DISARMAMENT INITIATIVE, 40 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION TREATY(NPT) Generally, 35 et seq. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signatories, 38, 43 Disarmament radicals, 40, 46 Effectiveness, 36 Egypt and, 41, 46 Importance of, 36 Iran’s violation, 231 Iranian issues, 38 Israel and, 36, 44,46 Non-aligned movement and, 40 Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative and, 40 Nuclear-free zones, establishment, 45 Review
conferences, 36 et seq. Russia and, 37 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 US and, 37 WMD propaganda issues, 37 NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTS Technologies, 108 Turkey, 300
354 I INDEX NUCLEAR WEAPONS Air-to-ground nuclear cruise missile attacks, 175 Iranian activity concerns, 237, 290 Proliferation, 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 Saudi Arabia financing of Pakistan’s efforts, 302 Terrorism threats, 9, 32 OIL See Petroleum Resources OMAN, 240 PALESTINIANS See Arab-Israeli Conflict Refugee crises, 21, 303 PETROLEUM RESOURCES Generally, 97 et seq. Arab markets for extraction and processing infrastructure, 112 Arab-Israeli conflict, oil market impacts, 18 China market, international energy cooperation proposals, 112 Competitiveness of Russia, 107 Electrification trends, 105 Energy storage technologies, 106 EU’s anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 Extraction and processing infrastruc ture, 112 History of Russian pricing policy, 100 India market, international energy cooperation proposals, 112 International energy cooperation proposals Generally, 103 China market, 112 Competitiveness of Russia, 107 Electrification trends, 105 Energy storage technologies, 106 EU’s anti-market and anti-Russian moves, 111 India market, 112 Long-term trends, 105 Multilateral cooperation, 109 Nuclear power technologies, 108 Pipeline projects, 110 Politics vs markets, 110 Price slump impacts, 106 Priorities of energy cooperation, 109 Renewable energy technologies impacts, 105 Search for market balance, 104 Long-term trends, 105 Multilateral cooperation, 109 Nuclear power technologies, 108 OPEC and OAPEC roles in oil price policy, 98 Pipeline projects, 110 Pipeline wars in Central Asia, 300 Politics vs markets, 110 Price slump impacts, 106 Pricing policies, 97 et seq.
Priorities of energy cooperation, 109 Renewable energy technologies impacts, 105 Reserve fund issues, 101 Russian extraction and processing infrastructure, markets for, 112 Search for market balance, 104 Seven Sisters era, 101 Soviet era pricing policy, 98 Speculative component of oil price, 100 Water resources, oil and gas industry uses impacting, 121 Western monopolies era, 101 REFUGEE CRISES Generally 242, 296 Iraq, 236, 239 Islam and Muslims, refugee prejudices affecting views of, 74 Jordan, Iraqi refugees in, 236 Palestinians, 21, 303 Serbs, 276 Syria, Iraqi refugees in, 239 Water refugees, 115 REGIONAL CONFLICTS 1970s and 2000s compared, 29
INDEX Arab-Israeli Conflict (see entry above) Azerbaijan, 29 Georgia, 29 Globalization threats, 14 Kurdish question and future of Middle East, 323 Syrian civil war as latent regional conflict, 287 Ukraine crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 REVOLUTION Generally, 227 et seq. See also: Arab Spring (entry above) Al Qaeda support for, 227 Causes, 227 Challenges, revolutionary, 254 Cold War, instability after end of, 254 Collapse of the bipolar system after end of Cold War, 255 Crisis of the unitary state model in Ukraine, 262 Democracy, external attempts to impose, 269, 277 Democratic illusions, revolutions shaking, 263 Economic factors creating popular unrest, 259 Egypt Military coup following popular revolution, 263 US mistakes, 228 Established regimes swept away by Arab Spring, 278 Ethnic and religious antagonisms heightened by Arab Spring, 279 External attempts to impose democ racy, 269, 277 Gender equality, revolutionary processes comparisons, 249 International relations, revolutions influencing, 264 Iran (see entry above) Libya Civil war, 242 Seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 Nature of modern revolutions, views I 355 of, 264 Outdated state and political systems causing, 262 Persian Gulf monarchies repression of, 279 Power vacuums causing, 242 Refugees flooding Europe, 242 Regime changes under democratic slogans, 263 Regimes swept away by Arab Spring, 278 Rules of international behavior in the context of revolutionary challenges, 265 Russian support for, 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Social factors creating popular unrest, 259 Sovereignty in post Cold War world,
255 Syrian civil war created by, 278 Territorial integrity in post Cold War world, 255 Tunisia, seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 Twitter revolution of middle class, 279 US mistakes, 228 US support for, 227 Western politicians support for, 227 World politics chaotization post Cold War, 255 World wide impacts of revolutionary challenges, 262 Yemen, seemingly irremovable regimes swept away, 278 RUSSIA Air operations in Syria. See Warfare Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 24 Azerbaijan, relations with, 192 Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 Chechnya (see entry above) Cold War (see entry above) Counterterrorist efforts, coordination with US, 137
356 I INDEX Extremism impacting Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 73 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world and war against terrorism, 147 Georgia conflict, warfare reforms stimulated by, 209 Honest broker role in Middle East negotiations, 333, 337 Immigrant prejudices affecting views of Islam and Muslims, 74 Islam and Muslims, Russian views of, 72 et seq. Kurds, relations with, 326 Naval operations in Syria. See Warfare Negative media images affecting Rus sian views of Islam and Muslims, 77 New Entente proposals in Russia’s war against terrorism, 147 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 37 Policy goals in Middle East, 330 Power broker in Middle East, Russia as, 333 et seq. Power disparity affecting US relations, 307 Refugee prejudices affecting views of Islam and Muslims, 74 Religious freedom policy and war against terrorism, 145 Revolutions, support for, 1970s and 2000s compared, 30 Soviet birth rate control policies, 154 Soviet breakup, technology issues in air force, 198 Soviet nationalities policy and combat ting terrorism, 145 State armaments program for 20112020 (SAP-2020), 201 Syria (see entry below) Tatars, 65 Threat perceptions and views of Islam and Muslims, 77 Union with the West issues in Russia’s war against terrorism, 147 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 Upheavals predictions, 296 US and Russian air operations compared, 208 US birth rate control policies com pared, 154 US pullout from Syria as increasing risk of conflict with Russia, 338 et seq. Water resources, export proposals, 114, 122 Xenophobia and Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 72, 75 SAUDI
ARABIA Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 23 Democracy, repression of, 279 Gender equality, 244 SEPARATISM Al Qaeda, 6 Basque, 144 Chechnya, 55,194 Double standards re separatist policies, 276 Extremism and, 270 Kosovo, 276 Terrorism relationships, 6,194 SEXUAL EQUALITY See Gender Equality SOVEREIGNTY Humanitarian intervention tensions, 275 ISIS sovereignty issue Generally, 92 Territorial control, 86 Rights of, 255 SOVIET UNION See Russia STABILITY Arab Spring impacting, generally, 334 STATEHOOD Real vs Islamic State concepts, 87 SYRIA Alternatives, post-ISIS, 325 Arab Spring, civil war created by, 278
INDEX Arab-Israeli conflict, Syrian issues, 21 Civil war as latent regional conflict, 287 De-escalation scenarios, 326 Democratization efforts, negative effects of, 287 External parties involved in, 287, 320 Georgian and Syrian air operations compared, 198 Iranian investments in, 287 Iranian role in political settlement, 328 Iraqi refugees in, 239 Islamic quartet solution, 288 Islamic State (see entry above) Israeli view of Russian air operations, 303 Latent regional conflict, civil war as, 287 Political settlement, Russian role in, 328 Political solution, search for, 327 Russian involvement Generally, 287, 320 See also Air Operations in Syria (entry above), Warfare (entry below) Exit strategy, 319 Relationship with West and, 336 Risk of conflict with US, 338 et seq. Role in political settlement, 328 Support for Assad, 204 US collaboration, 338 Stability generally, 238 ”Sunnistan” possibilities, 329 US involvement Long-term strategy questions, 321, Mistakes in, 261 Post Cold War policy toward Russia, Syrian issues, 314 Risk of conflict with Russia, 338 et seq. Russian collaboration, 338 TAJIKISTAN, 52, 54 TALIBAN Countries supporting, 301 Islamic threat, 55 Terrorism, 134 TATARSTAN Russian views of Islam and Muslims, 73 I 357 TERRORISM 1970s and 2000s compared, 25 9/11 attack Al Qaeda responsibility claims, 184 Islamophobia after, 70 Regional symbolism, 283 Afghanistan, counterterrorist coalition, 134 Al Qaeda (see entry above) Arab Spring appropriation by terrorists, 283 Arab-Israeli conflict, terrorism aspects, 17 Birth rate changes and terrorist threats, 152 Black
September of 2001,184 Boko Haram, 165 Chechnya (see entry above) Citizen efforts in Russia’s war against, 150 Civil rights impacts of war against, 150 Cold war era, terrorism problems after, 270 Cold war preoccupations, learning to fight international terrorism, 133, 136 Combatting ethnic and religious paranoia, 143 Coordinating states’ efforts, organiza tional frameworks for, 140 Coordination of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Coordination of national laws, 138 Counter-Terrorism Committee Reform proposals, 141 Reorganization, 12 Counterterrorism experience, 149 Counterterrorist coalition in Afghani stan, 134 Democratic standards impacting war on, 275 Demography and terrorist threats Generally, 151 et seq. Birthrates, 152, 157, 163 Change effects, 162 Foreseeability, 151 Geopolitics, 159
358 INDEX International terrorism, definitional problems, 151 Iran, 155 Median age issues, 162 Migration issues, 166 Modernization of Third World countries, 161 Overhang, demographic, 168 Population explosion, 152 Third World countries, moderniza tion of, 161 World asymmetry, 156 Discrimination nurturing, 8 Domestic and international terrorism distinguished, 193 Double standard applied to terrorists in Russia, 146 Ethnic paranoia, combatting, 143 Extremist goals, 134,194 Failed states relationships, 6 Fertility rate in Arab and Middle East countries, 157 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world and war against terrorism, 147 Funds access of terrorists, 148 Geopolitics, demography and terrorist threats, 159 Globalization, terrorism uses, 6 Green international offensive, Russia’s war against, 143 Hard and soft threats to security, 7 Hostage taking, negotiating with terrorists, 190 International terrorism Definitional problems, 135,151 Domestic terrorism distinguished, 193 Interrelated threats, 8 Iran, demography and terrorist threats, 155 Islamic State (see entry above) Israel and Russian antiterrorism efforts compared, 149 Khmer Rouge, 165 Kosovo, 134 Learning to fight Generally, 133 et seq. Cold war preoccupations, 133,136 Coordinating states’ efforts, organi zational frameworks for, 140 Coordination of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Coordination of national laws, 138 Mergers of separate terrorist groups, 135 Military action, limitations of, 140 Organizational frameworks for coordinating states’ efforts, 140 Regional terrorism, 135 Religious fanaticism, recognizing, 139
Roots of terrorism, addressing, 140 Soft force approach of Europeans, 136 Stereotyping based on Al Qaeda, 139 Suicide bombers, 138 UN’s role, 140 US priorities, 136 Vagueness of the enemy problems, 134 Median age issues and terrorist threats, 162 Mergers of separate terrorist groups, 135 Migration, demography and terrorist threats, 166 Military action, limitations of, 140 Modernization of Third World countries, demography and terrorist threats, 161 Multilateral counteracting mechanism, effectiveness, 8 Multilateral vs unilateral responses, 275 Mutual mistrust impeding Russia’s war against, 142 Narcotics trafficking financing, 6 National liberation movement policies complicating Russia’s war against, 146 Negotiating with terrorists, 190 New Entente proposals in Russia’s war against, 147 Nonstate military groups, strategy of fighting, 188 Nuclear arms threats, 9, 32 Organizational frameworks for coordinating states’ efforts, 140
INDEX Population explosion. Demography and terrorist threats, above Poverty and, 8 Preventive use of force by UN, 9 Regional conflicts relationships, 6 Regional terrorism, 135 Religious fanaticism, recognizing, 139 Religious freedom policy and Russia’s war against, 145 Religious paranoia, combatting, 143 Roots of terrorism, addressing, 140 Russia’s war against Generally, 142 et seq. See also Chechnya (entry above) Citizen efforts in, 150 Civil rights impacts, 150 Coordination with US, 137 Counterterrorism experience, 149 Double standard applied to terror ists, 146 Former Soviet satellites in Arab world, 147 Funds access of terrorists, 148 Green international offensive, 143 Israeli efforts compared, 149 Main line of resistance, 144 Mutual mistrust impeding, 142 National liberation movement policies complicating, 146 New Entente proposals, 147 Religious freedom policy, 145 Soviet nationalities policy, effects of, 145 Union with the West issues, 147 US, coordination with, 137 Russian views of Islam and Muslims impacted by, 74 Security Council resolutions re WMD access, 275 Separatism relationships, 6,194 Soviet nationalities policy, effects of, 145 Stereotyping based on Al Qaeda, 139 Strategy of fighting nonstate military groups, 188 Suicide bombers, 138 Syrian conflict, US mistakes in, 261 Taliban, 134 I 359 Third World countries Modernization, demography, and terrorist threats, 161 Population growth and terrorist threats, 152 Undeveloped countries, 157,163 United Nations (see entry below) US involvement with extremists during cold war, 136 US priorities in war against
Generally, 136 Coordination with Russia, 137 Vagueness of the enemy problems, 134 Vicious terrorist circle, 17 War on, democratic standards impact ing, 275 Warfare, realizing terrorism role, 193 Weak vs strong and inevitability of terrorist acts, 133,148 WMD proliferation relationships Generally, 6 Security Council resolutions, 275 TUNISIA See Revolution TURKEY Balance of cooperation/rivalry between Russia, Turkey, and Iran, 329 European refugee crisis involvement, 296 Foreign policy, 299 Islamic reform examples, 139 Islamic threat, 55 Kurdish issues, 238 Kurds and, 298 NATO membership, 238 Nuclear power projects, 300 TURKMENISTAN, 53 UKRAINE Crisis after Soviet breakup, 256 Humanitarian crisis, 262 US post Cold War policy toward Russia and, 314 Young people’s demands for civil liberties, 259
360 I INDEX UNITED NATIONS Adapting to new threats, 10 Counter-Terrorism Committee Reform proposals, 141 Reorganization, 12 International terrorism, definitional problems, 135 Iraq deadlock, UN solutions, 8 Iraq war, US failure to obtain UN support, 271 Military resources, 12 Preventive use of force by to counter terrorism, 9 Racial discrimination committee, 276 Reform needs, 140 Security Council Evolution of, 10 Permanent member veto problems, 11 WMD access resolutions, 275 Stable and democratic world order, path to, 271 Syria, external parties involved in, 287 Terrorism International terrorism, definitional problems, 135 Role in fighting, 140 Security Council role in countering, 5 et seq. Use of force sanctions, 187 Warfare, UN Security Council support, 185 WMD access, Security Council resolu tions re, 275 Yugoslavia, military action in, 10, 256 UNITED STATES 1970s and 2000s roles compared, 27 Afghanistan war strategy, 173 Arab Spring, Iraqi war as cause, 320 Arab-Israeli conflict resolution efforts, 22 Birth rate control policies, 154 Cold War (see entry above) Counterterrorist efforts, coordination with Russia, 137 Extremists, US involvement with during cold war, 136 Iranian confrontation and future of Iraq, 322 Iraq (see entry above) ISIS military successes, US reaction, 261 Islamophobia and “Americanophobia” distinguished, 76 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty issues, 37 Political climate affecting post Cold War policy, 310 Power disparity affecting Russian relations, 307 Quagmire resulting from Iraq war, 185 Revolutions in the Islamic world Mistakes, 228 Support for,
227 Russian air operations compared, 208 Russian birth rate control policies compared, 154 Syria (see entry above) Terrorism Coordination with Russia of counterterrorist efforts, 137 Priorities in war against, 136 Unity of the nuclear states, 40 Vietnam defeat impacts, 29 Yugoslavia and US war strategy, 173 UZBEKISTAN Islamic threat, 52, 56, 58 Kyrgyzstan conflict, 56, 58 WARFARE Generally, 171 et seq. Aerospace Defense Forces creation, 200 Afghanistan and US/Russian strategies, 173-174 Afghanistan war, lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Air operations in Syria Generally, 197 et seq., 213 et seq. Aerospace Defense Forces, 200 Assessments, 207 Combat aviation priorities, 201 Combat losses, 197, 207 Combat readiness Demonstration, 208
INDEX Naval operations compared, 213 Cruise missile employment, 207 Damage inflicted, 208 Deployment, 205 Effectiveness, 209 Enhancement of forces, 205 Experience gained, 205 Georgian operations compared, 198 Ground forces supporting air bases, 206 Helicopters, 209 Hmeimim air base, ground forces protecting, 206 Intervention decisions, 204 Iraqi operations compared, 208 ISIS threats, countering, 204 Israeli view of, 303 Logistics, 206 Long-range bomber operations, 207 Modern requirements established, 198 Naval operations compared, 213 New equipment procurement preceding, 201 Operational losses, 197, 207 Platan electro-optical targeting system, 209 Precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, 206, 208 Preparations for, 201-202 Problems complicating reforms, 203 Proving ground use, 197, 209 Purposes of reorganization preced ing, 200 Reconnaissance capabilities, 209 Reforms preceding, 198 Results, 207 Russia and US air superiority compared, 175 Satellite-aided guidance system, 208 Sortie counts, 206 Strategic importance, 197 Support for President Bashar Assad, 204 US Iraqi operations compared, 208 Air-to-ground nuclear cruise missile attacks, 175 Aircraft carriers requirements, 220 I 361 Airspace issues raised by cruise missile operations, 219 Anticipating postwar settlement issues, 193 Ballistic missile submarines, 214 Black Sea Fleet, 216 Boundaries of armed conflict, sealing, 192 Chechnya wars Lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Russia and US warfare strategies compared, 174 Choosing enemies, Iraq war and US strategy, 174 Civilian mistreatment effects, 188 Coalition of the
willing, 189 Combat aviation priorities, 201 Combat readiness demonstration, 208 Combat training failures, Iraqi, 182 Conscription, 181 Crime control, 186 Cruise missile operations Airspace issues raised by, 219 Syria, 207 Damage inflicted in Syria, 208 Destroyer construction, 220 Deterrence against potential enemies, naval operations in Syria, 214 Georgia conflict Generally, 29 Air operations, friendly fire casual ties, 198 Reforms stimulated by, 209 Syrian air operations compared, 198 Ground force deployments, Russia and US strategies compared, 174,176 High-precision weapons, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Hmeimim air base Generally, 220 Ground forces protecting, 206 Integrated information and control systems, 177 Intelligence resources, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Intervention decisions, air operations in Syria, 204
362 I INDEX Iraq war and US strategy Generally, 173 et seq. Afghanistan, Russia’s strategy compared, 174 Air operations, Russian operations in Syria compared, 208 Air superiority, 175 Chechnya, Russia’s strategy com pared, 174 Choosing enemies, 174 Coalition of the willing, 189 Combat training failures, 182 Fog of war issues, 176 Ground force deployments, 174,176 High-precision weapons, 178 Integrated information and control systems, 177 Intelligence resources, 178 Lessons drawn from, 183 et seq. Logistics, 178 Misinformation tactics, 179 Morale issues, 188 Passivity of Iraqi soldiers, 176 Popular support failures, 187 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Psychological warfare, 179 Quagmire resulting from, 185 Revolution in military affairs, 173 Russian war strategy compared, 173 Space communications and recon naissance systems, 180 Special operations forces, 179 Troop mobility, 178 UN sanctions, 187 UN support, failure to attain, 271 Vietnam war failure compared, 187 WMD issues, 187 ISIS threats, air operations in Syria countering, 204 Learning to fight international terror ism, 140 Legitimacy principles, 185 Lessons drawn from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Iraq wars, 183 et seq. Local forces, reliance on, 188 Local government formation issues, 190 Logistics Air operations in Syria, 206 Iraq war and US strategy, 178 Naval operations in Syria, 214 Long-range bomber operations, Syria, 207 Long-range sea-launched cruise missiles, 218 Losing the peace dangers, 183,193 Mediterranean Task Force, 215 Military action against terrorism, limitations of, 140
Misinformation tactics, 179 Missile corvettes, 219 Mistral-class amphibious assault ships, 221 Mobilization capability, Russian war strategy, 181 Morale of soldiers Generally, 185 Iraqi war, 188 Multipurpose landing ship require ments, Syria, 220 Naval operations in Syria Air operations compared, 213 Aircraft carriers requirements, 220 Airspace issues raised by cruise missile operations, 219 Black Sea Fleet, 216 Combat readiness, air operations compared, 213 Cruise missile operations, 219 Destroyer construction, 220 Deterrence against potential enemies, 214 Logistic roles, 214, 215 Long arm of the fleet, 218 Long-range sea-launched cruise missiles, 218 Mediterranean Task Force, 215 Missile corvettes, 219 Mistral-class amphibious assault ships, 221 Multipurpose landing ship require ments, 220 Optimistic conclusions, 215 Quantity vs quality issues, 220
INDEX Routine tasks of the Russian Navy, 214 Sea bridge activities, 215 Shortage of ships demonstrated by, 213,215 Nonstate military groups, strategy of fighting, 188 Peace time missions of navy, 214 Platan electro-optical targeting system, 209 Politicians’ duties, 184 Postwar settlement issues, anticipating, 193 Postwar stabilization issues, 189 Precision-guided air-to-surface weapons, 206, 208 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Proving ground use of air operations in Syria, 197, 209 Psychological warfare, Iraq war and US strategy, 179 Public opinion considerations Generally, 185 Iraqi war, 188 Purposes, clear understanding of, 185 Quagmire resulting from Iraq war, 185 Quantity vs quality issues, naval opera tions in Syria, 220 Reconnaissance capabilities, air opera tions in Syria, 209 Reform of the Russian air force, 198 Reliance on local forces, 188 Revolution in warfare Iraq war and US strategy, 173 Russian preparation for, 179 Russian war strategy Generally, 173 et seq., 197 et seq. Air operations in Syria, above Chechnya, 174 Conscription, 181 Ground force deployments US strategies compared, 174,176 Iraq war and US strategy analysis, 173 Mobilization capability, 181 Naval operations in Syria, above Nonstate military groups, combat ting, 188 I 363 Profound changes in modern warfare, recognizing, 174 Revolution in warfare, Russian preparation for, 179 Space communications and recon naissance systems, 180 West-99 exercise, 175,180 Satellite-aided guidance systems, 208 Sealing boundaries of armed conflict, 192 Selective use of force against local
populations, 188 Shortage of ships demonstrated by naval operations in Syria, 213, 215 Soviet breakup and technology issues in air force, 198 Space communications and reconnais sance systems, 180 Special operations forces, Iraq war and US strategy, 179 State armaments program for 20112020 (SAP-2020), 201 State of emergency declarations, 185 Statesmen’s duties, 184 Strategic importance of air operations in Syria, 197 Strategy of fighting nonstate military groups, 188 Structural reforms preceding air opera tions in Syria, 199 Syria See Air operations in Syria, above See Naval operations in Syria, above Technology issues, air force, 198 Terrorism Limitations of military action against, 140 Negotiating with terrorists, 190 Role in conflicts, realizing, 193 Troop mobility, Iraq war and US strategy, 178 UN Security Council support, 185 UN use of force sanctions, 187 US and Russian air operations compared, 208 Vietnam and Iraqi war failures compared, 187
364 I INDEX West-99 exercise and Russian war strategy, 175,180 Yugoslavia Generally, 10 US war strategy, 173 WATER RESOURCES Generally, 114 et seq. 1970s and 2000s compared, 32 Advanced technologies, investment strategies, 127 Agricultural productivity and water use, 125 Dams, upstream-/downstream-country tensions, 115 Export proposals, 114 Global challenges Generally, 114 Competition for water, 115 Responses, 116 Industry and power engineering, virtual water in, 121 International relations impacts of shortages, 115 International strategy, water use potential in, 122 Investment strategies in advanced technologies, 127 Nile, Sudan-Egypt tensions, 235 Petroleum industry uses, 121 Quasi-colonization and virtual water, 115 et seq. Refugees, water, 115 Responses to global water challenge, 116 Russian export proposals, 114 Table of water intake and uses by countries, 124 Trade in virtual water, 117 Upstream-/downstream֊country tensions Generally, 115 Cooperation potential, 122 Virtual water Definition, 117 Industry and power engineering, 121 Quasi-colonization, 115 et seq. Russian uses, 125 Trade in, 117 Yemen stability generally, 239 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) Black nuclear market, 230 Chemical and biological weapons bans, 41 Cold war era, WMD problems after, 270 Iraq war and US strategy, WMD issues, 187 Modernization of Islam and the WMD era, 64 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and WMD propaganda issues, 37 Terrorism Security Council resolutions re, 275 WMD proliferation relationships, 6 WOMEN’S RIGHTS See Gender Equality YEMEN, 239 YUGOSLAVIA Serb refugees, 276 UN
authorization of military action in, 10, 256 US war strategy, 173,176 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03935nam a2200745 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046971289</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210920 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">201102s2019 |||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781879944756</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-879944-75-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1159197618</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046971289</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ML 6700</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123204:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ML 7250</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123210:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ML 9300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123294:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russia and the Middle East</subfield><subfield code="b">viewpoints, policies, strategies</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Fyodor Lukyanov</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Minneapolis, MN</subfield><subfield code="b">East View Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2019</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xviii, 364 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield><subfield code="c">23 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This collection of articles and essays centers around Vladimir Putin's Middle East foreign policy since 2001. Many of these pieces are written by officials who played a direct part in crafting Russian policy in this region: from Yevgeny Primakov, the first prime minister of the Putin era; to longtime Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, UN adviser Vladimir Orlov, and Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak. This collection also features independent research articles from reputable scholars. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mittlerer Osten Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046971289 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:47:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:58:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781879944756 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032379454 |
| oclc_num | 1159197618 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | xviii, 364 Seiten Diagramme 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210920 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | East View Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies edited by Fyodor Lukyanov First edition Minneapolis, MN East View Press 2019 xviii, 364 Seiten Diagramme 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index This collection of articles and essays centers around Vladimir Putin's Middle East foreign policy since 2001. Many of these pieces are written by officials who played a direct part in crafting Russian policy in this region: from Yevgeny Primakov, the first prime minister of the Putin era; to longtime Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, UN adviser Vladimir Orlov, and Energy Minister Aleksandr Novak. This collection also features independent research articles from reputable scholars. The content is divided into three thematic parts: (1) regional issues, including Islamist movements and natural resources; (2) military concerns, including strategies to combat terrorism; and (3)politics and governance, including reflections on the Arab Spring and the Middle East's role in a future world order. Geschichte 2001- gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Demokratische Bewegung (DE-588)4149062-9 gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Islam and politics Terrorism / Middle East / Prevention Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Middle East Middle East / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Middle East / Politics and government / 21st century Diplomatic relations Politics and government Terrorism / Prevention Middle East Russia (Federation) 2000-2099 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 g Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Demokratische Bewegung (DE-588)4149062-9 s Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s Geschichte 2001- z DE-604 Lukyanov, Fyodor 1967- (DE-588)1140021788 edt Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032379454&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032379454&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Demokratische Bewegung (DE-588)4149062-9 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4149062-9 (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4059534-1 (DE-588)4039755-5 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies |
| title_auth | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies |
| title_exact_search | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies |
| title_full | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies edited by Fyodor Lukyanov |
| title_fullStr | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies edited by Fyodor Lukyanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia and the Middle East viewpoints, policies, strategies edited by Fyodor Lukyanov |
| title_short | Russia and the Middle East |
| title_sort | russia and the middle east viewpoints policies strategies |
| title_sub | viewpoints, policies, strategies |
| topic | Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Demokratische Bewegung (DE-588)4149062-9 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geopolitik Demokratische Bewegung Islam Terrorismus Mittlerer Osten Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032379454&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032379454&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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