Modern civilization: a history of the last five centuries
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Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Prentice-Hall
1960
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| Beschreibung: | XXV, 868 Seiten Illustrationen |
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Contents ONE The Background of Modern Western Civilization з I: introduction: the new history and the old. II: the first men. Prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution. Ill: the first civilizations. Our Own Beginnings: The Near East. Religious and Political Beginnings. IV: Greece and rome. Some Greek “Firsts." The Style of Greco-Roman Culture. The Romans. The Roman Empire. Early Chris tianity. V: the middle ages. Geographic Divisions. The Dark Ages. The Franks. Transition to the High Middle Ages. Feudalism. Manorialism. The Towns and the Church. Our Medieval Origins. The Medieval Style. Summary. TWO The Renaissance 32 I: introduction. II: the economic background. Trade. Industry. Banking. The Im pact of Economic Change. Ill: the political background. The Italian States. The New Realism: Machiavelli. France. England. Spain. IV: literature and thought. The Rise of the Vernaculars. Humanism. Later Humanism. V: the arts. Painting. Leonardo, Michelangelo, Titian. Northern European Painting. Sculpture. Architec ture. Music. VI: science. VII: religion. VIII: conclusion: the renaissance style. XI
Xli CONTENTS THREE TL· Protestant Reformation 75 I: protestant origins—luther. Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses. Luther’s Revolt. The Reasons for Luther’s Success. The Opposition to Luther. Knights’ War and Feasants’ Rebellion. II: protestant origins—zwingli, calvin, and other founders. Zwingli. Calvin. The English Reformation. The Anabaptists. Unitarianism. Ill: prot estant beliefs and practices. Common Denominators. Anglicanism. Lutheranism. Calvinism: Predestination. The Left Wing. IV: the catholic reformation. The Jesuits. The Inquisition. The Council of Trent. V: the place of protestantism in history. Protestantism and Progress. Protestantism and Nationalism. FOUR Dynastic and Religious Wars 100 I: international politics—the modern european state-system. The Competitive State-System. Dynastic State and Nation State. Diplomacy. The Armed Forces. II: Habsburg and valois. The Italian Wars of Charles VIII and Louis XII. Charles vs. Francis: The First Round. Charles vs. Francis: The Second Round. The Peace of Augsburg. The Wars of Philip II. The Dutch Revolt. The End of Philip II. The Dutch Republic. Ill: the thirty years’ war. Nature and Causes. The Danish Period, 1625-1629. The Swedish Period, 1630-1635. Swedish-French Period,1635-1648. Effects on Germany. The Peace of Westphalia. IV: the new monarchies—spain and france. The “Age of Absolutism.” Power and Limits of Spanish Absolutism. The Spanish Economy. The Spanish Style. The French Monarchy. The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598. The Victory of Henry of Navarre. The Politiques. V: the new monarchies—England. Henry
VIII, 1509-1547. Tudor Parliaments. Religious Diffi culties. Elizabeth the Queen. The English Renaissance.
CONTENTS xiii FIVE The Expansion of Europe: Fifteenth Through Seventeenth Centuries 136 I: introduction. Ancient and Modern Expansion Contrasted. The Nature of Modern Expansion. II: east by sea to the indies. Prince Henry and the Portuguese. India. China. The Portuguese Empire. Ill: west by sea to the indies. Columbus. The Foun dation of the Spanish Empire. The Balance Sheet of Latin-American Empire. IV: the late-comers—france, Holland, England. Early French and English Activity. The Thirteen Colonies: Settlement. The Thirteen Colonies: Institutions. New France. The Indies, West and East. Africa. The Far East. V: the beginnings of one world. The Black Side of the Record. The Economic Record. Effect of Expansion on the West. The One World of 1700. SIX lil İllim i II 1 1 lillil illil IH U l lillil Divine-Right Monarchy—and Revolution 168 I: international politics—france as aggressor. Before Louis XIV: Henry IV and Sully. Before Louis XIV: Richelieu and Mazarin. The Successes of Louis XIV. The Failures of Louis XIV. The Utrecht Settlement. French Aggression in Review. II: the france of louis xiv. Divine-Right Monarchy. The Nobility. The Clergy. The Royal Administration. Mercantilism in Theory. Mercantilism in Practice: Colbert. Ill: England in revolution. The Constitutional Tradition. The Role of the Crown. Issues between Crown and Parliament. The Reign of James 1 (1603-1625). The Troubles of Charles I. The Road to Civil War, 1638-1642. The Civil War, 16421649. Cromwell and the Interregnum, 1649-1660. The Revolution in Review. The Restoration, 1660-1688. The Glorious
Revolution of 1688-1689. IV: the century of genius. Inductive Science. The Implications of Scientific Progress. The Classical Spirit. The Arts. Seventeenth-Century Culture in Review.
XIV CONTENTS SEVEN The Eastern Outposts I: 208 The Ottoman Turks. II: muscovite Russia: from 1682. The Imperial Political Theory. Nobles and Serfs. The Reign of Ivan the Terrible. The Time of Troubles. The Role of the Zemskí Sobor. The Role of the Church. The Expansion of Russia. Russia and the West. Ill: the era of peter the great (1682-1725). Sophia: The Forerunner (1682-1689). Peter the Great: A Character Sketch. The Western Trip. Peteris Wars. The Machinery of Government. More Innovations. The Total Estimate. IV: the ottoman successorstate, 1453-1699. A Slave System. The “Four Pillars” of Administration. Weaknesses of the Ottoman System. Ottoman Expansion to 1566. Ottoman Decline, 1566-1699. The Subject Peoples. the heirs of other traditions. the tartar defeat to EIGHT The International Balance 246 I: introduction: the prospect in 1715. II: the economic revolutions in the west. The Commercial Revolution. The Mississippi and South Sea Bubbles. The Agricul tural Revolution. The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Ill: the western powers. The Assets of Britain. The Liabilities of France. The Other Western States. IV: Italy and germany. The Habsburg Domains. The Rise of Prussia. V: war and diplomacy, 1715-1763. Early Eighteenth-Century Diplomacy in Review. The War of the Austrian Succession, 1140-1148. The Uneasy Peace, Ո48-Ո56. The Seven Years’ War, 1156-1163. VI: conclusion: the international balance in review.
CONTENTS ՞' XV NINE The Eighteenth Century: The Enlightenment 274 I: basic principles and traits. The Inheritance from Locke and Newton. Eighteenthcentury Science. French Leadership. II: the reform program of the philosophes. Laissez-Faire Economics. Justice. Education. Attitudes toward Religion. Political Thought: Montesquieu. Political Thought: Rousseau. Enlightened Despotism. Ill: the enlightened despots. Prussia: Frederick the Great. Austria: Maria Theresa and Joseph II. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism. IV: rossia, 1725-1825. The Fate of the Autocracy, 1725-1762. Nobles and Serfs, Π30-1Ί62. Catherine the Great, 1762-1796. Paul (1796-1801). Alexander I (1801-1825). Russian Foreign Policy, 17251796. V: the culture of the enlightenment. Philosophy. The Evangelical Revival. Literature. Art. The Great Musicians. TEN 313 I: george in and the American revolution. George III. Background of the Revolu tion. Implications of the Revolution. II: the causes of the french revolution. The First and Second Estates. The Third Estate. The Financial Crisis. The Estates Gen eral. Ill: the dissolution of the french monarchy. Popular Uprisings (JulyOctober, 1789). National Assembly (1789-1791). The Constitution of 1791. The Leg islative Assembly, Oct. 1791-Sept. 1792. IV: the first french republic. Gironde and Mountain. The Reign of Terror (June, 1793-July, 1794). The Record of the Terror. The Thermidorean Reaction.
XVI CONTENTS ELEVEN Napoleon 341 I: the rise of napoleon. The First Coalition (1792-1795). Napoleon’s Early Career. Brumaire. II: napoleon and france. Napoleonic Government. Law and Justice. Edu cation. Economics. III: napoleon and europe. The War (1800-1807). The Empire at Its Height (1807-1812). The Continental System. The Downfall of Napoleon. The Legacy of the Revolution and Napoleon. IV: the romantic protest. Literature: The Revolt against Reason. Literature: the Return to the Past. Music. The Arts. Religion and Philosophy. V: the conservative outlook and the Vienna settlement. The Congress of Vienna. The Quarantine of France. TWELVE Revolution and Counter-Revolution 1815-1850 376 I: introduction: the persistence of revolution. II: the revolutions of the 1820’s. The Iberian States and Naples. The Greek War of Independence, 1821-1829. The Decembrist Revolt in Russia. Ill: the revolutions of 1830. France: The July Revolu tion. Belgium. Poland. Italy and Germany. The Lessons of 1830. IV: the revolutions of 1848. Common Denominators. France. Italy. Germany. The Habsburg Domains. The Lessons of 1848.
CONTENTS ХѴИ THIRTEEN The Impact of the Economic Revolutions 400 I: the industrial revolution. The Machine. Coal and Iron. Transport and Com munication. The Timetable of Industrialization. II: economic and social conse quences of industrialization. The Agricultural Revolution. Changes in Population. The Aspirations of the Middle Class. The Grievances of the Working Class. Ill: the responses of liberalism. The Classical Economists. Utilitarianism: Bentham. Demo cratic Liberalism: Mill. IV: the socialist response—the Utopians. Saint-Simon and Fourier. Owen. The Early Utopians Appraised. V: the socialist response—marx. Basic Principles. The Communist Manifesto. The Later Career of Marx. VI: other responses. The Anarchists. Proudhon. The Christian Socialists. The Catholic Re sponse. FOURTEEN The Western Democracies in the Nineteenth Century 432 I: Britain, 1815-1914. The Process of Reform. Parliamentary Reform. The TwoParty System: Liberals and Conservatives. The Two-Party System: An Explanation. Reforms of the Utilitarians. Free Trade. The Improvement of Labor. Education. Chartism. Foreign Policy. Imperial Policy. The Irish Problem. The Threat to Free Trade. The Welfare State. The Labor Party. II: france—second empire and third republic. The Coup ďEtat of 1851. The Second Empire, 1852-1870: Domestic De velopments. The Second Empire: Foreign Policy. The “Liberal Empirei'’ The Birth of the Third Republic. The Constitution of 1875. Boulanger and Panama. The Drey fus Case. The Republic after Dreyfus. Ill: italy, 1848-1914. Cavour and the Com pletion of Unification. Assets
and Liabilities of United Italy. IV: the united states. The Federal Union. Civil War and Reconstruction. Economic and Social Develop ment. The Myth of Isolation.
ХѴШ CONTENTS FIFTEEN Central and Eastern Europe: To the Outbreak World War I 469 I: germany, І8У0-1914. Prussia and the German Confederation, 1850-1859. Bismarck Comes to Power. The Schleswig-Holstein Question, 1863-1865. War with Austria, 1866. The North German Confederation. Showdown with France. The German Em pire. Domestic Developments, 1871-1878. Domestic Developments, 1878-1890. Wil liam ll. Domestic Tensions, 1890-1914. II: the Habsburg monarchy, 1850-1914. Political Experiments, 1850-1867. The Dual Monarchy, 1867. The Czechs. Poles and Ruthenians. Other Minorities in Austria. Minorities in Hungary. Croatia. BosniaHerzegovina. Austrian Society and Politics, 1867-1914. Hungarian Society and Poli tics, 1867-1914. Ill: Russia, 1825-1914. Nicholas I (1825-1855). The Crimean War. Alexander ll and Reform. Russian Intellectual Life. Nihilism, Populism, Terrorism. Foreign Policy under Alexander ll. The Reaction, 1881-1904. The Russo-Japanese War. The Revolution of 1905. The Dumas, 1906-1914. IV: conclusion. SIXTEEN The Intellectual Revolution 515 I: darwinism. The Origin of Species. Darwin's Theories. The Effect on Theology. The Effect on Social and Economic Attitudes. Eugenics. ‘‘''Racism." A New Histori cal Determinism. II: literature and the arts. The Victorian Age. The Realistic Novel. The Naturalistic Novel: Zola. The Literature of Pessimism and Protest. Poetry. Painting. The Other Arts. Music. The Arts In Review. Ill: philosophy. Idealism and Realism. The Cult of the Will. The Revolt against Reason. The Chastened Rationalists. The Extreme Anti-rationalists. IV:
psychology. Pavlov. Freud. The Implications of Freudianism. V: political and social thought. Pareto. Political Thought in Review.
CONTENTS XIX SEVENTEEN Nineteenth-Century Imperialism 547 I: the movement in general. Imperialism, New and Old. The Economic Aspect. The Powers Involved. The Areas Involved. II: the british empire. The Boer War and After. Egypt. The Rest of British Africa. Other British Spheres. India: Political Organization. India: “The Meeting of East and West.” Ill: the other empires. The French: North Africa. The French: Tropical Africa. The French: Asia. The Ger mans. The Italians and Belgians. The Americans. The Japanese. IV: the debate over imperialism. Pro: The Argument from Social Darwinism. Pro: The Argument of Duty. Pro: The Defensive Argument. Con: Anti-Imperialist Arguments. V: the results of imperialism. The Results in General. The Colonies of Settlement. Canada: Background of Revolt. Canada: Durham and A New Status. The Extension of Do minion Status. The Commonwealth in Review. EIGHTEEN World War 580 I: introduction. II: causes of the war. The Shift in the Balance of Power. The Role of Public Opinion. German Aspirations. British Aspirations. The Other Bel ligerents. The Era of Bismarck, 1871-1890. Formation of the Triple Entente, 18901907. A Decade of Crises, 1905-1914. The Final Crisis, July-August, 1914. The Entry of Other Powers. Ill: the course of the war. Resources of the Belligerents. The Western Front: German Offensive. The Eastern Front. Balkan and Turkish Fronts. The Near East and the Colonies. The War at Sea. The Western Front: Allied Vic tory. Morale on the Fighting Fronts. The Plome Fronts. The Role of Propaganda. Political Repercussions. IV: the peace. The
Aftermath of World War. The Four teen Points. Opposing Hopes and Promises. The Process of Peacemaking. The Terri torial Settlement. The Mandates. The Punishment of Germany. The Settlement Evaluated.
XX CONTENTS NINETEEN Communist Russia 1917-1941 620 I: introduction. II: the revolution of 1917. The March Revolution. The Provisional Government. Lenin and Bolshevism. The Coming of the November Revolution. The Constituent Assembly. Ill: war communism and nep, 1917-1928. Civil War. Why the Counter-revolution Failed. NEP (“The New Economic Policy”). The Struggle for Power: Stalin versus Trotsky. The Struggle for Power: Stalin’s Victory. IV: stalin’s supremacy: internal affairs, 1928-1941. Collectivized Agriculture. In dustrialization. The Social Impact. The Purge Trials. The Authoritarian State. The Russian Thermidor? V: soviet foreign policy, 1918-1941. Foreign Office and Comin tern, 1918-1928. Stalin and the West, 1928-1939. Stalin and the Second World War. VI: conclusion. TWENTY The Rise of Fascism 1918-1939 660 I: introduction. II: Italy and fascism. The Setting. Mussolini: Early Career. Musso lini: Rise to Power. The “March” on Rome. The Fascist Dictatorship. The Corpora tive State. Other Fascist Domestic Policies. Fascist Foreign Policy and Its Conse quences. III: germany and the weimar republic, 1918-1933. The Impact of Defeat. Postwar Political Alignments and Activities. The Weimar Constitution, 1919. Right and Left Extremism, 1920-1922. Hitler: Early Career. The Inflation, 1922-1923. The End of Inflation, 1923-1924. Recovery at Home, 1924-1929. “Fulfillment” Abroad, 1923-1930. The Impact of the Depression, 1929-1931. The Republic in Danger, 19311932. Hitler: Rise to Power, 1932-1933. IV: germany under hitler, 1933-1939. The Nazi Dictatorship. The “Blood Purge”
of 1934. Racism. Legal and Economic Policies. Religion and Culture. The Bases of Foreign Policy. V: the failure of parliamen tarism in Spain and eastern Europe, 1918-1939. Spain: The Background. Birth of the Spanish Republic. Crisis of the Republic, 1933-1936. The Spanish Civil War, 19361939. Eastern Europe. Austria. Hungary. Yugoslavia. Other Authoritarian Regimes. Fascism in Review.
CONTENTS ~ XXI TWENTY-ONE The Democracies 1919-1939 703 Domestic and Imperial Problems I: introduction. II: great Britain. The Postwar Depression. The Conservative and Labor Programs. Postwar Politics. Settlement of the Irish Question. The Common wealth of Nations. III: france. The Impact of the War. Social and Political Tensions. The Stavisky Case and the Popular Front. Divided France. IV: the united states. Isolationism. The Road to internationalism. Boom—and Bust. The New Deal. Confi dent America. V: the loosening of imperial ties. Japan. China: The Revolution of 1911-1912. China between the World Wars. The Chinese Communists. Southeast Asia. India. The Middle East. TWENTY-TWO The Second World War 736 I: international politics, 1919-1932. The “Era of Fulfillment.” The Failure of “Ful filment.” The Aggressors. II: the road to war, 1931-1939. The First Step: Man churia, 1931. The Second Step: German Rearmament, 1935-1936. The Third Step: Ethiopia, 1935. The Fourth Step: The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. The Fifth Step: “Anschluss,” 1938. The Sixth Step: Czechoslovakia Dismembered, 1938-1939. The Final Step: Poland, 1939. Democratic Policy in Review. Ill: the nature of the war. IV : early successes of the axis. Polish and Finnish Campaigns. “Phony War” and Blitzkrieg in the West. “The Fall of France.” The Battle of Britain. Mediterranean and Balkan Campaigns. The Invasion of Russia. American Policy. Pearl Harbor and After. V: the victory of the united nations. The Turning Points. The Battle of Supply. The Axis on the Defensive. The Defeat of Germany. The Defeat of
Japan. The Allied Coalition. Political Issues.
XXII CONTENTS TWENTY-THREE The Revolt Against Imperialism 771 I: introduction: causes and nature of the revolt. II: asia. Defeated Japan. Com munist China. The Korean War. Southeast Asia. India and Pakistan. Ill: the middle east. Political Changes. Oil. Communism. Israel. Arab Unity and Disunity. IV: africa. “Black” Africa. “White” Africa. Kenya. South Africa. French North Africa. V: the british commonwealth. Canada. New Zealand and Australia. The Nature of the Commonwealth. VI: conclusions. TWENTY-FOUR The Western World 804 I: the “cold war”—the international aftermath. The Aftermath of War. New Elements and Old. The Communist Bloc in Europe. Yugoslavia. China. Stresses within the Communist Bloc. Communists outside the Russian Bloc. The “Free World.” The Neutrals. The United Nations. The Record of the United Nations. International Relations in Perspective. II: the postwar history of the major ameri can and european states. The United States. Canada and Latin America. Western Europe. Great Britain. France. Other Western Countries. Soviet Russia. The Soviet Satellites. Ill: the temper of the western world. The Prophets of Doom. The Optimism of the Enlightenment. Repudiation or Revision of the Enlightenment. Illustrations 844 Index 847 |
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Contents ONE The Background of Modern Western Civilization з I: introduction: the new history and the old. II: the first men. Prehistory. The Neolithic Revolution. Ill: the first civilizations. Our Own Beginnings: The Near East. Religious and Political Beginnings. IV: Greece and rome. Some Greek “Firsts." The Style of Greco-Roman Culture. The Romans. The Roman Empire. Early Chris tianity. V: the middle ages. Geographic Divisions. The Dark Ages. The Franks. Transition to the High Middle Ages. Feudalism. Manorialism. The Towns and the Church. Our Medieval Origins. The Medieval Style. Summary. TWO The Renaissance 32 I: introduction. II: the economic background. Trade. Industry. Banking. The Im pact of Economic Change. Ill: the political background. The Italian States. The New Realism: Machiavelli. France. England. Spain. IV: literature and thought. The Rise of the Vernaculars. Humanism. Later Humanism. V: the arts. Painting. Leonardo, Michelangelo, Titian. Northern European Painting. Sculpture. Architec ture. Music. VI: science. VII: religion. VIII: conclusion: the renaissance style. XI
Xli CONTENTS THREE TL· Protestant Reformation 75 I: protestant origins—luther. Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses. Luther’s Revolt. The Reasons for Luther’s Success. The Opposition to Luther. Knights’ War and Feasants’ Rebellion. II: protestant origins—zwingli, calvin, and other founders. Zwingli. Calvin. The English Reformation. The Anabaptists. Unitarianism. Ill: prot estant beliefs and practices. Common Denominators. Anglicanism. Lutheranism. Calvinism: Predestination. The Left Wing. IV: the catholic reformation. The Jesuits. The Inquisition. The Council of Trent. V: the place of protestantism in history. Protestantism and Progress. Protestantism and Nationalism. FOUR Dynastic and Religious Wars 100 I: international politics—the modern european state-system. The Competitive State-System. Dynastic State and Nation State. Diplomacy. The Armed Forces. II: Habsburg and valois. The Italian Wars of Charles VIII and Louis XII. Charles vs. Francis: The First Round. Charles vs. Francis: The Second Round. The Peace of Augsburg. The Wars of Philip II. The Dutch Revolt. The End of Philip II. The Dutch Republic. Ill: the thirty years’ war. Nature and Causes. The Danish Period, 1625-1629. The Swedish Period, 1630-1635. Swedish-French Period,1635-1648. Effects on Germany. The Peace of Westphalia. IV: the new monarchies—spain and france. The “Age of Absolutism.” Power and Limits of Spanish Absolutism. The Spanish Economy. The Spanish Style. The French Monarchy. The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598. The Victory of Henry of Navarre. The Politiques. V: the new monarchies—England. Henry
VIII, 1509-1547. Tudor Parliaments. Religious Diffi culties. Elizabeth the Queen. The English Renaissance.
CONTENTS xiii FIVE The Expansion of Europe: Fifteenth Through Seventeenth Centuries 136 I: introduction. Ancient and Modern Expansion Contrasted. The Nature of Modern Expansion. II: east by sea to the indies. Prince Henry and the Portuguese. India. China. The Portuguese Empire. Ill: west by sea to the indies. Columbus. The Foun dation of the Spanish Empire. The Balance Sheet of Latin-American Empire. IV: the late-comers—france, Holland, England. Early French and English Activity. The Thirteen Colonies: Settlement. The Thirteen Colonies: Institutions. New France. The Indies, West and East. Africa. The Far East. V: the beginnings of one world. The Black Side of the Record. The Economic Record. Effect of Expansion on the West. The One World of 1700. SIX lil İllim i II 1 1 lillil illil IH U l lillil Divine-Right Monarchy—and Revolution 168 I: international politics—france as aggressor. Before Louis XIV: Henry IV and Sully. Before Louis XIV: Richelieu and Mazarin. The Successes of Louis XIV. The Failures of Louis XIV. The Utrecht Settlement. French Aggression in Review. II: the france of louis xiv. Divine-Right Monarchy. The Nobility. The Clergy. The Royal Administration. Mercantilism in Theory. Mercantilism in Practice: Colbert. Ill: England in revolution. The Constitutional Tradition. The Role of the Crown. Issues between Crown and Parliament. The Reign of James 1 (1603-1625). The Troubles of Charles I. The Road to Civil War, 1638-1642. The Civil War, 16421649. Cromwell and the Interregnum, 1649-1660. The Revolution in Review. The Restoration, 1660-1688. The Glorious
Revolution of 1688-1689. IV: the century of genius. Inductive Science. The Implications of Scientific Progress. The Classical Spirit. The Arts. Seventeenth-Century Culture in Review.
XIV CONTENTS SEVEN The Eastern Outposts I: 208 The Ottoman Turks. II: muscovite Russia: from 1682. The Imperial Political Theory. Nobles and Serfs. The Reign of Ivan the Terrible. The Time of Troubles. The Role of the Zemskí Sobor. The Role of the Church. The Expansion of Russia. Russia and the West. Ill: the era of peter the great (1682-1725). Sophia: The Forerunner (1682-1689). Peter the Great: A Character Sketch. The Western Trip. Peteris Wars. The Machinery of Government. More Innovations. The Total Estimate. IV: the ottoman successorstate, 1453-1699. A Slave System. The “Four Pillars” of Administration. Weaknesses of the Ottoman System. Ottoman Expansion to 1566. Ottoman Decline, 1566-1699. The Subject Peoples. the heirs of other traditions. the tartar defeat to EIGHT The International Balance 246 I: introduction: the prospect in 1715. II: the economic revolutions in the west. The Commercial Revolution. The Mississippi and South Sea Bubbles. The Agricul tural Revolution. The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Ill: the western powers. The Assets of Britain. The Liabilities of France. The Other Western States. IV: Italy and germany. The Habsburg Domains. The Rise of Prussia. V: war and diplomacy, 1715-1763. Early Eighteenth-Century Diplomacy in Review. The War of the Austrian Succession, 1140-1148. The Uneasy Peace, Ո48-Ո56. The Seven Years’ War, 1156-1163. VI: conclusion: the international balance in review.
CONTENTS ՞' XV NINE The Eighteenth Century: The Enlightenment 274 I: basic principles and traits. The Inheritance from Locke and Newton. Eighteenthcentury Science. French Leadership. II: the reform program of the philosophes. Laissez-Faire Economics. Justice. Education. Attitudes toward Religion. Political Thought: Montesquieu. Political Thought: Rousseau. Enlightened Despotism. Ill: the enlightened despots. Prussia: Frederick the Great. Austria: Maria Theresa and Joseph II. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism. IV: rossia, 1725-1825. The Fate of the Autocracy, 1725-1762. Nobles and Serfs, Π30-1Ί62. Catherine the Great, 1762-1796. Paul (1796-1801). Alexander I (1801-1825). Russian Foreign Policy, 17251796. V: the culture of the enlightenment. Philosophy. The Evangelical Revival. Literature. Art. The Great Musicians. TEN 313 I: george in and the American revolution. George III. Background of the Revolu tion. Implications of the Revolution. II: the causes of the french revolution. The First and Second Estates. The Third Estate. The Financial Crisis. The Estates Gen eral. Ill: the dissolution of the french monarchy. Popular Uprisings (JulyOctober, 1789). National Assembly (1789-1791). The Constitution of 1791. The Leg islative Assembly, Oct. 1791-Sept. 1792. IV: the first french republic. Gironde and Mountain. The Reign of Terror (June, 1793-July, 1794). The Record of the Terror. The Thermidorean Reaction.
XVI CONTENTS ELEVEN Napoleon 341 I: the rise of napoleon. The First Coalition (1792-1795). Napoleon’s Early Career. Brumaire. II: napoleon and france. Napoleonic Government. Law and Justice. Edu cation. Economics. III: napoleon and europe. The War (1800-1807). The Empire at Its Height (1807-1812). The Continental System. The Downfall of Napoleon. The Legacy of the Revolution and Napoleon. IV: the romantic protest. Literature: The Revolt against Reason. Literature: the Return to the Past. Music. The Arts. Religion and Philosophy. V: the conservative outlook and the Vienna settlement. The Congress of Vienna. The Quarantine of France. TWELVE Revolution and Counter-Revolution 1815-1850 376 I: introduction: the persistence of revolution. II: the revolutions of the 1820’s. The Iberian States and Naples. The Greek War of Independence, 1821-1829. The Decembrist Revolt in Russia. Ill: the revolutions of 1830. France: The July Revolu tion. Belgium. Poland. Italy and Germany. The Lessons of 1830. IV: the revolutions of 1848. Common Denominators. France. Italy. Germany. The Habsburg Domains. The Lessons of 1848.
CONTENTS ХѴИ THIRTEEN The Impact of the Economic Revolutions 400 I: the industrial revolution. The Machine. Coal and Iron. Transport and Com munication. The Timetable of Industrialization. II: economic and social conse quences of industrialization. The Agricultural Revolution. Changes in Population. The Aspirations of the Middle Class. The Grievances of the Working Class. Ill: the responses of liberalism. The Classical Economists. Utilitarianism: Bentham. Demo cratic Liberalism: Mill. IV: the socialist response—the Utopians. Saint-Simon and Fourier. Owen. The Early Utopians Appraised. V: the socialist response—marx. Basic Principles. The Communist Manifesto. The Later Career of Marx. VI: other responses. The Anarchists. Proudhon. The Christian Socialists. The Catholic Re sponse. FOURTEEN The Western Democracies in the Nineteenth Century 432 I: Britain, 1815-1914. The Process of Reform. Parliamentary Reform. The TwoParty System: Liberals and Conservatives. The Two-Party System: An Explanation. Reforms of the Utilitarians. Free Trade. The Improvement of Labor. Education. Chartism. Foreign Policy. Imperial Policy. The Irish Problem. The Threat to Free Trade. The Welfare State. The Labor Party. II: france—second empire and third republic. The Coup ďEtat of 1851. The Second Empire, 1852-1870: Domestic De velopments. The Second Empire: Foreign Policy. The “Liberal Empirei'’ The Birth of the Third Republic. The Constitution of 1875. Boulanger and Panama. The Drey fus Case. The Republic after Dreyfus. Ill: italy, 1848-1914. Cavour and the Com pletion of Unification. Assets
and Liabilities of United Italy. IV: the united states. The Federal Union. Civil War and Reconstruction. Economic and Social Develop ment. The Myth of Isolation.
ХѴШ CONTENTS FIFTEEN Central and Eastern Europe: To the Outbreak World War I 469 I: germany, І8У0-1914. Prussia and the German Confederation, 1850-1859. Bismarck Comes to Power. The Schleswig-Holstein Question, 1863-1865. War with Austria, 1866. The North German Confederation. Showdown with France. The German Em pire. Domestic Developments, 1871-1878. Domestic Developments, 1878-1890. Wil liam ll. Domestic Tensions, 1890-1914. II: the Habsburg monarchy, 1850-1914. Political Experiments, 1850-1867. The Dual Monarchy, 1867. The Czechs. Poles and Ruthenians. Other Minorities in Austria. Minorities in Hungary. Croatia. BosniaHerzegovina. Austrian Society and Politics, 1867-1914. Hungarian Society and Poli tics, 1867-1914. Ill: Russia, 1825-1914. Nicholas I (1825-1855). The Crimean War. Alexander ll and Reform. Russian Intellectual Life. Nihilism, Populism, Terrorism. Foreign Policy under Alexander ll. The Reaction, 1881-1904. The Russo-Japanese War. The Revolution of 1905. The Dumas, 1906-1914. IV: conclusion. SIXTEEN The Intellectual Revolution 515 I: darwinism. The Origin of Species. Darwin's Theories. The Effect on Theology. The Effect on Social and Economic Attitudes. Eugenics. ‘‘''Racism." A New Histori cal Determinism. II: literature and the arts. The Victorian Age. The Realistic Novel. The Naturalistic Novel: Zola. The Literature of Pessimism and Protest. Poetry. Painting. The Other Arts. Music. The Arts In Review. Ill: philosophy. Idealism and Realism. The Cult of the Will. The Revolt against Reason. The Chastened Rationalists. The Extreme Anti-rationalists. IV:
psychology. Pavlov. Freud. The Implications of Freudianism. V: political and social thought. Pareto. Political Thought in Review.
CONTENTS XIX SEVENTEEN Nineteenth-Century Imperialism 547 I: the movement in general. Imperialism, New and Old. The Economic Aspect. The Powers Involved. The Areas Involved. II: the british empire. The Boer War and After. Egypt. The Rest of British Africa. Other British Spheres. India: Political Organization. India: “The Meeting of East and West.” Ill: the other empires. The French: North Africa. The French: Tropical Africa. The French: Asia. The Ger mans. The Italians and Belgians. The Americans. The Japanese. IV: the debate over imperialism. Pro: The Argument from Social Darwinism. Pro: The Argument of Duty. Pro: The Defensive Argument. Con: Anti-Imperialist Arguments. V: the results of imperialism. The Results in General. The Colonies of Settlement. Canada: Background of Revolt. Canada: Durham and A New Status. The Extension of Do minion Status. The Commonwealth in Review. EIGHTEEN World War 580 I: introduction. II: causes of the war. The Shift in the Balance of Power. The Role of Public Opinion. German Aspirations. British Aspirations. The Other Bel ligerents. The Era of Bismarck, 1871-1890. Formation of the Triple Entente, 18901907. A Decade of Crises, 1905-1914. The Final Crisis, July-August, 1914. The Entry of Other Powers. Ill: the course of the war. Resources of the Belligerents. The Western Front: German Offensive. The Eastern Front. Balkan and Turkish Fronts. The Near East and the Colonies. The War at Sea. The Western Front: Allied Vic tory. Morale on the Fighting Fronts. The Plome Fronts. The Role of Propaganda. Political Repercussions. IV: the peace. The
Aftermath of World War. The Four teen Points. Opposing Hopes and Promises. The Process of Peacemaking. The Terri torial Settlement. The Mandates. The Punishment of Germany. The Settlement Evaluated.
XX CONTENTS NINETEEN Communist Russia 1917-1941 620 I: introduction. II: the revolution of 1917. The March Revolution. The Provisional Government. Lenin and Bolshevism. The Coming of the November Revolution. The Constituent Assembly. Ill: war communism and nep, 1917-1928. Civil War. Why the Counter-revolution Failed. NEP (“The New Economic Policy”). The Struggle for Power: Stalin versus Trotsky. The Struggle for Power: Stalin’s Victory. IV: stalin’s supremacy: internal affairs, 1928-1941. Collectivized Agriculture. In dustrialization. The Social Impact. The Purge Trials. The Authoritarian State. The Russian Thermidor? V: soviet foreign policy, 1918-1941. Foreign Office and Comin tern, 1918-1928. Stalin and the West, 1928-1939. Stalin and the Second World War. VI: conclusion. TWENTY The Rise of Fascism 1918-1939 660 I: introduction. II: Italy and fascism. The Setting. Mussolini: Early Career. Musso lini: Rise to Power. The “March” on Rome. The Fascist Dictatorship. The Corpora tive State. Other Fascist Domestic Policies. Fascist Foreign Policy and Its Conse quences. III: germany and the weimar republic, 1918-1933. The Impact of Defeat. Postwar Political Alignments and Activities. The Weimar Constitution, 1919. Right and Left Extremism, 1920-1922. Hitler: Early Career. The Inflation, 1922-1923. The End of Inflation, 1923-1924. Recovery at Home, 1924-1929. “Fulfillment” Abroad, 1923-1930. The Impact of the Depression, 1929-1931. The Republic in Danger, 19311932. Hitler: Rise to Power, 1932-1933. IV: germany under hitler, 1933-1939. The Nazi Dictatorship. The “Blood Purge”
of 1934. Racism. Legal and Economic Policies. Religion and Culture. The Bases of Foreign Policy. V: the failure of parliamen tarism in Spain and eastern Europe, 1918-1939. Spain: The Background. Birth of the Spanish Republic. Crisis of the Republic, 1933-1936. The Spanish Civil War, 19361939. Eastern Europe. Austria. Hungary. Yugoslavia. Other Authoritarian Regimes. Fascism in Review.
CONTENTS ~ XXI TWENTY-ONE The Democracies 1919-1939 703 Domestic and Imperial Problems I: introduction. II: great Britain. The Postwar Depression. The Conservative and Labor Programs. Postwar Politics. Settlement of the Irish Question. The Common wealth of Nations. III: france. The Impact of the War. Social and Political Tensions. The Stavisky Case and the Popular Front. Divided France. IV: the united states. Isolationism. The Road to internationalism. Boom—and Bust. The New Deal. Confi dent America. V: the loosening of imperial ties. Japan. China: The Revolution of 1911-1912. China between the World Wars. The Chinese Communists. Southeast Asia. India. The Middle East. TWENTY-TWO The Second World War 736 I: international politics, 1919-1932. The “Era of Fulfillment.” The Failure of “Ful filment.” The Aggressors. II: the road to war, 1931-1939. The First Step: Man churia, 1931. The Second Step: German Rearmament, 1935-1936. The Third Step: Ethiopia, 1935. The Fourth Step: The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. The Fifth Step: “Anschluss,” 1938. The Sixth Step: Czechoslovakia Dismembered, 1938-1939. The Final Step: Poland, 1939. Democratic Policy in Review. Ill: the nature of the war. IV : early successes of the axis. Polish and Finnish Campaigns. “Phony War” and Blitzkrieg in the West. “The Fall of France.” The Battle of Britain. Mediterranean and Balkan Campaigns. The Invasion of Russia. American Policy. Pearl Harbor and After. V: the victory of the united nations. The Turning Points. The Battle of Supply. The Axis on the Defensive. The Defeat of Germany. The Defeat of
Japan. The Allied Coalition. Political Issues.
XXII CONTENTS TWENTY-THREE The Revolt Against Imperialism 771 I: introduction: causes and nature of the revolt. II: asia. Defeated Japan. Com munist China. The Korean War. Southeast Asia. India and Pakistan. Ill: the middle east. Political Changes. Oil. Communism. Israel. Arab Unity and Disunity. IV: africa. “Black” Africa. “White” Africa. Kenya. South Africa. French North Africa. V: the british commonwealth. Canada. New Zealand and Australia. The Nature of the Commonwealth. VI: conclusions. TWENTY-FOUR The Western World 804 I: the “cold war”—the international aftermath. The Aftermath of War. New Elements and Old. The Communist Bloc in Europe. Yugoslavia. China. Stresses within the Communist Bloc. Communists outside the Russian Bloc. The “Free World.” The Neutrals. The United Nations. The Record of the United Nations. International Relations in Perspective. II: the postwar history of the major ameri can and european states. The United States. Canada and Latin America. Western Europe. Great Britain. France. Other Western Countries. Soviet Russia. The Soviet Satellites. Ill: the temper of the western world. The Prophets of Doom. The Optimism of the Enlightenment. Repudiation or Revision of the Enlightenment. Illustrations 844 Index 847 |
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| spelling | Brinton, Crane 1898-1968 Verfasser (DE-588)174107056 aut Modern civilization a history of the last five centuries Crane Brinton, John B. Christopher, Robert Lee Wolff Fourth printing Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall 1960 XXV, 868 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1453-1950 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Anfänge-1950 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Geschichte Anfänge-1950 z DE-604 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Geschichte 1453-1950 z Christopher, John B. Verfasser aut Wolff, Robert Lee 1915-1980 Verfasser (DE-588)10216505X aut Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032362907&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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